infection control and standard precautions chapter 16

INFECTION CONTROL AND INFECTION CONTROL AND STANDARD PRECAUTIONSSTANDARD PRECAUTIONS

Chapter 16

© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

FLORAFLORA

• Flora are microorganisms that occur or have adapted to living in a specific environment– Resident flora are always present

and prevent overgrowth of harmful microorganisms

– Transient flora occur in periods of limited duration


PATHOGENICITY PATHOGENICITY AND VIRULENCEAND VIRULENCE

• Bacteria• Viruses• Fungi• Protozoa• Rickettsia


CHAIN OF INFECTIONCHAIN OF INFECTION

• Agent - entity that causes disease– Biological agents– Chemical agents– Physical agents

• Reservoir - place where agent can survive to colonize and reproduce



• Portal of exit - route by which infectious agents leave reservoir to be transferred to susceptible host

• Portal of entry - contact point where transmission of agent occurs



• Mode of transportation– Contact transmission - physical

transfer of agent– Airborne transmission - contamination

suspended in air– Vehicle transmission - agent

transferred via inanimate object– Vectorborne transmission - agent

transferred through animate means


BREAKING BREAKING THE CHAIN OF INFECTIONTHE CHAIN OF INFECTION

• Between agent and reservoir– Cleansing– Disinfection– Sterilization



• Between reservoir and portal of exit– Proper hygiene– Clean dressings– Clean linen– Clean equipment



• Between portal of exit and mode of transmission– Block exit of infectious agent by:

•Maintaining clean dressings on all wounds and injuries

•Covering mouth when sneezing and coughing

•Wearing gloves



• Between portal of entry and host– Maintain skin integrity– Use sterile techniques

• Between host and agent– Proper nutrition– Exercise– Immunize


NORMAL NORMAL DEFENSE MECHANISMSDEFENSE MECHANISMS

• Nonspecific immune defense– Skin and normal flora– Mucous membranes– Sneezing, coughing, and tearing – Elimination and acidic environment– Inflammation


NORMAL NORMAL DEFENSE MECHANISMSDEFENSE MECHANISMS

• Specific immune defense mounts a response specific to the invading antigen

• Production of T-cells release lymphokines and B-cells


STAGES OF THE INFECTIOUS STAGES OF THE INFECTIOUS PROCESSPROCESS

• Incubation• Prodromal• Illness• Convalescent


NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONSNOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS

• A nosocomial infection is acquired in a health care facility and was not present at the time of admission


STANDARD PRECAUTIONSSTANDARD PRECAUTIONS

• Handwashing• Gloves• Mask, eye protection, and face

shield• Gown• Client care equipment• Linens


STANDARD PRECAUTIONSSTANDARD PRECAUTIONS

• Occupational health and bloodborne pathogens– Prevent injuries from sharp

instruments such as needles and scalpels

– Use mouthpieces, resuscitation bags, and other ventilation devices to resuscitate


ISOLATIONISOLATION

• Isolation precautions based on route of transmission– Airborne– Contact– Droplet

• Reverse isolation - barrier protection to protect clients that are highly susceptible to infection

infection control and standard precautions chapter 16

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