APROJECT REPORT

ON

INDUSTRIAL EXPOSURE (FIELD VISIT)AND

GUEST LECTURES

SUBMITTED TOUNIVERSITY OF PUNE

IN PARTICULAR FULFILMENT OF THE DEGREE OFBACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (BBA)

BYBURMAN S.Y.BBA

ROLL NO. 56SEMESTER IV (2011-12)

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OFPROF. NEETA KAMATH

ANDPROF. PINKY AGARWAL

(COORDINATOR)

NESS WADIA COLLEGE OF COMMERCEPUNE-411001

1

Modern education Society’s

NESS WADIA COLLEGE OF COMMERCE

19, Prin. V.K. Joag Path, Pune-411001

Tel.: 26167024

Certificate of Project Work Completion

This is to certify that the Project-Work titled

BUSINESS EXPOSURE (FIELD VISITS)

AND

GUEST LECTURES

Has been completed satisfactorily in partial fulfillment of B.B.A. (Sem-IV)

course of the University of Pune for the academic year 2011-12 by the

following student of “Ness Wadia College of Commerce” Pune 1.

Mr./Mrs.:-

Place: Pune.

Date: 25 February 2012

Principal Project Guide Co-ordinator

Dr. M. M. Andar Prof. Neeta Kamath Prof. Pinky Agarwal

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my sincere thanks to the University of Pune

and Ness Wadia college of Commerce for giving me the opportunity to

prepare and present this project report. A project usually requires lot of hard

work and persistent efforts, but it is the guidance provided by the right

person at the right time, good direction, efficient supervision and most

valuable internal guidance.

I express my deep gratitude to our BBA Co-ordinator, Prof. Pinky

Agarwal and our internal project guide, Prof. Neeta Kamath, who in their

busy schedule provided us full support, encouragement and whole hearted

co-operation throughout the process.

I would also like to thanks the Directors of various industries for

giving us the permission to visit their plant and provide us with the

necessary information. Last but not the least i would like to thank the

management for supporting in the right way and giving this opportunity to

enhance my knowledge about the industry.

BURMANS.Y.BBA

SEMESTER IVROLL NO. 56

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INDEX

SR.NO PARTICULARS PAGE NO.

1 INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRY 5-11

2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 12

3 INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIZATIONS 13-18

4 MANIKCHAND OXYIRICH PLANT 19-25

5 JAGGERY MANUFACTURING PLANT 26-28

6 KRAN RADAR PVT. LTD 29-35

7 ULTRA TECH CONCRETE 36-39

8 INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS 40-44

9 SUPPLY CHAIN AND LOGISTICS 45-49

10 PARADIGM SHIFTS IN MARKETING 50-52

11 CONCLUSION 53

12 BIBLIOGRAPHY 54

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION OF INDUSTRY

Industry

There are four key Industrial economics sectors: the primary sector, largely

raw materials extraction, industries such as mining and farming, the

secondary sector , involving refining construction and manufacturing, the

tertiary sector, which deals with services (such as law and medicine) and

distribution of manufactured goods, and the quaternary sector, a relatively

new type of knowledge industry focusing on technological research, design

and development such as computer programming and biochemistry. A fifth

quaternary sector has been proposed encompassing nonprofit activities. The

economy is also broadly separated into public sector and private sector, with

industry generally categorized as private industries are also any business or

manufacturing. Industries can be classified on the basis of raw materials,

size and ownership raw materials. Industries may be agriculture based,

marine based, mineral based, forest based.

Definition industry

As per section 2 (I) of Industrial Dispute Act 1947 “Industry” means any

systematic activity carried on by operation between an employer and his

workmen (Whether such workmen are employed by such employer directly

or by or through any agency, including a contractor) for the production,

supply or distribution of goods or services with a view to satisfy human

wants or wishes (nos. being wants or wishes which are merely spiritual or

religious in nature) whether or not

i. any capital has been invested on with a motive to make any gain or

profit and includes-

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ii. any activity of the Dock labour Board established under section 5-

A o the Dock Workers (Regulation of Employment) Act 1948 (9 of

1948) but does not include-

iii. Any agricultural operation except where such agricultural

operation is carried on in an integrated manner with any other

activity (being any such activity as if referred to in the foregoing

provision of this clause)

2. hospitals or dispensaries

3. educational, scientific, research to training institutions,

4. institutions owned or managed by organization wholly or

substantially engaged in any charitable, social

5. Khadi or village industries

6. Any activity of the government relatable to the sovereign function

of the Government including all the activities carried on by the

departments of the central governments dealing with defense

research, atomic energy and space or

7. Any domestic service.

8. any activity , being a profession practiced by an individual or body

of individual if the number of persons employed by the individuals

or body of individuals in relation to such profession is less than ten

or

9. Any activity being an activity carried on by a co-operative society

or a club or any other like body of individuals, if the number of

persons employed by the co-operative society, club or other like

body of individuals in relations to such activity is less than ten.

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Types of Industry

Primary Industry- The primary industry sector of the economy involves

changing natural resources into primary products. Most products from

this sector are considered raw material for the industries. The

manufacturing industries that aggregate pack, package or process the raw

material close to the primary producers are normally considered part of

this sector, especially if the raw material is unsuitable for sale or difficult

to transport long distance. Primary industry is a larger sector in

developing countries, for instance, animal husbandry is more common in

Africa than in Japan.

Secondary Sectors: The secondary sector of the economy includes those

economic sectors that create a finished usable product. This sectors

generally takes the output of the primary sector and manufactures

finished goods or where they are suitable for use by others business, for

export, or sale to domestic consumers. This sector is often divided into

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light industry and raw materials into goods and products. They also

produce waste materials and waste heat that may pose environmental

problems or cause pollution. Some economists contrast wealth-producing

sectors in an economy such as manufacturing with the service sector

which tend to be wealth consuming. Manufacturing is an Important

activity to promote economic growth and development nations that

exports manufactured products tend to generate highest marginal GDP

growth which supports higher Income and Marginal tax revenue needed

fund the quality of life Initiatives such as health care and Infrastructure in

the economy.

