Infection Prevention Infection Prevention in the Workplacein the Workplace

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USA Center for Rural Public Health Preparedness

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Texas A&M Health Science Center

School of Rural Public Health

COURSE OUTLINECOURSE OUTLINE1. Disease Definitions1. Disease Definitions2. Infectious Disease Examples2. Infectious Disease Examples3. Highlight: Influenza3. Highlight: Influenza

3.1 What is Influenza3.1 What is Influenza3.2 Types of Influenza3.2 Types of Influenza3.3 Transmission and symptoms3.3 Transmission and symptoms3.5 Influenza vs. Common Cold3.5 Influenza vs. Common Cold

4. Routes of Exposure4. Routes of Exposure5. Types of Transmission 5. Types of Transmission 6. Infection Prevention in the University Setting6. Infection Prevention in the University Setting

6.1 Watch for Signs and Symptoms6.1 Watch for Signs and Symptoms6.2 Hand Hygiene6.2 Hand Hygiene 6.3.1 Easy to Miss Spots6.3.1 Easy to Miss Spots 6.3.2 Proper Handwashing Technique6.3.2 Proper Handwashing Technique 6.2.3 Alcohol-Based Waterless Hand Sanitizers6.2.3 Alcohol-Based Waterless Hand Sanitizers 6.2.4 When to use Hand Hygiene6.2.4 When to use Hand Hygiene 6.2.5 Disinfection 6.2.5 Disinfection

7. Review7. Review

The School of Rural Public Health at the Texas A&M Health Science The School of Rural Public Health at the Texas A&M Health Science Center cares about keeping employees and students healthy. No Center cares about keeping employees and students healthy. No one likes to catch a respiratory illness or other infectious disease one likes to catch a respiratory illness or other infectious disease from someone at work.from someone at work.

Germs can spread rapidly in an office or other workplace setting so Germs can spread rapidly in an office or other workplace setting so it is very important to stay informed and active in protecting yourself it is very important to stay informed and active in protecting yourself and others from the common cold, flu, and other infectious and others from the common cold, flu, and other infectious diseases.diseases.

We all know that simple steps like hand washing are most important We all know that simple steps like hand washing are most important in preventing infection but sometimes it is easy to forget exactly how in preventing infection but sometimes it is easy to forget exactly how to stay healthy, especially with increased stress at work and school.to stay healthy, especially with increased stress at work and school.

This course is intended to be a reminder about how to prevent the This course is intended to be a reminder about how to prevent the spread of infectious diseases and maintain a healthy environment in spread of infectious diseases and maintain a healthy environment in the university setting.the university setting.

INTRODUCTION

DISEASE DEFINITIONSDISEASE DEFINITIONS

Infectious Disease Infectious Disease

a disease that is caused by microorganisms such as bacteria, a disease that is caused by microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa, and parasites that can successfully fungi, viruses, protozoa, and parasites that can successfully spread, invade, establish, and grow within a host’s tissuesspread, invade, establish, and grow within a host’s tissues

Contagious DiseaseContagious Disease

an infectious disease that is easily transmitted from one an infectious disease that is easily transmitted from one person to anotherperson to another

INFECTIOUS DISEASE INFECTIOUS DISEASE EXAMPLESEXAMPLES

InfluenzaInfluenzaColdColdTuberculosisTuberculosisChicken PoxChicken PoxMeningitisMeningitisSevere Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)Salmonellosis and other foodborne illnessesSalmonellosis and other foodborne illnessesHuman Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)Hepatitis A, B and CHepatitis A, B and C

What is Influenza?What is Influenza?

An acute illness caused by the influenza virus from the family An acute illness caused by the influenza virus from the family Orthomyxoviridae, much different than the common cold virusOrthomyxoviridae, much different than the common cold virus

Highly infectious disease that can spread rapidly from person to Highly infectious disease that can spread rapidly from person to person through airborne droplets of saliva or other body fluids as person through airborne droplets of saliva or other body fluids as well as from contaminated surfaces or objectswell as from contaminated surfaces or objects

Some strains cause more severe illnesses than othersSome strains cause more severe illnesses than others

HIGHLIGHT: INFLUENZAHIGHLIGHT: INFLUENZA

TYPES OF INFLUENZATYPES OF INFLUENZAThere are three types of influenza that we hear about today:There are three types of influenza that we hear about today:

Seasonal FluSeasonal Flu – mild to severe respiratory illness caused by the – mild to severe respiratory illness caused by the influenza virus. It is easily transmitted from human to human. Most influenza virus. It is easily transmitted from human to human. Most people have some immunity. The best protection against seasonal flu people have some immunity. The best protection against seasonal flu is vaccination. 30,000 people die each year from seasonal flu.is vaccination. 30,000 people die each year from seasonal flu.

