industrialism 1760-1860 enclosure movement and its results
TRANSCRIPT
INDUSTRIALISM1760-1860
Enclosure Movement and
its Results
Before EnclosureCommunity landEconomies of scale- large
piece of land easier to farm (or control) v. small farm
Farmers used to workPeople do not flock to citiesParliament supports
Some farmers revolt- improve farming
The BeginningWhy: Technology
Agricultural Rev. (Holland) sparks Industrial Rev. (GB)
1700- small farms disappearingWealthy buy out village farms-
then rent them outKnown as enclosure- as land
was fenced in
The DifferenceVillagers= traditional methods
of farmingWealthy landowners- free to
experiment w/ new methodsUse scientific approach to
increase harvest sizeIdeas and harvest size exchangedEffected by Scientific Rev. and
Enlightenment
New Farming MethodsJethro Tull- 1721 seed drill
Well spaced rows, specific depthMore germination = larger crop
Crop Rotation- most revolutionary discovery (v. MA and fallow land)Charles Townsend- change cropsEnrich soil- turnips
New Farming MethodsRobert Bakewell- selective
breeding of animals
Selective BreedingYEAR SHEEP
(lbs.)
CATTLE
(lbs.)
1710 28 370
1795 80 800
Selective Breeding (lbs.)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
SHEEP CATTLE
1710
1795
Effects on PopulationMore food due to better
livestock & crop rotationSmaller farmers pushed off land
Left cities for coloniesBecame labor force for industry
Nutrition improved= increase in population= working class in cities
Read 562
Turgot Article 562
Compare 1 to 2 or Enclosure to Old system on back of page one of your notes
Britain’s Advantages in
Industrialization
Abundant ResourcesWaterpower, coal- energy or
machinesIron ore for tools
Favorable GeographyGood harbors- merchant ships
Overseas trade = raw materials & markets
Led to industrial growthMiddle/merchant class growth
developed- $ for new projects
Favorable Climate for New IdeasInterest in science and
technology1660 Royal Society- exchanged
scientific ideas and inventionsBusinesses invested in
inventions (entrepreneurship)
Good Banking System1700’s- most developed
Loans- **led to business investment
Political Stability1700’s- wars fought in foreign
landsCentury of peace- no worries of
invasionEconomic growth stressed by
govt.Merchants influenced ParliamentGovt. supported laws
encouraging business
Read 408-10
On back page of notes describe the Western European Family 1400-1800
Industrialism and Invention
“Necessity is the Mother of Invention”
Textile IndustryGB led wool industry
Wool spun by hand- demand not met, prices high
Desire for inventions for spinning and weaving
COTTAGE INDUSTRYInventions transform cotton
industry
Inventions1733 John Kay- flying shuttle
Weaving twice as fast (hand)1764 James Hargreaves-
spinning jennySpinning keep up w/ weaving(hand)
1769 Richard Arkwright- water frameSpinning (water)
Inventions1779 Samuel Crompton-
spinning mule Water frame & spinning jenny
comboFactories were built- too large
and expensive for home1785 Edmund Cartwright-
power loomWeavers kept up w/ spinning
InventionsLate 1700’s- cotton supply
can’t keep up1763 Eli Whitney- cotton gin
Removes seed from cotton1785- 40 million yards1850- 2 billion yards
InventionsWatts & steam engine
Problem- factories had to be by water (far from raw materials)
Solution- steam new power sourceOld engines for mines too slow &
expensiveMichael Boulton helps WattsSteam engine more practical
Monday
Thursday we will do groupsFriday Essay reviewMonday EssayTuesday DBQWednesday Multiple ChoiceIf you are going to be absent
then make arrangements
553Family Economy/CottageNorthwestern EuropeEastern EuropeSouthern EuropeServantReconstitutedWomenChildren
Changes in GB Transportation
Roads and CanalsWater travel- cheapest, most
reliable before Indust. Rev.Larger amounts could be hauledCanals built to connect land and
waterRoads- Scottish engineer John
McAdam builds paved roadsImprovements for industry not
for travel
Railway AgeChange came w/ steam power
Steam engine on wheels- boost industry after 1820
1804- Richard Trevithick- cart on track w/ engine
George Stephenson- “Rocket”Connected ports to inland
factories (carry lots of freight)1830- Liverpool-Manchester RR 1850- 6,100 miles of track (GB)
Effects of RailroadsEncouraged more industry
Fast, cheap to ship raw materials and finished products
Created millions of jobsActual labor, coal, iron (unskilled)
Progress in AgricultureDistant cities got perishables
Attitudes on travelJobs farther away, travel for fun
Charles Dickens1812 – 1870Social commentaryPortrayed horrors of industrial
life & society and moneyOliver Twist, David Copperfield
Alexis de Tocqueville1805 – 1859Manchester = “new Hades”“From this filthy sewer pure
gold flows. In Manchester civilized man is turned back almost into a savage.”
