industrialisation and mining in odisha's hinterland : a...

Research Link - An International Journal - 128 Vol - XIII (9) November - 2014 56

Introduction :Desire for rapid industrialisationand mining by

developing countries, required massive construction ofinfrastructure because of deliberate negligence by the foreignruler, and this led the developing countries to go in for suchprojects in large scale. It is doubtful that these projects andenterprise will have long term benefits for the country as awhole, but on the other hand they incur immediate societaland livelihood costs. These programmes call for theacquisitionlarge track of land, sometimes covering a numberof villages spread over more than one state. Such acquisitionof land has resulted in dislocation of habitats andrehabilitation of displaced communities to new places.Background Study : National Context

A conservative estimate of the total number of personsdisplaced by the major projects during the last four decadesput the figure at 155 lakh & 75% of then were yet to berehabilitated.

A large number of these displaced Persons belong tothe scheduled tribes. While tribal form only 7.5% of the

Research Link - 128, Vol - XIII (9), November - 2014, Page No. 56-58RNI No. MPHIN-2002-7041, ISSN No.- 0973-1628

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country's population, their proportion among these displacedby development projects is as high as 40%. The number oftotal Oustee, because of the construction of ·huge projects, is

as important as the number of those transferred in the holocaustthat followed the partition of the subcontinent in 1947.

Odisha - Home to Indigenous Communities :According to the 2011 census indigenous

communities (Scheduled Tribes) constitute 22.14%of the total population (36.71 million) of Odisha.The proportion of indigenous communities in thestate is significantly higher than that of India as awhole. More than 75% of these communities areconcentrated in North-central, Central and Southerndistricts. In Odisha there are 62 different indigenous

communities (STs), each with their different system of socio-economic set up and beliefs.

Industrialisation and Mining in Odisha's Hinterland :A blessing/Curse for the Tribal?

DR. SUNAKAR PATRA

Assistant Professor (Department of Sociology), P. G. Govt. College for Girls, Sector-42, Chandigarh

Odisha is the ancestral home to various Scheduled Tribes. However, thecurrent development policy of the state backed by the mantra of Liberalisation,Privatisation and Globalisation has been counterproductive to life, livelihood and socialcapital of these peaceful and nature loving indigenous communities.The present paperattempts to discuss the current development agenda of the state of Odisha that contestswith the societal and livelihood sources of indigenous communities.

S. No.

Type of Project Number of displaced

Number of rehabilitated

Backlog

1 Coal and other mines 17000 450 1250 2 Dams and Canals 11000 2750 8250 3 Industries 1000 300 700 4 Sanctuaries and Parks 600 150 450 5 Others 1200 300 900 Total 155000 3950 11550

Table No.1 : A conservative Estimate of Persons Displaced byvarious projects (in '000s)

Sources : Fernades, Das and Rao (1989).

Regions Districts Indigenous communities North-Central

Sundergarh, Keonjhar, Mayurbhanj, Dhenkanal, Anugul and Jajpur.

Santhal, Kharia, Kohla, Lodha, Bhuiyan, Juang, Oran, Bhumij, Kishan, Bhatudi, Munda and HO

Central Kalahandi, Phulbani, Bauda, Nuapada, Bolangiri, Nayagarh, Ganjam and Gajapati.

Kondh, KutiaKondh, Pangakondh, Sabar, Saura, LanjiaSaura and DongriaKondh.

South Koraput, Nabarangpur, Malkanagiri and Rayagada

Koya, Kondh, DiyagiSaura, Paroja, BondaGadaba, Bhotra

Table 2 : Distribution of Indigenous Communities ofOdisha

Sources : Tribal Welfare Department, Govt.of Odisha.


Odisha - The Mineral Storehouse of India :The Odisha state is situated on the east coast of India.

The long costline has some deep water port facility atParadeep, Dhamara and Gopalpur. Two major rivers likeMahanadi and Bramhani provide plenty of water resources.The state is bestowed with huge amount of mineral deposits,i.e. Iron ore, coal,Buxite, Dolmite, Manganise, cromium&Thorium. Anil DhirubhaiAmbani group is also engaged insearching for the commercial production of petroleum in theMahanadi basin of coastal Odisha.Odisha's mineral wealthhas been the main reason for the natural attraction of privateinvestors (both Indian & Foreign) in the areas of steel,aluminium, power, refineries and infrastructure.A preferred destination for industrial czars :

Country's top corporate houses : The Tata, the AdityaBirla group, Aluminum major Anil Agarwal, Anil Ambani, ITgiants, Infosys & Satyam, L& T, Zindal and Internationalczars Arcelor Mittal, Adani and South Korean steel giantposco are making a beeline to Odisha to transform thisneglected state in eastern India into an industrial hub.According to a study conducted by, "Centre for monitoringIndian economy and Investment Trends," Orissa ranks righton top of the heap, (based on Projects, completed or ongoingProjects) ahead of leading states like Karnataka, Gujarat,Maharastra and Tamilnadu.

Here, a detail of the projects iscited :

Multitude of Displacement :Industrialization is for a better quality of life for

the masses. But when the masses are forced againsttheir will to shift away form the land that they haveheld for generations together, what kind of 'welfare' itbrings to them? One wonders if industrializationperceived by the corporates in this era of liberalization,privatization and globalization (LPG) can ever benefitthe poor? Odisha a predominantly underdevelopedstates in India has been a victim of some ill- thought-out development strategy. The s tate machineryincluding every political party and the corporate

houses must share the responsibility in espousinginhuman development paradigm and mindlessindustrialization.

