Industrial Revolution

Industrial Revolution

Using machinery instead of man/animal power

Began in Great Britain in the 1780’s

What caused the Industrial Revolution to begin in Great Britain?

Improved farming methods led to increased food supply (food cost less leaving families more $ for manufactured goods)

Growing population (workforce) Ready supply of capital ($ to invest) for industrial

machines/factories Entrepreneurs: wealthy people looking for ways to invest

and make profits Abundant natural resources Supply of markets

Last 2 a result of Britain being a colonial empire

1st Industry Effected by the Industrial Revolution

Textile industry Textiles had been produced using cottage

industry 2 step process of spinning and weaving done by people

in their homes

New inventions made this change because it was no longer efficient Flying shuttle, spinning jenny, water powered loom

Factory system began to be used

Factory System

More efficient to bring workers to the new machines in the factories

Cotton production: by 1840 it was Britain’s most valuable product Sold all over the world

James Watt

Improved the steam engineUsed coal: no longer had to be located

near waterDrove the Industrial RevolutionCoal industry had to expand because the

steam engine relied on coal to power it

Iron Production

Henry Cort Puddling Produced better quality iron faster

Britain’s coal production boomed Cort’s process quadrupled production

Railroads

Why were the important during the Industrial Revolution? Efficient way to move resources and

manufactured goods

The Rocket 1st public railroad line (1830) Liverpool to Manchester, England 40 ton train, moved 16 mph

Ongoing cycle of economic growth during the Industrial Revolution

Less expensive transportation drove down the price of goods and made for larger markets to sell goods in

More sales meant more demand for products, which meant there was a need for more factories and machines

This meant more goods would be supplied and there were more job openings

What caused the need for a new kind of labor system?

FactoriesNeed to keep machines going constantly,

so workers needed to work in shifts (same hours each day doing repetitive work)

Great Britain and the Industrial Revolution

World’s greatest industrial nationProduced half of the world’s cotton goods

and coal

How did the Industrial Revolution spread?

Spread at different speedsFirst countries to industrialize: Belgium,

France, and Germany because their governments built the infrastructure to support it like canals and railroads

Industrial Revolution in the USA

1800: 6 of every 7 people were farmers By 1860: 1 or every 2 were farmers Robert Fulton: 1st paddle-wheel steamboat: The

Clermont Could travel against the current

Railroads: most important transportation development during the Industrial Rev. Turned the USA into a massive market

Labor and Factory Work: huge demand Many had been farmers, many women (80% of

workforce in textile mills), many children too

Social Impact of Industrialization

Growth of cities Industrial capitalism: economic system based on

industrial production 2 new social classes

Industrial middle class: produced by industrial capitalism (people who built factories, bought machines, figured out where markets were; had initiative, vision, ambition, and money making skills)

Industrial working class: those who worked in the factories

Population growth: mainly because of the decline of disease, increased

food supply (could feed people better) Famine largely disappeared in western Europe

Living conditions in cities: miserable Prompted urban social reformers to call for cleaning up

the cities

Working conditions for industrial workers were horrible 12-16 hr days, 6 days/week No job security No minimum wage Hot temperatures in cotton mills: harmful

Women at work

2/3 of cotton industry’s workforce Women

Textile industrial jobs Unskilled Paid ½ or less than men Excessive work hrs for women outlawed in 1844

Laws restricting work hrs for women and children made married men responsible for supporting the family and women were to take care of the home, take low paying jobs to help the family survive

Children at Work

Factory Act of 1833 Set 9 as minimum working age From 9-13 could only work an 8 hr day From 13-18 could work a 12 hr day

Pitiful Conditions Led to Socialism

Socialism: society, usually the government, owns and controls the means of production (natural resources, factories, and the like)

Different than capitalism because in capitalism, private individuals own and control the means of production

Early Vs. Later Socialism

Early Idea of intellectuals

who believed in equality for all and wanted to replace competition with cooperation

Later (like Karl Marx) Thought these ideas

weren’t as practical and called those who believed them utopian socialists

Robert Owen

Utopian socialistBelieved people would show natural

goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment Transformed a factory town in Scotland into a

flourishing community Also attempted one in New Harmony, Indiana

which failed in the 1820’s

Second Industrial Revolution

Late 1800’s Stunning material growth First Ind. Rev.: textiles, railroads, iron, coal,

steam engine powered it Second Ind. Rev.: steel, chemicals, electricity

and petroleum powered it What replaced iron?