Industry in Other Countries
Introduction Until 1825- illegal for
engineers, merchants, toolmakers to leave country**GB stay #1 in production
United States1790 1st factory (Pawtucket, RI)1789 Samuel Slater, mill worker,
escapes from GBBuilt spinning machine
Early factories made threadLater cloth
1850 Factories spread NE US
EuropeLittle political stability until
after Congress of ViennaGB had a 55 year head start
GBs cheaper goods caused unemployment in EuropeWool/cotton industry
Belgium 1st to challenge GBGood coal, waterways, info from
men who had left GB1799 Wm. Cockerell- spinning
EuropeIndustrialized Islands emerge
Due to available resourcesRuhr Valley (NW Ger.)- coalPo Valley (N. Italy)Cities around islands emerge-
Milan, Lyons, Frankfurt
Development of Industrial Cities
Cities Quickly Emerge1800-1850- Cities w/ over
100,000 increased from 22 to 47 Cities clustered around
industry, resourcesScotland- coalLondon (old city)- largest city in
EuropeManchester (new city)- new
production city
Cities Quickly EmergePeople moved from countrysideLittle thought about planning,
housing, sanitation, educationSmoke, soot hung over cityStreet unpaved, no drains
Alleys not cleanedCity river polluted
Cities Quickly EmergeResults of growth:
WealthSocial problems (there were no
building or sanitary codes)
Changes in People’s Lives
More People in CitiesFactory system bring people to
citiesMost of Euros urban
population doubledNew industrial cities grew near
power sources
Working ConditionsCountry life hard
City jobs availableNo reliance on weather for wages
Work week-14 hrs a day, 6 daysNot affected by seasons
New dangers- lighting, cleanliness, machine injuriesEspecially coal mines
Working Children SufferedFamilies worked separatelyEarly 1800’s 6-7 yr.olds worked
in factories and minesOrphans suffered most1833 Factory Act passed
Must be 9 to work9-13= 8 hrs a day max14-18= 12 hrs a day max
Working Children Suffered1842 Miners Act enacted
Similar limits for children in mines
Children worked as families needed money
Other Legislation Education Act 1870
Govt. run schools, not church1875 Public Health Act
Govt. interference in matters of health
1875 Artisans Dwelling ActGovt. provided housing
Middle-Class GrowsWealth grew for factory owners,
shippers, merchantsSocial structure changed- these
people had more $ than noblesLate 1800’s- entrepreneurs social
equals of lords of countryside
Middle-Class GrowsMiddle class of now poor, now
rich emergedUpper middle class of govt.
workers, doctors, lawyersLower Middle class of factory
overseers, skilled workers
WednesdayTheses developmentFriday copy of Theses for each
member and one for meTomorrow Zero Start 710Work in groupsMonday sprite timelines vens
by unit in 1 inch notebook dividers
Dickens's cities1800 1 mil 1900 4 milGreatest ImpactCholera1875 water system safeHackney OmnibusPolice 1829Workhouse Parrish
Development of Class Tensions
Rich v. Poor1800’s GB business leaders-
gap natural and inevitable due to progress
Govt. job- Wage war, uphold law & order at
home“laissez faire” (Smith) towards
economics and social conditions
Rich v. PoorUpper & Upper Mid Class-
ParliamentSupported “laissez-faire”Early 1800’s- only large
landowners votedMost representation came from
rural not urban areas
Results: Rich v. PoorWorkers turn violent- demand
reformGovt. often responses w/ violenceArmy used against people
Ways to push reformWorkers had no voteTrade unions- better conditions,
threat of strikeUnions originally banned
EnglandWorst social problems- 1st to
industrializeOthers learned from GB
1850 working conditions improving in EuropeClass tension- factory abuses
create problemsAlexis de Tocqueville- French
reformer warns of developing problem
Karl Marx
Marx (1818-1883)GermanMore extreme socialismScientific socialismWorker w/ F. Engels
Wealthy Englishman
Communist ManifestoEconomic forces are the key to
historyNever enough products- causes
social classes to emergeWealthy v. workersClass struggle as workers are
exploited
Industrial RevolutionProletariat overthrow the
BourgeoisieForm new society based in
communism (complete socialism)Factors of production owned by
people (as state)No private property- all goods &
services distributed equally
Effects of Com. ManifestoShort term- not much
Widespread revolts of 1848 easily put down
Long term- felt in 20th centuryNew socialist parties, labor
benefited, suffrage increasedLenin, Mao, Ho Chi Minh, Castro
Predictions FailedGap b/w rich & poor did not
widenRich prospered, poor improved
positionTrade & production brought
benefits (labor unions)Underestimated democratic
govts.- made reformsVoting led to reforms