It is a matter of serious concern that a large fraction ofland acquired for industries is forest and including the farmland of tribes. Though there is enough research to highlightthat huge industry may not be suitable for a poor and agrarianstate like Odisha, what kind of industry suits such a poor stateis at best taken to be a polemic issue. Thus one can see thesource of people's impatience with dissenting voice. Till date28 tribals have been killed by the industry directed violence atdifferent places in the state i.e. Mainanch, Raigarh,Mandrabaju and Kalinga Nagar. The 29th report of thecommissioner of scheduled caste and schedule tribes (1990)says that even though tribals are roughly 7.5% of the IndianPopulation, over 40% of these displaced till 1990 belonged totribal communities. A report of the official working group ondevelopment and welfare of the official working group ondevelopment and welfare of scheduled tribes during the Eighth"five year plan (1990-95) on the rehabilitation of tribal people,based on a comprehensive study of 110 projects, has concludedthat· of the 16.94 million people displaced by these projects,

almost 50% were tribal people (Govt. of India, 1993).Impacts of Displacement :

Large Scale Investment inflow in to the state for themushrooming growth of mining based industries have been

the industrial development policy agendaof the Govt. of Odisha. The impact of thesemega projects are going to have on the livesand the environment of the people of theregion particularly tribals and the resistanceand movement it has generated among thelocal populace by brutal oppression by thestate.

Following are a few importantimpacts :

(1) Loss of property includingagricultural land and houses.

(2) Loss of common propertyresources such as grazing lands, forests,rivers, fuel wood and other forest produces.

(3) Loss of cultural heritage sites andmonuments.

(4) Loss of social and geographical surrounds.(5) Loss of security especially for women, children and

aged people.(6) Loss of preferred sources of livelihood i.e. business,

handicraft, village craft and cottage industries.(7) Adverse impacts on life and property due to project

construction activities, such as dust pollution, noisepollution, diseases etc.

(8) Breakdown in social support network.(9) Loss of social and political leadership.(10) Trauma, uncertainties and insecurities.(11) Adverse impact upon climate.

S. No.

Major Completed Projects S. No.

Major Ongoing Projects

1 NelachalIspat Nigam 1 Jindal Stainless Steels 2 MISL (Mesco India Steel Ltd.) 2 Tata Steels 3 Arati Steels 3 Jindal Stainless Steels 4 Visa Industries 4 PoscoIndia Ltd. 5 Vedanta Alumina 5 Essar Steels 6 Utkal Alumina 6 Sterlite Power & Steel 7 Bhusan Steels 7 SMC 8 MaithasIspat 8 Action Ispat Ltd. 9 Refiney Project of India Oil

Corporation. 9 MSP Metalics

10 Shyam DRI 11 Aditya Alumina

Table No.3

Sources : www.govt.odisha.in


In the light of the above discussions, some redressalmeasures are discussed below in brief:

(1) Land for all agricultural families.(2) Homestead land & dwelling houses to mitigate

homelessness.(3) Mandatory employment and alternative sources of

livelihood.(4) Prior consent of the potential victims should be

taken before planning and executing any kind of industrialor such type of projects on their land.

(5) Basic amenties i.e. community centre, school, healthcentre, water facilities. Sanitation and communicationfacilities in the resettlement colonies.Conclusion :

From the above studies it is evident that displacementof people should be brought to the minimum. Those who getdisplaced should be rehabilitated appropriately. If utmostcare is not taken for proper rehabilitation of the displacedpeople, it will lead towards serious impoverishment. Asagriculture is the prime source of livelihood of the citizens ofOdisha, so the real development of the state lies in theupgradation and modernization of agriculture and alliedactivities.

References :

(1) Department of Industry, Govt. of Odisha, Bhubanesswar.(2) DhagamwarVasudha, Subrat De, NikilVerma (2006)

'Industrial Development & Displacement: The People of Korba',sage publication, New Delhi.

(3) Govt of Odisha, Ministry of Tribal Welfare.(4) Manshi Asher, " Steel Not Enough?, Economic and

political weekly, Vol. XLI, No-7, Feb. 2006.(5) Mahapatra, L.K. (1991), "Development for whom?

Depriving the Dispossessed Tribals", social Action, Vol. 41, No. 3(1991).

(6) Mishra, Banikantha, "People's movement at KalingaNagar: An Epitaph or an Epitome?" Economic & Political Weekly,Vol. XLI, No.-7, Feb. 2006.

(7) Patra,Sunakar,(2014), �Development, Displacement,

Rehabilitation and Resistance: A case study of Kalinga Nagar,Orissa�, Unpublished Thesis, Dept. Of Sociology, Panjab University,

Chandigarh.(8) Patra, Sunakar,(2010), �The POSCO Project in Coastal

Orissa: A Disaster in Making?�, Research Link-81, Vol.-IX (10),

Dec-2010.


Introduction :The origin of NOTA (None of the above) can be traced

to the Isla Vista municipal Advisory council in its 1978resolution to place this option on the official electoral ballotin Santa Barbara County in California. In 1978 state of Nevadaopted NOTA as a ballot option for election.

People the world over are for democracy. This has beenproved by the fall of Socialism, unification of Germany,disintegration of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia. Peoplewant freedom of thought and expression Freedom to live asthey wish without any state interference. In all thedemocracies of the world new experiments are being carriedout and if succeeded are being implemented.

Indian Democracy is passing through a revolutionarytransition period. The changes are incredible. We can saythat these incredible changes are due to the fact that thepeople have lost their patience, and are moving towards arevolution. The revolution may be peaceful or even can beviolent. The culture and tradition of India has always beenpeaceful, so we expect the revolution to be peaceful. Oneglimpse of the said revolution is introduction of NOTA forthe first time in the five state assembly elections where nearly15 lakh people exercised the option in the just concludedelection. It is 1.31% of the total of 11.53 crore voters. Eventhis small number made a huge dent in the prospect ofCongress /BJP party

During the Anna movement in 2011-12, the general

people in India came to know about Right to reject, NOTA. Itis really a good sign for Indian democracy that NOTA hasbeen introduced in the country on such a large scale in thejust concluded assembly election, and it is sure to beintroduced in the general election in May 2014. It is great toknow that Indian democracy is deep rooted and matureenough to lead the world in electoral reform. Indian democracyis passing through a revolutionary transition period. Thesechanges are incredible due to the fact that the people havelost their patience and are moving towards a revolution. Therevolution may be peaceful revolution or can be violent.Viability of NOTA :

Although the Supreme Court set a precedent byintroducing NOTA, not many voters are clear about theprovision provided by the option. NOTA made its debut inpoll bound states in November 2013. The newly introducedNOTA give an option to all voters to change the course ofpolitical discourse by selecting none of the fielded candidates.If there is no majority, none of them will be declared thewinner which will result in fresh election.

