inequity of opportunity

8/3/2019 Inequity of Opportunity

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burer icz {`v }èv epfr} ghm {`v }èv bgh‖} je ifpem$ cz our} rfn|dv jdc{ ne cii gr ghc}èz emubg}cz {gh}.

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afmr {`c gze ep|eb}em }c gb`feye g} }è rgne deyedr gr c}èz afmr$ zfb`$ nfmmde bdgrr cz |ccz$ mfrgjfdf}v cz

hc mfrgjfdf}v$ |zcifbfeh} fh }è Ehkdfr` dghkugke cz hc}

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f} bcner }c emubg}fch ghm ngafhk g je}}ez dfie icz che‖r redi

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eyezv b`fdm zebefyer ewugd mcddgzr G bcnnch uhmezr}ghmfhk ci ewuf}v fhycdyer dccafhk g} f} izcn g `czf.

ch}gd ghm yez}fbgd |cfh} ci yfe{ (Zcg ghm Nfder$ :<<:&?

• @czfch}gd? mc r}umeh}r {f}` rfnfdgz b`gzgb}ezfr}fbr zebefye ewugd zercuzber3

• Yez}fbgd? mc r}umeh}r {f}` mfrrfnfdgz b`gzgb}ezfr}fbr zebefye g||zc|zfg}edv mfrrfnfdgz zercuzber3

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rub` gr ncmezh jufdmfhkr$ }eb`hcdckv$ {edd.emubg}em }egbèzr$ ru||deneh}gd ru||cz}r$ e}b ‒ }`gh }èfz

|eezr fh mfr}zfb}r {f}` `fkèz deyedr

*Iuz}èzncze$ dc{.fhbcne b`fdmzeh ghm Ehkdfr` dghkugke degzhezr heem ep}zg zercuzber }c cyezbcne mfr.

gmygh}gker mue }c rcbfcebchcnfb r}g}ur cz dgba ci Ehkdfr` dghkugke |zcifbfehbv Fh nghv bgrer$ hc} chdv

gze }ère b`fdmzeh hc} zebefyfhk ewugd zercuzber ju} }èv gze gdrc hc} zebefyfhk }è ep}zg ru||cz}r }èv

heem fh czmez }c rubbeem* (E|r}efh$ :<77&

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icz ncze iuhmr$ bcnjfhem r}g}e ghm dcbgd zeyehuer icz Kcmizev.Dee \ujdfb Rb`ccdr (nv mfr}zfb}& `gr gb}u.

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rf}ug}fch Kcmizev.Dee \ujdfb Rb`ccdr$ {`fb` fr g che.rwugze.nfde rb`ccd mfr}zfb} fh [vcnfhk$ Nfb`fkgh

{f}` 7$0<< r}umeh}r$ ghm r`gzer g jczmez {f}` }è nub` dgzkez Kzghm Zg|fmr \ujdfb Rb`ccd mfr}zfb}$ `gr

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REY |ez |u|fd

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http://www.godfrey-lee.org/





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• @fkèr} |ezbeh}gke ci dfnf}em Ehkdfr` |zcifbfeh} r}umeh}r fh bcn|gzfrch }c gdd Nfb`fkgh rb`ccd

mfr}zfb}r (=<%$ ghm 5<2% fi vcu fhbdume icznez DE\ r}umeh}r&

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g}}ehm rb`ccdr }`g} zebefye igz ie{ez zercuzber |ez |u|fd mer|f}e }èfz kzeg}ez heem„ (E|r}efh$ :<77&

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ngaer }è wugdf}v ci g b`fdm‖r rb`ccd g `g||ehr}ghbe ci keckzg|`v„ (Yezr}ekeh$ :<77&

]c fddur}zg}e g bcn|gzfrch izcn {f}`fh cuz bcuh}v$ F ure }è ncr} zebeh} Nfb`fkgh ]c|.}c.Jc}}cn dfr} ze.

degrem }`fr |gr} Gukur} Jgrem ch ifhghbfgd ze|cz}r izcn }è :<<6.7< rb`ccd vegz (Nfb`fkgh Judde}fh

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• Gh gyezgke bcnjfhem dcbgd ghm r}g}e zeyehue ci -0$925 |ez |u|fd$ {`fb` fr -:97 ncze } gh cuz

mfr}zfb} Fh igb}$ }è `fkèr} zghaem mfr}zfb} zebefyer -6$:<: |ez |u|fd$ -0:0 ncze }`gh Kcmizev.

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http://www.mi.gov/mde/0,4615,7-140-5235_6539-21514--,00.html







http://www.michigan.gov/mde/0,4615,7-140-37818_56562---,00.html

http://www.michigan.gov/mde/0,4615,7-140-37818_56562---,00.html



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cur jdfhm }c }è ygzvfhk heemr ci afmr @eze gze reyezgd aev mfiiezehber je}{eeh cuz bcuh}v‖r }c| 5

zghaem mfr}zfb}r (gyezgke zghafhk ci 67=& ghm jc}}cn 5 mfr}zfb}r (gyezgke zghafhk ci =72& ch }è r}g}e‖r

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r}umeh} ncze }c gmmzerr }è gbgmenfb mfiiezehber fhèzeh} fh g dc{.fhbcne$ `fk` DE\ rb`ccd mfr.

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zeyehue }`g} fr -5<< ncze }`gh }è c}èz icuz&

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zercuzber”ncmezh jufdmfhkr$ }eb`hcdckv$ fk`dv eiieb}fye }egbèzr$ ru||deneh}gd ru||cz}r$ e}b”}`gh mc

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kugke degzhezr heem ep}zg zercuzber }c cyezbcne mfrgmygh}gker mue }c rcbfcebchcnfb r}g}ur cz dgba ci

Ehkdfr` dghkugke |zcifbfehbv Fh nghv bgrer$ hc} chdv gze }ère b`fdmzeh hc} zebefyfhk ewugd zercuzber

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c}èz }`zee Bf}v ci [vcnfhk.jgrem rb`ccd mfr}zfb}r {fdd ghr{ez gdd cuz }zcujder$ de} ne |cfh} cu} }`g} ci }è

ifye `fkèr} |cyez}v rb`ccd mfr}zfb}r fh Aeh} Bcuh}v$ icuz ci }èn gze fh [vcnfhk Kzghm Zg|fmr fr }è

ifi}` ]è [vcnfhk mfr}zfb}r bcddeb}fyedv `gye }è dgzker} bchbeh}zg}fch ci @fr|ghfb r}umeh}r {f}` dfnf}em

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|dgbe f} g} cz hegz }è jc}}cn ci }è bcuh}v C`$ ghm }èv gdrc our} `g||eh }c cbbu|v }è jc}}cn ci }è

zghafhkr fh }è r}g}e‖r ]c|.}c.Jc}}cn dfr}$ rc |degre r|gze vcuzredi }è enjgzzgrrneh} ghm rèdye vcuz

{czh.cu} gzkuneh}r gjcu} mfr}zfb} bchrcdfmg}fch

Ju} }è bcn|gzfrchr {f}`fh cuz c{h bcuh}v |gde {èh vcu }gae g kccm dcca g} g hunjez ci rb`ccd mfr.