Tertiary Sector-The tertiary sector of the economy (also known as the

service sector or the service Industry) is one of the three economic

sectors, the others being the secondary sector (approximately the same as

manufacturing) and the primary sector (agriculture, fishing and extraction

such as mining). The basic characteristic of this sector is the production

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of services instead of end products services (also known as “Intangible

goods”) which include attention, advice experiences and discussion. The

tertiary sector of industry involves the provision of a service, as happens

in the restaurant Industry. Examples of Service Sector Employment

Include:

Government

Consulting

Education

Insurance

Real estate

Etc.

Industrial Revolution & History

Most products in the industrialized nations use today are turned out

swiftly by the Process of mass production by people (and sometimes robots)

working on assembly lines. Using power driven machines. People of ancient

and medieval times had no such product

They had to spend long, tedious hours of hand labour even on simple

objects. The Energy or power they employed in work came almost wholly

from their own and animals muscles. The Industrial Revolution on is the

name give the movement in which machine changes people’s way of life as

well as then methods of manufacture.

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The First Industrial Revolution

The First Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in the last

decades of the Eighteenth century. It resulted from the rapid adoption of

three new technologies- The Steam engine, relying on the energy of the

fossil, fuel, coal, machines for spinning Thread and weaving cloth and

increasingly driven by steam rather than water power. The First Industrial

Revolution altered the direction and hastened the growth of the American

economy. The First Industrial Revolution in Britain had as significant an

Impact on American economy life as did the contemporary political

revolution that brought the country’s independence.

Second Industrial Revolution

By the time of the civil war the technologies on which the First

Industrial Revolution was based were fully rooted in the United States. In

the years after the war, the Nation’s Industrial energies were concentrated on

completing the railroad and telegraph Networks of the north, rebuilding

those of the south and expanding those of the west. Once the harsh

depression of the 1870’s war over, the stage was set for the second

Industrial revolution. The New Industries of the second Industrial

Revolution employed New or greatly improved processes to turn out new or

greatly improved products that Includes steel and other metals, light and

heavy machinery, oil, chemicals and in Addition packaged food, drug, &

tobacco products bearing brand names. They were Also the first whose

technologies of production enjoyed the cost advantages of Economies of

scale or scope; the large plants had substantially lower unit costs than

smaller ones.

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A Modern Revolution

In the interwar years the primary engine for economic growth and

transformation was the automobile industry, and after world war II, the

computer. The impact of these Technologies was so profound that they

seemed to contemporaries to be as revolutionary As the Industries of the

First and second Industrial But, the creation and growth followed A pattern

strikingly similar to those that had made up the second Industrial evolution,

Computers, in fact, brought as many changes in the workplace and

workforce as had the technological innovations of the second Industrial

Revolution.

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CHAPTER 2 AIMS & OBJECTIVES

Aims & objectives of Industrial Exposure

1) We come to know about various forms of organization like sole

proprietor, joint stock co, partnership etc. its advantages, the suitability, its

working environment & condition needed.

2) We come to know about the problem faced by the entrepreneur while

managing the quality of raw material, the cost of raw material, the profit

margin, rate of interest taken on loan etc.

3) We also come to understand the level of hierarchy in the organization.

The communication taking place between the top level & lower level of

management.

4) To understand the need of wants of employee.

5) To understand the level risk beared by the proprietor.

6) We come to know the flow of money & investment is different aspects of

business like in fixed assets & current assent.

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CHAPTER 3 FORMS OF BUSINESS ORGANISATION

Forms of Business Organization

1. Sole Trader

A sole trading concern also known as sole trader, sole proprietorship,

Individual Starts his business by providing all four factors of production via,

land, labour, capital and organization. He may own his own place or take it

on rent. He works single handedly in business or may ask family members

to assist him or appoint a few employees for routine work. He manages all

the business affairs by taking independently policy decision. He is a sole

owner, investor, manager and all the sole risk bearer of his own business.

Advantage:-

Easy formation & dissolution: It is very easy to start as well as to

wind up a Sole Trading concern because there is no legal formalities likes

registration, filling of documents etc.

High Degree of flexibility: There is high flexibility because the

Owner can change his plans accordingly to business and market condition.

Personal Contacts: He establishes personal contacts with customers

and employees.

Maximum Secrecy: He can maintain maximum secrecy because all

decision is taken by him only.

Disadvantages

o Limited Finances: A sole trader can raise limited capital and

finances. His personal savings are bound to be limited.

o Absence of legal Status: As the sole trader and his business are

identical, the liability of a sole trader is unlimited.

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o Hasty Decisions: He takes all decisions by himself hence his

decisions may be wrong as hasty and may lead to loss in business.

o Unlimited Liability: As the sole trader and his business are identical,

the liability of sole trader is unlimited.

2. Partnership Firm

Partnership is an association of two or more persons who comes

together with an intention to do business jointly and agree to share the

profits of the business. The people who form the partnership are individually

called partners and collectively a ‘firm’ the name under which the carry on

business is called firm name. The business may be carried on by all or any of

them on totally of all the partners. At the end of the financial Year, the

profits are shared among the partners in agreed proportion.

Advantages

Easy Formation: It is a quite easy. An oral as written agreement is

sufficient to start a partnership firm.

Connection of Large Capital: A partnership firm has a higher capital

for raising funds through contribution to Capital and loans from partners.

Personal Touch: A partnership firm has the benefit of personal touch.

They deal with the customers directly.

Flexibility: The working of a partnership firm is inflexible. They can

also change the nature of business if necessary.

Disadvantages:-

o Limited Membership: There is a limit to the membership in a

partnership firm, name maximum to Members for banking business and

maximum to members for any other business.

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o Lack of Continuity: Continuity of a partnership business is always

uncertain because of events like retirement, death, insolvency of a partner

etc.

o Lack of incentive: A partner who puts in more efforts is not fairly

rewarded as the fruits of his Labour are shared by other.

o Lack of unity: The initial unity and harmony among partners may not

last long.

3. Joint Hindu Family Firm

Under the Mitakshara school of Hindu law, the property inherited by a

Hindu form his father, grandfather, and great grandfather, is called ancestral

property. Thus, there successive generations (sons, grandsons, and great

grandsons) in the male line who simultaneously inherit the ancestral

property become the member of the Joint Hindu family Firm. The business

belonging to a Joint Hindu Family is ordinarily managed by the senior most

member of the family (Karta).

Advantages

Easy Formation: There are no formalities about formation or

registration of Joint Hindu Family Firm, since it comes into begun as the

family grows.

Flexibility: The working of them is flexible because the Karta can

modify as change his decision promptly so as to suit the changing business

condition.

