A.P. U.S. HistoryMr. Krueger

Industrial to Progressive

How did machinery revolutionize American Culture?Job AspectsFocus on Machines?How did the U.S. fare in comparison to the other

industrial powers of Europe?Did the government support Industrialization?New Idea: Interchangeable parts

How important were Railroads?Steamships?Communications?Difference from European railroads?Did the government sponsor railroads?

A Machine Culture

Cornelius VanderbiltJ.P. MorganAndrew CarnegieJohn RockefellerGeorge EastmanThomas Edison

Group Work

Women and Children in the workplaceHorrid conditions and long hoursLabor Unions

Unrest and strikesCourt CasesHaymarket RiotHomestead strike Pullman Strike

Earning a Wage

Cities became the symbol of New AmericaGlass and Steel frames allowed the construction of

Skyscrapers.Electric elevators were first used in 1871.Immigrants crowded into the cities, but were forced to

live in the older sections. Nativist thoughts re-emerge.Ellis Island – major immigration station

Rigorous testing of immigrants – most feared was the eye exam for trachoma

Island of Hope, Island of Tears“Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses

yearning to be free.”

Immigration and Cities

Where did the new immigrants come from?

What was domestic life like for them?

What were important institutions for the new immigrant families?

Discussion

Political Machines helped the explosive growth of cities. Corruption grew as did political confusion over local government

responsibility. Political machines traded services for votes. Leaders of political machines were called “Bosses”

Tammany Hall Democratic Political Machine in New York Famous leader – William “Boss” Tweed and the Tweed Ring Plundered New York for tens of millions of dollars New York City County Courthouse Designed for $250,000

Costs ran higher – $5.5 million for furniture, carpet, and shades $180,000 for 40 chairs and 3 tables $1.5 million for plumbing fixtures $500,000 for plaster work $1 million to repair the plaster work

Total Bill - $2,870,464.06 – the six cents went to charity Actual cost – over 13 million dollars

Political machines did help the city – population doubled every decade and the machines helped to create infrastructure and provide for the burgeoning population.

George Washington Plunkitt – another leader of Tammany hall coined the phrase “honest graft.”

Tammany Hall

What was the changing role for women?

What did people do for entertainment?

How did higher education shape the United States?

What is Social Darwinism?

What are Settlement Houses and what did they do? What is a famous example?

Discussion

1880 -1900 – 150 new colleges openedMorrill Land Grant – large grants to states to establish

collegesThe act fostered 69 land grant institutions – including

the state universities of Wisconsin, California, Illinois, and Minnesota

Curriculum changed – more practicalWomen still fought for educational opportunities –

formed study clubsStudy clubs read Virgil, Chaucer, history, architecture,

and discussed women’s rightsGave rise to women in colleges after the Civil War

Exception: Dr. Edward Clarke (Harvard) argued learning made women sterile1900 – 40% of college students were women4 out of 5 colleges admitted women

Higher Education

Most did not accept minorities W.E.B. Dubois – African American sociologist and Civil Rights

leader – attended Harvard, but not fully accepted by institutions within the college

Booker T. Washington – Tuskegee Institute (Alabama) 1900 – a model agricultural and industrial school He called for slow progress through self improvement. Blacks

should acquire property, and show their worth. He believed in black equality.

Dubois proposed a more aggressive approach He examined crime and wrote a book, “The Philadelphia Negro” Crime for blacks stemmed from the slum environment Change the environment and people will change, education is

the key to equality! Encouraged blacks to: seek professions, seek civil rights, seek

college education. Called for integrated schools and to educate the “Talented

Tenth”

College Realities

High infant mortality rate, decreased fertility marked the time period. Depression and Labor Unrest

Henry George – “Progress and Poverty” – theory: land formed the basis of wealth, and few could become wealthy because the price of land rose. Poverty was evidence of sin, poor had themselves to blame and

God made the great to be great – common mindset Many challenge this and establish missions in the slums

Settlement Houses created. Hull house (Jane Adams) taught: education, Shakespeare,

English, art, sewing, life skills Robert Woods, Lillian Wald, Florence Kelly, Harriet Vittum Other crisis centers included: Churches, Charity Organizations,

and Community Chests“Melting Pot Theory” emerges

America as a house of “have” and “want” becomes a common metaphor

Progress and Poverty

Read Plessy vs. Ferguson pg. 567

Read Hardship and Heartache pg. 573

Reading…

Politics were a major source of entertainment in this time period – more people than ever could read, and more could vote.Discrimination was prevalent – literacy tests, Jim

Crow South.Party loyalties remained strong even after the Civil

War. Democrats regain footing and hold the House for many years.

Republicans sought civil rights and federal authority.

Democrats sought state’s rights and limited government

North and South voted along party lines

Politics…Again…

Interstate Commerce CommissionBland Allison Silver Purchase ActPendleton ActSherman Anti-Trust ActSherman Silver Purchase ActNational Farmers’ Alliance and Industrial

UnionOcala Demands

Group Discussion

Populist Party – reform partyMary E. Lease “raise less corn and more hell. If one

man has not enough to eat three times a day and another man has $25 million, that last man has something that belongs to the first.”

Populists worked to unite many people and change the policy of the Democratic Party.

Have a presidential nominee, but do not win the presidency. However, they have other politicians that get elected.

Very powerful protest and reform movements throughout history.Lost support and was broken during party realignment.

The People’s Party

Economy expanded to drastically. Companies grew beyond their market, Railroads overbuilt, businesses had borrowed beyond capacity.Panic of 1893 – New York Stock Market – investors

dumped 1 million shares of the Philadelphia and the Reading Railroad.

Leads to the worst economic downturn experienced so far.

People hurry to sell stocks and buy gold – depletes the U.S. Treasury – this slumps to, and past the $100 million gold mark in the treasury.People gather and the market plummets – “Industrial

Black Friday”The entire country suffers – banks revoke loans,

crops wither, prices fall. People grow angry at the government.

Crisis of Depression

“Battle of the Standards” – new voting patterns emerged – decisive and “exciting” politics

Free silver coinage was growing popular – offered a quick solution to the economic problems Independent coinage – the U.S. would mint silver regardless of all

other nations. Belief: more money in the economy = more economic activity.

Silver also was tied to a patriotic sense that if the U.S. adopted silver it would be independent of the world.

The Republicans advocated the Gold StandardBryan (Democrat) vs. McKinley (Republican)

Different Campaign ApproachesMcKinley triumphs

Economy grows – new techniques for mining gold and new gold discoveries in Alaska and Australia

Modern Presidency – new relations with Press, traveling across country

New Republican pledge – promote economic growth Gold Standard Act 1900

Election of 1896