INDUSTRIAL SOLVENTS HANDBOOKFifth Edition

Edited by

Ernest W. Flick

NOYES DATA CORPORATIONWestwood, New Jersey, U.S.A.

Copyright 8 1998 by Ernest W.Rick No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in r any form or by any means, electronic o mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 98-5137 ISBN: 0-8155-1413-1 Printed in the United States Published in the United States of America by Noyes Data Carporation Fairview Avenue, Westwood, New Jersey 07675

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Industrial solvents handbook / edited by Ernest W. Rick. -- 5th ed. p. an. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8155-1413-1 1. Solvents--Handbook, manuals, etc 1. Rick, Ernest W. TP247.5.153 1998 661'.807--dc21

98-5137

CIP

NOTICETo the best of our knowledge the information in this publication is accurate; however, the Publisher does not assume any r responsibility or liability for the accuracy o completeness of, or consequences arising from, such information. This book does not purport to contain detailed user instructions, and by its range and scope could not possibly do so. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the Author o Publisher. r industrial solvents could be toxic, and therefore due caution should always be exercised in the use of these potentially hazardous materials. Final determination of the suitability of any information or product for use contemplated by any user, and the manner of that use, is the sole responsibility of the user. We strongly recommend that users seek and adhere to a manufacturer's or supplier's current instructions for handling each material they use. The reader is cautioned to consult the supplier in case of questions regarding current availability.

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Contents and Subject Index.................................................................................. HYDROCARBON SOLVENTS ........................................................................ Paraffins .................................................................................... 2.1 Methane ......................................................................... 2.2 Ethane ........................................................................... 2.3 Propane .......................................................................... 2.4 lsobutane ......................................................................... 2.5 n-Butane ......................................................................... 2.6 2.2-Dimethylpropane ................................................................ 2.7 lsopentane ........................................................................ 2.8 n-Pentane ........................................................................ 2.9 2. 2-Dimethylbutane ................................................................. 2.10 2.3-Dimethylbutane ................................................................. 2.11 2-Methylpentane ................................................................... 2.12 3-Methylpentane ................................................................... 2.13 n-Hexane ....................................................................... 2.14 2.4-Dimethylpentane ............................................................... 2.15 2.3-Dimethylpentane ............................................................... 2.16 3-Methylhexane .................................................................. 2.17 n-Heptane ....................................................................... 2.18 2.2. 4-Trimethylpentane ............................................................. 2.19 2.3. 4-Trimethylpentane ............................................................. 2.20 Mixed Trimethylpentanes ............................................................ 2.21 Mixed Dimethylhexanes ............................................................. 2.22 n-Oxtane ........................................................................ 2.23 2.2. 5-Trimethylhexane .............................................................. 2.24 n-Nonane ....................................................................... 2.25 n-Decane ....................................................................... 2.26 n-Undecane ..................................................................... 2.27 n-Dodecane ..................................................................... 2.28 n-Tridecane ...................................................................... 2.29 n-Tetradecane .................................................................... 2.30 n-Pentadecane ................................................................... 2.31 n-Hexadecane ................................................................... 2.32 n-Heptadecane ................................................................... 2.33 n-Octadecane .................................................................... 2.34 n-Nonadecane ................................................................... 2.35 n-Elcosane ...................................................................... Cycloparaffins ............................................................................... 2.36 Cyclopentane ..................................................................... 2.37 Methylcyclopentane ................................................................ 2.38 Cyclohexane ..................................................................... 2.39 1.1-Dimethylcyclopentane ........................................................... 2.40 1.2- and 1.3-Dimethylcyclopentane .................................................... 2.41 Methylcyclohexane ................................................................. 2.42 trans-I. &Dimethylcyclohexane ....................................................... 2.43 cis-1 4-Dimethylcyclohexane ......................................................... 2.44 Mixed 1.4-Dimethylcyclohexanes ...................................................... 2.45 trans-1 2-Dimethylcyclohexane ....................................................... 2.46 cis-I 2-Dimethylcyclohexane ......................................................... 2.47 Mixed 1.2-Dimethylcyclohexane ....................................................... 2.48 Ethylcyclohexane .................................................................. 2.49 lsopropylcyclohexane ............................................................... Olefins ..................................................................................... 2.50 Ethylene ........................................................................INTRODUCTION 1 3 3 3 3 4 45

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5 6 7 7 8 8 9 10 11 11 12 12 12 13 13 13 14 14 15 15 16 16 17 17 17 18 18 18 18 19 19 19 20 20 21 22 22 23 23 23 24 24 25 25 26 27 27

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Contents and Subject Index2.51 2.52 2.53 2.54 2.55 2.56 2.57 2.58 2.59 2.60 2.61 2.62 2.63 2.64 2.65 2.66 2.67 2.68 2.69 2.70 2.71 2.72 2.73 2.74 2.75 2.76 2.77 2.78 2.79 2.80 2.81 2.82 2.83 2.84 2.85 2.86 2.87 2.88 2.89 2.90 2.91 2.92 2.93 2.94 2.95 Propylene Isobutylene Butene-1 trans-Butene-2 cis-Butene-2 Mixed 2-Butenes 3-Methylbutene-1 2-Methylbutene-1 Methylbutene-2 Pentene-1 cis-Pentene-2 trans-Pentene-2 Mixed 2-Pentenes 3.3-Dimethylbuten e-1 Mixed 2.3-Dimethylbutenes 4-Methylpentene-1 cis-4-Methylpentene-2 trans-4-Methylpentene-2 Mixed 4-Methyl-2-Pentenes ......................................................... 2-Methylpentene-1 2-Methylpentene-2 Hexene-1 cis-Hexene-2 .................................................................... Mixed 2-Hexenes Mixed 2- and 3-Hexenes Heptene-1 cis-Heptene-2 .................................................................... Mixed 2-Heptenes ................................................................. Mixed 3-Heptenes 2.4.4-Trirnethylpentene-1 2.4.4-Trirnethylpenten e-2 ........................................................... Mixed Diisobutylenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Octene-1 cis-Octene-2 ..................................................................... Mixed 2-Octenes Mixed Octenes Nonene-1 Decene-1 Undecene-1 ..................................................................... Dodecene-1 ..................................................................... Tridecene-1 Tetradecene-1 Butadiene-13 Isoprene Piperylene

....................................................................... ...................................................................... ........................................................................ ................................................................... ..................................................................... .................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................... ....................................................................... .................................................................... .................................................................. ................................................................. .............................................................. .......................................................... ................................................................ ............................................................. ........................................................... ................................................................ ................................................................ ....................................................................... ................................................................. ........................................................... ........................................................................................................................................ ...........................................................

27 27 28 28 28 29 29

3031 31 32 32 32 33 33 33

34 35 3536 36 37 37 37 38 38 38 39 39 39 40 40 41 41 41 42 42 42 42 42 43 43 43 44 44 44 44 45 46 46 47 47 47 48 48 49 49 50 50 51 51 51 52 53

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...................................................................... .................................................................... .................................................................... ........................................................................ ....................................................................... Cycloolefins ................................................................................. 2.96 Cyclopentene ..................................................................... 2.97 Cyclohexene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.98 4-Vinylcyclohexene-1 .............................................................. 2.99 Mixed Methylcyclohexenes ........................................................... 2.100 Cyclooctadiene-1. 5 ................................................................ Aromatics .................................................................................. 2.101 Benzene ........................................................................ 2.102 Toluene ......................................................................... 2.103 Ethylbenzene ..................................................................... 2.104 p-Xylene ......................................................................... 2.105 rn-Xylene ....................................................................... 2.106 o-Xylene ........................................................................ 2.107 Curnene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.108 n-Propylbenzene .................................................................. 2.109 Pseudocurnene ................................................................... 2.110 n-Butylbenzene ................................................................... 2.111 lsobutylbenzene ................................................................... 2.112 Hydrocarbon Solvents .............................................................. sec-Butylbenvene 2.113 tert-Butylbenzene .................................................................