A section of voters in New Delhi utilized the newlyintroduced NOTA during the ballot process. Out of the65.86% voters who turned out to vote, nearly 1% decided togive all the political parties a skip and use the new option. Atotal of 44000 voters exercised this option in Delhi.

Many hoped that the provision, which was introducedafter Supreme Court ruling, would lead to the parties fielding



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Indian Democracy and Viability of NOTA

DR.MAHESH KUMAR PARDESI* & DR. S.C. JAIN**

*Assistant Professor (Department of Sociology), Govt. College, Hat Pipliya, Dist. Dewas (Madhya Pradesh)**Professor (Department of Commerce), Govt. College, Jhabua (Madhya Pradesh)

India is the largest democracy in the world and the interpretation of primarydata collected is very disappointing. The analysis of the primary data collected for 515people from the school going students, college going students and people above 25yearsage group reveals that NOTA can make a difference in transforming the political systemof the country. The increasing awareness of NOTA among the three different age groupsurveyed indicates towards positive change. The election commission of India, NGO'sand other social organizations must evolve various strategies to publicize NOTA throughprint/electronic media and try to create awareness among the voters of various agegroups. NOTA have the potential to give a run to the dishonest and corrupt politician.The recently concluded assembly election 2013 in five states has proved beyond doubtthe potential of NOTA to reform our electoral system and the political parties will bebound to field candidates having integrity and clean image.


clean candidates to the poll. But analyst feels that the qualityof candidates has not changed much in this election. Thepurpose of NOTA was to allow the voters to exercise theirright to vote without being compelled to select a particularcandidate without any alternate option being available.

Under this provision, even if the NOTA wins more votesthat the candidates running for office, the contestant with thegreatest number of votes will still be counted as the winnerunless fresh election are sought by the parties. In this waythis provision is a disappointing to many good campaignersas it will not have a substantial impact. Analysts expect NOTAto have less impact as many voters are not aware of the option.There are 800 million Indian voters and not all are aware ofwhat NOTA is to them. The number of NOTA user is asfollowing in poll bound states- November 2013 :

In the state of Chhattisgarh NOTA was exercisedslightly more widely, especially in seats affected by Naxalinsurgency. With the proportion of voters selecting NOTAwas just over 3% political analyst said that the small % ofvoters opting for NOTA was that it is a new concept in Indianelection and many voters are still unaware of its existence.

The district of Alirajpur a predominantly tribal districtof M.P is inhabited by mainly Bhils and Bhilala tribe. Thepopulation of Alirajpur is 7, 28,671 (2011 census) with literacyrate at 37.22% (Male 43.58% and Female 30.97%). It is thelowest literacy rate in the country. The rural population standsat 92.17%, urban population 7.83%. As part of the Assemblyelection 2013, working in the capacity of Micro observer inthe polling booth and Observer during counting process Ipersonally observed that NOTA option was used in all thepolling booth both rural and urban.Understanding NOTA :

The voters who do not want to vote for any candidatecan exercise this power in secrecy. But even if NOTA countis higher than votes received by any candidate, the candidateis elected as the winner, which raises many questions on theauthenticity of NOTA among the public. Not many are awareof the provision of NOTA. There will be many questionsbeing raised on the functioning of NOTA in various cases.

NOTA differ from Right to reject system whereby if themajority of Voters reject all candidates, a re-election is held.In case of NOTA even if the majority of voters reject allcandidates, it has no effect on election outcomes in India.

In Chhattisgarh's chitrakot constituency nearly 10848voters disapproved of all candidates. The state produced no

clear winner, the BJP took 49 seats, ten more that the congressparty. In 15 out of 49 seats, more people voted for NOTAthan the margin of victory between the two main parties.Had voters who choose NOTA picked the BJP in theseconstituencies; the party would have gained an extra 7 seats.If they had picked Congress that party would have baggedanother 8 seats. This is significant but at the same time thereis no way of knowing whether these NOTA people wouldhave turned up to vote if the NOTA choice wasn't there.

In some seats the number of voter from people whorejected all parties was also higher than the number of votesreceived by the candidates who came in third position. InM.P this happened in 62 out of state's 230 seats. ForChhattisgarh 34 out of 90 constituencies faced the scenariowhere NOTA received the third highest number of votes andin Rajasthan the figure was 49 out of 200. There was no suchinstance in Delhi because the emergence of the AAP createda tight three- horse race. Some political commentators arealready predicting the impact of NOTA in national electiondue by May 2014.Some voters may wonder why they shouldgo to vote and then fill out the NOTA option on the ballotpaper. What's the point in doing this and how will it benefitme and my society if I vote for nobody?

The reason is both simple and complex. Having a NOTAoption allows you as a voter to show disapproval of all thecurrent candidates listed in the voting system. This is basedon the principle that one should be able to withhold consentin order to achieve real consent.Electoral Reform - Need of The Hour :

There has also been great work on the electoral reformtaken up by civil society group, journalist and other observerof the process have been playing important role in identifyinga number of the weaknesses of our existing system. Therehas been effort to use the courts to seek to push reform onthese important issues. The widely known practice of everycandidates having to declare their assets, liabilities andpending criminal cases come about as a result of a landmarkcourt judgment.

The criminalization of politics, widespread corruptionin the system and use of violence, vote's intimidation etc.resulted in no desirable candidates contesting election in aparticular constituency. There was no way for voters toexpress their dislike for all candidates. The lack of suchprovision further contributed to the decay in the system.This only encouraged only those voters who support thecompromised candidates to vote, returning that samepolitician to power again and again.

The election commission and law commission of Indiarecommended that a negative voting option be created,meaning allowing voters to reject all the candidates on theballot by selecting NOTA option instead of the name of acandidate on the ballot. With this, a provision is made that ifa certain % of the vote is negative, then the election resultcould be nullified and a new election conducted but this hasbeen rejected by the Supreme Court.