}zfb}r ch }è egr} rfme ci }è r}g}e$ nghv ci {`fb` `gye |ez.|u|fd zeyehuer epbeemfhk -7<$<<< ghm gze

gdrc zghaem `fk` ch }è r}g}e‖r ]c|.}c.Jc}}cn dfr} Che rub` mfr}zfb} fr Jdccnifedm @fddr fh Cgadghm Bcuh}v$

{`fb` `gr gh gyezgke rb`ccd zghafhk ci 62 ch }è }c|.}c.jc}}cn dfr}$ ghm?

• Bcnjfhem dcbgd ghm r}g}e zeyehue ci -72$096 |ez |u|fd

• ]c}gd zeyehue (fhbdumfhk iemezgd& ci -7=$96: |ez |u|fd

• ]c}gd |ez.|u|fd REY ci -907$7<2

]`fr mfr}zfb} fr hc} gdche gr }èze gze nghv rfnfdgz fh Cgadghm$ Ngbcnj ghm c}èz Nfb`fkgh bcuh}fer F

mch‖} {gh} }c memfbg}e }è }fne cz r|gbe fh }`fr |cr} }c g bcn|de}e bcn|gzfrch

Rc$ {`g} mcer }`fr gdd negh3 F} neghr }`g} Nfb`fkgh‖r rb`ccd iuhmfhk rvr}en |ez|e}ug}er fhewuf}v ci c|.

|cz}uhf}v ghm |zcnc}er g bch}fhufhk bvbde ci |cyez}v F} neghr }`g} eyeh }`cuk` gdd r}umeh}r gze ep|eb}em

}c ngr}ez }è rgne r}ghmgzmr$ menchr}zg}e |zcifbfehbv ch }è rgne r}g}e }er}r$ rubberriuddv bcn|de}e

}è rgne kzgmug}fch zewufzeneh}r$ ghm gb`feye }è rgne deyed ci bcddeke ghm bgzeez zegmfherr$ rcne

gze ep|eb}em }c mc f} mer|f}e }è fhewuf}fer bzeg}em igb}czr jevchm }èfz bch}zcd ghm {f}`cu} ruiifbfeh} ze.

rcuzber

Oghugzv ::$ :<7:


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—F} bcr}r ncze }c emubg}e b`fdmzeh {`c bcne izcn dc{.fhbcne ignfdfer$ gze Ehkdfr` dghkugke degzhezr$ cz

{`c wugdfiv icz r|ebfgd emubg}fch rezyfber }c }è rgne deyed gr }`cre b`fdmzeh {`c mc hc} `gye }ère ep.

}zg heemr„ (E|r}efh$ :<77&

@c{eyez$ gr dg}e gr :<<;$ Nfb`fkgh zghaem chdv 2; }` fh {egd}`.heu}zgdf}v {èh f} bgne }c iuhmfhk rb`ccdr

ghm ==}` fh }è iuhmfhk kg| je}{eeh {egd}`fez ghm |cczez rb`ccd mfr}zfb}r Fh c}èz {czmr$ rb`ccdr fh

Nfb`fkgh }`g} `gye }è ncr} (nchev ghm zercuzber& bch}fhue }c ke} }è ncr} (nchev ghm zercuzber& me.

r|f}e hc} `gyfhk hegz }è rgne cjr}gbder }`g} zewufze kzeg}ez zercuzber ghm ru||cz}

Afmr fh `fkèz.iuhmem mfr}zfb}r {f}` kzeg}ez zercuzber `gye gbberr }c he{ ghm ncmezh bdgrrzccnr$ }è

jer}.ewuf||em rbfehbe dgjr$ bdgrrer {f}` dc{ez }egbèz.r}umeh} zg}fcr$ kzeg}ez iczefkh dghkugke ciiezfhkr$

ncze gmyghbem bcuzrer$ }è dg}er} }eb`hcdckv (zekgzmderr {`c |gvr icz f}&$ gr {edd gr ep|ghrfye |`vrfbgd

emubg}fch ghm g}`de}fb bcn|deper Afmr fh mfr}zfb}r }`g} zebefye derr iuhmfhk cz dgba zercuzber }c cyez.

bcne rcbfcebchcnfb$ dghkugke$ cz r|ebfgd heemr jgzzfezr }c degzhfhk `gye df}}de }c hche ci }`fr ju} gzeep|eb}em }c gb`feye }è rgne zerud}r

—]è gb`feyeneh}r ci mfrgmygh}gkem r}umeh}r gze ncze dfaedv }c ruiiez fh zer|chre }c fhewuf}fer fh rb`ccd

iuhmfhk icz }{c zegrchr? ]`cre r}umeh}r gze ncze dfaedv }c g}}ehm |cczdv iuhmem rb`ccdr$ ghm }èv gze

ncze dfaedv }c je ùz} jv dgba ci gbgmenfb zercuzber {èh rb`ccdr gze uhmeziuhmem„ (Jfmmdez ) Jezdfhez$

GRBM :<<:&

Nfb`fkgh‖r degmezr `gye kc} }c re} grfme }èfz |ezrchgd jfgr ghm |gz}v |zeiezehber }c ifhgddv gmmzerr {`g}

F ree fr g kzc{fhk fhewuf}v fh iuhmfhk ghm c||cz}uhf}v icz cuz afmr$ {`c jv }è {gv gze }è iu}uze ci }`frKzeg} Dgaer r}g}e ]è zebeh} ifhghbfgd mfrgr}ez$ ep|ghmfhk fnnfkzgh} |c|udg}fch$ bch}fhufhk idfk`} izcn

dc{.fhbcne uzjgh gzegr$ ghm fhbzegrfhk ep|eb}g}fchr fh gbgmenfb gb`feyeneh} icz gdd r}umeh}r gze epgb.

ezjg}fhk }è fhewuf}fer ]è hep} }fne gh edeb}em ciifbfgd yc}er fh igycz ci rb`ccd iuhmfhk }`g} mcer hc} gm.

mzerr }è fhewuf}v$ è#rè fr rehmfhk g nerrgke }c cuz r}umeh}r$ —Rczzv afmr$ vcu‖ze hc} {cz}` }è eiicz} cz

ep|ehre ghm {fdd our} `gye }c mc {f}`cu}„

Cuz degmezr `gye g nczgd fn|ezg}fye }c gmmzerr }`fr ghm F fh}ehm }c je |gz} ci {`g} F `c|e {fdd je g kzc{.

fhk$ dcum ycbgd eiicz} }c |ur` }èn fh }`g} mfzeb}fch

]c mc ghv}`fhk derr fr g} }è yezv degr} fnnczgd ghm g} ncr}$ bzfnfhgd

SSSSSSSSSSSSS

Oghugzv ::$ :<7:


9



Yezr}ekeh$ Mejczg` G (:<77& \ujdfb Emubg}fch Ifhghbe Rvr}enr fh }è Uhf}em R}g}er ghm Iuhmfhk \cdf.

bfer icz \c|udg}fchr {f}` R|ebfgd Heemr Emubg}fch \cdfbv Ghgdvrfr Gzb`fyer$ 76 (:7& Ze}zfeyem 7#=#7:

izcn `}}|?##e|gggruemu#cor#gz}fbde#yfe{#;96

Zcg$ Ngzkuezf}e ghm Nfder$ Agzeh @g{dev (:<<:& Ncyfhk }c{gzm Ewuf}v fh Rb`ccd Iuhmfhk {f}`fh Mfr.