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Contents and Subject Index2.114 1-Phenylbutene-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.115 sec-Amylbenzene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.116 Mixed Amylbenzenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Terpenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 17 DIPENTENE No. 122 Terpene Solvent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 18 SOLVENOL 2 Terpene Solvent ....................................................... 2.1 19 SOLVENOL 226 Terpene Solvent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.120 HERCULES Steam-Distilled Wood Turpentine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.121 HERCULES alpha-Pinene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.122 Selected Properties of Some Common Terpene Solvents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.123 Arizona Terpene Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ComparativeData . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amoco PANASOLSolvents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.124 2.125 Ashland Aliphatic and Aromatic Solvents ................................................ 2.126 Chemcentral Solvents (Aliphatic and Aromatic) ............................................ 2.127 Crowley Solvents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.128 Dynaloy Solvents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.129 Eastman Solvents and Diluents ....................................................... 2.130 Exxon Hydrocarbon Solvefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.131 Fina Aromatic Solvents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.132 Hoechst Celanese Methyl Isobutyl Ketone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.133 KendalVAmalie. Wlco Special Solvents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.134 Mobil Oil Aliphatic and Aromatic Solvents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.135 Penreco Hydrocarbon Solvents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.136 Phillips 66 Hibh P u r i i Hydrocarbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.137 Shell Chemical Solvents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.138 Sunoco Chemicals Solvents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.139 3M SCOTCH-GRIP Solvents No. 2 and No. 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.140 Total Petroleum Special Solvent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.141 UCARSolvents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.142 Unocal Aliphatic and Aromatic Hydrocarbons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.143 VistaLPASolvents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

xi54

5454 55 55 55 56 56 57 57 58 61 61 62 63 64 65 68 73 74 74 75 78 81 81 82 90 93 93 96 99 101 103 103 103 103 103 104 104 104 105 105 106 107 107 107 108 111 113 114 114 115 115 116 116 117 117 118 118 119 120 120 121 121

HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ChlorlnatedHydrocarbons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 AllylChlorice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 n-Amyl Chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 Mixed Amyl Chlorides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 Benzyl Chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 n-Butyl Chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 sec-Butyl Chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7 Butyryl Chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8 Caprylyl Chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9 Carbon Tetrachloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.10 Chlorinated Butane Derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 1 Chlorinated Hydrocarbons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.12 Chlorinated Organic Solvents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.13 CHLOROWAX Liquid Chlorinated Paraffins. Waxes and Alpha Olefins ......................... 3.14 Chlorobenzenes-Vapor Pressures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.16 Chloromethylene Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0- and p-Chlorotoluenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.17 3.18 p-Chlorotoluene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . HALSO99 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.19 3.20 HALSOAG 125 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.21 o-Dichlorobenzene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.22 p-Dichlorobenzene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.23 Dichlorodiisopropyl Ether . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.24 Dichloroethylene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.25 Dichloroethyl Ether . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.26 Dichlorohydrin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.27 Dichloromethane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.28 Dichloropentanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.29 2.4-Dichlorotoluene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.30 Epichlorohydrin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.31 Ethyl Chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Contents and Subject IndexEthylene Chlorohydrin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ethylene Dichloride ............................................................... 3.34 2-Ethylhexyl Chloride .............................................................. 3.35 Glycerol a-Monochlorohydrin 3.36 Hexachloroethane ................................................................ 3.37 n-Hexyl Chloride ................................................................. 3.38 Methylene Chloride 3.39 Isopropyl Chloride 3.40 Methyl Chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.41 Monochlorohydrin ................................................................. 3.42 Pentachloroethane 3.43 Perchloroethylene 3.44 Propylene Chlorohydrin 3.45 Propylene Dichloride .............................................................. 3.46 1.1.2. 2-Tetrachloroethane .......................................................... 3.47 Tetrachloroethylene ............................................................... 3.48 Trichlorobenzenes ................................................................ 3.49 1.1. 1-Trichloroethane .............................................................. 3.50 1 1 2-Trichloroethane .............................................................. 3.51 Trichloroethylene ................................................................. 3.52 Density of Chlorinated Solvents ...................................................... 3.53 Vapor Pressure of Chlorinated Solvents 3.54 Trichloropropane 3.55 Triglycol Dichloride 3.56 Vinylchloride .................................................................... 3.57 Vinylidene Chloride ............................................................... ComparativeData 3.58 Alpha Cleaning Solvents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.59 Ashland Chlorinated Solvents ........................................................ 3.60 Chemcentral Chlorinated Solvents .................................................... 3.61 Dow Chemical Chlorinated Solvents 3.62 Vertrel Cleaning Agents ............................................................ 3.63 Occidental Chemical (OXSOL Solvents) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.64 3M Hydrofluorether 3.32

3.33

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............................................................... NITROPARAFFINS .............................................................................. 4.1 Angus Nitroparaffins ............................................................... 4.2 Angus NitroAlcohols .............................................................. 4.3 Angus Primary Amino Alcohols ....................................................... 4.4 Angus DMAP-80 .................................................................4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10

123 123 124 124 125 126 126 127 127 130 130 130 132 132 133 134 136 136 142 142 145 145 146 146 147 147 149 149 150 150 151 160 169 195 211 211 212 213 214 215 215 216 218 220 221 222 222 223 224 224 224 225 225 225 226 226 226 227 227 227 228 228 228

Industrial Amines Ranked in Order of Decreasing Base Strength .............................. Comparing Amines for Safety ........................................................ NlPAR640 ...................................................................... COMSOL 101-X ................................................................. COMSOL280 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . COMSOL 820 ...................................................................

ORGANIC SULFUR COMPOUNDS 5.1 Carbon Disulfide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 Typical DMSO Properties ........................................................... 53 . Vapor Pressure vs Temperature for DMSO .............................................. 5.4 Specific Gravity of DMSO as a Function of Temperature .................................... 5.5 DMSO Viscosity as a Function of Temperature ........................................... 5.6 Comparative Hygroscopicities of DMSO at Various Relative Humidities at 22C 5.7 Initial Sorption Rates of DMSO at Various Relative Humidities at 22% ......................... 5.8 Freezing Temperatures for DMSO-Solvent Binary System .................................. 5.9 Freezing Point for DMSO-Water Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.10 Freezing Point Curves for DMSO-Water Solutions ....................................... 5.11 Heat of Mixing of DMSC-4-40 System at 22C .......................................... 5.12 Specific Gravity of DMSO-Water Solutions ............................................. 5.13 Viscosity of DMSO-Water Solutions .................................................. 5.14 Results of Reflux of DMSO for 24 Hours with Various Compounds ............................ 5.15 Thermal Stabiliof DMSO .......................................................... 5.16 Refluxing of DMSO and Mixtures for Shorter Periods ...................................... 5.17 Effect of Heating DMSO with Concentrated Acids .........................................

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Contents and Subject Index5.18 5.19 5.20 5.21 5.22 5.23 5.24 5.25 5.26 5.27 5.28 Sulfolane 5.295.30

xiii229 230 232 233 233 233 234 234 235 235 235 236 236 236 236 236 237 237 238 238 238 239 239 240 241 242 242 243 243 244 244 245 245 246 246 247 247 248 249 249 249 249 250 250 251 251 251 252 252 253 254 254 254 255 255 256 256 262 277 278 279 281

..................................................................................Properties ofSulfolane Solubility of Sulfolane in Various Chemical Compounds .................................... Solubility of Various Chemical Compounds in Sulfolane .................................... Thermal Stability of Sulfolane ........................................................ Comparative Freezing Point Depression Specific Gravity ..................................................................