S.No

State Vote Polled to �NOTA�

% of Vote in �NOTA�

1 Delhi 50,000 1% 2 Rajasthan 5,88,000 2% 3 Madhya

Pradesh 6,43,000 2%

4 Chhattisgarh 3,00,000 3% 5 Mizoram 3,800 Less than 1%


The Supreme Court on 25th November 2013 dismisseda petition seeking direction to the election commission tohold a re-election in a constituency where 50% or more votersvote for NOTA rejecting all candidates. Rejecting the PILSupreme Court said it was for Parliament to amend therepresentation of People Act for the election panel to takesuch a course.Collection of Data :

For the analytical study of viability of NOTA andderiving a constructive conclusion, a survey was conductedfor three different age groups of people and primary datawas collected through questionnaire/Interview method for515 people.

The NOTA awareness among the school goingstudents in the age group 17-18 years is 13%, where as amongthe college going students in the age group 19-25 years,who are eligible to vote is 21% which is not very encouraging.The data collected also reveals that in the age group of25years and above, the awareness before the election was15.2% and after the Assembly election 2013, it increased to24% (an increase of 8.8%) which is a positive trend.Conclusion :

India is the largest democracy in the world and theinterpretation of primary data collected is very disappointing.The analysis of the primary data collected for 515 people fromthe school going students, college going students and peopleabove 25years age group reveals that NOTA can make adifference in transforming the political system of the country.The increasing awareness of NOTA among the three differentage group surveyed indicates towards positive change.

The election commission of India, NGO's and othersocial organizations must evolve various strategies to publicizeNOTA through print/electronic media and try to createawareness among the voters of various age groups. NOTAhave the potential to give a run to the dishonest and corruptpolitician. The recently concluded assembly election 2013 infive states has proved beyond doubt the potential of NOTAto reform our electoral system and the political parties will bebound to field candidates having integrity and clean image.

References :

(1) NOTA electoral reform We the People. (2) Informationhandbook NOTA. (3) Down to Earth An Indian Magazine on theenvironment. (4) Newspapers The Hindu, The times of India, TheHindustan Times, Dainik Bhaskar. (5) Magazines- India Today,Frontline and The Chronicle.

Websites :

(1) www.humanrightinititastive.org (2) www. sbcindia. com(3) www.NOTA.com (4) www.electionreform.com

S.No

Particulars/Age group

Male/ Boys

Female/Girls

Total

1 School going 17-18 years age group

95 (73%)

35 (27%) 130

2 College going 19-25 years age group

170 (65.3%)

90 (34.7%) 260

3 25 years and above 75 (60%)

50 (40%)

125

Total People

Heard of Nota (%)

Not Heard of Nota (%)

515 99 (19.2%) 416 (80.8%)

NOTA Awareness : Out of 515 People Surveyed

Total Male

Heard of Nota (%)


340 66 (19.4%) 274 (80.6%) Total Female

Heard of Nota (%)


175 33 (18.8%) 142 (81.2%)

Awareness Among School Going Students (Age Group17-18 Years, JNV Alirajpur)

Total Students

Heard of Nota (%)


130 17 (13%) 113 (87 %)

Total Boys

Heard of Nota (%)


95 11 (11.5%) 84 (88.5%)

Total Girs

Heard of Nota (%)


35 6 (17.1%) 29 (82.9%)

Awareness Among College Students (Age Group 19-25 Years, Alirajpur College)

Total Students

Heard of Nota (%)


260 55 (21.1%) 205 (78.9%) Total

Boys Heard of Nota (%)


170 35 (20.5%) 135 (79.5%) Total Girls

Heard of Nota (%)


90 20 (22.2%) 70 (77.8%)

Awareness Before Election Above 25 YearsTotal

People Heard of Nota (%)


125 19 (15.2%) 108 (84.8%)

Total Male

Heard of Nota (%)


75 10 (13.3%) 65 (86.7%) Total

Female Heard of Nota (%)


50 7 (14%) 43 (86%)


Introduction :There is no common definition of what constitutes a

coastal region. Most are based on an area within 60 to 200kilometers of the shoreline and may include coastalfloodplains, coastal forests called mangroves, marshes, andtide flats (coastal areas affected by the rise and fall of thetide), as well as beaches, dunes, and coral reefs. The term"coastal regions" also covers marine fisheries because thebulk of the world's marine fish harvest is caught or reared incoastal waters. Odisha is bestowed with a coast line of 480kilometers which stretches from the river Subernarekha mouthin Balasore district in the north to Bahuda muhan (mouth) inGanjam district in the south. The coastal region of the stateis quite healthy and progressive so far as the developmentscenario is concerned. It is above the national average invarious sectors such as education, urbanization, health/sanitation, trade & commerce, per capita Income, agricultureand industrialization. In year 2009 the Government of Odishasigned 14 Memorandum of Understandings (MoMs) forsetting up of new ports along its long sea coast during theport conclave organized by the Confederation of IndianIndustry (CII), Odisha Chapter. The state Governmentmarched ahead with its planning amidst anti-port protestsby several human right activists and environment protectionactivists and vulnerable commons. Priority of the Governmentof Odisha since last two decades has been to bring quickdevelopment through optimum utilization of its mineralresources and long coast line and thus building of new portsthrough private investment is a part of the larger context.