}zfb}r G \zereh}g}fch icz Rb`ccd Bcnnuhf}fer }`g} [cza Ghhehjezk Fhr}f}u}e icz Rb`ccd Zeiczn g} Jzc{h

Uhfyezrf}v Ze}zfeyem 7#5#7: izcn `}}|?##{{{rb`ccdbcnnuhf}ferczk#zercuzber`}nd

E|r}efh$ Mfghe (:<77& Negruzfhk Fhewuf}v fh Rb`ccd Iuhmfhk Beh}ez icz Gnezfbgh \zckzerr Ze}zfeyem 7#

5#7: izcn `}}|?##{{{gnezfbgh|zckzerrczk#frruer#:<77#<0#iuhmfhkSewuf}v`}nd

Jfmmde$ Jzube O ghm Jezdfhez$ Mgyfm B (:<<:& Uhfyezrgd Rb`ccd Iuhmfhk fh }è Uhf}em R}g}er Emubg.

}fchgd Degmezr`f|$ 50 (<0& Ze}zfeyem 7#9#7: izcn

`}}|?##{{{grbmczk#|ujdfbg}fchr#emubg}fchgd.degmezr`f|#ngv<:#ycd50#hun<0#Uhewugd.Rb`ccd.Iuhmfhk.fh.

}è.Uhf}em.R}g}ergr|p

Oghugzv ::$ :<7:


;

http://www.ascd.org/publications/educational-leadership/may02/vol58/num08/Unequal-School-Funding-in-the-United-States.aspx




http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2011/08/funding_equity.html

http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2011/08/funding_equity.html

http://www.schoolcommunities.org/resources.html

http://www.schoolcommunities.org/resources.html

http://epaa.asu.edu/ojs/article/view/769

http://epaa.asu.edu/ojs/article/view/769



NCHMGV$ OGHUGZV 6$ :<7:

Rubberriud Rb`ccd Zeiczn Nur} Fhbdume Ewuf}v ci C||cz}uhf}v fh Iuhmfhk

—]cmgv$ rujr}gh}fgd iuhmfhk mfiiezehber epfr} gnchk rb`ccd ci }è rgne mfr}zfb}$ gnchk mfr}zfb}r ci }è

rgne r}g}e$ ghm gnchk r}g}er . ghm }è mfiiezehber gze dfhaem }c 7& zgbfgd$ e}`hfb ghm ebchcnfb r}g}ur$ghm :& fhewuf}fer fh emubg}fchgd zercuzber ghm fh r}umeh} gb`feyeneh} *Re|gzg}e ju} ewugd* rb`ccdfhk

{gr mebdgzem uhbchr}f}u}fchgd fh 765=1 fh }è 766<r cuz iuhmfhk icznudgr bzeg}e rb`ccdr }`g} gze hc} chdv

re|gzg}e ju} mebfmemdv uhewugd

—Ewuf}gjde rb`ccd ifhghbfhk nur} zebckhfe }`g} mfiiezfhk heemr ghm bfzbunr}ghber zewufze mfiiezeh} fh}ez.

yeh}fchr ghm fhbuz mfiiezeh} bcr}r Iuhmfhk r`cudm bchrfmez {`g} mcddgzr gb}ugddv juv fh mfiiezeh} re}}fhkr$

}è ep}eh} }c {`fb` |zckzgnr ghm rezyfber gze |zcyfmem }c gdd kzcu|r$ ghm }è mekzee }c {`fb` gdd r}u.

meh}r jeheif} izcn |ujdfb emubg}fch rezyfber

—Dcbgd$ r}g}e ghm iemezgd kcyezhneh}r r`gze zer|chrfjfdf}v icz ewuf}v fh rb`ccd ifhghbe Buzzeh} rvr}enr

mehv ewugd emubg}fchgd c||cz}uhf}v }c b`fdmzeh fh |zc|ez}v.|ccz mfr}zfb}r {èze |ccz$ zgbfgd nfhczf}v ghm

dfnf}em Ehkdfr` |zcifbfeh} b`fdmzeh gze cyezze|zereh}em R}g}e ghm iemezgd *bg}ekczfbgd* iuhmfhk negh} }c

ru||deneh} |zerungjdv ewugd *zekudgz* |zckzgnr igfdr nfrezgjdv }c ngae u| icz fh}ez. ghm fh}zg.mfr}zfb}

iuhmfhk fhewuf}fer

—Iemezgd ghm r}g}e kcyezhneh}r nur} gbbcn|dfr` rfkhfifbgh} rb`ccd ifhghbe zeiczn ghm en|c{ez heemv

rb`ccdr }c kfye }èfz r}umeh}r gh c||cz}uhf}v }c degzh„

F}+r jeeh reyeh}eeh vegzr rfhbe }`fr |ujdfbg}fch ghm {e+ze hc bdcrez g} gb`feyfhk ewuf}v icz gdd A.7: r}u.

meh}r' Fh Nfb`fkgh$ }`fr igddr rcdedv ch cuz r}g}e edeb}em ciifbfgdr rfhbe }è r}g}e grrunem zer|chrfjfdf}v icz

iuhmfhk A.7: |ujdfb rb`ccdr {èh \zc|crgd G |grrem fh }è nfm.766<+r Hc} chdv `gr }è r}g}e igfdem }c

jzfhk |ez.|u|fd ru||cz} fh dfhe je}{eeh gdd 557 rb`ccd mfr}zfb}r$ f} `gr hc} eyeh jekuh }c gmmzerr }è ncze

bchrfmezgjde |zcjden ci |zcyfmfhk ewuf}v ci c||cz}uhf}v icz b`fdmzeh fh dc{ rcbfc.ebchcnfb bcnnuhf}fer$

{f}` dfnf}em Ehkdfr` dghkugke$ ghm c}èz jgzzfezr }c degzhfhk ]ùr$ }{c rb`ccd mfr}zfb}r bgh je rfme.jv.

rfme cz {f}`fh g ie{ nfder ci egb` c}èz Fh che$ b`fdmzeh ehocv ncmezh bdgrrzccnr$ r}g}e.ci.}è gz} nurfb$

\E$ ghm g}`de}fb igbfdf}fer$ u|.}c.mg}e }eb`hcdckv$ rngddez bdgrr rfer$ ghm ncze `fk`.deyed bcuzre ciiez.

fhkr Fh }è c}èz$ }èv g}}ehm g 76:<+r bzc{mem jufdmfhk {f}` cyezidc{fhk bdgrrer ghm dfnf}em bcuzre ciiez.

fhkr ]èze$ iuhmr gze fhruiifbfeh} }c eiieb}fyedv jzfmke }è dghkugke jgzzfezr de} gdche ngae u| icz dgba ci

jgrfb rafddr mue }c }zghrfehbv$ |zeyfcur g}}ehmghbe g} `czzfjde rb`ccdr$ ghm dfnf}em ru||cz} g} `cne Ve}$

}èv gze ep|eb}em }c gb`feye g} }è rgne deyed gr }èfz ncze giidueh} hefk`jczr ghm zfmfbudem {èh }èv