Solubility of Organic Materials in DMSO Solubility of Resins and Polymers in DMSO ............................................. Solubility of Inorganic Materials in DMSO Solubility of Gases in DMSO at Atmospheric Pressure and 20% Solubility Parameters of Strong Solvents DMSO as a Solvent Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hansen Solubility Parameters of Polymer Envelopes ....................................... Polymer Solvency of DMSO/Tetralin Mixtures ............................................ Polymer Solvency of DMSO/MIKE Mixtures Solvent Viscosities ................................................................ Solvent Evaporation Times ..........................................................

................................................ ............................................... .............................. ................................................

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5.31 5.32 5.33 5.34

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MONOHYDRIC ALCOHOLS ........................................................................ Methanol .................................................................................. 6.1 Physical Properties of Methanol ...................................................... 6.2 Properties of Aqueous Solutions of Methanol ............................................ 6.3 Freezing Points of Methanol-Water Solutions ............................................ 6.4 Density and Specific Gravity of Methanol-Water Solutions at 15'C ............................ Density and Specific Gravity of ethanol-Water Solutions at 30'C ............................. 6.5 Resultant Volume When Methanol and Water are Mixed .................................... 6.6 6.7 Solubility of Methanol in Gasoline from 15' to 30% ........................................ 6.8 Liquid Density of Methanol .......................................................... 6.9 Liquid Heat Capacity of Methanol ..................................................... 6.10 Vapor Heat Capacity of Methanol ..................................................... 6.11 Heat of Vaporization of Methanol ..................................................... 6.12 SurfaceTension of Methanol ........................................................ 6.13 Liquid Thermal Conductivity of Methanol ................................................ 6.14 Vapor Thermal Conductivity of Methanol ................................................ 6.15 Vapor Pressure of Methanol ......................................................... 6.16 Vapor Viscoslty of Methanol ......................................................... 6.17 Liquid Viscosity of Methanol ......................................................... 6.18 Azeotropes of Methanol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EthylAlcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.19 Physical Properties of Anhydrous Ethyl Alcohol ........................................... 6.20 Physical Properties of 95% Ethanol .................................................... 6.21 Properties and Specifications of Ethyl Alcohol ............................................ 6.22 Conversion Tableweight and Volume Percent of Ethyl Alcohol in Ethyl Alcohol-Water Mixtures ...................................................................... Index of Refraction of Ethyl Alcohol-Water Mixtures at W'F ................................. 6.23 6.24 Heat of Solution of Ethyl Alcohol in Water 6.25 Resultant Volume When Ethyl Alcohol and Water are Mixed ................................. 6.26 Boiling Points of Ethyl Alcohol-Water Solutions ........................................... 6.27 Permanganate TimeTest ........................................................... 6.28 Freezing Points of Ethyl Alcohol-Water Mixture .......................................... 6.29 Viscosity of Ethyl Alcohol-Water Mixtures ............................................... 6.30 Flash Point of Aqueous Ethyl Alcohol Solutions 'C and 'F vs Vol % Ethanol ..................... 6.31 Specific Heat of Aqueous Solutions of Ethanol ........................................... 6.32 Surface Tension of Pure Ethanol at Various Temperatures .................................. 6.33 Latent Heat of Vaporization of Ethyl Alcohol ............................................. 6.34 Heat Capacity of Ethyl Alcohol at Various Temperatures .................................... 6.35 Volumetric Equivalents ............................................................. 6.36 Ethyl Alcohol-Water Mixtures ........................................................ 6.37 Specially Denatures Alcohols 6.38 Authorized Denaturants for SDA 388 .................................................. Denaturants Authorized for Completely Denatured Alcohol (CDA) and Specially 6.39 Denatured Alcohol (SDA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Uses of Specially Denatured Alcohol .................................................. 6.40 6.41 Filmex Special Industrial Solvent Formulations ...........................................

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xiv

Contents and Subject IndexCompletely Denatured Alcohol (CDA) Formulations Proprietary Solvent Formulations Punctilious Specially Denatured Alcohol (SDA) Formulations Composition and Typical End Uses of Specially Denatured Alcohols Composition of Completely Denatured Alcohol (CDA) Composition of Synasol Proprietary Solvents. Anhydrol Special Industrial Solvents. and lnksolvlnk Solvents 6.48 Typical Physical Properties 6.49 Densities of Pure Ethanol-Water Mixtures at Various Temperatures Vapor Pressure of Pure Ethanol at Various Temperatures 6.50 Constant Boiling Mixtures 6.51 6.52 Proof Definitions and Conversion Factors 6.53 Proof Conversion Tables 6.54 Azeotropes of Ethanol n-PROPYLALCOHOL 6.55 Physical Properties of n-Propyl Alcohol 6.56 Azeotropes of n-Propyl Alcohol 6.57 n-Propanol-Water-Benzene 6.58 n-Propanol-Water-n-Butanol 6.59 n-Propanol-Water-Heptane 6.60 n-Propanol-Water-Hexane ISOPROPYLALCOHOL 6.61 Physical Properties of Anhydrous Isopropyl Alcohol Physical Properties of 91% Isopropyl Alcohol 6.62 6.63 Specific Gravity of Isopropyl Alcohol-Water Mixtures ...................................... Vapor-Liquid Compositions of Isopropyl Alcohol-Water Mixtures and Their Boiling Points 6.64 6.65 Refractive Index vs Composition of Isopropyl Alcohol-Water Mixtures at 25'C Isopropyl Alcohol-Water: Kinematic Viscosity vs Composition at 25C 6.66 Azeotropes of Isopropyl Alcohol 6.67 6.68 The Effect of Isopropyl Alcohol on the Dilution Ratio of Solvents Viscosity of RS H Sec Nitrocellulose in Mixtures of Toluene. Isopropyl Alcohol and 6.69 Methyl Isobutyl Ketone 6.70 Methanol-Isopropyl Alcohol: Boiling Point vs Composition at 760 mm Hg 6.71 Methanol-Isopropyl Alcohol: tiquid-Vapor Equilibria at Atmospherii Pressure 6.72 Vapor Pressure of Isopropyl Alcohol (Anhydrous) and sec-Butyl Alcohol at Various Temperatures 6.73 Specific Gravities of Alcohols vs Temperature n-Butyl Alcohol Physical Properties of n-Butyl Alcohol 6.74 Vapor Pressure of Butyl Alcohol at Various Temperatures 6.75 6.76 Solubiliy of Water in Butyl Alcohol at Various Temperatures 6.77 Solubiliy of Butyl Alcohol in Water at Various Temperatures 6.78 Azeotropes of n-Butyl Alcohol IrobutylAlcohol 6.79 Physical Properties of Isobutyl Alcohol 6.80 Azeotropes of Isobutyl Alcohol 6.81 Relative Evaporation Rates of Various Butyl Alcohols and Acetates rec-ButylAlcohol 6.82 Physical Properties of =-Butyl Alcohol 6.83 Azeotropes of sec-Butyl Alcohol tert-ButylAlcohol 6.84 Physical Properties of tert-Butyl Alcohol 6.85 Azeotropes of tert-Butyl Alcohol ...................................................... PrlmaryAmylAlcohol 6.86 Physical Properties of Primary Amyl Alcohol Prlmaryn-AmylAlcohol 6.87 Physical Properties of Primary n-Amyl Alcohol SSC-AmylAlCOhOl 6.88 Physical Properties of sec-Amyl Alcohol 6.89 Azeotropes of sec-Amyl Alcohol rec-n-AmylAlcohol 6.90 Physical Properties of sec-n-Amyl Alcohol 6.91 Azeotropes of sec-n-Amyl Alcohol tert-Amyl Alcohol, Reflned 6.42 6.43 6.44 6.45 6.46 6.47