Avian FluAvian Flu (Bird Flu) – an infection caused by the avian influenza virus (Bird Flu) – an infection caused by the avian influenza virus that occurs naturally among birds worldwide. that occurs naturally among birds worldwide.

Pandemic FluPandemic Flu – global outbreaks of a new strain of influenza. Three – global outbreaks of a new strain of influenza. Three pandemics occurred within the last century; the worst killed 20-40 pandemics occurred within the last century; the worst killed 20-40 million people worldwide. There is no way to predict what the strain million people worldwide. There is no way to predict what the strain will be or to create vaccinations until it appears.will be or to create vaccinations until it appears.

EPIDEMIC VS. PANDEMICEPIDEMIC VS. PANDEMIC

EpidemicEpidemicSerious disease outbreak in a single community, Serious disease outbreak in a single community, population, or region. population, or region. Example: Meningitis outbreak within a high schoolExample: Meningitis outbreak within a high school

PandemicPandemicEpidemic spreading around the world affecting hundreds Epidemic spreading around the world affecting hundreds of thousands of people, across many countries. of thousands of people, across many countries.

Example: HIV/AIDSExample: HIV/AIDS

TRANSMISSION AND SYMPTOMSTRANSMISSION AND SYMPTOMS

Influenza is easily passed from person to person and is transmitted through Influenza is easily passed from person to person and is transmitted through breathing in virus containing droplets that are produced when an infected person breathing in virus containing droplets that are produced when an infected person talks, coughs, or sneezes.talks, coughs, or sneezes.

You may also spread the flu virus through touching an infected person or surface You may also spread the flu virus through touching an infected person or surface contaminated with the virus and then touching your own or someone else’s face.contaminated with the virus and then touching your own or someone else’s face.

Sudden onset of symptoms include fever, headache, aching muscles, severe Sudden onset of symptoms include fever, headache, aching muscles, severe weakness and respiratory symptoms, i.e. cough, sore throat, difficulty breathing.weakness and respiratory symptoms, i.e. cough, sore throat, difficulty breathing.

Incubation estimates vary. The range is generally from 1 to 14 days Incubation estimates vary. The range is generally from 1 to 14 days

with most in the range of 2 to 3 days.with most in the range of 2 to 3 days.

INFLUENZA VS. COMMON COLDINFLUENZA VS. COMMON COLD

http://www.tamiflu.com/consumer_recognizing.asp

The flu and common cold are respiratory illnesses with shared symptoms but are The flu and common cold are respiratory illnesses with shared symptoms but are caused by different viruses. Influenza is a more severe illness than the common caused by different viruses. Influenza is a more severe illness than the common cold.cold.

Virus Virus Commonly Commonly ResponsibleResponsible

FeverFever HeadacheHeadache CoughCough Sneezing/ Sneezing/ Stuffy Stuffy NoseNose

Sore Sore ThroatThroat

FluFlu OrthomyxovirusOrthomyxovirus

(infects nose, (infects nose, throat, bronchial throat, bronchial tubes, and tubes, and sometimes lungs)sometimes lungs)

High, High, quick quick onset, 3 onset, 3 – 4 days– 4 days

ProminentProminent May linger, May linger, generally generally unproductiveunproductive

SometimesSometimes Red and Red and irritatedirritated

ColdCold RhinovirusRhinovirus

(infects nose and (infects nose and throat)throat)

SometimesSometimes RareRare HackingHacking UsualUsual Scratchy, Scratchy, irritated, irritated, not as rednot as red

EXPOSUREEXPOSUREInfectious diseases can be transmitted (or spread)Infectious diseases can be transmitted (or spread)

through four routes of exposure:through four routes of exposure:

INGESTIONINGESTION

INHALATIONINHALATION

CONTACTCONTACT

– DIRECTDIRECT

– INDIRECTINDIRECT

INJECTIONINJECTION

ROUTES OF EXPOSURE: ROUTES OF EXPOSURE: INGESTIONINGESTION

IngestionIngestionTaking an infectious agent into the mouth by consuming Taking an infectious agent into the mouth by consuming contaminated food or water or through hand to mouth contaminated food or water or through hand to mouth route. route.