Oghugzv ::$ :<7:


0



mch+}$ ci}eh r|zfhadem {f}` fhgbbuzg}e grrun|}fchr ghm eyeh jdg}gh} zgbfrn Gr g zerud}$ }èfz }egbèzr ghm

gmnfhfr}zg}czr gze jdgnem icz f} jebgure }`g}+r }è egrv {gv cu} icz |cdf}fbgd degmezr {`c mch+} {gh} }c

megd {f}` }è zegd |zcjdenr

]è Gnezfbgh emubg}fch rvr}en {fdd heyez eiieb}fyedv bcn|e}e {f}` `fk`.gb`feyfhk hg}fchr uh}fd }`fr frruefr ifhgddv bchizch}em ghm zercdyem

SSSSSSSSSS

Emubg}e Gnezfbg? G Bgdd icz Ewuf}v fh Rb`ccd Zeiczn (`}}|?##{{{ngebczk#Cdm#emubg}e#}cb`}nd&

Oghugzv ::$ :<7:


6

http://www.maec.org/Old/educate/toc.html

http://www.maec.org/Old/educate/toc.html



RG]UZMGV$ OGHUGZV 7=$ :<7:

Re}}fhk @fk` R}ghmgzmr icz Gdd Ju} Fkhczfhk }è A.7: C||cz}uhf}v Kg|

F}‖r {fmedv uhmezr}ccm }`g} jeicze vcu bgh megd {f}` ghv gmmfb}fch$ vcu ifzr} `gye }c gmnf} vcu `gye che

]è rgne bgh je rgfm gjcu} ne}`cmr ci iuhmfhk A.7: emubg}fch fh Nfb`fkgh ghm fh c}èz r}g}er Cuz dek.frdg}uze `gr jebcne gmmfb}em }c mcdfhk cu} {`g}eyez iuhmr }èv nfk`} `gye (gi}ez zgfmfhk }è rb`ccd gfm

iuhm icz c}èz }`gh A.7: |uz|crer ifzr}$ ci bcuzre& jv `cdmfhk u| g ifr}iud ci mcddgzr ghm ke}}fhk gdd rb`ccd

mfr}zfb}r ‒ zekgzmderr ci bg|gjfdf}v ‒ }c oun| ewugddv gr `fk` }c ke} g ie{ ci }èn F}‖r g rbehe wuf}e bcn.

nch ghm eyeh bcnfbgd {èh che {gh}r }c eh}ez}gfh cheredi {f}` g |gba ci |u||fer F} nur} `gye jeeh

—iuh„ icz }èn }`fr |gr} vegz rfhbe rcne$ fhbdumfhk Kcyezhcz Zfba Rhvmez$ gze gdzegmv }gdafhk gjcu} |dgv.

fhk }`g} yezv kgne gkgfh }`fr vegz @cure R|egaez Ogre Jcdkez `fh}em }c }`g} |zcr|eb} gr mfm Ze| Nfae

R`fzaev izcn }è Ogbarch gzeg

Ju} Dghrfhk‖r gmmfb}fch }c }ère fhewuf}gjde ne}`cmr ci rb`ccd iuhmfhk bch}fhuer }c {fmeh }è kg| je.

}{eeh }è {egd}`fer} (gag$ Jdccnifedm @fddr ghm c}èzr& ghm }`cre g} }è jc}}cn Nv mfr}zfb} fr che ci

}`cre g} }è jc}}cn {f}` }è rfp}` dc{er} |zc|ez}v ygduer$ `fkèr} |cyez}v zg}e fh }è Aeh} ghm C}}g{g

Bcuh}v zekfch$ ghm `fkèr} |ezbeh}gke ci dfnf}em Ehkdfr` r|egafhk r}umeh}r fh Nfb`fkgh Ve} Dghrfhk‖r

uh{fddfhkherr }c gmnf} }c f}r gmmfb}fch ci `ghmfhk cu} ncze nchev }c mfr}zfb}r }`g} gdzegmv `gye ncze

nchev bch}fhuer Cuz edeb}em degmezr gze uh{fddfhk }c gmnf} }c }èfz —rfbaherr„ ghm gmmzerr }è iuhmfhk

heemr icz afmr {`c heem }è gmmf}fchgd ru||cz}r ncr}

]`fr |gr} Izfmgv$ ebchcnfr}r$ edeb}em ciifbfgdr$ ghm |cdfbv {char kg}èzem fh Dghrfhk$ Nfb`fkgh }c u|mg}ezeyehue |zcoeb}fchr ci }è |gr} ghm iczebgr} zeyehue icz }è iu}uze Jeicze }è fha {gr eyeh mzv ch }èfz

|zemfb}fchr$ dekfrdg}czr ghm emubg}czr r}gz}em |crf}fchfhk }ènredyer ch {`g} }c mc {f}` dgzke uhep|eb}em

|zcoeb}em ruz|durer Nv fhjcp {gr ep|dcmfhk {f}` he{r ghm zebcnnehmg}fchr izcn grrcbfg}fchr (NGRG$

NGRJ$ ghm }è dfae& ghm }è ngfhr}zegn nemfg jekgh ze|cz}fhk cu} fh}ezyfe{r ci ghvche ghm eyezvche

zuhhfhk }c }è jzfk`} dfk`}r

Hche mfrburrem }è heem }c gmmzerr }è kzc{fhk iuhmfhk kg| je}{eeh zfb` ghm |ccz rb`ccd mfr.

}zfb}r$ ghm }è zerud}fhk dgba ci ewuf}gjde c||cz}uhf}fer icz mfrgmygh}gkem afmr }c gb`feye }è rgne kcgdr

gr eyezv c}èz b`fdm fh Nfb`fkgh Ci bcuzre hc}$ rfhbe }`g} {cudm hc} je redi.rezyfhk |ghhfhk }c }èfz ze.

r|eb}fye bchr}f}uehbfer

F}‖r fzchfb }`g} }è dekfrdg}uze ghm kcyezhcz {cudm }cu} }è }ezn —jer} |zgb}fber„{`fde g} }è rgne }fne

}èv en|dcv rcne ci }è {czr} |zgb}fber fh |ujdfb rb`ccd iuhmfhk \uz|credv fkhczfhk }è heemr ci mfr.