........................................ 281 ..................................................... 281 ................................. 282 ........................... 283 ...................................... 284 .......................................................... 284 .......................................................... 285 ........................... 286 ................................... 287 ........................................................... 287 ............................................... 289 ........................................................... 289 ............................................................. 291 ........................................................................ 292 ................................................ 292 ...................................................... 293 ........................................................ 294 ....................................................... 294 ........................................................ 294 ......................................................... 294 ....................................................................... 295 ....................................... 295 ............................................ 295 296 . . . . . . . . . . . 297 .................... 297 .......................... 297 ...................................................... 298 .............................. 299 . ........................................................... 299 ....................... 299 .................... 299 .................................................................. 300 ............................................ 300 ............................................................................. 301 ................................................. 301 ................................... 302 ................................. 302 ................................. 303 ....................................................... 303 ............................................................................ 304 ................................................. 304 ....................................................... 304 ............................ 305 ........................................................................... 305 ................................................ 305 ...................................................... 305 ........................................................................... 306 ................................................ 306 306 ........................................................................ 307 ............................................. 307 ...................................................................... 307 ........................................... 307 ........................................................................... 308 ................................................ 308 ...................................................... 308 ......................................................................... 309 .............................................. 309 .................................................... 309 .................................................................... 310

Contents and Subject IndexPhysical Properties of Refined tert-Amyl Alcoho 6.92 Azeotropes of tert-Amyl Alcohol ...................................................... 6.93 IroamylAlcohol ............................................................................. 6.94 Physical Properties of Isoamyl Alcohol

xv310 310 311 311 311 312 312 312 312 313 313 313 313 314 314 314 314 315 315 315 316 316 316 316 316 317 317 317 317 317 317 318 318 318 318 319 319 319 320 320 320 320 321 321 321 321 322 322 322 323 324 325 325 325 326 327 329 330 331 332 333 333

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Azeotropes of Isoamyl Alcohol 6.95 ActhreAmylAlcohol Physical Properties of Active Amyl Alcohol 6.96 FuselOll. Rellned Physical Properties of Refined Fusel Oil 6.97 YethylamylAlcohol Physical Properties of Methylamyl Alcohols 6.98 2-EthylbutylAlcohol Physical Properties of 2-Ethylbutyl Alcohol 6.99 n-HexylAlcohol 6.100 Physical Properties of n-Hexyl Alcohol 6.101 Solubility of Water in n-Hexyl Alcohol 6.102 Azeotropes ofexyl Alcohol CyclohexylAlcohol Physical Properties of Cyclohexyl Alcohol 6.103 6.104 Azeotropes of Cyclohexyl Alcohol HeptylAlcohol Physical Properties of Heptyl Alcohol 6.105 6.106 Azeotropes of Heptyl Alcohol 2-HeptylAlcohol 6.107 Physical Properties of 2-Hem Alcohol 3-HeptylAlcohol 6.108 Physical Properties of 3-Heptyl Alcohol 2-EthylhexylAlcohol Physical Properties of 2-Ethylhexyl Alcohol 6.109 n-OctylAlcohol 6.1 10 Physical Properties of n-Octyl Alcohol Azeotropes ofn-Octyl Alcohol 6.111 SW-OctylAlCOhOl 6.1 12 Physical Propetties of sec-Odyl Alcohol Azeotropes of sec-Octyl Alcohol 6.113 lsooctyl Alcohol 6.1 I4 Physical Properties of lsooctyl Alcohol Nonyl Alcohol Physical Properties of Nonyl Alxoholx319 6.115 3b..TrimethylhexylAlcohol 6.1 16 Physical Properties of 3.5. 5-Trimethylhexyl Alcohol DecylAlcohol Physical Properties of Decyl Alcohol 6.117 IrodecylAlcohol 6.1 18 Physical Properties of lsodecyl Alcohol TrldecylAlcohol Physical Properties of Tridecyl Alcohol 6.1 19 OtherAlcoholsandAlcoholBlends 6.120 ALFOL Alcohol Low Range Blends CC ,, ALFOL Alcohol Pure Homologs CC ,, 6.121 ALFOL Alcohol High Range Blends C,o-&, 6.122 ALFOLTypical properties ........................................................... 6.123 ComparatlveData 6.124 Ashland Alcohols Chemcentral Alcohols 6.125 6.126 CPSChemicalAlcohol99% Eastman Latent Solvents 6.127 6.128 Hoechst Celanese Alcohols Procter and Gamble Fatty Alcohols 6.129 6.130 Shell Chemical Alcohols Union Carbide Alcohols 6.131 AllylAlcohol 6.132 Physical Properties of Allyl Alcohol 6.133 Azeotropes ofAlkylAlcohol+

................................................. ....................................................... ......................................................................... .............................................. ........................................................................... ................................................ .......................................................................... .............................................. ......................................................................... .............................................. ............................................................................ ................................................. .................................................. .......................................................... .......................................................................... ............................................... ..................................................... .............................................................................. .................................................. ........................................................ ............................................................................ ................................................ ............................................................................ ................................................ ......................................................................... ............................................. ............................................................................. ................................................. ....................................................... ........................................................................... ................................................ ..................................................... ............................................................................. ................................................. .............................................................................. ................................................................... ....................................... .............................................................................. ................................................... ............................................................................ ................................................. ............................................................................ ................................................. ............................................................. .............................................. ................................................. ............................................. ........................................................................... ................................................................. .............................................................. ......................................................... ........................................................... ......................................................... .................................................... ............................................................ ............................................................ ............................................................................... .................................................... .........................................................