Example: eating unwashed fruit or vegetablesExample: eating unwashed fruit or vegetables

ROUTES OF EXPOSURE: ROUTES OF EXPOSURE: INHALATIONINHALATION

InhalationInhalation Breathing in droplets of an infectious agentBreathing in droplets of an infectious agent

Example: Invisible droplets from the cough of an Example: Invisible droplets from the cough of an employee infected with influenza are inhaled by a employee infected with influenza are inhaled by a coworkercoworker

ROUTES OF EXPOSURE: ROUTES OF EXPOSURE: CONTACTCONTACT

ContactContactDirect ContactDirect Contact: contact of eyes, nose, mouth, genitals, : contact of eyes, nose, mouth, genitals,

skin, cut, or other open wound with an infectious skin, cut, or other open wound with an infectious agent or an infected person’s blood, or other body agent or an infected person’s blood, or other body fluidfluid

Indirect ContactIndirect Contact: infectious agent on inanimate object : infectious agent on inanimate object such as a desk, keyboard, or phone is picked up and such as a desk, keyboard, or phone is picked up and introduced into the bodyintroduced into the body

ROUTES OF EXPOSURE: ROUTES OF EXPOSURE: INJECTIONINJECTION

InjectionInjection Introduction of an infectious agent by way of syringe or Introduction of an infectious agent by way of syringe or needle stick contaminated with infected blood or body needle stick contaminated with infected blood or body fluid, or some other means of skin puncture fluid, or some other means of skin puncture

TRANSMISSIONTRANSMISSION

There are three types of transmission:There are three types of transmission:

Direct TransmissionDirect Transmission – Infectious agents can be spread directly from – Infectious agents can be spread directly from person to person, animal to person, or through droplet transmission person to person, animal to person, or through droplet transmission (Ex: Infected person coughs or sneezes).(Ex: Infected person coughs or sneezes).

Indirect TransmissionIndirect Transmission – Infectious diseases can be transmitted via – Infectious diseases can be transmitted via vector borne transmission (Ex: bite from a mosquito transmits vector borne transmission (Ex: bite from a mosquito transmits Malaria) or vehicle borne transmission (Ex: bacteria on a pencil is Malaria) or vehicle borne transmission (Ex: bacteria on a pencil is ingested when pencil is placed to lips).ingested when pencil is placed to lips).

Airborne TransmissionAirborne Transmission - Spread of infectious agents through tiny - Spread of infectious agents through tiny aerosol particles that are smaller than droplet particles and can aerosol particles that are smaller than droplet particles and can remain suspended in the air for long periods of time (Ex: remain suspended in the air for long periods of time (Ex: Tuberculosis and Chicken Pox).Tuberculosis and Chicken Pox).

PREVENTIONPREVENTION

Kitchen, food preparation areas, and bathrooms should be Kitchen, food preparation areas, and bathrooms should be cleaned daily. cleaned daily.

Spills should be cleaned up immediately.Spills should be cleaned up immediately.

Common or break areas should be cleaned at least weekly. Common or break areas should be cleaned at least weekly.

Desk, keyboard, mouse, door handles or other furniture should Desk, keyboard, mouse, door handles or other furniture should be cleaned occasionally or when needed.be cleaned occasionally or when needed.

High traffic surfaces in a university setting can be a source of many High traffic surfaces in a university setting can be a source of many growing pathogens. Main areas should be cleaned when visibly growing pathogens. Main areas should be cleaned when visibly soiled and on a regular basis:soiled and on a regular basis:

MAINTAINING A CLEAN AND INFECTION FREE MAINTAINING A CLEAN AND INFECTION FREE ENVIRONMENT IN THE UNIVERSITY SETTING:ENVIRONMENT IN THE UNIVERSITY SETTING:

PREVENTION CONTINUEDPREVENTION CONTINUEDEmployees and students should make good choices about Employees and students should make good choices about personal hygiene and illness prevention.personal hygiene and illness prevention.

