industrial uses
TRANSCRIPT
Industrial UsesPetroleum
and Kerosene
The Petroleum Age• The petroleum industry produces a diverse range of materials
that are essential to our modern life.
• Petroleum is the source of many important materials known as petrochemicals or petroleum products.
• The most prominent application of petroleum products is in their use as fuels
• However there are many more applications of petrochemicals
Petro-FUELS
Petroleum Fuels• There are numerous fuels that are derived from crude oil.
• Different fuels have different properties and therefore are used for distinct purposes. (i.e. different vehicles require different fuels)
• Some of these fuels include: petrol, LPG, diesel, kerosene (jet fuel) and fuel oils
The Internal Combustion Engine
• Burning a hydrocarbon gives off heat, water and carbon dioxide.
• Modern engines take advantage of the heat released by the combustion of hydrocarbons in order to power things such as cars and machinery.
• The heat energy is converted into mechanical energy which in turn operates the pistons that drive the mechanisms of the apparatus.
The General Formula of Combustion
• The equation for the combustion of hydrocarbons is given by the following:
• The amount of heat, water and carbon dioxide is determined by the length of the carbon chain and the properties of the hydrocarbon.
HeatCO O)H2
( )O4
(HC 2(g)(g)22(g)(g) xyy
xyx
How the Engine Works
• Most engines in cars these days are “four stroke”
• The liquid fuel vaporises and mixes with air in the combustion chamber.
• This mixture is compressed and then a spark triggers combustion.
• The piston is forced downwards and then moves up again to expel the waste products of H2O and CO2.
The Four Strokes
Petrol as a Fuel
• Petrol is the most common fuel.
• Used in most modern cars.
• Contains carbon chains between 6 and 12. But is primarily comprised of Octane, C8H18.
• Equation of combustion:/mol-5468.49KJH CO8 OH9 O21HC 2(g)(g)22(g)18(g)8
2
1
Diesel as a Fuel
• Diesel is used primarily in trucks.
• This is because it is more efficient and can be taken advantage of during long cargo routes
• Contains carbon chains of around 12 to 18. Is commonly estimated to C14H30.
• Equation of combustion:
l-8712KJ/moHCO14 OH15 O21HC 2(g)(g)22(g)0(g)3142
1
Non Fuel Petrochemical Use
Non Fuel Petroleum Products
• Petrochemicals are not limited to serving only as fuels.
• Pesticides, plastics, fibres, solvents, paints, glue, fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, bitumen, asphalt, lubricants, synthetic rubbers and explosives all are derived from petroleum products
• Many byproducts from the refinery of petroleum are used to produce a diverse range of versatile materials, here are just a few.
Petroleum Jelly
• Known as soft paraffin (or Vasoline), a cream like mix of hydrocarbons with chain lengths above 25 Carbons.
• Resists oxidation and is used to coat metals.
• Used cosmetically to protect skin, can also seal wounds.
• May be employed as a lubricant but potentially “gums” up.
Lubricating Oils• Blends of Hydrocarbons with just less than 20 carbons.
• Do not vaporise at standard temperatures and will remain liquid even at 121˚C.
• Reduce wear and friction between moving parts in a piece of equipment.
• Lubricate machinery and vehicles which operate at high temperatures.
Plastics
• Polymerised chains of hydrocarbons become plastics.
• A single Polymer can contain over 100,000 molecules of its constituent monomer.
• PolyEythlene (Ethlyene), PolyPropylene (Propylene) and Polystryene (Stryrene), are three of the most common plastics, (the monomers have been given in brackets).
• Plastics can be molded into an abundance of items, including, computer housing, car parts, toys, containers, prothestics, cds, dvds, etc.
What Plastics Look like…
• …on a molecular scale
Solvents
• Solvents dissolve substances
• Work on the principle that “like dissolves like”
• Hydrocarbon solvents are ideal for cleaning greasy and oily residue, due to this principle.
• Most cleaners contain some form of petrochemical for this purpose
Kerosene
Kerosene
• Kerosene, most notably used in jet engines as a fuel base.
• Predominantly used as a heating oil for lamps in the early 1900s.
• Has several more applications and is representative of the versatility of petroleum products.
Kerosene in the Fuel of Jets• Jet fuel is not solely comprised of kerosene.
• Many additives such a benzene and toluene are added to increase the favourable properties of kerosene, which includes its resistance to gelling.
• Its high enthalpy makes it ideal for jet speed flight.
• Jet engines (gas turbines) use the combustion of kerosene with air to achieve motion
• Equation of Combustion:
l-7513KJ/moH CO13 OH12 OHC 2(g)(g)22(g)26(g)122
37
Kerosene – the Other Uses
• Solvent, particularly for tar and grease
• Pesticide, its low density allows it float on water and suffocate mosquito larvae
• Heating oil, combustion of kerosene is used for camp stoves, heating units and some lamps
Environmental Consequences
• Combustion of kerosene produces the greenhouse gases CO2
and water vapour
• When used as a pesticide endangers other flora and fauna
• Volatile and can cause fires especially when used in a camp stove or lamp.
• Products of Petroleum often not biodegradable, such as plastics, synthetic rubbers, oils, paints, glues and solvents.