333

m i

Contents and Subject IndexCrotyl Alcohol .............................................................................. 334 Physical Properties of Crotyl Alcohol .................................................... 334 6.134 MethylbutynylAlcohol........................................................................ 334 Physical Properties of Methylbutynyl Alcohol ............................................. 334 6.135 M~hylpentynylAlcohol....................................................................... 335 335 Physical Properties of Methylpentynyl Alcohol 6.136 Higher UnraturatedAlcoholr .................................................................. 335 6.137 Unsaturated Aliphatic Alcohols ....................................................... 335 DIa~toneAlcohol ........................................................................... 335 335 6.138 Physical Properties of Diacetone Alcohol ............................................... 2-Merc~ptoethylAlcohol...................................................................... 336 6.139 Physical Properties of 2-Mercaptoethyl Alcohol .......................................... 336 2-EthylsulfonylethylAlcohol ................................................................... 336 Physical Properties of 2-Ethylsulfonylethyl Alcohol 336 6.140 l,l, I-TrHluoroethylAlcohol .................................................................... 336 6.141 Trifluoroethanol Physical Properties 336 337 6.142 Polymer Solubilities in Trifluoroethanol ................................................. 6.143 Salt Solubility (wt %) in Trifluoroethanol at 25% .......................................... 337 337 6.144 Solubility of Gases in Trifluoroethanol at 27C ............................................ 337 6.145 Vapor Pressure vs Temperature ...................................................... 338 6.146 Freezing Point: Trifluoroethanol-Water 6.147 Infrared Spectrum ................................................................ 338 338 1H,IH$H-Tetrafluoro- I-Propyl Alcohol .......................................................... 6.148 Physical Properties of lH.lH.3H-Tetrafluoro- I-Propyl Alcohol ............................... 338 lH,1H,5H-Octafluoro- I-Pentyl Alcohol ........................................................... 339 339 6.149 Physical Properties of 1H.lH.JH-Octafluoro- 1-Pentyl Alcohol BenzylAlcohol ............................................................................. 339 339 6.150 Physical Properties of Benzyl Alcohol .................................................. 6.151 VELSICOL Benzyl Alcohol .......................................................... 339 Furfuryl Alcohol ............................................................................ 340 6.152 Physical Properties of Furfuryl Alcohol ................................................. 340 341 6.153 Vapor Pressure of Furfuryl Alcohol .................................................... 341 6.154 Pounds per Gallon of Furfuryl Alcohol at Various Temperatures .............................. 6.155 Density of Furfuryl Alcohol-Water Solutions as a Function of Composition (at 25'C. 77OF) . . . . . . . . . . . 342 342 6.156 Vapor Pressure of Furfuryl Alcohol as a Function of Temperature ............................. 343 6.157 Solubility of tiquid Organic Compounds in Furfuryl Alcohol (at 25%. 77OF) ...................... 6.158 Solubility of Solid Organic Compounds in Furfuryl Alcohol (at 25 "C. 77'F) ...................... 343 6.159 Solubility of Thermoplastic Resins in Furfuryl Alcohol (at Room Temperature) .................... 344 6.160 Effect of Time at Elevated Temperature on Certain Characteristics of Furfuryl Alcohol (Under Neutral Conditions) ........................................................ 344 6.161 Stabiliation of Furfuryl Alcohol With an Amine (at 150'C in Glass) ............................ 345 6.162 Antoxidation of Furfuryl Alcohol ....................................................... 345 TetrahydrofurfurylAlcohol .................................................................... 346 6.163 Physical Properties of Tetrahydrofurfuryl Alcohol .......................................... 346 6.164 Solubility of Various Substances in Tetrahydrofurfuryl Alcohol ................................ 346 6.165 Vapor-tiquid Equilibria in the Tetrahydrofurfuryl Alcohol-Water System ........................ 347 6.166 Specific Gravity and Pounds per Gallon of Tetrahydrofurfuryl Alcohol at Various Temperatures . . . . . . . 347 6.167 Vapor Pressure of Tetrahydrofurfuryl Alcohol ............................................ 347 6.168 Vapor-tiquid Equilibria Curve of the THFA-Water System at the Boiling Point 348 6.169 The System THFA-Water Composition Curve ............................................ 348 6.170 Specific Gravity and Pounds per Gallon ................................................ 349 6.171 Vapor Pressure (Boiling Point Method) ................................................. 349 6.172 HERCO and YARMOR Pine Oil ...................................................... 349 6.173 Hercules TERPINEOL ............................................................. 352 Other Data ................................................................................. 354 6.174 Solubility Data for Alcohols .......................................................... 354 6.1 75 Melting Points of Saturated Monohydric Alcohols ......................................... 355 355 6.176 Rate of Evaporation of Various Solvents at Room Temperature ............................... 6.177 Comparative Evaporation Rates of Alcohols ............................................. 355 6.178 Vapor Pressure of Alcohols at Various Temperatures 356 6.179 Freezing Points (Initial Crystallization) of Aqueous Solution of Alcohols ......................... 356 6.180 Specific Gravity of Aqueous Solution of Alcohols at 20'C ................................... 357 6.181 Viscosity of Ethyl Cellulose in Alcohol-Hydrocarbon Mixtures ................................ 357 358 6.1 82 Evaporation Data for Various Solvents .................................................

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Contents and Subject Index

xvii

POLYHYDRICALCOHOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359 EthyleneGlycol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359 359 7.1 Physical Properties and Specifications of Ethylene Glycol ................................... 363 7.2 Boiling Points of Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solutions ....................................... 7.3 Density of Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363 7.4 Specific Gravity at 60F of Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solution vs Composition .................... 361 361 7.5 Freezing Points of Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362 7.6 Specific Heat of Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solutions ....................................... 362 Vapor-tiquid Composition Curves for Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solutions ....................... 7.7 363 7.8 Vapor Pressure of Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solutions ..................................... 7.9 Viscosity of Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363 364 7.10 Relative Humectant Values of Aqueous Solutions of Ethylene Glycol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1 1 Water Vapor Dew Points Over Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solutions ............................ 364 7.12 Key Hygroscopictty Curve for Ethylene Glycol ............................................ 365 365 Moisture Absorption of Ethylene Glycol at Various Relative Humidities .......................... 7.13 365 7.14 Moisture Absorption of Ethylene Glycol at Various Absolute Humidities ......................... 7.15 Kinematic Viscosity of Anhydrous Ethylene Glycol and Trimethylene Glycol Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366 Freezing Points of Anhydrous Ethylene Glycol and Trimethylene Glycol Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366 7.16 366 7.17 Azeotropes of Ethylene Glycol ....................................................... PropyleneGlycol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367 367 7.18 Physical Properties of Propylene Glycol ................................................ 368 7.19 Propylene Glycol Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368 Boiling Points of Aqueous Propylene Glycol Solutions ...................................... 7.20 369 7.21 Conversion Chart for Aqueous Propylene Glycol Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 7.22 Density of Aqueous Propylene Glycol Solutions (Percent by Weight) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Effect of Aqueous Propylene Glycol Solutions on Dew Points at Various Contact Temperatures . . . . . . . 370 7.23 7.24 Freezing Points of Aqueous Propylene Glycol Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370 7.25 Heat of Vaporization of Propylene Glycol at Various Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371 371 Refractive Indices of Aqueous Propanediol Solutions at 20". 30".and 40C ...................... 7.26 372 7.27 Relative Humectant Values of Propylene Glycol. N.F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.28 Specific Gravity of Aqueous Propylene Glycol Solutions at Various Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .372 373 7.29 Specific Heat of Aqueous Propylene Glycol Solutions ...................................... 7.30 Thermal Conductivity of Aqueous Propylene Glycol Solutions at Various Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 7.31 Total Pressure over Aqueous Propylene Glycol Solutions Versus Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 373 7.32 Vapor-Liquid Composition Curves for Aqueous Propylene Glycol Solutions ...................... 374 7.33 Vapor Pressures of Aqueous Propylene Glycol Solutions ................................... 374 7.34 Viscosities of Aqueous Propylene Glycol Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374 7.35 Azeotropes of Propylene Glycol ...................................................... If-Propanedlol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 375 7.36 Physical Properties of 1.3-Propanediol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 Freezing Points of Aqueous Solutions of 1.3-Propanediol ................................... 7.37 376 7.38 Specific Gravity of Aqueous Solutions of 1.3-Propanediol at 20' and 40% ...................... 376 1,2-Butanedlol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376 7.39 Physical Properties of 1.2-Butanediol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 7.40 Specific Gravity of Aqueous 1.2-Butanediol Solutions at 20" and 40C ......................... 377 7.41 Absolute Viscostty of Aqueous 1.2-Butanediol Solutions at 20' and 40C ....................... 1,3-Butanediol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 377 7.42 Physical Properties of lb-Butanediol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378 7.43 Freezing Point of Aqueous Solutions of 1.3-Butanediol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378 7.44 Refractive Index and Freezing Point of Aqueous Solutions of 1.3-Butanediol .................... 378 Specific Gravity of Aqueous 1.3-Butanediol Solutions at 20" and 40C ......................... 7.45 378 7.46 Viscosity of Aqueous Solutions of 1.3-Butanediol ......................................... 378 7.47 Absolute Viscosity of Aqueous 1.3-Butanediol Solutions at 20" and 40% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 1,4-Butanediol .............................................................................. 379 7.48 Physical Properties of 1.4-Butanediol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 Absolute Viscosity of Aqueous 1.4-Butanediol Solutions at 20' and 40% ....................... 7.49 379 7.50 Specific Gravity of Aqueous 1.4-Butanediol Solutions at 20" and 40C ......................... Pf-Butanediol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380 380 7.51 Physical Properties of 2.3-Butanediol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.52 Boiling Points of Aqueous levo-2. 3-Butanediol Solutions at Atmospheric Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380 381 7.53 Boiling Points of Aqueous levo-2.3-Butanedio I-Ethanol Solutions ............................ 381 7.54 Boiling Points of Aqueous levo-2.3-Butanedio l-hiethanol Solutions ........................... 381 7.55 Freezing Points of Aqueous levo-2. 3-Butanediol Solutions .................................. 382 7.56 Freezing Points of Aqueous meso-dextro-2. 3-Butanediol Solutions ...........................