Fostering Good Qualities: A Joint Hindu Family Firm gives impetus

to the development of good qualities Such as selfness, co-operation, and

spirit of accommodation.

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Disadvantages

o Limited resources: There are limited resources. They may not be in

always a position to raise the Funds whenever need.

o Disadvantage for personal progress: The coparceners have no right

to participate in the management of the firm.

o Female members neglected: Female member cannot become

coparceners in this form of organization. They find no scope for showing

abilities to shoulder business responsibility.

o Possibility Of Wrong Decision: The Karta has unlimited powers. He

need not consult other coparceners. The Decisions taken by him can be

wrong also.

4. Joint Stock Company

A joint stock company in simple words is an association registered

under the Companies act. The members who form the company, pool their

resource (i.e. funds) to carry on business. Joint stock means capitals funds

help in common and usually divided into shares. In a joint stock company,

the funds to carry on business are obtained by selling shares to the numbers

of individuals. The share held by the shareholders is transferable. The

liability of member is limited to the extent of the face Value of shares held

them.

Advantages

Capacity to raise large amount of funds: A company can raise large

funds through the issue of shares and debentures and accepting public

deposits borrowing from banks.

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Spread of Risk: Due to large membership, his risk of loss is spread

over a large numbers of Investors.

Democratic management: A company business affair is administered

by Board of Directors elected among its shareholders. The directors are

responsible and answerable to shareholder for the business decision.

Disadvantages

o Difficulties in Forming & Winding up: The procedure for formation

and the winding up a joint stock company involve many legal formalities.

o Excessive Statutory Control: A joint stock company is subject to

statutory control right from the stage of its Incorporation up to the stage of

its winding up.

o Separation of Ownership from Management: Although the

shareholders are the owners of the company, they do not manage the

company. The affairs of the company are seen by the board of directors who

may act recklessly since they have limited financial stock in company.

5. Co-operative Society

According to the section 4 of the co-operative society’s act 1972, Co-

operative Society is a society which has its object, the promotion of the

economic interest of its Member is accordance with co-operative principles.

Advantages

Easy Formation: It is easy to form co-operative society. No

complicated and cumbersome legal Formalities are involved in formation of

co-operative organization.

Democratic Management: The principle of one man one vote makes

the functioning of co-operative society really democratic.

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Limited Liability: The liability of members of a co-operative society

is limited to the production of their capital contribution.

Economical: It produces the goods at economical rates.

Disadvantages

o Limited Capital: The members in a co-operative organization are

people with limited resources Therefore they cannot manage large capital

contribution.

o Lack of Unity: A co-operative organization lacks units.

o Inefficient Management: The management of co-operative

organization is generally inefficient, because of Lack of finance. It cannot

employ professionals.

o Lack of Motivation: People or members of co-operative society are

not motivated towards their work with is the serious drawback of co-

operative organization.

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INDUSTRIAL

EXPOSURE (FIELD VISIT)

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INDUSTRIAL VISIT

MANIKCHAND OXYRICH PLANTWADE BOLAI, PUNE

(ARRANGED ON 22ND DECEMBER, 2011)

Dhariwal Industries Ltd - Food & Beverages division has one of the most modern and comprehensive packaged drinking water facilities spread across India. The facilities are fully integrated with in house facilities for manufacturing of Preforms, Closures/Caps and Bottle Blowing. The labels and cartons are also made in the group companies to ensure total control on quality and processes.

In a short time we have established ourselves across the length and breadth of India. Our plants are spread over the western, southern and northern regions.

We are continuously expanding our existing facilities and setting up newer plants at various locations. Our bottling capacities are not only the most modern but also amongst the largest too. We have existing capacity to bottle over 3.6 crore liters a year (360 lakh bottles of 1 liter each).

ProductsManikchand oxyrich plant produces SIX types of variant in packaged drinking water. They produce bottles of 200ml, 500ml, 1ltr, 1.5ltr, 2ltr, 20ltr.

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COMPETITORSThe competitors Manikchand Oxyrich are

Bisleri Aquafina by PEPSI Sumeru Kinley,etc.

WATER SOURCEThe water used is from protected well, an approved source which meets the Indian standard IS: 10500. The source is situated in an unpolluted area and well protected from external contamination.

PURIFICATION OF WATERThe water is processed with multi-stage purification processes such as - Sand Filter, Activated Carbon Filter, Ultraviolet Disinfection, Ultra Filtration, Reverse Osmosis, and Ozonation.

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The stages of purification are as follows:1. SAND FILTERINGIn this process the solid impurities are removed from the raw water.It eliminates the impurities like sand ,solid impurities,etc from the raw water.

2. ACTIVATED CARBON FILTERActivated carbon is prepared by slowly heating coal or coconut shell. This filter removes most of the organic contamination and pesticide residuals from the water. It also controls taste and odour of water.

3. ULTRAVIOLET DISINFECTIONWater is exposed to UV light of wavelength 245 nanometers (nm). A dosage of 16000 microwatt/sq.cm. at 40°C for effective disinfection. This kills the viruses and the bacteria in the water. And makes the water virus free. Ultraviolet light is very effective at inactivating cysts, in low turbidity water. UV light's disinfection effectiveness decreases as turbidity increases, a result of the absorption, scattering, and shadowing caused by the suspended solids. The main disadvantage to the use of UV radiation is that, like ozone treatment, it leaves no residual disinfectant in the water; therefore, it is sometimes necessary to add a residual disinfectant after the primary disinfection process. This is often done through the addition of chloramines.

4. ULTRA FILTRATION

Ultra filtration is a low pressure membrane process that removes dissolved organic macro molecules, viruses, Pyrogen enzymes etc. Ultra filtrations main attraction is its ability to purify, separate, and concentrate target macromolecules in continuous systems. UF does this by pressurizing the solution flow. The solvent and other dissolved components that pass through the membrane are known as permeate. The components that do not pass through are known as retentate. Depending on the Molecular Weight Cut Off (MWCO) of the membrane used, macromolecules may be purified, separated, or concentrated in either fraction.

Currently, the study of UF processing occurs mainly in laboratory setups because it is very prone to membrane fouling caused by increased solute concentration at the membrane surface (either by macromolecular adsorption to internal pore structure of membrane, or

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aggregation of protein deposit on surface of membrane), which leads to concentration polarization (CP)). CP is the major culprit in decreasing permeates flux. Ultra filtration is used as a pre-treatment step in reverse osmosis processes.