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Development Script :To extract minerals from beneath the mother earth and

to establish mineral based industries has intensified in themineral-rich hinterland of Odisha since last two decades.Scheduled Tribes, Scheduled Castes and other marginalcommunities are being uprooted from their habitat, livelihoodresources taken away, forests and water bodies destroyed.It is worrisome that the same development script has beenextended to the coastal region of the state. It is argued bythe so called development planners that it would bring hugeinvestment and help in building a vibrant and prosperousOdisha. Thus, development of new ports along the 478kilometers shoreline of the state stands in support of thelogic of a developmental paradigm that has been rolled onby the development planners since the last two decades. Nothought is being given to the dark sides of such developmentprojects. No doubt, such ill thought out development scriptwould result in colossal loss to coastal ecology and coastalcommunities. The irony is that most of these ports are beinghanded over to industrial houses and mining mafia who haveproven track record of uprooting poor tribes and othermarginal sections in the mineral-rich Odisha's hinterland.Displacement and Impoverishment :

Development of ports along the shoreline of Odishawould cause eviction of well settled human settlements. Theaverage population density of coastal districts of the state isquite higher than the national average. The coastal region isquite prosperous in terms of agriculture, industry and alsoon several other parameters. Establishment of several ports

Assistant Professor (Department of Sociology), P. G. Govt. College for Girls, Sector-42, Chandigarh

Ports in Odisha's Coast : An Emerging Frontier ofSocial-Ecological Vulnerabilities?

DR. SUNAKAR PATRA

Development of new ports along the 478 kilometers shoreline of the state of Odishastands in support of logic of the current development paradigm, rolled on by the developmentplanners since the last two decades. Even no thought is being given to the dark and dissentsides of such projects. Such ill thought out development script will result in colossal loss tocoastal ecology and coastal communities of a state of eastern India that is prone to naturaldisasters and calamities. It is more worrisome that most of these ports are being handed overto industrial houses and mining mafia who have proven track record of uprooting poor tribesand other marginal sections of mineral-rich Odisha's hinterland. Thus the study attempts toanalyse and assess the impacts of such projects from a social-ecological perspective.


would destroy the traditional livelihood sources of coastalcommunities. Apart from the destruction of livelihoodsources of agricultural and craft dependent communities,the coming of ports would wipe out the livelihood of lakhs offishing communities who depend upon the sea shore forfishing activities. Traditionally there has been a fishing hamletat every 2 kilometers of Odisha's coast, but such a gallopingcapital inflow in to coastal infrastructure development willsee a port at every 33 kilometers. It is going to produce seriousimplications over these fishing hamlets and will deprive thesecommunities of beaches on which their lives and livelihooddepend (Shidhar, A). Overall, there would be a forcible shiftin livelihood resources for which these traditional resourcedependent communities are not at all acquainted and trained.The poor and halfhearted track record of resettlement andrehabilitation measures offered by the state of Odisha to thevictims of earlier evictions clearly hints at the rehabilitationbounty in its coffer, for the victims of upcoming ports.Displacement and Impoverishment :

Development of ports along the shoreline of Odishawill cause eviction of well settled human settlements. Theaverage population density of coastal districts of the state isquite higher than the national average. The coastal region isquite prosperous in terms of agriculture, industry and alsoon several other parameters. Establishment of several portswill destroy the traditional livelihood sources of coastalcommunities. Apart from the destruction of livelihoodsources of agricultural and craft dependent communities,the coming of ports will wipe out the livelihood of lakhs offishing communities who depend upon the sea shore forfishing activities. Traditionally there has been a fishing hamletat every 2 kilometers of Odisha's coast, but such a gallopingcapital inflow in to coastal infrastructure development willsee a port at every 33 kilometers. It is going to produce seriousimplications over these fishing hamlets and will deprive thesecommunities of beaches on which their lives and livelihooddepend (Shidhar, A). Overall, there will be a forcible shift inlivelihood resources for which these traditional resource

dependent communities are notat all acquainted and trained. Thepoor and halfhearted track recordof resettlement and rehabilitationmeasures offered by the state ofOdisha to the victims of earlierevictions clearly hints at therehabilitation bounty in its coffer,for the victims of upcomingports.Ecological Vulnerabilities :

The coastline of Odisha isbestowed with diverse eco-system, which not only maintainsnatural balance but also providelivelihood and protection to thecoastal human settlements. This

region is enriched with typical type of mangroves and othervegetation. This diverse vegetation plays a significant rolein sediment repository, protection of shoreline from erosionand works as a buffer zone against sea storm surges. It isargued by the environment scientists and meteorologiststhat the impact of cyclone ( Super cyclone of 29th Oct. 1999,Phailine of 12th Oct. 2013 and Hudhud of 12th Oct. 2014) ofOdisha were severe due to the destruction of vegetation fordifferent kinds of developmental purposes. The proposedports would require large scale cutting down of the existingvegetation and thus leading towards furious naturalcalamities.

Ports are a man-made hazard to natural resources. Portdevelopment creates a wide range of impacts on localenvironments through dredging, construction work, landfills,discharges from ships and waterfront industries, cargooperations, and other port-related activities. The potentialadverse effects of port development include water pollution,contamination of bottom sediments, loss of bottom habitat,damage to marine ecology and fisheries, beach erosion,current pattern changes, waste disposal, oil leakage andspillage, hazardous material emissions, air pollution, noise,vibration, light and visual pollution.

River mouths of Baitarani, Bramhani, Devi andRusikulya are the famous breeding and nesting groundingsof the endangered Olive Ridley sea turtles. The irony is thatsome of the ports have been proposed on the mouth of therivers and others are not far away from the nesting andbreeding zones of the rare turtles. Construction of portsadjacent to this reptile habitat would be a threat to theirexistence. Every year more than two lakh turtles come to themouth of these rivers for mating and nesting. Movement ofcargo ships from and to these ports would createinconvenience for this globally significant but endangeredturtles. Spillage of oil from the ships would pollute the coastalwater. Besides, heavy light and loud sound of the ports wouldadd to the problems and ultimately this family of reptiles ismore likely to be extincted in a few years.

Sr. No

Name of Port District Promoter/ Company Status

01 Astaranga Port Puri Navayug , Hydrabad 02 Bahabalpur Balasore IL & FS Maritime Company 03 Bahuda Mouth Ganjam Good Earth, Chennai 04 Baliharchandi Port Puri Puri Ports Ltd. 05 Barunei Muhan Kendrapara Proposed 06 Chandipur Balasore Proposed 07 Chudamani Bhadrak Essel Mining/ Aditya Birla 08 Dhamara Bhadrak Adani/TISCO/L&T Operated 09 Gopalpur Ganjam Odisha Stevedores Ltd. Ongoing 10 Inchudi Balasore Proposed 11 Jatadhari-POSCO Jagatsinghpur POSCO, South Korea 12 Kirtania Port Balasore Creative Ports, Chennai 13 Palpur Ganjam Proposed 14 Talsari-ichitrapur Balasore Jindal Infrastructure Ltd.