Keep a clean living environment at homeKeep a clean living environment at homeBathe regularly Bathe regularly Do not share eating utensils, glassware, or personal toilet articles such Do not share eating utensils, glassware, or personal toilet articles such as combs, razors, towels, or toothbrushesas combs, razors, towels, or toothbrushesWash clothes on a regular basisWash clothes on a regular basis Use appropriate respiratory etiquette – cover your cough or sneeze Use appropriate respiratory etiquette – cover your cough or sneeze with a tissue, or cough or sneeze into your upper sleeve if you do not with a tissue, or cough or sneeze into your upper sleeve if you do not have a tissuehave a tissueWash hands regularlyWash hands regularlyAvoid touching eyes, nose, and mouthAvoid touching eyes, nose, and mouthPractice other good health habitsPractice other good health habitsAvoid close contact with people who are sickAvoid close contact with people who are sickStay at home when you are sickStay at home when you are sickReceive flu shots when availableReceive flu shots when available

DO NOT BE A TRANSMITTER OFDO NOT BE A TRANSMITTER OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE! INFECTIOUS DISEASE!

Hand hygiene is extremely important in preventing the spread Hand hygiene is extremely important in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. of infectious diseases. Cleanse your hands regularly and encourage frequent Cleanse your hands regularly and encourage frequent handwashing among everyone. handwashing among everyone. Wash hands using soap and water 15-20 seconds several Wash hands using soap and water 15-20 seconds several times a day.times a day.Use alcohol-based waterless hand sanitizer when soap and Use alcohol-based waterless hand sanitizer when soap and water are not available.water are not available.Practice good personal hygiene at work and at home.Practice good personal hygiene at work and at home.Always follow sanitary practices when preparing food.Always follow sanitary practices when preparing food.

WATCH FOR SYMPTOMS OF WATCH FOR SYMPTOMS OF INFECTIOUS DISEASESINFECTIOUS DISEASES

FeverFever

Chills Chills

Extreme exhaustionExtreme exhaustion

Bad cough or inflamed throatBad cough or inflamed throat

Open sore(s)Open sore(s)

Skin rashSkin rash

VomitingVomiting

DiarrheaDiarrhea

Use discretion when experiencing these or other symptoms of Use discretion when experiencing these or other symptoms of sickness. It is more beneficial to stay home and recover than to sickness. It is more beneficial to stay home and recover than to provoke symptoms further or spread disease to others.provoke symptoms further or spread disease to others.

HAND HYGIENEHAND HYGIENE

Many adults tend to minimize the importance of Many adults tend to minimize the importance of handwashing but this is one of the best handwashing but this is one of the best defenses against the spread of infectious defenses against the spread of infectious disease. Using proper technique is essential to disease. Using proper technique is essential to sanitizing hands effectively. Inadequate sanitizing hands effectively. Inadequate handwashing can cause significant areas of the handwashing can cause significant areas of the hands to be missed. It is important to cover all hands to be missed. It is important to cover all areas of your fingers, hands, and wrists.areas of your fingers, hands, and wrists.

EASY TO MISSEASY TO MISS

MOST FREQUENTLY MISSED AREASMOST FREQUENTLY MISSED AREAS

http://www.foodlink.org.uk/factfile_c.asp?file=2&chapter=2

PROPER HANDWASHINGPROPER HANDWASHING

SoapSoap

WaterWater

FrictionFriction

Handwashing is the most important step to prevent the Handwashing is the most important step to prevent the spread of infectious agents. Proper handwashing has three spread of infectious agents. Proper handwashing has three necessary ingredients: necessary ingredients:

PROPER HANDWASHING TECHNIQUEPROPER HANDWASHING TECHNIQUE

1.1. Wet hands with warm waterWet hands with warm water2.2. Add soapAdd soap3.3. Rub hands vigorously for at least 15-20 seconds (as Rub hands vigorously for at least 15-20 seconds (as

long as it takes to sing the “Happy Birthday” song long as it takes to sing the “Happy Birthday” song twice). Wash all surfaces: backs of hands, wrists, twice). Wash all surfaces: backs of hands, wrists, between fingers, finger tips, and under fingernails. between fingers, finger tips, and under fingernails. Remember, jewelry can harbor microorganisms.Remember, jewelry can harbor microorganisms.