5. REVERSE OSMOSISA high pressure membrane process to eliminate dissolved impurities like unwanted salts and retain minerals which are essential to human body. This done by carefully selecting the membrane by a technology developed by DIL. Reverse osmosis (RO) is a membrane-technology filtration method that removes many types of large molecules and ions from solutions by applying pressure to the solution when it is on one side of a selective membrane. The result is that the solute is retained on the pressurized side of the membrane and the pure solvent is allowed to pass to the other side. To be "selective," this membrane should not allow large molecules or ions through the pores (holes), but should allow smaller components of the solution (such as the solvent) to pass freely.

In the normal osmosis process, the solvent naturally moves from an area of low solute concentration (High Water Potential), through a membrane, to an area of high solute concentration (Low Water Potential). The movement of a pure solvent to equalize solute concentrations on each side of a membrane generates osmotic pressure. Applying an external pressure to reverse the natural flow of pure solvent, thus, is reverse osmosis.

6. OZONATIONOzonation is the strongest oxidizer and disinfection agent which acts on broad spectrum of microbiological organisms. Oxyrich is disinfected by 0.3 ppm of ozone. Ozone is 30000 times more effective than chlorine. Use of chlorine is eco unfriendly and produces THMs (tri-halomethanes) in water, which can cause cancer. O3 is an unstable molecule which readily gives up one atom of oxygen providing a powerful oxidizing agent which is toxic to most waterborne organisms. It is a very strong, broad spectrum disinfectant that is widely used in Europe. It is an effective method to inactivate harmful protozoa that form cysts. It also works well against almost all other pathogens. Ozone is made by passing oxygen through ultraviolet light or a

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"cold" electrical discharge. To use ozone as a disinfectant, it must be created on-site and added to the water by bubble contact. Some of the advantages of ozone include the production of fewer dangerous by-products (in comparison to chlorination) and the lack of taste and odour produced by ozonisation. Although fewer by-products are formed by Ozonation, it has been discovered that the use of ozone produces a small amount of the suspected carcinogen bromate, although little bromine should be present in treated water. Another of the main disadvantages of ozone is that it leaves no disinfectant residual in the water. Ozone has been used in drinking water plants since 1906 where the first industrial Ozonation plant was built in Nice, France.

PRODUCTION OF BOTTLESThe bottles used for the filling of water are manufactured in the plant itself .Bottles in pre stage are small tubes ,they are moved by blow air system .In this the bottles moved by blowing air on them.these tubes are blown with hot air and are holded in moldes .due to this hot air the tube gets the shape of the molde,this moldes may be of size of 500ml,1ltr,2ltr,etc. After blowing hot air the bottle are again blown with cool air and cooled down to tempreture of 10 deegre celcius .after this the bottles are cleaned with water.This production line of producing bottles is fully automated.

PROCESS OF FILLING OF WATER IN BOTTLESThe cleaned bottles are filled with purified water and are closed with caps in the same machine,the caps of bottles are sealed for surity .after filling the bottles there is a light test,in this test light is passed through the bottles and a person checks the bottles .he checks the water filled in,purity,damage to bottle,etc.Then the bottles are moved on conveyer belt.the bottles now go for labeling.the labeling is done with automated machine,glue is used for putting the labels.the counting of botles is done at every stage while producing them,filling them,labling them ,etc. After labling with the help of lazer printing Date, price and manufacturing details are printed on bottles.after this they are checked again.

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PROCESS OF PACKAGING The process of packing is done by a specialised packing machine known as ‘Case Over Packer Machine’at one time this machine packs three cartons of twelve bottles.this machine works with the help of sensors.

STORAGEThe plant has its own warehouse capacity of 1.5 lakhs.

DEMAND AND SUPPLYThe deamand for the type of product is considered and and the production is done as per demand of market.Supply is continious the warehouse does not get half filled also.

CONCLUSION Finally I conclude by saying that company is progressing well as it can be seen by the continous progress of the company as within very small duration from the beginning of company in the year 2003. Today, company is standing with its 14 branches in different parts of india with increasing popularity and sales due to its goodwill in today’s competitive market.the company has turnover of more than 1000 crore. These indexes are enough to reflect the possition and progress of the company

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INDUSTRIAL VISIT

JAGGERY MANUFACTURING PLANTWADE BOLAI, PUNE

(ARRANGED ON 22ND DEC, 2011)

Jiggery or "Gur" or whole sugar is a pure, wholesome, traditional, unrefined, whole sugar. It contains the natural goodness of minerals and vitamins inherently present in sugarcane juice & this crowns it as one of the most wholesome and healthy sugars in the world. Jiggery is a typical Indian product with several uses in daily food preparations and it is also used to make many sweet food preparations.

Flow Chart of Jiggery Manufacturing Unit

1. Cutting the sugar canes from the field.

2. Feeding the grinder to extract juice.

3. Boiling the juice

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4. Tray feeding

5. Jiggery output

6. Packing of output.

Process of Jiggery ManufacturingThe juice is extracted from fresh sugarcane. The extraction of the

juice is done manually but with a help of a wooden machine which we usually find on roads especially during summer seasons. The villagers used a tractor for extraction of the juice from the sugarcane. The waste of sugarcane is in turn used for burning the flames under a big shallow pan. The juice is brought to the pan with the help of big containers. The consistency of the juice becomes thick and then it is poured into the small to medium sized iron or aluminum cans where blocks of jaggery are formed after cooling. The molten form of jaggery is known as kakavi which is cooked for almost for 1

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½ hours before the actual texture of the jaggery is obtained. The yellow colour of jaggery comes from the chemical named hydroxyl powder. While cooking the mixture the foam which comes on the top is kept on the side as garbage. In a day the make 10 pans of jaggery in behind each ton the make a profit of almost Rs. 1200. Size of the blocks can vary from 1 kg to 12 kgs. Finally, these blocks are packed in gunny bags. From 100 kgs of sugarcane, 10 kgs of jaggery is made.It is not possible for each and every farmer who cultivates sugarcane, to depend on a sugar factory to purchase their canes, and more over the huge machineries, manpower and investment is involved in manufacturing sugar and Jiggery.