Proposed/MoUs Signed for Ports in Odisha

Source : Patra, J, Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction.


While the geographical positioning of the state alongthe Bay of Bengal has many economic advantages, it alsoputs the entire state and its population at risk to varioushydro-meteorological hazards, mostly flood and cyclone. Thecoastline is undergoing a major change due to portdevelopment, with unknown cumulative impacts. Thecyclone, the tsunami, sea level rise predictions, all exposesvarying vulnerabilities of coastal inhabitants. But the present-day loopholes in law and the investment dreams encased inofficial MoUs represent ongoing tragedies the silent spiritingaway of commons, property and natural resources.

Some of the major rivers like Mahanadi, Subarnarekha,Brahmani, Baitarani, Vansadhara and Rushikulya flowsthrough the state before draining out in to the Bay of Bengaland hence a large landmass, most of which is used foragriculture, and the population dependent on it for theirlivelihoods are at constant danger. Similarly, the entire coastalstretch of Odisha has been classified as Very High DamageRisk Zone to Wind and Cyclone Hazard. Construction ofports on the river mouths would multiply the existingproblems through the closing of river mouths and waterlodging in the coastal delta during monsoon period.Conclusion :

The upcoming of ports along the Odisha's coast maygenerate some revenue for the state but social-ecologicalconcerns would overweight the benefits. Such kind ofprojects would put severe impacts upon vulnerable commonsand coastal ecology while a handful of corporate housesmake merry.

References :

(1) Chakravarty, A, (2011), �Bichitrapur and Kirtania ports

will endanger Olive Ridleys�, retrived from http://

www.downtoearth.org.in(2) Creel, L, (2003), �Ripple Effects: Population and Coastal

Regions�, retrived from http://www.prb.org

(3) Das, N, (2008), �Sea level rise and Inundation of Coastal

Orissa�, retrived from http://www.blog.siliconindia.com

(4) Mahapatra, B (2013), �Orissa may have to lose its turtle

mass nesting grounds for Ports�, retrived from http://www.

hotnhitnews.com(5) Patra, J, (2013), �Coasts, Ports and Communities: The

Emerging Dynamics of Investment-Risk Interactions in Odisha,India, Background Paper prepared for the Global AssessmentReport on Disaster Risk Reduction 2013, retrived from http://www.preventionweb.net

(6) Patra, Sunakar,(2010), �The POSCO Project in Coastal

Orissa: A Disaster in Making?�, Research Link-81, Vol.-IX (10),

Dec-2010.(7) Ranjana and Nigam, (2012), �Ports: The New Frontiers

In The Development War In Odisha�, retrived from http://

www.countercurrents.org(8) Roy, S, (2010), �Development State and People's Struggle

for land Rights�, Mainstream, Vol XLVIII, No. 29, July.

(9) Sridhar, A, (2011), �Harbouring trouble: The impact of

ports on commons�, retrived from http://www.infochangeindia.org


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T;kaP;k vaxesgurhoj ;k ns'kkrhy xkos mHkh jkgyh- vusd

fdYys] fpjscan jktokMs o rktegy] vftaBk] ,yksjk lkj[;k txizfl)

ys.;k] [ktqjkgksaph f'kYidyk mHkh jkgyh- R;k vkfnoklhaP;k Jekphp

ukghrj R;kaP;k laiw.kZ thoukphp mis{kk ;sFks dj.;kr vkyh- vk/khp

ouou HkVdr] daneqGs [kkr tx.kkjs gs vkfnoklh tUetkr xqUgsxkj

Eg.kwu ?kks"khr >kY;kuarj ek= R;kaP;k thoukrhy fodkl izfØ;k

dk;ephp can >kyh- txkP;k ikVhoj dq.kkpkgh >kyk ulsy brdk

NG Hkkjrkr vkfnoklhapk >kyk- vktgh R;kaP;kojhy xqUgsxkjhpk

dyad iqlY;k xsysyk ukgh- iwoZxzgnqf"kr iq<kjysYkk lekt v|kki

ns[khy R;kauk vkiysls djk;yk r;kj ukgh- R;keqGs vkfnoklh lekt

iw.kZr% lkekftd] vkfFkZd] 'kS{kf.kd rlsp oSpkjhd n"Vîk ekxklysyk

fnlwu ;srks- 1871 pk gk xqUgsxkj tekrh dk;nk NqI;kLo:ikr vktgh

lq: vkgs-

v/;;ukph mfí'V;s %

¼1½ vkfnoklhaP;k lkekftd] vkfFkZd] jktdh;] 'kS{kf.kd

rlsp dkSVqafcdfLFkrhps v/;;u dj.ks-

¼2½ 1871 P;k xqUgsxkjh tekrh dk;nîkph ik'oZHkweh rikl.ks-

¼3½ xqUgsxkjh tekrh dk;nîkP;k ifj.kkekaph ekfgrh ?ks.ks-



Sin

ceM

arch

200

2

xqUgsxkjh tekrh dk;nk & ik'oZHkweh vkf.k ifj.kke %

vkfnoklh oxZ gk ;k ns'kkrhy iqjkr.k dkGkiklwu misf{kr

jkfgysyk fdaok rls Bso.;kr vkysyk oxZ vkgs- egkRek jko.k]