xviii

Contents and Subject IndexEffect of meso.2. 3.Butanediol on the Freezing Point of Aqueous levo-2. 3.Butanediol Solutions 382 Freezing Points of Aqueous levo-2.3.Butanedio l.Ethanol Solutions ........................... 383 Freezing Points of Aqueous levo-2.3.Butanedio LEthylene Glycol Solutions 383 Freezing Points of Aqueous levo-2.3.Butanedio l.Methano1 Solutions 383 Freezing Points of Aqueous levo-2.3.Butanedio l.Tetrahydrofurfuryl Alcohol Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 Kinematic Viscosity of Aqueous levo-2. 3.Butanediol Solutions. Expressed Logarithmically. as a Function of Concentration and Temperature ........................................... 384 Solutions in Relation to Concentration Kinematic Viscosity of Aqueous levo.2. 3.Butanediol 7.63 and Temperature ............................................................... 384 Kinematic Viscosity of 60% levo-2.3.Butanediol. Glycerol and Ethylene Glycol Solutions at Low 7.64 Temperatures 384 Solutions at 20C. Expressed in Kinematic Viscosity of Aqueous levo-2.3.Butanedio l.Ethanol 7.65 Centistokes .................................................................... 384 Kinematic Viscosity of Aqueous levo-2.3.Butanedio l.Methanol Solutions at 20C. Expressed in 7.66 Centistokes 385 l.Ethylene Glycol Solutions in 20'C Kinematic Viscosity of Aqueous levo.2.3.Butanedio 7.67 385 Expressed incentistokes ......................................................... 7.68 Kinematic Viscosity of Aqueous levo-2.3.Butanedio l.Tetrahydrofurfuryl Alcohol Solutions at 20'C. Expressed in Centistokes 385 Absolute Viscosity of Aqueous Solutions of Ethylene Glycol. levo.2.3.Butanediol. meso-dextro7.69 2.3.Butanediol and Glycerol at 20C ................................................. 385 Optical Rotatory Power of Aqueous levo.2. 3.Butanediol Solutions at 20C ...................... 386 7.70 Effects of Concentration and Temperature on the Specific Rotatory Power of Aqueous levo-237.71 Butanediol Solutions 386 386 7.72 Refractive Indices of Aqueous levo.2. 3.Butanediol Solutions at Different Temperatures 386 7.73 Refractive Indices of Aqueous Solutions of meso- and levo.2. 3.Butanediol at 25'C Specific Gravity of Aqueous levo-2. 3.Butanediol Solutions at 20'. 3. and 40% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387 0 ' 7.74 387 7.75 Specific Gravity of Aqueous meso.2. 3.Butanedol Solutions at 20'. 3. and 4O'C 0 ' 7.76 Surface Tension of Aqueous Solutions of levo-2. 3.Butanediol and Ethylene Glycol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387 Butanediois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388 0 ' 388 Refractive Indices of Aqueous Butanediol Solutions at 20". 3. and 40C ....................... 7.77 388 Kinematic Viscosity of Aqueous Butanediol Solutions at 20" and 40C. in Centistokes 7.78 2.Butene.1, 4.dioi 388 ............................................... 388 7.79 Physical Properties of 2.Butene-1. 4.diol 2.Butyne.1, Cdioi ........................................................................... 389 389 7.80 Physical Properties of 2.Butyne.l. 4.diol IC-Pentanedlol 389 7.81 Physical Properties of 1.5.Pentanediol 389 390 7.82 Absolute Viscosity of Aqueous 1.5.Pentanediol Solutions at 20" and 40C 390 7.83 Specific Gravity of Aqueous 1.5-Pentanediol Solutions at 20" and 40C 2,CPen.nediol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390 ................................................. 390 7.84 Physical Properties of 2.4.Pentanediol NeopentylGlycol ............................................................................ 390 7.85 Physical Properties of Neopentyl Glycol 390 Pentanediols 391 7.86 Kinematic Viscostly of Aqueous Pentanediol Solutions at 20" and 40%. in Centistokes 391 7.87 Refractive Indices of Aqueous Pentanediol Solutions at 20' and 4QC .......................... 391 IS-Hexanediol 392 392 7.88 Physical Properties of 1.6.Hexanediol 2,5.Hexanediol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392 7.89 Physical Properties of 1.5.Hexanediol ................................................. 392 HexyleneGiycol ............................................................................. 392 7.90 Physical Properties and Specifications of Hexylene Glycol 392 393 7.91 Freezing Points of Hexylene Glycol-Water Mixtures 393 7.92 Specific Gravity and Freezing Point of Hexylene Glycol-Water Mixtures Pinacol 394 394 7.93 Physical Properties of Pinacol 22-Diethyl-I f-Propanedloi 394 7.94 Physical Properties of 2.2.Diethyl.l. 3.Propanediol 394 2.Ethyl.1, 3.Hexanedlol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394 7.95 Physical Properties of 2.Ethyl.l. 3.Hexanediol 394 2,5.Dimethyl.3.Hexyne.2,5 .diol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 5.diol .................................... 395 7.96 Physical Properties of 2.5.Dimethyl.3.Hexyne-2. 14.Cyclohexanedimethanol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , 395 7.57 7.58 7.59 7.60 7.61 7.62

