infection control infection control unit-f unit-f
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Infection ControlInfection ControlUNIT-FUNIT-F
Microorganisms orMicroorganisms orMicrobesMicrobes Small living organismsSmall living organisms Not visible to the naked eyeNot visible to the naked eye Microscope must be used to see themMicroscope must be used to see them Found everywhere in the Found everywhere in the
environmentenvironment Found on and in the human bodyFound on and in the human body Many are part of normal flora of bodyMany are part of normal flora of body May be beneficialMay be beneficial
MicroorganismsMicroorganisms
This consist of any organism that This consist of any organism that can be seen with the aid of a can be seen with the aid of a microscopemicroscope
Also known as microbeAlso known as microbe
Microbe ClassificationsMicrobe Classifications
BacteriaBacteria ProtozoaProtozoa Fungi Fungi Rickettsiae Rickettsiae Viruses Viruses
Pathogens• Also known as germs
• Disease producing organism
• At times, non-pathogens can become pathogenic when it is present in another body system.– Ex. E. Coli
Non-Pathogens
• Microorganisms that are part of the normal flora and are beneficial in maintaining certain body processes
BacteriaBacteria
Simple, one-celled organisms that Simple, one-celled organisms that multiply rapidlymultiply rapidly
Some are beneficial and some cause Some are beneficial and some cause diseasedisease
Classified by shape and arrangementClassified by shape and arrangement– Cocci- round or spherical in shapeCocci- round or spherical in shape– Bacilli- rod-shapedBacilli- rod-shaped– Spirilla- spiral or corkscrew in shapeSpirilla- spiral or corkscrew in shape
Flesh Eating Bacteria
• Necrotising fasciitis (NF)
• NF is a bacterial infection that attacks the soft tissue and the fascia which covers the muscles. NF can occur from minor trama but is usually related to surgery.
• The NF Bacteria is commonly called strep type A.
ProtozoaProtozoa
One-celled animals often found in One-celled animals often found in decayed materials and contaminated decayed materials and contaminated waterwater
May contain flagella, which allows May contain flagella, which allows better movementbetter movement
Some are pathogenic and cause Some are pathogenic and cause disease disease – Ex. Malaria, amebic dysentery Ex. Malaria, amebic dysentery
trichomonas, and African sleeping diseasetrichomonas, and African sleeping disease
FungiFungi
Simple, plantlike organisms that live Simple, plantlike organisms that live on dead organic matter.on dead organic matter.
Yeast and molds are two common Yeast and molds are two common forms that can be pathogenicforms that can be pathogenic
Cause diseasesCause diseases– Ex. Ring worm, athlete’s foot, thrush, Ex. Ring worm, athlete’s foot, thrush,
histopasmosis, and yeast vaginitishistopasmosis, and yeast vaginitis Cannot be killed by antibioticsCannot be killed by antibiotics
Fungus Cont.Fungus Cont.
Antifungal medications are Antifungal medications are available for pathogenic fungiavailable for pathogenic fungi– Must be taken internally for long Must be taken internally for long
periods of time and may cause liver periods of time and may cause liver damagedamage
Penicillium
Athletes Foot
Ring Worm
RickettsiaeRickettsiae
Micro parasite that lives within an Micro parasite that lives within an organismorganism
Commonly found in fleas, lice, Commonly found in fleas, lice, ticks, and mitesticks, and mites
Transmitted to humans by the Transmitted to humans by the bites of these insectsbites of these insects
RickettsiaeRickettsiae
Causes diseasesCauses diseases– Ex. Typhus fever and Rocky Ex. Typhus fever and Rocky
Mountain spotted feverMountain spotted fever Antibiotics are effective against Antibiotics are effective against
many different rickettsiaemany different rickettsiae
VirusesViruses
Lives on living cellsLives on living cells Smallest microorganismsSmallest microorganisms Visible only through electron Visible only through electron
microscope.microscope.
VirusesViruses
Visible only through electron Visible only through electron microscopemicroscope
Cannot reproduce unless they are Cannot reproduce unless they are inside another living cellinside another living cell
Spread human to human by blood Spread human to human by blood and other body secretions and other body secretions
VirusesViruses
Difficult to kill because they are Difficult to kill because they are resistant to many disinfectants resistant to many disinfectants and are not affected by antibioticsand are not affected by antibiotics
Causes diseasesCauses diseases
Hepatitis BHepatitis B
Hepatitis BHepatitis B
Also known as Serum hepatitisAlso known as Serum hepatitis Caused by HBV virus and is Caused by HBV virus and is
transmitted by blood, serum, and transmitted by blood, serum, and other body secretionsother body secretions
Affects the liver, leads to scarring Affects the liver, leads to scarring or destruction of liver cellsor destruction of liver cells
Life long infectionLife long infection Cirrhosis of liverCirrhosis of liver
Hepatitis CHepatitis C
Caused by HCV virusCaused by HCV virus Transmitted by blood and blood Transmitted by blood and blood
containing fluidscontaining fluids Referred to as ‘silent epidemic’Referred to as ‘silent epidemic’ Sometimes don’t experience Sometimes don’t experience
symptoms for decades after symptoms for decades after infectioninfection
No vaccination, unlike Hep BNo vaccination, unlike Hep B
AIDSAIDS
Acquired Immune Deficiency Acquired Immune Deficiency SyndromeSyndrome
Caused by the HIV virus (Human Caused by the HIV virus (Human immunodeficiency virus)immunodeficiency virus)
Suppresses immune systemSuppresses immune system Contracted by body fluidsContracted by body fluids
EndogenousEndogenous
Infection or disease originating Infection or disease originating within the bodywithin the body
Include metabolic disorders, Include metabolic disorders, congenital abnormalities, tumors, congenital abnormalities, tumors, and infections caused by and infections caused by microorganismsmicroorganisms
Exogenous
• Infection or disease originating outside of the body
• Include pathogenic organisms that invade body, radiation, chemical agents, trauma, electric shock, and temperature extremes
Aerobic
• Organisms that need oxygen to live.
Escherichia coli
Anaerobic
• Lives without oxygen.
• Facultative Bacteria
NoscomialNoscomial
Pertaining to or originating in a Pertaining to or originating in a health care facility such as a health care facility such as a hospitalhospital
Usually transmitted from health Usually transmitted from health care worker to the patientcare worker to the patient
Antibiotic-resistantAntibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus, pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, pseudomonas,
and enterococciand enterococci
OpportunisticOpportunistic
Infections that occur when bodies Infections that occur when bodies immune systems are weakimmune systems are weak
Do not usually occur within Do not usually occur within individuals with good immune individuals with good immune systemssystems– Ex. Kaposi’s sarcoma or neumocystis Ex. Kaposi’s sarcoma or neumocystis
cariniicarinii
AsepsisAsepsis
Being free from infectionBeing free from infection Any object or area that may Any object or area that may
contain pathogens is considered contain pathogens is considered to be contaminatedto be contaminated
Aseptic techniques are directed Aseptic techniques are directed toward maintaining cleanliness toward maintaining cleanliness and eliminating or preventing and eliminating or preventing contamination contamination
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Fungus
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Bacteria
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Protozoa
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Rickettsia
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Virus – Bird Flu