Oghugzv ::$ :<7:


7<

http://www.mlive.com/news/index.ssf/2012/01/recovering_economy_could_stabi.html


http://www.mlive.com/news/jackson/index.ssf/2012/01/rep_mike_shirkey_wants_financi.html

http://www.mlive.com/news/kalamazoo/index.ssf/2012/01/spokesman_for_house_speaker_ja.html














gmygh}gkem r}umeh}r$ {`c jv }è {gv gze ep|eb}em }c gb`feye }è rgne kcgdr gr r}umeh}r izcn ncze

giidueh} gzegr$ fr hc} {`g} F cz ghv |ezrch ci fh}eddfkehbe {cudm bchrfmez }c je g jer} |zgb}fbe

—]è `fezgzb`v ci juzegubzgbv ghm }è |c{ez ci }è r}g}ur wuc gze rub` }`g}$ fh cuz bcuh}zv$ |ccz b`fdmzeh

ghm bcnnuhf}fer gze }zeg}em mfiiezeh}dv bcn|gzem }c }`cre b`fdmzeh ghm bcnnuhf}fer izcn u||ez bdgrrjgbakzcuhmr„ (Czifedm$ :<<5$ gr bf}em fh Zfcr$ Jg}`$ Icr}ez e} gd$Fhewuf}fer fh \ujdfb Emubg}fch$ Fhr}f}u}e

icz Emubg}fchgd Fhwufzv$ Guk :<<6&

Zedegrem our} }`fr |gr} {eea$ Emubg}fch [eea‖r Wugdf}v Bcuh}r :<7: `fk`dfk`}r }è kzc{fhk kg|r fh |zc.

yfmfhk gmewug}e rb`ccd iuhmfhk ghm zercuzber }c }è heemfer} afmr

—Fh }è gzeg ci rb`ccd ifhghbe$ gh ghgdvrfr ci rb`ccd iuhmfhk mfr|gzf}fer gnchk mfr}zfb}r chbe gkgfh ifhmr

dgzke mfiiezehber fh nghv r}g}er… ]`fr ghgdvrfr gdrc r`c{r }`g} (chdv& rfp r}g}er iuhm |zc|ez}v.|ccz

rb`ccd mfr}zfb}r g} ewugd cz `fkèz deyedr }`gh {egd}`fez rvr}enr (en|`grfr gmmem&„ (Emubg}fch

[eea Emf}czr$ Ewuf||fhk UR Rb`ccdr icz }è Kdcjgd Igr} Dghe$ Wugdf}v Bcuh}r :<7:&

@eze gze rcne ci }è `fk`dfk`}r (dc{dfk`}r3& gjcu} Nfb`fkgh izcn }è Wugdf}v Bcuh}r :<7: r}umv?

• Gyezgke }c jedc{ gyezgke fh ncr} ci }è }`fz}eeh fhmfbg}czr }`g} bch}zfju}e }c g b`fdm‖r b`ghbe

icz rubberr {f}` gh cyezgdd zgha ci 27r}cu} 57 r}g}er ghm MB Ignfdv fhbcne$ |gzeh} emubg}fch$

|gzeh}gd en|dcvneh}$ ghm gmud} cu}bcner fh emubg}fch$ fhbcne ghm en|dcvneh} bch}zfju}em }c

}`fr dc{ zghafhk

• Yfz}ugddv fh }è beddgz fh =}` ghm 0}` kzgme zegmfhk ghm ng}` gb`feyeneh} kgfhr gr negruzem jv

}è HGE\ izcn :<<2.77

• Zghaem 2:hm fh }è |cyez}v kg| ch }è zegmfhk ghm ng}` HGE\$ g negruze }`g} bcn|gzer }`cre

{`c gze edfkfjde icz }è Hg}fchgd Rb`ccd Duhb` \zckzgn }c }`cre {`c gze hc} ]è r}g}e gyezgke

kg| {gr :9: icz zegmfhk ghm :5: icz ng}` F} bgh je grrunem }`g} fh mfr}zfb}r {f}` rfkhfifbgh}dv

dgzkez duhb` |zckzgn edfkfjfdf}v$ }`g} }`fr kg| fr bcn|gzgjdv jfkkez

• Zghar zedg}fyedv fk` ch r}ghmgzmr$ grrerrneh}r$ ghm gbbcuh}gjfdf}v |zcyfhk }`g} f}‖r |cdf}fbgddv

egrfez }c {fedm }è r}fba }`gh f} fr }c |zcyfme }è bgzzc}r heberrgzv icz gdd r}umeh}r }c gb`feye ze.kgzmderr ci mfrgmygh}gker @c{eyez$ }è r}umv ze|cz}r }`g} Nfb`fkgh ghm ncr} c}èz r}g}er |zc.

yfme hc fhbeh}fyer }c |u} }è jer} }egbèzr fh rb`ccdr {czafhk {f}` afmr `gyfhk }è jfkker} mfrgm.

ygh}gker

• Fh }è gzeg ci ewuf}v ghm r|ehmfhk $ Nfb`fkgh zghar g mfrngd =:hm fh {egd}`.heu}zgdf}v }èzejv

menchr}zg}fhk }`g} iuhmfhk mebfrfchr fh }`fr r}g}e mc hc} bchrfmez }è kzeg}ez heemr ci mfrgmygh.

Oghugzv ::$ :<7:


77

http://www.edweek.org/ew/toc/2012/01/12/index.html





}gkem r}umeh}r$ fe$ }`cre g}}ehmfhk rb`ccdr fh |ccz hefk`jcz`ccmr$ {f}` dfnf}em Ehkdfr` dghkugke

rafddr$ ghm c}èz r|ebfgd heemr ]è r}g}e gdrc zghar 27r} fh }è hg}fch icz |ez.|u|fd r|ehmfhk {f}`

chdv :5% ci }è r}umeh}r g}}ehmfhk rb`ccdr iuhmem g} cz gjcye }è hg}fchgd gyezgke [`fde

Nfb`fkgh zghar `fk` (5}`& fh |ezbeh} ci }gpgjde zercuzber meyc}em }c A.7: rb`ccdfhk$ f}‖r bdegz

izcn gdd }è c}èz fhmfbg}czr }`g} nub` ci }`fr r|ehmfhk kcer }c mfr}zfb}r fh ncze giidueh} gzegr }`g}gdzegmv zebefye fhewuf}gjdv `fkèz iuhmfhk ]èze‖r hc zegd eiicz} jv }è r}g}e }c mfr}zfju}e A.7:

iuhmfhk ch g jgrfr }`g} |zcyfmer ewuf}v ci c||cz}uhf}v

Ewuf}v ci c||cz}uhf}v fr }è nfrrfhk aev fhkzemfeh} }c fn|zcyfhk |ujdfb emubg}fch fh Nfb`fkgh ghm gbzcrr

}è UR —…}è aev mzfyez ci emubg}fch.meyedc|neh} |cdfbv fh If hdghm `gr jeeh |zcyfmfhk ewugd ghm

|crf}fye degzhfhk c||cz}uhf}fer icz gdd b`fdmzeh (en|`grfr gmmem& ghm rebuzfhk }èfz {edd.jefhk$ fhbdum.

fhk }èfz hu}zf}fch$ egd}`$ rgie}v$ ghm cyezgdd g||fherr„ (\grf Rg`djezk$ Ifhdghm‖r Rubberr fr Hc Nfzgbde$

Emubg}fch [eea Wugdf}v Bcuh}r :<7:&

[e gze bchr}gh}dv jefhk bcn|gzem }c c}èz bcuh}zfer ghm }è {gv }è mg}g fr bcnnuhfbg}em$ f} ngaer

|ujdfb emubg}fch cu} }c je g igfdfhk eh}ez|zfre Ju} f}‖r hc} |ujdfb emubg}fch }`g}‖r g} igud}$ ju} zg}èz f}‖r g

dgba ci uhmezr}ghmfhk ghm {fddfhkherr }c edfnfhg}e chbe ghm icz gdd }è fhewuf}fer }`g} `cdm ur jgba?

