INDUSTRIALIZATION UNIT 2 UNIT 2.1 BUSINESS Free Market Capitalism What: How: Laissez-Faire: Social Darwinism: Corporations Advantages: Trusts: Monopoly What: Advantage: Horatio Alger: Entrepreneurs: Transcontinental Railroad What: East: West: Meeting: Time Zones: Essential Question: Explain how success in business was seen as an achievable goal for any American. HORATIO ALGER Inspired Americans with rags to riches stories encouraged self- reliant individualism ENTREPRENEURS Risked money to launch businesses TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD What: A railroad connecting east to a growing west East: Started in Omaha, NE Irish workers easy building West: Started in Sacramento, CA Chinese workers difficult building Meeting: At Promontory Point, UT in 1869 TIME ZONES Travel from Railroads required structure in time for arrivals / departures FREE MARKET CAPITALISM What: Private businesses run most industries How: Competition determines prices and wages Laissez-Faire: government stays hands off SOCIAL DARWINISM Survival of the fittest = weakest business fails, strongest business lives CORPORATIONS Advantages: raise large amounts of money by selling stock can last forever TRUSTS Corporations merge, give control to board of trustees MONOPOLY What: One trust in complete control of an industry Advantage: PRICE CONTROL ESSENTIAL QUESTION: Explain how success in business was an achievable goal for any American. UNIT 2.2 INDUSTRIE S Bessemer Process What: Why: Andrew Carnegie What: Who: Oil Why: Who: John D. Rockefeller What: Rockefellers Business Plan Vertical Integration: Horizontal Integration: Cornelius Vanderbilt What: Philanthropy Why: J.P. Morgan and Co. What: George Pullman What: Essential Question: Analyze the relationship between the leaders of industry and the American people. BESSEMER PROCESS What: Purified steel = stronger Why: Cheaper, Allowed for higher, taller, stronger buildings ANDREW CARNEGIE What: Carnegie Steel Company, made U.S #1 Who: Poor immigrant as a child = American Dream OIL Why: To lubricate machinery, light lamps Who: Edwin L. Drake drilled first commercial oil well Who: Wildcatters attempted to drill their own JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER What: Standard Oil Company, nearly a monopoly thanks to integration techniques ROCKEFELLERS BUSINESS PLAN Vertical Integration Bought Suppliers Horizontal Integration Bought Competitors CORNELIUS VANDERBILT What: Railroads New York Citys Grand Central Station PHILANTHROPY Why: Tycoons called Robber Barons, gave money to improve public image J.P. MORGAN & CO. What: Bought bankrupt railroad lines and completed them GEORGE PULLMAN What: Pullman Palace Car Company - sleeper cars What: Pullman Town a company owned town ESSENTIAL QUESTION: Analyze the relationship between the leaders of industry and the American people. UNIT 2.3 PROBLEMS EMERGE Essential Question: Assess the need for labor organizations during industrialization. Mass Marketing What: How: Government Involvement Why: How: Industrial Workforce: Working Conditions: Sweatshops: Commonwealth V. Hunt (1842): Knights of Labor (1869) What: Who: Anyone Except: MASS MARKETING What: Advertisements, catchy brand names How: Railroads opened up cross country markets including rural areas GOVERNMENT INVOLVEMENT Why: Corporations became too powerful 10% of pop. with 75% of wealth How: Sherman anti-trust Act prohibited monopolies and trusts that interfere with free trade INDUSTRIAL WORKFORCE Mostly immigrants or native- born whites - some children as young as age 5 WORKING CONDITIONS What: 10 hrs a day, 6 days a week no sick leave or vacation injuries often Sweatshops: garment industry workers worked in small cramped tenement buildings COMMONWEALTH V. HUNT (1842) Legalized labor unions KNIGHTS OF LABOR (1869) What: National Union Who: Terence V. Powderly Anyone Except: bankers, gamblers, lawyers, liquor sellers, physicians, and stockholders ESSENTIAL QUESTION: Assess the need for labor organizations during industrialization. UNIT 2.4 VIOLENCE IN THE WORKPLACE Great Railroad Strike (1877) What: Why: Result: The Haymarket Riot (1886) What: Why: Result: Blacklists What: American Federation of Labor (1886) Who: What: Result: The Homestead Strike (1892) What: Why: Result: The Pullman Strike (1893) What: Why: Result: Essential Question: Analyze the effectiveness of labor organizations during industrialization. GREAT RAILROAD STRIKE (1877) What: Pennsylvania Railroad workers went on strike Why: wage cuts Result: 100+ killed then U.S. Army arrived to end strike THE HAYMARKET RIOT (1886) What: Crowd in Chicago gathered to protest, bomb was thrown into crowd Why: to protest police violence during a strike over wage cuts Result: Xenophobia (fear of foreigners) as all suspects had foreign sounding names & employers wanted to end organized labor BLACKLISTS What: lists of people perceived as troublemakers would not be hired AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR (1886) Who: Samuel Gompers What: A large successful union that used strikes and other tactics Result: earned increased wages and shorter weeks HOMESTEAD STRIKE (1892) What: Carnegie Steel Company workers seized their plant - First sit in Why: increased production was demanded Result: State militia came in to settle violence after company hired guards to retake the plant THE PULLMAN STRIKE (1893) What: Workers for the Pullman Company went on strike with support of Eugene V. Debs from the American Railway Union Why: laid off 1/3 of employees, cut