4.4. Rinse well under running waterRinse well under running water5.5. Dry with clean towelDry with clean towel6.6. Use towel when turning off water and opening door Use towel when turning off water and opening door

to avoid recontaminationto avoid recontamination

WATERLESS ALCOHOL –WATERLESS ALCOHOL –BASED HAND PRODUCTSBASED HAND PRODUCTS

Use when soap and water are not availableUse when soap and water are not available

Not effective in cleaning hands that are visibly dirtyNot effective in cleaning hands that are visibly dirty

Convenient for keeping at your work stationConvenient for keeping at your work station

Apply product in the palm of one hand, rub hands Apply product in the palm of one hand, rub hands together, covering all surfaces of hands and fingers, as together, covering all surfaces of hands and fingers, as when washing hands, until hands are drywhen washing hands, until hands are dry

WHEN TO USE HAND HYGIENEWHEN TO USE HAND HYGIENE

Before preparing, serving, handling, or eating foodBefore preparing, serving, handling, or eating foodAfter using the bathroomAfter using the bathroomAfter handling raw meat, poultry, or fishAfter handling raw meat, poultry, or fishAfter coughing, sneezing, or blowing your noseAfter coughing, sneezing, or blowing your noseFrequently any time you are sickFrequently any time you are sickBefore and after touching eyes, nose, or mouthBefore and after touching eyes, nose, or mouthAfter handling an animal or animal wasteAfter handling an animal or animal wasteAfter handling garbageAfter handling garbage

WHEN TO USE HAND HYGIENEWHEN TO USE HAND HYGIENE

Before preparing medicationBefore preparing medication

Before and after treating a cut or woundBefore and after treating a cut or wound

After handling unwashed clothing or beddingAfter handling unwashed clothing or bedding

Before and after providing assistance to someone illBefore and after providing assistance to someone ill

After working outsideAfter working outside

Any time hands appear soiledAny time hands appear soiled

When you arrive at work/school, before and after going When you arrive at work/school, before and after going on break, and before leaving work/schoolon break, and before leaving work/school

DEFINITIONSDEFINITIONS

MICROORGANISMSMICROORGANISMS - living agents such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, - living agents such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa, and parasites that can cause infectious diseasesprotozoa, and parasites that can cause infectious diseases

CLEANINGCLEANING - to remove dirt - to remove dirt

DISINFECTDISINFECT - to remove or destroy microorganisms - to remove or destroy microorganisms

DISINFECTANTDISINFECTANT - chemical that removes or destroys - chemical that removes or destroys microorganismsmicroorganisms

DETERGENTDETERGENT - cleaning agent that removes dirt and debris - cleaning agent that removes dirt and debris

DISINFECTION TECHNIQUEDISINFECTION TECHNIQUE

SpraySpray

WipeWipe

SpraySpray

Air dryAir dry

RULES FOR DISINFECTIONRULES FOR DISINFECTION

If you are responsible for cleaning in the university If you are responsible for cleaning in the university setting, or if you choose to do extra disinfecting of your setting, or if you choose to do extra disinfecting of your own workspace, it is important to be informed about the own workspace, it is important to be informed about the correct usage of disinfectants and cleaners.correct usage of disinfectants and cleaners.

Too weak of a solution will be ineffective. A stronger Too weak of a solution will be ineffective. A stronger solution than is recommended is wasteful and may lead solution than is recommended is wasteful and may lead to problems of corrosion with equipment and surfaces, to problems of corrosion with equipment and surfaces, as well as health problems. Residue may also harm as well as health problems. Residue may also harm feet, eyes, and other sensitive areas. feet, eyes, and other sensitive areas.

RULES FOR DISINFECTION RULES FOR DISINFECTION CONTINUEDCONTINUED

Equipment and receptacles used with disinfectants Equipment and receptacles used with disinfectants should be thoroughly cleaned and rinsed after use. Any should be thoroughly cleaned and rinsed after use. Any organic material present may reduce the effectiveness of organic material present may reduce the effectiveness of the disinfectant.the disinfectant.

A disinfectant should have no substance other than A disinfectant should have no substance other than water added. Combination of chemicals can negate the water added. Combination of chemicals can negate the effect of active ingredients in products as well as effect of active ingredients in products as well as produce harmful fumes or cause corrosion.produce harmful fumes or cause corrosion.

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

It is vital to live a healthy lifestyle to protect against It is vital to live a healthy lifestyle to protect against illness. This includes eating nutritious foods, illness. This includes eating nutritious foods, getting enough rest, and exercising in addition to getting enough rest, and exercising in addition to the infection prevention and hygiene training the infection prevention and hygiene training presented in this lesson. presented in this lesson.

Keeping a safe and clean environment is important in preventing the Keeping a safe and clean environment is important in preventing the growth and spread of infectious organisms.growth and spread of infectious organisms.

