infection concepts
TRANSCRIPT
Peggy D. Johndrow 2009
Pathogen: any disease-producing microorganism
Communicable: via person-to-person contact
Pathogenicity: ability to cause disease Virulence: degree of communicability Colonization: microorganism present in
tissue, but not yet causing symptomatic disease
Normal flora often competes with microorganisms to prevent infections
P a ra si tes
F u ng us
V iruses
B ac te r ia
O rga n ism s
Local infection: infection relegated to a specific body part
Systemic infection: microorganism spreads and damages throughout body
Acute infection sudden; lasts short time
Chronic infections slow with prolonged period
Reservoirs Pathogens
Toxins Exotoxins Endotoxins
S u se cp tib i li ty o f theh o st
P o rta l o f e n try in toth e h o st
M e th o d o f tran sm iss ion
P o r ta l o f e xi t o u t o fth e reservo ir
R e se rv o ir
E tio lo g ic a ge n t
T h e C h a in o f In fe ction
Respiratory tract Gastrointestinal tract Genitourinary tract Skin/mucous membranes Bloodstream
Contact transmission by direct or indirect contact
Droplet transmission such as influenza
Airborne transmission such as tuberculosis
Vector-borne transmission involving insect or animal carriers, such as Lyme disease
Practice hand hygiene and proper hand washing
Artificial fingernails create poor hand hygiene
Gloves should be worn CDC provides guidelines for
disinfection & sterilization, outlining standard precautions for all modes of transmission
Personal protective equipment as required for specific situations
Adjust water controls
Wet hands Apply soap Wash in circular
motion (10 sec; sing ABC song)
Rinse hands Dry thoroughly to
prevent chapping. Turn water off with
towel Place towel in
garbage
Sterile Technique variation: Wet hands; lather
with soap; hold hands higher than elbows
Rinse Dry one hand up to
elbow; rotate hand up to elbow with one towel
Use 2nd towel to dry next hand up to elbow in same motion
The sterile field Sterile gown Sterile gloves Removal of soiled wear
Multiple drug–resistant infections are no more transmissible than drug-sensitive counterparts, S. aureus and Enterococcus organisms
CDC has specific guidelines to control antimicrobial resistance in health care settings
Noncompliance or nonadherence Legal sanctions that compel client to
complete treatment, such as in instance of tuberculosis
Septicemia Septic shock
History Physical assessment & clinical
manifestations Psychosocial assessment Laboratory assessment including:
Culture and antibiotic sensitivity testing Complete blood count Erythrocyte sedimentation rate Serologic testing Radiographic and other assessment
Eliminate underlying cause of hyperthermia and destroy causative microorganism
Manage fever by: Pharmacotherapy: antimicrobial,
antipyretic therapy External cooling, fluid administration,
cool cloths, cool environment (A/C, no blankets, fans)
Education about mode of transmission of infection and mechanisms communication
Assess coping mechanisms used in past
Maintain communication with client
Education on following topics vital to client’s understanding of transmission prevention precautions: Infection control Pharmacotherapy Psychosocial support Health care resources
What are some things that make an individual more prone to infection?