—…gjcu} 27% ci Gnezfbgh r}umeh}r ci gdd zgber ghm e}`hfbf}fer (gjcu} 75 nfddfch cu} ci rcne 5< nfddfch

|ujdfb rb`ccd r}umeh}r&$ g}}ehm rb`ccdr }`g} cu}|eziczn r}umeh}r fh 5= c}èz hg}fchr fh ng}èng}fbr

]ère gze rb`ccdr$ `c{eyez$ }`g} `gye ie{ |ccz r}umeh}r… Fh Gnezfbgh rb`ccdr {èze ncze }`gh :5% ci

}è rb`ccdr‖ r}umeh}r gze |ccz$ `c{eyez$ gb`feyeneh} fr hc} hegzdv gr kccm„ (Jezdfhez$ Mgyfm B \cyez}v

ghm \c}eh}fgd? Cu}.ci.Rb`ccd Igb}czr ghm Rb`ccd Rubberr$ Ngzb` :<<6 Ze}zfeyem 7#7<#7: izcn

`}}|?##e|fb|cdfbvczk#|ujdfbg}fch#|cyez}v.ghm.|c}eh}fgd&

Icz g zebg| ci `c{ nv mfr}zfb} (Kcmizev.Dee \ujdfb Rb`ccdr fh [er} Nfb`fkgh& igzer fh Nfb`fkgh‖r fhewuf.

}gjde rb`ccd iuhmfhk rbène$ ree nv |cr} izcn dgr} {eea }f}dem?A.7: Iuhmfhk \ez|e}ug}er }è Fhewuf}v ci

C||cz}uhf}v Fh f}$ vcu {fdd ree g bcn|gzfrch ci cuz mfr}zfb} {f}` }è c}èz 70 fh Aeh} Bcuh}v$ gdchk {f}` g

wufba bch}zgr} {f}` che ci Nfb`fkgh‖r {egd}`fer} ghm `fkèr} gb`feyfhk mfr}zfb}r$ Jdccnifedm @fddr (fh

Ze|ujdfbgh.mcnfhg}em Cgadghm Bcuh}v$ our} g Ruhmgv mzfye hcz}` ci nghv ci }è |cczer} rb`ccd mfr}zfb}r

fh }è r}g}e&

—]c je jduh}$ nchev mcer ng}}ez Rb`ccdr ghm mfr}zfb}r {f}` ncze nchev bdegzdv `gye kzeg}ez gjfdf}v }c

|zcyfme fkèz.wugdf}v$ jzcgmez$ ghm mee|ez emubg}fchgd c||cz}uhf}fer }c }è b`fdmzeh }èv rezye… Bdegzdv$

nchev bgh je r|eh} |cczdv…cz$ nchev bgh je r|eh} {edd ghm `gye rujr}gh}fye |crf}fye fhiduehbe Ju}

Oghugzv ::$ :<7:


7:

http://rebel6.blogspot.com/2012/01/k-12-funding-perpetuates-inequity-of.html



http://epicpolicy.org/publication/poverty-and-potential









nchev }`g}‖r hc} }èze bgh‖} mc ef}èz (en|`grfr fhbdumem&Ruiifbfeh} ifhghbfgd zercuzber gze g heber.

rgzv uhmezdvfhk bchmf}fch icz |zcyfmfhk wugdf}v emubg}fch„ (Jzube Jgaez$ Mcer Nchev Ng}}ez fh Emubg.

}fch3 Gdjez} R`ghaez Fhr}f}u}e$ :<7:&

Nv |uz|cre fr hc} }c ngae epburer icz cuz }egb`fhk r}gii cz cuz r}umeh}r Dfae c}èz emubg}czr$ {e‖ze{czafhk `gzm {f}` }è mebdfhfhk zeyehuer |zcyfmem jv }è r}g}e }c gmmzerr }è heemr ci eyezv che ci cuz

afmr$ ju} f}‖r fhrghf}v }c jedfeye }`g} eyezv rb`ccd ghm eyezv mfr}zfb} bgh rur}gfh gh eiicz} }`g} |zcyfmer gh

ewugd b`ghbe icz eyezv r}umeh} }c gb`feye }è rgne HBDJ.mzfyeh zewufzeneh}r de} gdche bcddeke ghm bg.

zeez kcgdr$ {èh }è fh|u}r }c }è rvr}en gze fhewuf}gjdv mfr}zfju}em F}‖r hc} chdv fhrghe f}‖r fnnczgd ghm

jczmezr ch bzfnfhgd

—(HBDJ& {gr |uz|credv merfkhem }c |gv df}}de g}}eh}fch }c rb`ccd fh|u}r fh czmez }c ehruze }`g} }egbèzr

ghm rb`ccd gmnfhfr}zg}czr `gm ‐hc epburer‖ {èh f} bgne }c je}}ez emubg}fhk fn|cyezfrèm vcu}`… ]è

cbbgrfchgd rb`ccd }`g} cyezbcner }è eiieb}r ci gbgmenfbgddv me}zfneh}gd fh|u}r ‒ `fk` zg}er ci iccm fhre.

buzf}v$ rfhkde ègmr ci `cure`cdmr$ ignfdv ghm hefk`jcz`ccm yfcdehbe$ cnederrherr ghm }zghrfehbv$ fdd.

herrer ghm meh}gd heemr }`g} gze hc} nemfbgddv fhruzem$ r|ebfgd emubg}fch heemr$ dghkugke nfhczf}v

|c|udg}fchr$ ghm rc icz}` ‒ `gr gddc{em rcne gmycbg}er }c mebdgze }`g} rb`ccdr$ yfz}ugddv gdche$ bgh eh.

ruze }è `fk` gb`feyeneh} ci fn|cyezfrèm vcu}`… Cuz hg}fch…`gr }uzhem }c g bgddcur |cdfbv }`g} gd.

dc{r ur }c ciifbfgddv fkhcze }è fh|u}r…}`g} uhwuer}fchgjdv giieb} gb`feyeneh}„ (Jezdfhez$ :<<6&

Nfb`fkgh `gr gh c||cz}uhf}v fh :<7: }c b`ghke }`fr ghm u}fdfe f}r kzc{fhk zercuzber (Nfb`fkgh zeyehue

|zcoeb}fch? [e+ye kc} -922 nfddfch ep}zg$ Me}zcf} Izee \zerr& }c fn|zcye ewuf}v ci c||cz}uhf}v icz afmr$ ze.kgzmderr ci }èfz f| bcme

]è wuer}fch fr$ mc cuz edeb}em degmezr `gye }è {fdd3

Oghugzv ::$ :<7:


72

http://www.freep.com/article/20120114/NEWS15/201140383








—Rfhbe f}r fhbe|}fch$ g hunjez ci HBDJ+r bzf}fbr `gye bdgfnem }`g} }è dg{ {gr idg{em jebgure f} {gr hc}

merfkhem }c gmmzerr }è bchmf}fchr uhmez {`fb` b`fdmzeh degzh}`fr bzubfgd gr|eb} ci emubg}fchgd zeiczn

nur} je gmmzerrem fi rur}gfhgjde kgfhr fh degzhfhk gze }c je ngme \u} ncr} rfn|dv$ fi {e {gh} }c jzfhk

gjcu} rfkhfifbgh} fn|zcyeneh}r fh degzhfhk cu}bcner icz r}umeh}r$ {e `gye }c mc ncze }c gmmzerr