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Contents and Subject Index

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7.97 Properties of 1.4-Cyclohexanedimethanol .............................................. 395 p-XylyieneGlycol ........................................................................... 397 Physical Properties of p-Xylylene Glycol ................................................ 397 7.98 2-Ethyl-2-Butyl-1, 3-Propanedlol ............................................................... 397 397 7.99 Physical Properties of 2-Ethyl-2-Butyl-1. 3-Propanediol ................................... 3,6-Mmethyl4Octyne-3,6-dlol ................................................................ 397 7.1 00 Physical Properties of 3.6-Dimethyl4Octyne-3. 6-diol .................................... 397 Thiodiglycol ................................................................................ 398 7.1 01 Physical Properties of Thiodiglycol .................................................... 398 7.102 Vapor Pressure of Thiodiglycol at Various Temperatures .................................... 398 MiscellaneousGlycolr ........................................................................ 399 Hydrates of Aliphatic Glycols ........................................................ 399 7.1 03 7.104 Hydrates of Cyclic Glycols .......................................................... 400 7.105 Freezing Points of Aqueous Ethylene Glycol and Propylene Glycol Solutions ..................... 401 7.1 06 Freezing Points of Various Aqueous Glycol Solutions. "C ................................... 402 Freezing Points of Various Aqueous Alcohols. Glycols and Glycerol ........................... 402 7.107 402 7.1 08 Compatibility of Coupling Solvents with Carbon Tetrachloride and Water ........................ 403 7.1 09 Key Hygroscopicity Curve ........................................................... 7.1 10 Surface Tension of Glycol-Water Systems .............................................. 403 7.1 11 Vapor Pressure of Glycols .......................................................... 403 7.112 Viscosityof Glycols ............................................................... 404 404 7.113 Water Absorption by Glycols as a Function of Time ....................................... Water Absorption by Glycols as a Function of Relative Humidity .............................. 404 7.1 14 7.1 15 Refractive Index. Specific Gravity. and Boiling Point Measurements of Various Glycols . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404 7.1 16 Relative Solvent Properties of Glycols .................................................. 405 Effect of Various Glycols on Synthetic Rubber Samples-Results Reported as % Volume and 7.117 % Weight Increase .............................................................. 405 406 7.1 18 Solubility of Cellulose Deriiatiies in Glycols ............................................. 406 Compatibility of Film Cast from 80/20 Toluene/Alcohol ...................................... 7.1 19 406 7.1 20 Relative Humectant Values .......................................................... 407 7.121 Water Vapor Dew Points Over Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solutions ............................ Water Vapor Dew Points Over Aqueous Diethylene Glycol Solutions ........................... 407 7.122 7.123 Water Vapor Dew Points Over Aqueous Triethylene Glycol Solutions .......................... 407 7.124 Water Vapor Dew Points Over Aqueous Propylene Glycol Solutions 407 408 Water Vapor Dew Points Over Aqueous Dipropylene Glycol Solutions .......................... 7.125 408 7.126 Boiling Points of Glycols at 50 mm Hg ................................................. 408 7.127 Total Pressure Over Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solutions M Temperature ....................... Total Pressure Over Aqueous Diethylene Glycol Solutions M Temperature ...................... 408 7.128 409 Total Pressure Over Aqueous Triethylene Glycol Solutions vs Temperature ...................... 7.129 409 7.130 Total Pressure Over Aqueous Propylene Glycol Solutions vs Temperature ...................... 7.131 Total Pressure Over Aqueous Dipropylene Glycol Solutions vs Temperature ..................... 409 410 7.132 Vapor-Liquid Composition Curves for Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solutions ....................... 7.133 Vapor-tiquid Composition Curves for Aqueous Diethylene Glycol Solutions ..................... 410 Vapor-Liquid Composition Curves for Aqueous Triethylene Glycol Solutions ..................... 411 7.134 411 7.135 Vapor-Liquid Composition Curves for Aqueous Propylene Glycol Solutions ...................... 7.136 Vapor-tiquid Composition Curves for Aqueous Dipropylene Glycol Solutions .................... 412 412 7.137 Pour Points of Glycols ............................................................. 412 7.138 Viscosities of Anhydrous Glycols ..................................................... 7.139 Viscosities of Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solutions ......................................... 413 7.140 Viscosities of Aqueous Diethylene Glycol Solutions ........................................ 413 7.141 Viscosities of Aqueous Triethylene Glycol Solutions 414 7.142 Viscosities of Aqueous Tetraethylene Glycol Solutions ..................................... 414 414 7.143 Viscosities of Aqueous Propylene Glycol Solutions ........................................ 414 7.144 Viscosities of Aqueous Dipropylene Glycol Solutions ....................................... 415 7.145 Viscosities of Aqueous Tripropylene Glycol Solutions ...................................... 415 7.146 Freezing Points of Aqueous Glycol Solutions ............................................ 7.147 Specific Heat of Anhydrous Glycols ................................................... 415 7.148 Specific Heats of Aqueous Glycol Solutions (BtuAbPF) ..................................... 416 7.149 Densities of Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solutions (% by wt) 416 417 Densities of Aqueous Diethylene Glycol Solutions (% by wt) ................................. 7.1 50 7.151 Densities of Aqueous Triethylene Glycol Solutions (% by wt) ................................ 417 7.152 Densities of Aqueous Tetraethylene Glycol Solutions (% by wt) .............................. 418 7.153 Densities of Aqueous Propylene Glycol Solutions (% by wt) ................................. 418 419 Densities of Aqueous Dipropylene Glycol Solutions (% by wt) ................................ 7.154 419 7.155 Densities of Aqueous Tripropylene Glycol Solutions (% by wt) ...............................

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Contents and Subject Index7.1 56 Surface Tensions of Aqueous Solutions of Glycols at 7 p F 7.157 Flammability of Glycols Refractive Indices of Aqueous Glycol Solutions at 7 p F (25%) 7.158 7.159 Conversion Chart for Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solutions 7.160 Conversion Chart for Aqueous Diethylene Glycol Solutions Conversion Chart for Aqueous Triethylene Glycol Solutions 7.161 7.162 Conversion Chart for Aqueous Tetraethylene Glycol Solutions 7.163 Conversion Chart for Aqueous Propylene Glycol Solutions 7.164 Conversion Chart for Aqueous Dipropylene Glycol Solutions 7.1 65 Conversion Chart for Aqueous Tripropylene Glycol Solutions Freeze Points and Burst Points of Aqueous Solutions 7.166 7.167 Solubility of Various Compounds in Glycols 7.168 viscosity of Anhydrous Glycols 7.169 Specific Heat of Anhydrous Glycols 7.1 70 Technical Data: Ethylene Glycol Products 7.171 Ethylene Glycol Compatibility 7.172 Weight per Gallon at Various Temperatures 7.173 Weight Percent vs Volume Percent Aq Monoethylene Glycol Solutions. 20'C 7.174 Specific Gravity vs Composition @ Various Temperatures of Aqueous MEG Solutions 7.175 Specific Gravity vs Composition @ Various Temperatures of Aqueous DEG Solutions Specific Gravity vs Composition @ Various Temperatures of Aqueous TEG Solutions 7.176 7.177 Boiling Point @ 760 mm Hg vs Composition of Aqueous Glycol Solutions 7.178 Freezing Point vs Cornposition of Aqueous Glycol Solutions 7.179 Vapor Pressure vs Temperature of the Glycols 7.180 Viscosity vs Temperature of the Glycols 7.181 Fire Hazard Information 7.182 AcuteOralToxicity 7.183 Environmental Considerations. Biodegradation 7.1 84 Ethylene Glycols: Products. Grades and Specifications 7.185 Ashland Glycols 7.186 Chemcentral Polyols 7.187 Hoechst Celanese 1.3-Butylene Glycol 7.188 Occidental Ethylene Glycol Giycerol(Giyc8rine) 7.189 Physical Properties and Specifications of Glycerol Boiling Points and Specific Gravities of Aqueous Glycerol Solutions 7.190 7.191 Conversion Chart for Aqueous Glycerol Solutions (25%) 7.192 Density of Glycerol-Water 7.193 Freezing Points of Glycerol-Water Solutions 7.194 Freezing Points of Glycerol-Water Solutions 7.195 Viscosity of Aqueous Glycerol Solutions. Centipoises Hygroscopicity Curves for Glycerol and 1.3-Butylene Glycol 7.196 7.197 Hygroscopicity Curves for Glycerol and 2.3-Butyiene Glycol 7.198 Relative Humidities Over Aqueous Glycerol Solutions. 20' to 100'C Solubility of Sucrose and Dextrose in Aqueous Glycerol at 15'. 24'. and 35% 7.199 7.200 Solubility of Various Compounds in Glycerol 7.201 Specific Gravity and Percent Glycerol 7.202 Specific Gravities of Glycerol and Glycol Mixtures 7.203 Specific Heat of Glycerol 7.204 Vapor Pressure of Glycerol 7.205 Vapor Pressure of Glycerol-Water Solutions Viscosity of Glycerol Solutions in Centipoises 7.206 ComprrativeDatr 7.207 Emery CP/USP Glycerines 7.208 Procter & Gamble Glycerine 7.209 Witco Refined Glycerine 13. 4-Butanetrioi 7.210 Physical Properties of 1.2.4-Butanetriol lP.6-Hexrnetrloi 7.21 1 Physical Properties of 1.2.6-Hexanetriol 7.212 Freezing Points of 1.2.6-Hexanetrio I-Water Mixtures 7.213 Vapor Pressure of 1.2.6-Hexanetriol 7.214 Solubility of 1.2. 6-Hexanetriol in Organic Solvents 7.21 5 Compatibility of 1.2. 6-Hexanetriol viscosities and Freezing Points of 1.2. 6-Hexanetriol 7.216