The “close quarters” situation in many university settings creates a The “close quarters” situation in many university settings creates a perfect environment for the spread of infectious diseases.perfect environment for the spread of infectious diseases.

An infectious disease is one that is caused by a microorganism such An infectious disease is one that is caused by a microorganism such as a bacterium, virus, fungus, protozoa or other parasite. Examples as a bacterium, virus, fungus, protozoa or other parasite. Examples include Influenza, SARS, HIV/AIDS, Chicken Pox, Meningitis, and include Influenza, SARS, HIV/AIDS, Chicken Pox, Meningitis, and the common cold. the common cold.

Many infectious diseases are contagious, meaning they can be Many infectious diseases are contagious, meaning they can be passed from human to human.passed from human to human.

REVIEWREVIEW

Influenza is a highly contagious disease that is spread through Influenza is a highly contagious disease that is spread through droplets of saliva transmitted through coughs, sneezes, close droplets of saliva transmitted through coughs, sneezes, close contact, and contaminated surfaces. Influenza exists in various contact, and contaminated surfaces. Influenza exists in various forms.forms.

Seasonal Flu Seasonal Flu - mild to severe respiratory illness transmitted - mild to severe respiratory illness transmitted human to human each year. The best protection against human to human each year. The best protection against

seasonal flu is vaccination. seasonal flu is vaccination. Avian FluAvian Flu - caused by the avian Influenza (bird flu) virus that - caused by the avian Influenza (bird flu) virus that

occurs naturally among birds worldwide.occurs naturally among birds worldwide. Pandemic FluPandemic Flu - global outbreaks of a newly emerged strain - global outbreaks of a newly emerged strain

of of Influenza. Influenza.

An epidemic is a serious outbreak in a single community, An epidemic is a serious outbreak in a single community, population, or region. A pandemic is an epidemic that exists population, or region. A pandemic is an epidemic that exists worldwide, affecting people across many countries.worldwide, affecting people across many countries.

REVIEW CONTINUEDREVIEW CONTINUED

REVIEW CONTINUEDREVIEW CONTINUEDInfectious agents can be taken into the body through four routes of Infectious agents can be taken into the body through four routes of exposure: ingestion, inhalation, contact, or injection.exposure: ingestion, inhalation, contact, or injection.

There are three types of transmission: direct transmission, indirect There are three types of transmission: direct transmission, indirect transmission, and airborne transmission. transmission, and airborne transmission.

Direct transmission is the spread of Infectious agents directly from Direct transmission is the spread of Infectious agents directly from person to person, animal to person, or through droplet transmission. person to person, animal to person, or through droplet transmission.

Infectious agents can be spread through indirect transmission via Infectious agents can be spread through indirect transmission via vector borne transmission (i.e. mosquito bite) or vehicle borne vector borne transmission (i.e. mosquito bite) or vehicle borne transmission (i.e. contaminated object).transmission (i.e. contaminated object).

Airborne transmission is the spread of infectious agents through tiny Airborne transmission is the spread of infectious agents through tiny aerosol particles that are smaller than droplet particles and can aerosol particles that are smaller than droplet particles and can remain suspended in the air for long periods of time.remain suspended in the air for long periods of time.

Clean hands are the most important step in staying free of infectious Clean hands are the most important step in staying free of infectious disease.disease.

Proper hand hygiene includes washing hands for 15 to 20 seconds Proper hand hygiene includes washing hands for 15 to 20 seconds under warm running water and scrubbing in between and around under warm running water and scrubbing in between and around fingers, finger tips and nails, palms, backs of hands, and wrists.fingers, finger tips and nails, palms, backs of hands, and wrists.

Waterless alcohol-based products are effective when soap and Waterless alcohol-based products are effective when soap and water are not available and hands are not visibly dirty. Hand water are not available and hands are not visibly dirty. Hand sanitizers work well while on the job and should be rubbed entirely sanitizers work well while on the job and should be rubbed entirely in to cover hands, fingers, and wrists in the same manner as when in to cover hands, fingers, and wrists in the same manner as when washing hands.washing hands.

REVIEW CONTINUEDREVIEW CONTINUED

Highly frequented areas should be routinely disinfected to reduce Highly frequented areas should be routinely disinfected to reduce lingering microbes. Employees and students should maintain good lingering microbes. Employees and students should maintain good hygiene, practice proper cough and sneeze etiquette, wash hands hygiene, practice proper cough and sneeze etiquette, wash hands frequently, and take measures to recover when ill.frequently, and take measures to recover when ill.

