industrial revolution linguistics - 1066ͻpeople were still using farm tools ͻcultivating land,...
TRANSCRIPT
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INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION & LINGUISTICS
CAUSE AND EFFECT
1700 TO 1900
Emily Wonford
2604631
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Beginning of I.R
Textiles and Steam initiated the beginning of the Industrial Revolution…
ↄ 1712: The Newcomen steam engine is created.
ↄ 1733: John Kay invents the flying shuttle.
ↄ 1764: James Hargreaves invents the spinning jenny.
ↄ 1769: Richard Arkwright patents the water frame.
ↄ James Watt makes improvements to the Newcomen making it more efficient
ↄ 1779: Samuel Crompton perfects the spinning mule.
ↄ 1785: Edmund Cartwright patents a power loom.
ↄ 1793: Eli Whitney patents the cotton gin.
ↄ 1807: Robert Fulton begins steamboat service on the Hudson River.
ↄ 1830: George Stephenson begins rail service between Liverpool and London.
Then Again (1999)
17
12
to
18
30
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To begin…
ͻPeople were still using Farm tools
ͻCultivating land, growing crops, raising animals
ͻ75% population lived off land
ͻEmpty winters led to Cottage Industry…
ͻProduction of textiles at decent prices
Industrial Revolution (n.d)
c. 1
8th
Cen
tury
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Cottage Industry ↄ Merchant from City buys wool
ↄ Households take part in its production
ↄ Women and girls: washed and dyed
ↄ ‘Spinster’ would spin thread
ↄ Father would do physical labour of weaving
ↄ Merchant collects, sells and distributes
ↄ Prepared country for boost in economy
Industrial Revolution (n.d)
c. 1
8th
Cen
tury
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Why Britain?
ↄ Perfect conditions in Britain for Revolution:
ↄ Prepared work force, flexible government, wealth
and private banking.
ↄ Influx of Gold and Silver made things cheaper
ↄ New fuel ideas
ↄ Colonies provided new goods
ↄ Discovery of Cotton
ↄ 1726: first publication of English-written
paper The Daily Courant, published in London
Industrial Revolution (n.d)
17
50
to
13
80
’s
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Spread of Revolution:
The motion of the revolution continued to spread and intensify
through the 19th Century…
ↄ 1840: Samuel Cunard begins transatlantic steamship service.
ↄ 1856: Henry Bessemer develops the Bessemer converter.
ↄ 1859: The first commercial oil well is drilled in Pennsylvania.
ↄ 1866: The Siemens brothers improve steelmaking by developing
the open hearth furnace.
Then Again (1999)
18
40
to
18
75
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The Second Revolution: As the second IR progressed, more chemicals and electricity
was introduced leading to…
ↄ 1836: Samuel F. B. Morse invents the telegraph.
ↄ 1866: Cyrus Field lays the first successful transatlantic
cable.
ↄ 1876: Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone.
ↄ 1879: Thomas Edison invents the incandescent light bulb.
ↄ 1892: Rudolf Diesel patents the diesel engine.
ↄ 1899: Guglielmo Marconi invents the wireless.
ↄ 1903: The Wright Brothers make the first successful
airplane flight.
Then Again (1999)
18
36
to
19
00
’s
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Fashion in the 1830’s…
Term ‘Mackintosh’ derived from Charles
Macintosh’s waterproof jacket invention.
Accidental discovery by chemist Joseph Priestly
inventing the ‘rubber’
And voila …
the Mackintosh we all know and love.
The Victorian Web (2009) Cited in: Funk, W.J. (1998) Word origins: An explanation
and history of words and language. New York: Wings Books.
18
36
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Loan Words…
Canteen connoisseur
cuisine toupee
liquor etiquette 1066 and all that (n.d)
18
th C
entu
ry
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Invented words…
•Cholera got its name for 19th C water-born
plague
•1884: New English Dictionary (1928 Oxford
English Dictionary)
• ‘Novels’ for literary genre
BBC (2011)
c. 1
9th
Cen
tury
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Influencing Tolkien…
Elves epitomise calm and harmony of
country before the IR
Saruman is said to be a metaphorical
message for destruction & pollution
caused by IR
National Geographic (2001)
Bey
on
d t
he
IR
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Loan Words…
Vol-au-vent blouse
debutant
cinematography ‘cliché’
1066 and all that (n.d)
19
th C
entu
ry
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The IR, England & Wales…
ↄ Early 20th C 1 in 4 Welsh = miner
ↄ Welsh would have been everyday language
ↄ Few English would have learnt Welsh
ↄ English official language of Wales
ↄ Spread of railways ‘anglicised’ language…
ↄ Daily papers from London
BBC Wales (2011)
c. 1
9th
Cen
tury
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Progression of the British Empire…
The British Empire carried on increasing across the world
until the 20th C
To – US, Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Asia and India
Settlers interacted which bought new words to English vocab.
Kangaroo Boomerang (Aus)
Juggernaut Turban (India)
Study English (2011)
c. 1
9T
h t
o 2
0th
Cen
tury
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Neologisms…
ↄ Neologisms: Newly invented word or phrase
ↄ need for industrial and scientific revolution
ↄ describe new inventions and discoveries
ↄ English relied on Greek and Latin:
oxygen protein nuclear vaccine
ↄ English roots:
horsepower (cars) airplane typewriter
ↄ These continue today – electronic and technology:
hard-drive microchip Anglik (n.d)
20
th C
entu
ry &
on
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Loan Words…
Art deco fuselage
au pair cinéma – vérité
Disco garage
brasserie 1066 and all that (n.d)
20
th C
entu
ry
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References: The Web Chronology Project (1999) The Industrial Revolution: 1700 – 1900. [online] available from <thenagain.infohttp://www.thenagain.info/webchron/westeurope/indrev.html> [7 March 2011]
The Industrial Revolution (n.d) Causes of the Industrial Revolution. [online] available from <http://industrialrevolution.sea.ca/causes.html> [7 March 2011]
The Victorian Web (2009) The development of the English language following the Industrial Revolution. [online] available from <http://www.victorianweb.org/history/language/courtney1.html> [7 March 2011]
1066andallthat (n.d) The Impact of the Industrial Revolution. [online] available from <http://www.1066andallthat.com/english_modern/industrial_04.asp> [7 March 2011]
BBC (2011) British History in Depth: The Ages of English. [online] available from <http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/lang_gallery_08.shtml> [7 March 2011]
National Geographic (2001) Influences on Lord of the Rings: Industrialisation and Pollution. [online] available from <http://www.nationalgeographic.com/ngbeyond/rings/influences.html> [7 March 2011)
BBC Cymru Wales (2011) Wales History: The Industrial Revolution [online] available from <http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/society/language_industrialrevolution.shtml > [7 March 2011]
Study English Today (2011) A Brief History of the English Language. [online] available from <http://www.studyenglishtoday.net/english-language-history.html> [7 March 2011]
Anglik (n.d) A brief History of the English Language: Late-Modern English (1800-Present). [online] available from <http://www.anglik.net/englishlanguagehistory.htm> [7 March 2011]