okfYedh] ,dyO; gh iqjk.kkrhy misf{kY;k xsysyh ik=s gksr-

R;kaP;k xq.kdkS'kY;kph foVacuk ;sFks jktjksli.ks >kyh-

vkfnoklhaP;k NGkps l= vxnh e/;;qxki;Zar lq: gksrs-

lektkr rs dk;e Øqj] yckM] yqVk: Eg.kwup lknj dj.;kr

vkY;kus brj lektkyk R;kaP;kfo"k;h usgehp fHkrh okVk;ph-

;kpkp ifj.kke Eg.kwu vaxh dqor vlrkuk ns[khy R;kaph vogsyukp

>kyh- fodklkP;k] mUurhP;k izokgkr rks mr: 'kdyk ukgh-

gkrkyk dke ukgh dh Jekps eksy ukgh- eqykckGkauk mik'kh ejr

c?k.;kis{kk R;kauh ywVekj djk;yk lq:okr dsyh vlkoh- eqGkrp

'kqj izo`Rrhps gs vkfnoklh fczfV'k dkGkr R;kaP;k fczfV'kfojks/kh

dk;ZokgîkaeqGs utjsr Hkjys- 1857 P;k mBkokuarj jktdh; vfLFkjrk

Hk:u dk<.ks baxztkiq<s eksBs vkOgku gksrs- R;kr fczfV'kkauk dnZudkG

Bjysys vk|Øakrhdkjd ujohj mekth ukbZd] ohj Hkkxksth ukbZd]

xqyC;k ukbZd] fcjlk eqaMk] nknklkgsc lkSnkus] [kkT;k ukbZd] ih-

th-Hkkaxjs] nxMw ikVhy xksMs b- ohjkauh vkfnoklh y<k usVkus

pkyfoyk- 'ksoVh R;kaPkk dk;epk cankscLr dj.;kP;k gsrwus fczfV'kkauh

R;kosGps dk;nk o lqO;oLFkk dkSfUly lnL; Vh-Ogh-LVhQu

;kP;k ns[kjs[khr 12 lIVsacj 1871 yk xqUgsxkj tekrh* dk;nîkph

fufeZrh dsyh-

iksfylkauk ;k dk;nîkus ve;kZfnr vf/kdkj fnys- R;kaP;kdfjrk

nk[kyk i)r]gtsjh i)r lq: dj.;kr vkyh-;k gtsjhph osG

fuf'pr ulY;keqGs jk=Hkj ikVykP;k okM;kiq<s gtj jgkos ykxk;ps-

gtsjh pqdyh rj naM dsY;k tk;pk- cjspnk iksfyl fdaok R;k

xkopk ikVhy cGtcjhus xqUgs djk;yk ykowu vk.kysyh ywV

Sce.S., Sce.efheâue., ves� (meceepeMeem$e), ieesheeue veiej, oejJne, efpeuee-ÙeJeleceeU (ceneje°^)

megveerue Øe.JeeveKeÌ[s

DeeefoJeemeer meceepe DeeefCe iegvnsieejer peceeleer keâeÙeoe 1871

1857 ÛÙee G"eJeeveblej Fb«epeebveer Yeejleele Deveskeâ efmLelÙeblejs Ie[Jetve DeeCeueer. lÙeehewkeâerÛe Skeâ

cnCepes iegvnsieejer peceeleer keâeÙeoe nesÙe. keâener mJeeYeerceeveer ie�ebveer efyeÇef�Me Meemeveeuee meUeskeâerheUes keâ®ve

mees[ues nesles. jepekeâerÙe heeleUerJejerue ns DeeJneve JesUerÛe efvehe�tve keâe{Ces DeeJeMÙekeâ DemeuÙeeves Ùee keâeÙeoÙeeÛÙee

ëe=bKeueeceOÙes DeeefoJeemeer meceepeeuee ieesJeCÙeele Deeues. lÙeebvee pevceefmeæ iegvnsieej "jJetve lÙeebÛes meeceeefpekeâ

peerJeve mebhe=�eleDeeCeues. Ùee keâeÙeodÙeeves DeeOeerpe ogjeJeuesues ns DeeefoJeemeer menevegYetleer MetvÙe meceepeJÙeJemLesheemetve

mJele:uee ueebye "sJeCÙeeÛee ØeÙelve keâjeÙeuee ueeieues. DeeefoJeemeeRÛeer ner Leóe keâOeerÛe mebheueer veener. mJeeleb$ÙeØeehleer

veblej ueeskeâMeenerØeOeeve Yeejleele DeeefoJeemeer DeepeosKeerue Ghesef#eleeÛes DeeefCe ogue&ef#ele peerJeve peiele Deens.


Lor%p Bsowu ?;k;ps-nk[kY;kf'kok; R;kauk fQj.;kl canh gksrh-

R;keqGs vkfnoklhauk gk nk[kyk bZ'ojkis{kk eksBk okVk;pk- Eg.kwup

vkeP;k mpY;kP;k ?kjkr nsokijhl eksBk vkEgkyk vkepk nk[kyk

okVk;pk-*¼3½ vls ^mpY;k* ;k vkRedFkukr y{e.k vk;dokM

;kauh ueqn dsys vkgs-

iksfylkauk feGkysY;k vf/kdkjkpk okij R;kauh iwjsiwj dsyk-

vkfnoklhaps tx.ks R;keqGs i'kw izk.;kais{kkgh okbZV >kys-

vkIrLodh;kaiq<s fL=;kaps cykRdkj Ogk;yk ykxys- vufUor NG

;k dk;nîkus vkfnoklhaP;k uf'kch fyfgyk xsyk- xqUgsxkj Eg.kwu

la'k; vl.kkÚ;k VksGhaoj pksfol rkl igkjk clfo.;kr vkyk-

R;keqGs R;kauk dke/kans dj.ksgh eqf'dy >kys- R;kapsoj miklekjhph

ikGh vkyh- ,dw.k 198 tekrhapk ;kr lekos'k dj.;kr vkyk

gksrk-

Lokra«;izkIrhuarj rjh gs fp= ikyVsy vls okVr gksrs- ijarq

Lokra«;ksRrj yksd'kkgh ewY;kph :to.kwd gksowu ns[khy ^,Dl

xqUgsxkj tekr* Eg.kwu vkfnoklhauk R;kaps iwohZpsp thou txkos

ykxr vkgs- vkfnoklhaojhy vU;k;] vR;kpkjkP;k ?kVuk

Lokra«;kuarj vf/kd ok<Y;kps fnlwu ;srs- iksfyl vktgh vkfnoklh

iq:"kkyk i'kwizek.ks ekjgk.k o R;kaP;k L=h;kapk Hkksx ?ksrkr- [kksV;k

xqUgîke/;s R;kauk xkso.;kps eksBs "kM;a= l|k lq: vkgs- dk;ns'khj

xqUgsxkj Bjfo.;kr vkysY;k ;k 198 tekrhaiSdh 14 tekrh

egkjk"Vªkrhy gksR;k- R;ke/;s oMkj] ikj/kh] ykeku] catkjk] dSdkMh]