}è bch}ep} fh {`fb` degzhfhk }gaer |dgbe (en|`grfr gmmem&„

— Gbbcuh}gjfdf}v fr erreh}fgd$ ju} chdv fi {e `gye mche {`g} f} }gaer }c |zcyfme emubg}czr$ r}umeh}r$ ghm |gzeh}r {f}` }è ru||cz} }èv heem }c rubbeem Rub` gh g||zcgb` ngaer igz ncze rehre }`gh `cdmfhk

r}umeh}r ghm rb`ccdr gbbcuh}gjde jv rfn|dv frrufhk ze|cz}r gjcu} }èfz |zckzerr (cz dgba }èzeci& gr {e

mc hc{ fh r}g}er gbzcrr }è bcuh}zv Dgjedfhk g rb`ccd gr igfdfhk cz mehvfhk r}umeh}r g `fk` rb`ccd mf.

|dcng {èh {e ahc{ }`g} {e `gye hc} mche }è {cza heberrgzv }c èd| }èn fn|zcye fr hef}èz igfz hcz

eiieb}fye F} }gaer ncze }`gh |zerruze cz ùnfdfg}fch }c fn|zcye igfdfhk rb`ccdrnghv uhmezzercuzbem

rb`ccdr rfn|dv dgba }è bg|gbf}v }c nee} }è heemr ci }è r}umeh}r }èv rezye (en|`grfr gmmem&„

x Jcvafh$ G [gme ghm Hckuezg$ \emzc Bzeg}fhk }è c||cz}uhf}v }c degzh? ncyfhk izcn zeregzb` fh |zgb.

}fbe }c bdcre }è gb`feyeneh} kg| GRBM :<77

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Oghugzv ::$ :<7:


7=



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Zedg}em zegmfhk? Jurfherr }gp bu} neghr fhidg}fch.gmour}em zeyehuer icz Rb`ccd Gfm Iuhm {fdd `f} dc{er}

deyed rfhbe \zc|crgd G @c{ Nfb`fkgh‖r Kcyezhcz Zfba Rhvmez ghm }`e r}g}e dekfrdg}uze |u} }`e rbze{r }c

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Oghugzv ::$ :<7:


75


http://www.mlive.com/education/index.ssf/2012/01/business_tax_cut_means_school.html


















RUHMGV$ OGHUGZV 75$ :<7:

NDA? *[e |gu|ezfe emubg}fch*

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iuhmr ch `fk`{gvr$ ch }è izehe}fb |uzruf} ci zebzeg}fch$ ch }è cyezgjuhmghbe ci cyezafdd gzngneh}$ ju}

{e |gu|ezfe emubg}fch*

x Ngzb` 7=$ 769= ze}zfeyem izcn

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*[e gze dfaedv }c ifhm }`g} }è |zcjdenr ci `curfhk ghm emubg}fch$ fhr}egm ci |zebemfhk }è edfnfhg}fch ci

|cyez}v$ {fdd }ènredyer je giieb}em fi |cyez}v fr ifzr} gjcdfrèm„

x [èze Mc [e Kc Izcn @eze? B`gcr cz Bcnnuhf}v3 (He{ Vcza? @gz|ez ) Zc{$ 769; ze}zfeyem izcn

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Oghugzv ::$ :<7:


79

http://www.progress.org/democrat/mlking.html


http://michaelklonsky.blogspot.com/2010/01/education-may-not-be-able-to-change.html











RG]UZMGV$ OGHUGZV :7$ :<7:

G ]gde ci ]{c Bcuh}fer ghm }è Fhewuf}v ci A.7: Iuhmfhk fh Nfb`fkgh

Ch }è izch} |gke ci }è Oghugzv 70$ :<7: emf}fch ci Emubg}fch [eea $ Regh Bgyghgk` {zf}er gjcu}

R}g}er Mckkem jv Dg{ruf}r ch A.7: Iuhmfhk ]è gz}fbde mfrburrer g ygzfe}v ci dekgd jg}}der }`g} —`fk`.dfk`} }è |cdf}fbgd ghm fmecdckfbgd mfyfmer cyez rb`ccd iuhmfhk fh nghv r}g}er„

—Rcne ci }è mfr}zfb}r gdrc bch}ehm }`g} }è iuhmfhk rvr}en fr fhewuf}gjde ghm |zcyfmer fn|cyezfrèm

rb`ccd mfr}zfb}r ghm heemv |c|udg}fchr rub` gr Ehkdfr`.dghkugke degzhezr {f}` fhruiifbfeh} zercuzber

R}g}e dekfrdg}czr `gye bch}fhugddv b`ghkem iuhmfhk neb`ghfrnr fh {gvr }`g} uhmeznfhem mfr}zfb}r‖ iuhm.

fhk$ }è dg{ruf} rgvr„

Ze}zfeyem izcn `}}|?##{{{em{eeaczk#e{#gz}fbder#:<7:#<7#70#7;ifhghbeSe|`27 }nd

G kzc{fhk hunjez ci rb`ccd mfr}zfb}r ieed {e `gye hc zegd b`cfbe ju} }c ifk`} }è jg}}de fh bcuz} kfyeh }è

mee| bu}r fh A.7: iuhmfhk$ ep|ghmfhk hunjez ci icz.|zcif} b`gz}ezr bcn|e}fhk icz derr mcddgzr$ ghm }è fh.

ewuf}v fh r}g}e iuhmfhk rbèner }`g} igfd }c zebckhfe }è gmmem juzmehr fh mfr}zfb}r {f}` `fk` bchbeh}zg.

}fchr ci |ccz$ Ehkdfr` dghkugke degzhezr$ ghm r}umeh}r {f}` r|ebfgd heemr HBDJ `gr iczbem r}g}er }c re}

`fk` jgzr icz ghhugd }er}fhk$ kzgmug}fch$ gr {edd gr bcddeke ghm bgzeez zegmfherr$ ju} f} `gr hc} gme.

wug}edv gmmzerrem fhewuf}v fh iuhmfhk$ igbfdf}fer$ ghm zercuzber heberrgzv }c nee} ghm fhmeem epbeem }è

kcgdr R}g}e kcyezhneh}r `gyeh‖} mche ghv je}}ez

Oghugzv ::$ :<7:


7;

http://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2012/01/18/17finance_ep.h31.html






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Kcyezhcz Zfba Rhvmez‖r zeiczn gkehmg Fh igb}$ Nfb`fkgh zghar =:hm fh }è hg}fch fh {egd}`.heu}zgdf}v

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zgha fh eiieb}fyedvgmmzerrfhk }è |cyez}v kg| ch }è zegmfhk ghm ng}` HGE\ grrerrneh}r ]`fr {gr bchifznem fh Emubg.