Conclusion:The visit to Jaggery Manufacturing Unit was a very important visit. They showed us how the Jaggery is made in a village? this manufacturing unit was so small and it has less employee and also the raw material which is sugar cane was cultivated beside that manufacturing unit and it was easy to bring that raw material to crushing machine and also when the Jaggery is produce it directly sell to the market it means that it does not have any special customer or market for it.

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INDUSTRIAL VISIT

KRAN RADER KHARADI, PUNE

(ARRANGED ON 17TH FEBRUARY. 2012)

IntroductionWestern India Forgings Group is an ISO 9001:2008 certified, global supplier of heat treated, machined forgings and assemblies, with 4 manufacturing Plants located in Pune, India. WIF supplies quality forgings with a short delivery period to locations all over the globe including North America, South America, Asia and Europe.

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KEY FACTS Fully integrated forging facility Over $20 million USD in exports Total number of employees over 700 Total Manufacturing Space over 300,000 sq. feet Customized ERP system Customized forging from1kg to 10,000 kgs Installed capacity is over 80,000 Tons per year Profile of the factory we visited:-Name of factory Kran Rader Pvt. Ltd.

Activities Hardcore engineering

Address 29-Jan, Kharadi Village, Off. Pune-Nagar Road, Pune, 110014, India

Contact Mr. Nitin RajoreChief Operations Officer

Tell. No.  91-20- 3251. 7323

Products Gears, Shafts, Flats, Gearbox, Rotor Shafts, Ring Rolled Parts etc.

In our third industrial visit, we went to Kran Rader Pvt. Ltd. which is a hardcore engineering industry. Kran Rader is a forging company which offers finished forgings to the domestic market as well as a growing export market. It has job production type of process which is suitable for such type of industry.The Company manufacture products like discs, sleeves, plates, stepped shafts, hubs, upset block, Hook blocks snatch blocks etc. The end users of these forgings are Heavy Engineering Industries which use this item as heavy duty crank shaft, shafts, grunions, gears, pinion rings, rotor shafts, and piston rods and so on. The company products are widely used where components require high strength and toughness.It employs the work force of more than 300 labors and staff of highly capable and efficient employees and managers (includes different department’s heads and HR personnel). The factory runs 24 hours to attain

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the maximum figures of high production and due to this workers works in 3 shifts each of 8 hours.

Types of Product Manufactured

PRODUCTS MAX WEIGHTCLOSED DIE FORGINGSHammers 1-10 ton 1-250 kgPresses 2500T-4000T 5-25 kgPress 4400T 200-1500 kgOPEN DIE FORGINGSHammers 1-5 T 5-8000 kgPress 1600 ton Zdas Up to 10000 kgPress 4400 ton 150-3500 kgRING ROLLED FORGINGS Up to 3000 kgMACHINED COMPONENTS As per customer specification

There are four types of process 1) Closed Die Forgings2) Open Die Forgings3) Ring Rolled Forgings4) Machined Components

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QUALITY POLICYAt Kran-Rader Pvt. Ltd. Pune strive to satisfy our customer by meeting their specified requirements and expectation about product in terms of quality, delivery and price in a continuous and consistent manner as well as statutory and regulatory requirements. To fulfill the stated requirement of the quality policy, we train and motivate our employees to implement QMS and to continually improve its effectiveness.

ORGANISATIONAL SETUP

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CUSTOMER MARKET SEGMENTS:-Kran Rader supplies a diverse range of forgings to the following Industry Segments OIL & GAS GEAR INDUSTRIES RAILWAYS HEAVY INDUSTRIES (CEMENT, STEEL, SUGAR, TURBINE) DEFENCE CONSTRUCTION & MINING PROCESS & PETRO-CHEMICAL INDUSTRIESQUALITY:- Quality Assurance is a culture and a way of life in KRPL Quality Assurance Plans are implemented for all forgings as per customer requirement KRPL is a Self – Certified supplier to: Tata Growth Shop Tractors Engineers Limited

Fisher Sanmar Hansen

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Approved supplier of Bearing Shells for Indian Railways Research and Design Organization.

MATERIAL PURCHASE:- MAHINDRA UGINE STEEL CO. LTD. STEEL AUTHORITY OF INDIA LTD. FACOR STEEL LTD(Steel Inventory) Over 2000 Metric Tons Steel availability and delivery Direct relationship with MDs of suppliers ensures timely supply of required quality material. KRPL is a significant and growing customer for the steel millsOriginal Mill Test Certificates with every supply.

EQUIPMENTS

4400 TON PRESS

8 TON CLOSE DIE HAMMER

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CONCLUSIONS KRPL is a proven, quality supplier for Wellhead Equipment forgings

Over 35 years of Forging experience Growing export customer base

CAMERON GROUP PCC EUROVALVE FLOWTRON, THE NETHERLANDS GOSS INTERNATIONAL MALBRANQUE – FRANCE HANSEN

KRPL’s proximity to Singapore and the Middle East enables it to cost effectively and efficiently serve the needs of its Oil and Gas customers.

INDUSTRIAL VISIT

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ULTRATECH CEMENT PLANTWAGOLHI, PUNE

(ARRANGED ON 17TH FEBRUARY, 2012)

IntroductionUltra tech Concrete is a part of Aditya Birla Groups. The first plant of

ultra tech concrete was started in Hyderabad in year 1991. In Pune and PCMC it has overall 5 Ready Mix Concrete Plants. Their vast experience in cement production, using state of art technology has helped them in meeting the requirements of the customers by providing a variety of specialized cements to suit different needs.About Ultra-tech Concrete Cement Plant (Wagholi, Pune)

We visited the Ultra Tech Company which is a part of Aditya Birla Group whose branch is at Wagholi is Pune. It is a ready mix concrete plant. The plant in wagholi was started in 2003. Their turnover is 6 crore per year. The major clients of Ultra Tech Concrete are as follows:-a) Infosys Technologies.b) K-Raheja commercial zone.c) Tech-Mahindra.d) MES works.e) Indian Railways.

The Competitors of ultra-tech concrete are a) La forges (RMC of Larsen And Turbi)b) RMC Indiac) Godrej and Boyce.d) ACC cement.

Whom did we meet and what did they speak?We met Anup Agarwal who is the branch manager. He gave us a brief talk on UltraTech from its origin till its present hold in the global market.Later we were guided by plant supervisors Mr. Shrikant from brick section and Mr.Patil from readymix concrete section who helped us in knowing the production process.