Hand hygiene should be performed before eating or handling food, Hand hygiene should be performed before eating or handling food, after using the bathroom, after coughing, sneezing, or blowing your after using the bathroom, after coughing, sneezing, or blowing your nose; after handling wastes, garbage, or raw foods; and any other nose; after handling wastes, garbage, or raw foods; and any other time hands appear dirty or reasonably in need of cleaning.time hands appear dirty or reasonably in need of cleaning.

To disinfect is to remove or destroy microorganisms such as To disinfect is to remove or destroy microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa, and parasites that can cause bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa, and parasites that can cause infectious diseases.infectious diseases.

Chemicals should always be used as described by the Chemicals should always be used as described by the manufacturer. Mixing different chemicals is ineffective and can be manufacturer. Mixing different chemicals is ineffective and can be very dangerous.very dangerous.

REVIEW CONTINUEDREVIEW CONTINUED

POST TESTPOST TEST1. All of the following are examples of infectious diseases 1. All of the following are examples of infectious diseases exceptexcept for: for:

a)a) TuberculosisTuberculosis

b)b) HIV/AIDSHIV/AIDS

c)c) CancerCancer

d)d) MeningitisMeningitis

e)e) InfluenzaInfluenza

2.2. When is it a good idea to wash your hands?When is it a good idea to wash your hands?a)a) After using the bathroomAfter using the bathroom

b)b) After touching your eyes or mouthAfter touching your eyes or mouth

c)c) When you are sickWhen you are sick

d)d) Before touching foodBefore touching food

e)e) All of the aboveAll of the above

POST TEST CONTINUEDPOST TEST CONTINUED

3. True or False?3. True or False?

To accomplish a safer level of disinfection you should combine two To accomplish a safer level of disinfection you should combine two powerful cleaners such as bleach and ammonia.powerful cleaners such as bleach and ammonia.

4. True or False?4. True or False?

There has been no instance of a pandemic flu within the past two There has been no instance of a pandemic flu within the past two centuries. centuries.

POST TEST CONTINUEDPOST TEST CONTINUED

5. Which of the following choices is 5. Which of the following choices is truetrue about alcohol-based hand sanitizers about alcohol-based hand sanitizers

a) They are an ineffective way to reduce the spread of infection at the university.a) They are an ineffective way to reduce the spread of infection at the university.

b) They should be rubbed into hands, covering all surfaces until dry.b) They should be rubbed into hands, covering all surfaces until dry.

c) They are a better method of hand disinfection than soap and warm water.c) They are a better method of hand disinfection than soap and warm water.

d) They work well in removing visible dirt from hands.d) They work well in removing visible dirt from hands.

e) They should be washed off with water at the sink.e) They should be washed off with water at the sink.

POST TEST CONTINUEDPOST TEST CONTINUED

6. Which area is usually cleaned 6. Which area is usually cleaned mostmost efficientlyefficiently in typical routine in typical routine handwashing by adults?handwashing by adults?

a) Finger tipsa) Finger tips

b) Under finger nailsb) Under finger nails

c) Back of handsc) Back of hands

d) Between fingersd) Between fingers e) Palms e) Palms

POST TEST CONTINUEDPOST TEST CONTINUED7) Match the following with the appropriate description: 7) Match the following with the appropriate description:

1. INGESTION 1. INGESTION a) Agent on inanimate object is introduced to the body a) Agent on inanimate object is introduced to the body by by the objectthe object

2. INHALATION2. INHALATION b) A pathogen is contacted, invades, and infects an open b) A pathogen is contacted, invades, and infects an open woundwound

3. INDIRECT CONTACT3. INDIRECT CONTACT c) Introduction of an infectious agent by way of a c) Introduction of an infectious agent by way of a syringe syringe or some other means of skin puncture or some other means of skin puncture

4. INJECTION4. INJECTION d) Breathing in the infectious agentd) Breathing in the infectious agent

5. DIRECT CONTACT5. DIRECT CONTACT e) Consumption of an infectious agent by mouthe) Consumption of an infectious agent by mouth

ANSWER KEYANSWER KEY

1) C1) C

2) E2) E

3) F3) F

4) F4) F

5) B5) B

6) E6) E

7) 7)

1) E1) E

2) D2) D

3) A3) A

4) C4) C

5) B5) B