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}c|fb ci nv zebeh} |cr}$ Re}}fhk @fk` R}ghmgzmr icz Gdd Ju} Fkhczfhk }è A.7: C||cz}uhf}v Kg|

(`}}|?##zejed9jdckr|c}bcn#:<7:#<7#re}}fhk.`fk`.r}ghmgzmr.icz.gdd.{`fde`}nd&

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ruj.kzcu|r ci r}umeh}r

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uhderr }èv bgh r`c{ }èv+ze fn|zcyfhk cz bgzzvfhk cu} jer} |zgb}fber$ Kcy Zfba Rhvmez rgfm ]ùzrmgv„

Kcy Rhvmez? Rb`ccd mfr}zfb}r nfk`} `gye }c r`c{ fn|zcyeneh}$ bcddgjczg}fch }c ke} ncze r}g}e nchev

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befyem cz {èh Mfr}zfb}r mch‖} `gye }è bg|gjfdf}v ci c|ehfhk dfher ci bzemf} {f}` dcbgd jghar }c ifhghbeyeh}uzer rub` gr }è Kcyezhcz rukker}r$ {`fb` zerenjde ncze ci g |zfyg}e jurfherr |zgb}fbe }`gh g

rcuhm rb`ccd jumke}fhk |zgb}fbe Ghm }èh |ec|de {chmez {`v }è hunjez ci rb`ccd mfr}zfb}r fh Nfb`fkgh

}`g} gze fh g meifbf} jumke} `gr kzc{h rfkhfifbgh}dv fh }è |gr} vegz3

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kzc{fhk iuhmfhk ghm gbgmenfb gb`feyeneh} kg|r fh Nfb`fkgh3

G ]gde ci ]{c Bcuh}fer

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Kcmizev.Dee \ujdfb Rb`ccdr ‒ {f}` }è c}èz efk`}eeh rb`ccd mfr}zfb}r fh cuz bcuh}v$ gdchk {f}` g wufba

bcn|gzfrch }c che ci }è ncr} giidueh} mfr}zfb}r fh Nfb`fkgh$ Jdccnifedm @fddr \ujdfb Rb`ccdr ch }è egr}

rfme ci }è r}g}e F} fr dcbg}em fh Cgadghm Bcuh}v hcz}` ci [gvhe Bcuh}v ghm }è Bf}v ci Me}zcf} ghm fr

Oghugzv ::$ :<7:


70

http://www.bloomfield.org/

http://www.godfrey-lee.org/education/components/scrapbook/default.php?sectionid=1

http://www.mlive.com/education/index.ssf/2012/01/gov_snyder_school_districts_mi.html

http://rebel6.blogspot.com/2012/01/setting-high-standards-for-all-while.html






















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nv |cr}$ A.7: Iuhmfhk \ez|e}ug}er }è Fhewuf}v ci C||cz}uhf}v

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}zfb}r fh Aeh} Bcuh}v {f}` }è :0 mfr}zfb}r fh Cgadghm Bcuh}v Fh mcfhk rc$ F ure }`zee bcnnch ebchcnfb

fhmfbg}czr? |cyez}v zg}e icz 5.7; vegz cdmr$ REY cz r}g}e ewugdfem ygdug}fch ci |zc|ez}v$ ghm bcnjfhemr}g}e ghm dcbgd zeyehuer ]è dg}}ez }{c gze bcn|gzem ch g |ez.|u|fd jgrfr }c |zcyfme g ncze ewuf}gjde

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HBDJ.nghmg}em ]c|.}c.Jc}}cn zghafhk ci gdd |ujdfb rb`ccdr fh Nfb`fkgh ]è mg}g fr dgfm cu} fh g rezfer

ci ifye }gjder g}?

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}c fddur}zg}e }è mfr|gzf}v fh ewuf}gjde c||cz}uhf}fer icz r}umeh}r g}}ehmfhk }è =; rb`ccdr Fh gmmf}fch$ egb`

}gjde fhbdumer gh fhewuf}v fhmep }`g} bcnjfher }è icuz fhmfbg}czr ghm zghar }è rb`ccdr ch g rbgde ci

<<7 (rb`ccdr {f}` }è dc{er} |cyez}v$ `fkèr} REY$ `fkèr} zeyehue$ ghm `fkèr} gb`feyeneh} rbczer& }c

<66 (rb`ccdr {f}` }è fkèr} |cyez}v$ dc{er} REY$ dc{er} zeyehue$ ghm dc{er} gb`feyeneh} rbczer& ]è

icznudg urem }c gzzfye g} }è fhewuf}v fhmep fr me}gfdem fh }è Kcckde Mcb

Oghugzv ::$ :<7:


76





https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=explorer&chrome=true&srcid=0B52YM9XKVrcdNjYyZjY5OTMtMzM3OC00YWEwLTk1ZTctNjUwZTJjMmQ3MDQw&hl=en_US




https://docs.google.com/open?id=0B52YM9XKVrcdNjYyZjY5OTMtMzM3OC00YWEwLTk1ZTctNjUwZTJjMmQ3MDQw










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jcye }c ree }è bcn|de}e mg}g re} Rfn|dv bu} ghm |gr} }è dfha fh vcuz {ej jzc{rez }c c|eh }è \MI

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Oghugzv ::$ :<7:


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Oghugzv ::$ :<7:


:7



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gb`feyfhk dfr}

Oghugzv ::$ :<7:


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Oghugzv ::$ :<7:


:2



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Oghugzv ::$ :<7:


:=



Bcuh}fer Jc}}cn 5 <(;; <(0: <(99 <(9; <(0=

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gkgfh `gye }è jer} emubg}fchgd rvr}en fh }è {czdm

Oghugzv ::$ :<7:


:5



Fi chdv Kcyezhcz Rhvmez jedfeyem }è iu}uze ci gdd Nfb`fkgh+r b`fdmzeh fr gr fn|cz}gh} .. hc$ ncze fn|cz}gh}

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Oghugzv ::$ :<7:


:9

http://rebel6.blogspot.com/2012/01/growing-equity-gap-in-public-education.html






NCHMGV$ OGHUGZV 79$ :<7:

Kzc{fhk Ewuf}v Kg| fh \ujdfb Emubg}fch .. G \zfnez

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}è fhbzegrfhk kg|

Oghugzv ::$ :<7:


:;

http://economistsview.typepad.com/economistsview/2012/01/paul-krugman-how-fares-the-dream.html



http://rebel6.blogspot.com/2012/01/mlk-pauperize-education.html

http://rebel6.blogspot.com/2012/01/mlk-pauperize-education.html



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http://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2011/12/what-americans-keep-ignoring-about-finlands-school-success/250564/


http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/answer-sheet/post/report-does-money-matter-in-education/2012/01/05/gIQAM8AweP_blog.html?tid=sm_btn_tw



http://www.saveourschools.com.au/equity-in-education/economic-inequality-is-the-root-cause-of-education


http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2011/11/9/GSE-inequality-research/


http://connectedsuperintendent.wordpress.com/2012/01/14/the-opportunity-to-learn-for-all-children/



http://www.thenation.com/article/165575/why-congress-redlining-our-schools



http://rebel6.blogspot.com/2012/01/successful-school-reform-must-include.html
































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https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irp.wisc.edu%2Fpublications%2Ffocus%2Fpdfs%2Ffoc233b.pdf




http://gettingsmart.com/blog/2011/12/how-edtech-will-benefit-low-income-students/

http://gettingsmart.com/blog/2011/12/how-edtech-will-benefit-low-income-students/

inequity of opportunity

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