Concrete is a hardened building material created by combining a binder i.e. cement (commonly Portland cement), aggregate (generally gravel and sand), water and admixtures. Although people commonly use the word cement as a synonym for concrete, it is only one of several components in modern concrete. As concrete dries, it acquires a stone-like consistency that

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makes it ideal for constructing roads, bridges, water supply and sewage systems, factories, airports, railroads, waterways, mass transit systems, skyscrapers and other structures.

Concrete is used more than any other man made material on the planet. It was in 1824, when Joseph Aspdin and Isaac Charles Johnson refined synthetic cement, that Portland cement came into existence. However, it was not widely used until World War II, when several large docks and bridges were constructed. Production process of concrete at the Wagholi plant:-

Ultra-tech cement concrete is manufactured at state of art computerized automatic batching and mixing plants with contemporary technology.The process of production is as follows:-1) Entire process in the plant is fully computerized, leaving no scope for human errors. All the central system is computer based.2) Cement and other raw materials are checked as per quality plan.3) All the raw materials are started in separate compartments or bins and are stored under cover so that aggregates are not exposed to environmental threats.4) Cement. Fly Ash, Slag etc are stored in separate silos for better control on recipe or composition.5) Handling of fly ash and slag are done from closed bunkers to silos directly.

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6) Separate weighing batches are provided for each material like cement, water, admixtures and aggregates. 7) Environment and eco-friendliness is also focused on at the plant. All silos are installed with bag filters and level indicators to avoid any kind of pollution.8) Well trained and experience engineers are available at the plant to take care of the quality of concrete.

Raw Materials Used For Concrete:-1).CEMENT:-

The plant uses fresh cement which is directly procured from the state of art cement plants mainly through cement bulkers which is turn is pumped, directly into ultra-tech concrete silos, thus protecting it from environment and humidity.2) Course Aggregates:-

Ultra tech concrete directly sources the aggregates from selected and approved suppliers and these aggregates are tested as per I.S stipulations at regular intervals for1) Shape size and gradation.2) Impact value and rushing value test for testing their strength.3) Fine Aggregate:-

Ultra tech concrete directly purchases sand from selected and approved suppliers.The sand is tested as per I.S stipulations at regular intervals for 1) Moisture content2) Gradation for fineness modular’s.3) Silt Content.4) Water:-

Ultra tech concrete tests the quality of water as per BIS standards; at frequent intervals and in case water needs any treatment, water purifiers are used.5) Mineral Admixtures:-

In ultra tech concrete plants, mineral admixtures are obtained from proven souses conforming to relevant BIS standards. High tech facilities are used for collection, transportation and storage to avoid contamination clue to environment or other sources. 6) Chemical Admixtures:-

In ultra tech concrete, plants, high quality admixtures are used in concrete. During mixing to improve certain properties of fresh concrete such

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as workability and setting time. Various chemical are also added to increase its quality value and content value.

7) Workability of Concrete:-In ultra-tech concrete the workability is properly controlled through

scientific methods with the help of admixtures.8) Transportation:-

The transport of concrete from its place of mixing to the delivery point is very critical, as there are chances of concrete drying out and losing its workability.

Ultra-tech Concrete transports concrete from its ready mix concrete plants with the help of transit mixers to the site. Transit mixers mix the ingredients of the concrete on the route or just before delivery on the batch..OTHER PRODUCTS PRODUCED BY THE COMPANY:-1) Are Concrete bricks:- i) These bricks are available in two sizes 4 inches and 6 inches.ii) The changes in size of the brick is made available to consumer on their preferences.iii) The bricks have a life span of fourteen days and need to be transported to the market or used within that period.iv) The coot of 4 inch brick= Rs.4 each and 6 inch brick is = Rs.6 each.v) The company produces around 35,000- 40,000 bricks per day.

ConclusionThe industrial visit arranged by the college to ultra-tech concrete cement plant was very informative. The engineer over there explained us all the workings and process of preparation of cement. He also explained us the materials used, the machines and technology used to prepare the cement. The plant engineer showed us the entire automated technology used to control the plant.

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GUEST

LECTURES

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GUEST LECTURE I

Topic: International BusinessDate: 30th November, 2011Speaker: Mr. Mahesh Sane

Profile of the Speaker:The Chief Speaker for the event was Mr. Mahesh Mane, Winner in

Management Institution for Situational Analysis. He is a visiting faculty in renowned Management Colleges since the year 2009.He has also Logistics and Planning Buying or Selling at the International level. The Chief Speaker was welcomed by a student and the BBA Coordinator Ms. Pinky Agarwal, by presenting him with a bouquet of flowers.Content of the seminar: The Chief Speaker started the seminar with a PowerPoint presentation which he had prepared for the event. At the beginning of the presentation the students were asked the meaning of “International Business”. He students gave accurate answers such as expanding of one’s business, buying and selling worldwide, etc. In the next slide he discussed about the three main alphabets which are important in today’s business world scenario and those three alphabets are “L”, “P” and “G” which respectively stand for Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization. The points were discussed as follows:-

Liberalization:- Opening sectors for foreign investors:-In1990-1991 when India and the other

developing countries were facing a financial crisis the International

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Monetary Fund (IMF) and other financial institutions pressurized the developing countries to enter into globalization which led to acceptance of LPG by the year 1991.

FDI (Foreign Direct Investments):- Foreign capital investors invest their capital in India and thus carry the earned profits in their own countries in their own currency.

FDII(Foreign Direct Institutional Investors)

Privatization:- Disinvestment Government is allowing private organizations to enter into specified sectors.

He also said that 21 years back on Indian television there was only one channel named “Doordarshan” but as time passed by new channels entered into Indian television industry thus providing more than 350+ channels on India’s television screens. Even scooters had a waiting period of 2-5 years and for BSNL landline connections had a waiting period of 6 months-5 years and which had a call rate of Rs. 16 for incoming and Rs 32 for outgoing calls. In the earlier years the Government invested almost 100% in the insurance and the telecom industry but as it noticed that the two industries were not doing well it started selling the shares of the above companies in which they had invested. This is known as Disinvestment. The same picture was found in the private sectors such as railways.

Globalization:- One world one market-business to be expanded worldwide Think globally act locally-even if your products are reaching globally you

should start your business at your home country.

As India is an authorized member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) we do not face many barriers in international trade. India is a leader in outsourcing refers to working of one’s abilities to others. U.S outsources its information 50% to India, China & Brazil. Currently Infosys is handling clients from Australia. America, Japan & Germany are leaders in automobile industry. The engine of the automobile industry is manufactured in U.S which is exported to China and to other countries.