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.................................. 419 ............................................................. 420 ............................... 420 ................................... 420 .................................. 420 .................................. 421 ................................ 421 .................................. 421 ................................. 421 ................................ 422 ...................................... 422 .............................................. 423 ....................................................... 424 ................................................... 424 ............................................... 425 ........................................................ 425 ............................................. 426 . .................... 426 .............. 426 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427 .............. 427 ....................... 428 ................................. 428 ........................................... 429 ................................................ 429 ............................................................ 430 ................................................................ 430 ........................................... 430 ..................................... 431 .................................................................. 431 .............................................................. 432 ................................................ 433 .......................................................... 433 .......................................................................... 434 ......................................... 434 ........................... 434 ................................... 434 .......................................................... 435 ............................................. 436 ............................................. 437 ...................................... 437 ................................. 438 ................................. 438 ........................... 438 ................... 439 ............................................. 439 .................................................. 440 ......................................... 441 ........................................................... 441 .......................................................... 441 ............................................. 441 ............................................ 442 ........................................................................... 443 .......................................................... 443 ......................................................... 443 ............................................................ 444 ............................................................................ 444 ................................................ 444 ............................................................................ 445 ................................................ 445 ...................................... 445 .................................................. 445 ........................................ 446 ..................................................... 446 ....................................... 446

Contents and Subject IndexTrlmethyolpropane Physical Properties of Trimethylolpropane 7.217 Pentaerythritol 7.218 Physical Properties of Pentaerythritol .................................................. Sorbitol 7.219 Physical Properties ofSorbiito1 Boiling Point of Sorbitol Solutions 7.220 7.221 Hydrogenolysis of Sorbitol and Glycerol at a Hydrogen Pressure of 2.000 psi 7.222 Hydrogenolysis of Sorbitol at 215% and a Hydrogen Pressure of 2.000 psi Phase Diagram of Sorbitol Solubility in Hydroalcoholic Liquids at 35% 7.223 7.224 Solubility of Sorbitol in Hydroalcoholic Liquids at 25C 7.225 . Viscosity Curve for Pure d-Sorbitol Solutions of Various Concentrations SugarAlcoholr 7.226 Physical Properties of the Sugar Alcohols Mircellan~urPolyhydrlcAlcoholr 7.227 Hydrates of Polyhydric Alcohols

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.......................................................................... 447 ............................................... 447 .............................................................................. 447 447 ................................................................................... 448 ....................................................... 448 ..................................................... 448 .................... 449 ...................... 449 ......................... 450 ...................................... 450 ........................ 450 ............................................................................. 451 ............................................... 451 .............................................................. 452 ...................................................... 452 PHENOLS ..................................................................................... 454 454 8.1 Phenol ......................................................................... ALDEHYDES ................................................................................... 455 Furfural ................................................................................... 455 9.1 Properties of PureFurfural .......................................................... 455 9.2 Typical Properties and Specifiiations of Furfural .......................................... 456 9.3 Solubility of Various Substances in Furfural .............................................. 457 9.4 Solubility of Selected Thermoplastic Resins in Furfural ..................................... 457 458 9.5 Specific Gravity and Pounds per Gallon of Furfural ........................................ 458 9.6 CornpositiodDensity of Furfural-Water Solutions ......................................... 459 9.7 Vapor Pressure of Furfural .......................................................... 9.8 Solution Temperature of Furfural-Water System .......................................... 459 9.9 Temperature-Composition Diagram of Furfural-Water System ............................... 460 9.10 Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium In the Furfural-Water System .................................... 460 9.11 Vapor-Liquid Composition of Furfural-Water System ...................................... 461 OtherAldehydsr ............................................................................ 461 9.12 Vapor Pressures of Various Aldehydes ................................................. 461 9.13 Physical Properties of Various Aldehydes ............................................... 462 ETHERS ...................................................................................... 463 10.1 Dimethyl Ether ................................................................... 463 10.2 Chlorodimethyl Ether .............................................................. 464 10.3 Chloromethyl Ethyl Ether ........................................................... 465 465 10.4 Ethyl Ether ...................................................................... 466 10.5 Flammability of Ethyl Ether-Oxygen-Helium Mixture ....................................... 10.6 Dichloroethyl Ether ................................................................ 466 IsopropylEther ............................................................................. 467 10.7 Properties of Pure Isopropyl Ether .................................................... 467 10.8 Vapor Pressure of Isopropyl Ether .................................................... 467 10.9 Isopropyl Ether-Water Solubility ...................................................... 467 10.10 Mutual Solubility for the System: Isopropyl Ether-Isopropyl Alcohol-Water at 25'C. % wt . . . . . . . . . . . 468 10.11 Conjugate Solutions in the System: Isopropyl Ether-Isopropyl Alcohol-Water at 25'C. % wt . . . . . . . . . 469 10.12 Miscibility of Isopropyl Ether-Isopropyl Alcohol-Water at 25% ............................... 469 Azeotropic Information-Isopropyl Ether ................................................. 470 10.13 10.14 Vapor Pressure of Isopropyl Ether at Various Temperatures ................................. 471 10.15 Specific Gravity of sopropyl Ether vs Temperature ........................................ 471 Mutual Solubility and Specific Gravity of Isopropyl Ether. Water and Isopropyl Alcohol at 25'C . . . . . . . . 471 10.16 472 10.17 n-Butyl Ether .................................................................... 10.18 Diamyl Ether .................................................................... 473 10.19 n-Hexyl Ether ................................................................... 473 474 10.20 Solubility Data for Various Ethers ..................................................... 474 10.21 Comparative Evaporation Rates of Various Ethers ........................................ 475 10.22 Specific Gravities of Various Ethers ................................................... 476 10.23 Vapor Pressure of Various Ethers ..................................................... 10.24 Ethylene Oxide .................................................................. 478 10.25 Enthalpy and Entropy of Ethylene Oxide ................................................ 478

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Contents and Subject Index10.26 10.27 10.28 10.29 10.30 10.31 10.32 10.33 10.34 10.35 10.36 10.37 10.38 10.39 10.40 10.41 10.42 10.43 10.44 10.45 10.46 10.47 10.48 10.49 Propylene Oxide Freezing Points of Solutions of Ethylene Oxide and Propylene Oxide 1.2.Butylene Oxide CARDOUTENC-513 I. 4-Dioxane .................................................................... Trioxane VinylMethyl Ether VinylEthylEther Vinyl 2-Chloroethyl Ether Vinyl Butyl Ether Vinyllsobutyl Ether Vinyl 2-Ethylhexyl Ether ............................................................ Typical Properties of the vinyl Ethers Phenyl Methyl Ether Dibenzyl Ether Diphenyl "Oxide Miscellaneous Alkyl Aryl Ethers Furan .......................................................................... 2-Methylfuran ................................................................... Tetrahydrofuran .................................................................. 2.3-Dihydropyran Tetrahydropyran Tetrahydropyran-2-Methanol ........................................................ Terpinyl Methyl Ether ..............................................................

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