Steel Used to build machines, engines, railroads, and

ships

New form of energy

Electricity Convertible into heat, light, or motion

Thomas Edison Inventor of the light bulb

Alexander Graham Bell Invented the telephone in 1876

Guglielmo Marconi Sent first radio waves across the Atlantic in

1901

How did electricity change life?

In cities: By 1880’s street cars and subways

Don’t have to live within walking distance to work Cities grew larger

In factories: Conveyor belts, cranes, machines Factories could stay open 24 hours a day

New forms of Transportation

Ocean linersAirplane – Wright brothers in 1903Automobile What allowed these to be developed?

Internal-combustion engine fired by oil and gasoline

Sales of manufactured goods increased

Caused industrial production to growWages increased after 1870Prices lowered because of reduced

transportation costs so people could buy more

Department stores opened to offer consumers many goods from one location

Industrialized nations v. Non-industrialized nations- rise in world economy

Industrialized (core) Great Britain, France,

the Netherlands, Germany, western part of Austro-Hungarian Empire, northern Italy

High standards of living Decent transportations

systems

Non-industrialized (mainly agricultural) To the south and east:

southern Italy, most of Austria-Hungary, Spain, Portugal, the Balkan kingdoms, and Russia

Provided food and raw materials for the industrialized countries

Organizing the Working Classes

Socialist political parties and unions were created Goal: try to improve working and living

conditions

1848 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels published The Communist Manifesto Proposed a new social system

Marxist Views

History is a struggle between the oppressing owners of the means of production (land, raw materials, money, factories) and the oppressed workers

Marx was upset with the conditions the industrial working class lived and worked in and said they were oppressed

The oppressors (wealthy) controlled politics and the government and government was just an instrument for the ruling class

Society is becoming more divided between the bourgeoisie (middle class oppressors) and the proletariat (working class oppressed)

Conflict would result in a revolution where the proletariat would violently overthrow the bourgeoisie

They would form a dictatorship until a society without classes or conflict was in place

Then the state (gov) would wither away

Some political parties formed based on Marx’s ideas

German Social Democratic Party (1875) Advocated revolution and organized itself into a mass

political party that competed in elections for parliament, once elected worked to pass laws to improve working conditions

Became the largest party in Germany by 1912 Second International: 1889: leaders of various

socialist parties joined together in association of national socialist groups that would fight against capitalism worldwide First International failed in 1872

Marxist Parties Divided over Goals

Pure Marxists Thought capitalism

should be overthrown in a violent revolution

Revisionists Rejected revolutionary

approach and argued workers must try to organize in mass political parties and work with others to gain reforms

Trade Unions Also Worked for Change

Evolutionary NOT Revolutionary Change Collective bargaining: negotiation between union

workers and employers Trade union workers used the strike to achieve

their reforms in negotiation failed By 1900 2 million workers in Britain were in

British trade unions By 1914 almost 4 million Made great progress in improving living and

working conditions for workers throughout Europe

New Urban Environment

By the end of the 19th century, mass society emerged and concerns of the majority lower-classes were important At the same time cities were growing much larger