IMPORT & EXPORTPetroleum Products from Agricultural products

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Gulf countries & West Africa Technology I.T SolutionsGold diamonds

Petroleum products rose up to Rs.30 in the last 2 months and fell down to Rs 20 in the previous month. He also said that the above mentioned product prices fluctuate every day, every week and every month. He also said that it is agreed that although India is in the forefront of I.T sectors it is still lagging in the Research & Development sector. It has also been noticed that India is investing almost 60% of its total revenue in the Bullion Market. India mostly supplies raw materials of its agricultural products to foreign countries. India is an expert in the field Business Process Outsourcing.

DIVISION OF THE WORLD

DEVELOPED COUNTRIES

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

UNDER DEVELOPING COUNTRIES (SOME ASIAN & AFRICAN COUNTRIES)

The global business in the whole world is controlled by the G8 countries i.e. Great countries. Whenever new technology is introduced it is always introduced for the first time in developed countries so as to maximize the profits of these industries. So as result a new technology which is introduced in the developing countries thus becomes outdated in the developed countries .E.g. Dell Computers introduced its first range of computers in the U.S so the response was very good which thus led to maximize the profits of the respective industry.The above scenario is known as “Business Cycles used for International Business”

SIGNIFICANCE OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS

Government:-1. Economic Growth;

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2. Foreign Exchange;3. Employment Generation.

Today India needs to enter into International Business so as to sustain economic growth. The rate of Indian Rupee in the Foreign Exchange has fell down to Rs.52=$1.Investment of common man in a particular company in its shares has forced all the companies to perform well and capture a maximum market share.

Organization:-1. Entire globe became a market;2. Diversification;3. Revenue in foreign currency;4. Global brand.

Conclusion:After the presentation of the speaker there was a Question-Answer session between the students and the speaker to which the speaker answered enthusiastically. After this a vote of thanks was given and the seminar was concluded.

GUEST LECTURE II

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Topic: Supply Chain and LogisticsDate: 3rd December, 2011Speaker: Mr. Keshav Limaye

Profile of the Speaker: The Chief Speaker for the event was Mr. Keshav Limaye, Graduate in Physics in the Pune University. He graduated in the year 1978. He is a visiting faculty in colleges from the last 2 years. He has also topped in the field of Logistics. He has also worked with companies like V.I.P leaders in making of luggage bags for 20 years and Sharada motors. The Chief Speaker was welcomed by a student and the BBA Coordinator Ms. Pinky Agarwal, by presenting him with a bouquet of flowers.

Content of the seminar: The Chief Speaker started the seminar with a PowerPoint presentation which he had prepared for the event. He started the event with the subject of “SUPPLY CHAIN” with the introduction as under

Supply chain is link that involves directly or indirectly all parties working towards customer request.

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SUPPLY COSTPURCHASE PRODUCTION DISTRIBUTION

It includes transporters and even customers. The function includes New Product Development (NPD), Operation, Distribution, finance and customer service. It is a dynamic function involving flow of goods and information and fund flow. Primary purpose is to satisfy customer and generate money for itself. Most supply chain have supply network, a supply web involving many supply vendors…up to final customer.

Network of Process/OperationV.I.P Industries The Chief Speaker gave us the information that V.I.P Industries a leading luggage bag manufacturer had a strong supplier base of 75 suppliers who buy from another 200 suppliers and they have a wide variety of luggage bags as per the customers’ needs. The functions were discussed as under:-

Inbound Purchases, Strategic sourcing, NPDInternal Forecast, Aggregate planning, Inventory control,

Production planning, Storage.

Outbound Distribution Network, Transport, Warehousing, Sales, Logistics

THE DRIVERS ARE AS DISCUSSED BELOW:-Logistical/Physical Facilities, Inventories, TransportCross-functional Information, Sourcing, Pricing

The objectives are as follows:-1. Maximum overall valuation generation surplus.2. Management of flows (information, Production and funds)…to make

maximum total supply chain profitability.3. Analyze intermediaries, question their existence and justify

expenditure, finally to enhance profitability.4. Supply Chain Design Responsive or Effective depends on customer

need and roles played by supply chain partners E.g.:- DELL- Customers, Suppliers, Manufacturers, Sale, and Customers.V.I.P:- Customer, Retail, Distribution, Manufacturer, Supplier.

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The U.S retail stores hardly have any intermediaries resulting into extensive profitability whereas large retailers in India we have a large number of intermediaries resulting in reduction of profits.In today’s world there are large numbers of retailers spread across large geography selling mixed products.Importance of Supply Chain decisions:-Wal-Mart, DELL success stories in Supply Chain.Wal-Mart

Heavy investment in transport, IT effect, flow of information and goods.

Cluster of stores around Developed Countries sharing information and collaboration with suppliers for cost reduction and availability.

1980 sales $1bn 2004 $250 bn Net Profit $1 bnDELL

Bypass distribution wholesale. Direct sale to customer. Central manufacturing and investment.

DELL Sales $2.9 bn Assets $60 mn Sales $3.5

Designing, Planning, Operation and Decision Phases

He also explained the students abut the different phases involving in the supply chains designs which are mainly dependent on markets and pricing of different commodities. The supply chain planning is allotted a time span of almost Quarterly or Yearly basis. This mainly involves focusing on markets, supply chain decision, supply chain operation. Decision on industrial customers/orders, handling of increased orders and last but not the least, proper allocation of investment. LOGISTICS

In the historical times during the 17th century the French used the word “logistics” as the art of moving armies.

The U.S coined the word during World War-2 It is used to refer movement of Raw Material/Input from suppliers to

manufacturing location (also within various operations) of Finished Goods to warehouses stock points, customers.

IMPORTANCE Meeting of customers demands in terms and space utility. Turnover costs to value profitability.1. Increasing service level.2. Accelerating speed of launching products.

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3. Entering new markets faster.4. Global nature of business.

SCOPE1. Intangible service involves making tangible products avail in place and time

dimension.Countries Logistics Cost to GDP

ratioShare of 3PL

China and India 13-15 <10U.S. 9.9 57Europe 10 30-40Japan 11.4 80

*3PL-3rd Party Logistics

FUNCTION

Order process. Inventory Management. Warehousing. Transportation. Material handling and Storage System. Logistical Packaging. Information Management.