wages 25%, did not lower rent Result: Grover Cleveland ordered strike to stop, as it interfered with U.S. Mail sent Army ESSENTIAL QUESTION Analyze the effectiveness of labor organizations during industrialization. UNIT 2.5 AGE OF INVENTION Transportation Streetcars: Subways: Automobiles: Airplanes: Communication Telephone: Typewriter: Thomas Edison: Essential Question: Analyze the impact of invention on American society during Industrialization. TRANSPORTATION Streetcars San Francisco Subways Streets too crowded Automobiles Too expensive for most people no good roads Airplanes Not efficient yet! COMMUNICATION Telephone By Alexander Graham Bell for businesses and home use Typewriter Created job opportunities for women THOMAS EDISON Inventor who harnessed electricity brought electricity to New York City ESSENTIAL QUESTION Analyze the impact of invention on American society during Industrialization. UNIT 2.6 IMMIGRATION Immigration ( ) From: Religions: Ellis Island: Angel Island: Urban Communities Slums: Ethnic Neighborhoods : Hull House: Social Gospel: Nativists: Cities Skyscrapers: Transportation: Parks: Social Classes Wealthy: Middle: Working: Essential Question: Analyze how immigration in the United States during Industrialization impacted non- immigrants in America. IMMIGRATION ( ) From: Southern and Eastern Europe, Middle East, Armenia, French Canada, and some Asians Religions: Roman Catholics, Orthodox Christians, Jews, and Muslims IMMIGRATION (CONTINUED) Ellis Island Large scale New York City immigration center Angel Island San Francisco immigration center URBAN COMMUNITIES Slums: terrible living conditions - near work Ethnic Neighborhoods: settled by immigrants of similar background HULL HOUSE Jane Addams created a settlement house to teach women skills and language SOCIAL GOSPEL Protestant Christians set out improve the living conditions of poor, opposed by Social Darwinists NATIVISTS Passed the Chinese Exclusion Act ( ) **really until banned Chinese immigration and Chinese citizenship CITIES Skyscrapers: steel Transportation: people spread Parks: Frederick Olmsted New York Citys Central Park SOCIAL CLASSES Wealthy: Inherited and made money, women homemakers and reformers Middle: Professional class, education required Working: poor with low wages in poor living conditions ESSENTIAL QUESTION Analyze how the growth of immigration in the United States impacted Americans who had been living in America previously. UNIT 2.7 GILDED AGE POLITICS Political Machines: William Boss Tweed The Tweed Ring: Thomas Nast: Credit Mobilier: The Whiskey Ring: Rutherford B. Hayes: Stalwarts: James A. Garfield: Chester A. Arthur: Essential Question: Analyze how corruption led to change in American politics. POLITICAL MACHINES Corrupt organizations who controlled local governments in cities by using immigrant votes WILLIAM BOSS TWEED THE TWEED RING Ran Tammany Hall A political machine in New York City THOMAS NAST A political cartoonist who attacked corruption in government CREDIT MOBILIER Lied about cost of building a portion of the Transcontinental Railroad - cost the taxpayers $23 million THE WHISKEY RING Whiskey producers bribed government officials to charge less in taxes RUTHERFORD B. HAYES (R) Tried to end the spoils system Stalwarts: group that wanted to continue the spoils system JAMES A. GARFIELD (R) Was killed 4 months after taking office by a man whom he did not give a job for the spoils system CHESTER A. ARTHUR (R) Passed the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act Required that promotions in government be based on merit ESSENTIAL QUESTION Analyze how corruption led to change in American politics. UNIT 2.8 THE POPULIST MOVEMENT 1892 Election: Depression Panic of 1893: Grover Cleveland: Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890: Election of 1896 William McKinley (R): William Jennings Bryan (D): Farmers In Debt: The National Grange: Munn V Illinois: Wabash V Illinois: The Farmers Alliance: The Colored Farmers Alliance: The Populist Party: Essential Question: Evaluate the successes and failures of the farmers organizations during Industrialization. FARMERS IN DEBT Crop prices fell, railroad fees were abusive, farm equipment was expensive THE NATIONAL GRANGE Farmers organization - persuaded states to regulate railroad rates Munn v Illinois State legislatures could regulate businesses win for farmers Wabash v Illinois Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) - federal government could regulate railroads win for farmers THE FARMERS ALLIANCE Wanted inflation through silver not much impact backed political leaders who wanted silver THE COLORED FARMERS ALLIANCE Advocated hard work and sacrifice fought prejudice THE POPULIST PARTY (1892) Platform: Supported the National Grange and Farmers Alliance Income tax Banking regulations Government ownership of railroad and telegraph companies Direct election of senators Free coinage of silver 1892 ELECTION Populists took several state offices and won seats in congress DEPRESSION PANIC OF 1893 Investors pulled out of the stock market, businesses collapsed, caused strikes GROVER CLEVELAND Blamed silver people exchanged money for gold SHERMAN SILVER PURCHASE ACT OF 1890 Congress repealed in 1893 U.S. entirely on gold standard ELECTION OF 1896 William McKinley (R) pro-gold standard Won Williams Jennings Bryan (D) supported by populists pro-silver gave Cross of Gold speech - Lost ESSENTIAL QUESTION Evaluate the successes and failures of the farmers organizations during Industrialization.