Why did cities grow at this time? Rural migration to cities because of lack of jobs in the

country and improvements in living conditions in the cities

Governments created boards of health to improve the quality of housing

Needed clean water, and proper sewage systems

Social Structure of Mass Society

Great poverty remained in the West even though most people after 1871 enjoyed a rising standard of living Several middle class groups existed between

the few that were rich and the many who were poor

The Wealthy

5% of European societyControlled 40% of the wealthAristocratic and upper middle class

members were government and military leaders

Sometimes the two groups were united by marriage

The Middle Class

Lawyers, doctors, members of the civil service, engineers, and scientists

Made up the solid middle class The lower middle class

Shopkeepers, secretaries, clerks

Middle class values: Hard work which was open to everyone and guaranteed

to pay off given enough labor, also churchgoers concerned with the moral way of doing things

The Working Class

80% of the population Skilled artisans, semi-skilled laborers, unskilled

laborers, including day laborers and domestic servants

Their lives improved after 1871 because of reforms in cities, higher wages, and lower prices Could afford some leisure activities, strikes were leading

to 10 hr workday and Sat. afternoons off

Women’s Experiences

1800: family roles defined women: legally inferior to and economically dependent on a man

Second Ind. Rev. opened the door for new jobs for women Low paid white-collar work: clerks, typists, secretaries,

file clerks, and salesclerks, government work- secretaries, telephone operators, education, health, social services

Mostly women of the working class who wanted a better life

Throughout the 1800s the only honorable job for a woman was to get married

The most significant development in the modern family that was brought about during this time was that the number of children a woman had was declining

What caused the decline? Improved economic conditions, increased use

of birth control

Middle class families started the idea of family togetherness Victorians created the family Christmas By the 1850’s the 4th of July celebration was

changed from wild parties to family picnics in the USA

Many middle class women had more time for leisure and domestic duties

Working class women had to work to support their families

Childhood was over by the age of 9 or 10 for working class children

Some working class women were able to stay home because of higher paying jobs in heavy industry and improvements in standard of living (men were more able to support their families)

At the same time, working class families wanted to buy the new consumer products like sewing machines and cast-iron stoves

Modern Feminism Movement Began

Movement for women’s rights began in the Enlightenment

Movement in the 1800s began with the fight for women to divorce and own property

Women also wanted access to universities, entry into occupations dominated by men

Important women: German Amalie Sieveking: nursing pioneer who

founded Female Association for the Care of the Poor and Sick in Hamburg

Florence Nightingale and Clara Barton: nurses during wars that made nursing a profession for trained, middle-class women

1840s and 50s women demanded = political rights, including the right to vote Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughters

founded the Women’s Social and Political Union

Suffragists (people who wanted the vote extended to all adults) believed in the right of women to full citizenship

Women in industrialized nations (the West) weren’t given the right to vote until after World War I

Universal Education

Didn’t happen until the late 19th and early 20th centuries Before then, who was educated?

The wealthy and elite classes

Western governments set up state-sponsored primary schools Boys and girls aged 6-12 were required to

attend State trained teachers (first female colleges

were teacher-training institutes)

What caused the commitment to public education? Industrialization: new firms of the 2nd Ind. Rev. needed

trained, skilled laborers Schools could teach them the skills required And if the government was giving more people the right

to vote, they wanted the voters to be more educated and be better voters

Compulsory education required more teachers Why were most of them women?

Seen as part of the nurturing role of women Paid lower salaries so the state could afford more

schools

More education meant more literacy (ability to read/write) In countries with universal schooling by 1900

most adults could read In those without, almost 80% of adults could not

read/write

More literacy meant newspapers were more popular Were often sensationalistic, telling gossip and

gruesome stories of crimes

New Forms of Leisure

Second Ind. Rev. allowed more people to pursue more leisure activities Entertained people and distracted them from

the realities of their work lives

People got time under the industrial system like evening hours and weekend to have fun after work Amusement parks, team sports, dancing were

popular

Mass leisure was different than earlier popular culture because the new forms of leisure were created for more passive audiences than earlier festivals and fairs Became big business for profits

What are the modern signs that professional sports are mainly about big business and making profits?