OBJECTIVE

Inventory Reduction. Relative and consistent delivery of performance. Freight Economy. Minimum damage. Quick Response.Logistics needs conceptualization and implementation of solution tuning to needs of customer.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN 3PL-4PL3PL-Performs one or more logistics activities relating to flow of products, information or funds, transport, warehouse and I.T within supply chain.4PL-An integrator that assembles the resources capabilities and techniques of its own organization and other organization to design and built.

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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LOGISTICS AND SUPPLY CHAIN

LOGISTICS SUPPLY CHAINPhysical bond Mental and emotional bondingFree flow of production information and cost

Capacity to allow this flow

Synomous with flow within and between

Leads to integration of flow

Ensures opportunity Creates opportunitiesEnsures cost efficiency Ensures competitivenessGuarantees quality of customer level Guarantees quality at production

levelSatisfies market Creates the market

AND FINALLY…… Logistics operations may continue irrespective of whether or not

enterprise follows supply chain philosophy or not. Success of supply chain is greatly dependent on logistics.

CONCLUSION:At the end the Chief speaker invited questions from the audience but as the speaker had made the subject so clear that no one asked any questions the seminar concluded after giving of a vote of thanks to the speaker.

GUEST LECTURE III

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Topic: Paradigm shifts in MarketingDated: 7th Jan, 2012Speaker: Mr. Praful Dave

Profile of the Speaker:Mr. Dave has completed his MA, Mphil, PGDMA, DMA and DMM.

Mr. Dave has served the Indian force for 10 years. Since past 29 years Mr. Dave is with the corporate sector, presently Deputed Director of Serum Institute, Poonawala Group.

Since past 20 years Mr. Dave is a visiting faculty for various Institutes like Bajaj College of Management, NM College, SIES, Chetna College, MGM Institute, IES College, MET College, etc.

Mr. Dave has been conducting guest lectures at various places like IIM, Ahmedabad.

Content of the seminar:He started the seminar with an incidence from his own school days.

He said that when he went to the school for the first time and sat on the first bench and when the teacher asked him a question and when he did not know the answer the teacher punished him in front of the whole class. From the next day onwards he started sitting on the second, third and in this process he ended up sitting on the last bench where the whole world would laugh at him. This in turn would affect the enthusiasm and would make him feel more insecure. He said that everyone should lead his life the way he wants

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and with adequate amount of security which means that you should do only those things that he feels are correct as long as he feels that he is on the right track. The most important thing today in every one’s life is systematic politics i.e. no corruption or bribing anyone for illegal matters. He reminded us of old quote “One dirty fish in the pond dirties the whole pond” in the student context he meant to say that if one good student enters the group which has got into in to all sorts of bad habits such as drug addiction etc it will not take time for him to follow the same which will in turn spoil his image. It is said that that the dog expresses his happiness through his tail. The same is with human nature, normally he runs for money and not for knowledge, but this should be the other way round where he should run for knowledge and not for money as knowledge is an asset which can be preserved for years whereas money comes and goes with time. For applying for a job we must choose a company which offers a wider scope for innovation as well as freedom of ideas which will enhance the creativity of the candidate thus working in the company. He gave the students the quote “I persist till I succeed” which means that you have to try till you do not obtain the desired results with time as you have planned yourselves to achieve the desired result. The 5 Ps relating to the quote were as follows: - P: - pyaas or thirst for knowledge; P: -prayatana or efforts to get the knowledge; P: -prapti or the achievement of knowledge; P: - purnata or the completeness of the knowledge we have; P: -prem or the love you show towards others even if you have much more knowledge than them. He advised the students to live by the aptitude of MBA i.e. marvadi by aptitude which means that only investment in knowledge can reap you benefits and nothing else. He added the quote of “Living in attention deficiency era” which means that you should have knowledge of your own surroundings and area and then the knowledge of the outside world. Swami Dayanand Saraswati the founder of Arya Samaj said that you yourself should try and recognize your own strengths and work on them to make them stronger. He gave us the full form of MARKET which is as follows:M- More; A-all rounded; R-rate; K-kind; E-encourage; T-team

The 4Cs of marketing are: C-cost; C-convenience; C-communicate

To ensure that your product does well in the market you should place your product in such an area where it would establish itself as a unique product and distinct from others. The difference between consumers and customers is that consumer is the one who consumes different types of

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product and customer is the one who buys the same product over a period of time. A lovely human being is the one who is paradine towards his weakness which means that we should identify our own weakness rather than others identifying them. Our major part of communication lies in the following: 40% consists of listening, 30% consists of body language which has 87000 types, 20% of verbal and 10% of writing. When Winston Churchill was the Prime Minister of England and whenever the army went for a war he used to tell him only five words and those were, “never, never, never give up”. Communication, knowledge and skill are directly proportionate to one another. He gave the full form of TEA which is as follows: -T- Time management, target and technology.E- Energy, empathy and ego drive.A- Attitude is proportionate to aim.

The full form of ANSWER is as follows: -A- Air(breathing technique)N- Nutritional toolS- Sun signW- WaterE- ExerciseR- Relaxation.

For the topic of Human Resources he gave the example of Chak De! India where Shah Rukh Khan uses the formation/housing/storming and performing strategy to manage all the team members in a successful manner and helps them to emerge as a most successful hockey team in the whole country.

At the end he gave a list of harmful food that we should not eat such as bread, pizza, samosa etc, etc. And nutritional food such as jowar, bajra, garlic Passion Quotient, Spiritual Quotient and Intelligence Quotient.

Final Conclusion

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The entire industrial exposure helped us to broaden our outlook and attain a lot of practical experience. The visits to the industries showed us how exactly the production process is carried out in the industries, how various policies and strategies are implemented for human resources, raw materials, transportation and quality control.

We also observed that the cooperative sector industries did not invest as heavily as the private limited companies. The private industries had a number of safety and environmental regulations as compared to the cooperative sectors. We observed how optimum utilization of raw materials is carried out in a systematic manner. Another very important aspect was time management and adherence to high quality standards.

Thus, in conclusion this project has helped us to a great extent to climb up the learning curve of education.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The above information for the preparation of the industrial exposure report is taken from the following sources:

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www.google.com www.wikipedia.com www.manikchandoxyirich.com www.westernindiaforgings.com www.ultratech.com www.kranrader.com

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