'kqjohj csjM] jkeks'kh] 'kkeVk] dksyke] ?kaVhpksj o NIIkjcan ;k

tekrhapk lekos'k gksrk- vktgh ;k tekrh Lor%yk lqLkaLd`r

Eg.kowu ?ks.kkÚ;k lektkP;k lgkuqHkwrhl ns[khy izkIr BjysY;k

ukghr- 'kS{kf.kd] vkfFkZd fodkl v|kins[khy R;kapk >kysyk ukgh-

vkt vkfnoklhaP;k leL;k Eg.kts yksd'kkgh iq<hy eksBs

vkOgkup Bjys vkgs- ^12 fMlsaCkj 1992 rs 21 fMlsacj 1993^ gs

vkfnoklh o"ksZ txkr tkghj >kysys vlys rjh ;sFkhy vkfnoklhaP;k

thoukoj R;keqGs dkghgh ifj.kke iMyk ulY;kps y{kkr ;srs-*¼4½

vkfnoklhaP;k iz'uakuk tkxfrd O;klihB feGkysyss vlrkuk ns[khy

Hkkjrkrhy vkfnoklh iksVHkj ek= tso.kkph O;oLFkk dj.;kl

vleFkZ Bjr vlY;kps fnlwu ;srs-

,Dl xqUgsxkjh tekrh %

vkWxLV 1947 e/ks ifji=d dk<wu gk dk;nk 31 vkWxLV

1952 yk jÌ dj.;kr vkyk-xqUgsxkjh dk;nk jÌ gksÅu vkrk

vusd o"ksZ >kyh- ijarq iwohZP;k xqUgsxkjh tkrh&tekrhaP;k yksdkaps

gky ek= laiysys ukghr- R;kaP;kdMss c?k.;kpk n`"Vhdksu ex rs

'kklu vlks ok lekt cnyysyk ukgh- ;kps mRre mnkgj.k

Eg.kts QkStnkjh VªsfuaxLdwy] ukf'kdP;k vH;klØekr vktgh

^ek>h xqUgsxkj tekrh* vko';d Eg.kwu f'kdfo.;kr ;sr vkgs-

t.kwdkgh uohu fi<hyk ek>h xqUgsxkj tekrhph vksG[k d:u

ns.ks 'kklukyk vko';d okVr vlkos- ;k ,Dl xqUgsxkj tekrhr

lekos'k vlysY;k ikj/kh tekrhojhy lekt vkf.k iksfylkaPkk

vkØks'kkP;k vusd ?kVuk R;kph lk{k nsrkr-

mik;;kstuk %

vkfnoklhaP;k iz'ukyk xkafHk;kZus ?ks.;kph xjt vkgs- dqBY;kgh

lektkoj 'ksdMks o"ksZ vU;k; vR;kpkj gks.ks yksd'kkgh RkRokP;k

fojks/kkr vkgs- R;keqGs dk;nîkph enr ?ksowu ;Fkk;ksX; vkfnoklh

fodklkl izk/kkU; ns.;kr ;k;yk ikfgts- Bksl ;kstuakph fufeZrh

vkf.k frrD;kp izkekf.kdi.ks R;kaPkh vaeycrtko.kh dj.ks vko';d

vkgs-

lkjka'k %

vkt dk;nîkps vkfnoklhaoj ^xqUgsxkj tekr* Eg.kwu

ykxysyk dyad tjh dk;epk iqlyk xsysyk vlyk rjh 'krdkaiklwu

pkyr vkysyh vkf.k [kksyoj eukr :rwu clysyh ekufldrk

iq<kjysyk lekt foljk;yk r;kj ukgh- vkfnoklhaph fuank] dkekP;k

tkxh voeku dj.ks] vogsyuk dj.ks] R;kapsdMs 'kadsP;k n`"Vhus

c?k.ks] la/kh iklwu Mkoy.ks ;klkj[;k ckch gsssrw iqjLlji.ks vktgh

dj.;kr ;sr vkgs- 'kslwj vkf.k 'kdkl lektO;oLFkk /keZdrZO;kP;k

ukok[kkyh vkfnoklhaps 'kks"k.k djhr vkgs- xqUgsxkj tekrh dk;nîkph

gh fu"irh Eg.kkoh ykxsy-

xqUgsxkjh tekrh dk;nîkeqGs feGkysyh xqUgsxkj tekr* gh

dk;ns'khj ekU;rk vkrk vkfnoklhaph izeq[k vksG[k cuysyh vkgs-

'kS{kf.kdn"Vîk R;kaph vourh c?krk vkfnoklh oxZ gk ;k ns'kkr

iq.kZr% nqyZf{kr oxZ vlY;kpsp fnlwu ;sbZy- vkfnoklhaps lek;kstu

gks.ks vkt dkGkph xjp gksÅu clyh vkgs-izR;sdkykp fulxkZus

tx.;kpk vf/kdkj fnyk vlY;kps vkEgh yodj ekU; dsY;kl

ifjfLFkrh cny.;kph izkekf.kd 'kD;rk vkgs-

lanHkZ %

¼1½ xkjs xksfoan] egkjk"Vªkrhy vkfnoklh tekrh-

¼2½ xk;dokM nhid] vkfnoklh pGoG Lo:Ik o fn'kk-

¼3½ xk;dokM y{e.k] mpY;k¼vkRedFku½-

¼4½ eksjs ek/ko caMw] vkfnoklh lekt cksyw ykxyk-

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