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Industrial Revolution: greatly increased output of machine and man-made goods that began in England and spread through Europe and the U.S. between the 18th and 19th centuries. The Industrial Revolution

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Page 1: Industrial Revolution: greatly increased output of machine and man-made goods that began in England and spread through Europe and the U.S. between the

Industrial Revolution: greatly increased output of machine and man-made goods that began in

England and spread through Europe and the U.S. between the 18th and

19th centuries.

The

Industrial Revolution

The

Industrial Revolution

Page 2: Industrial Revolution: greatly increased output of machine and man-made goods that began in England and spread through Europe and the U.S. between the

• What do you see here?

• How would you describe how people are dressed?

• What are the people doing?

• How do they seem to feel about their work?

• What might these people enjoy or not enjoy about their life-style?

Traditional or Pre-Industrial Society

Page 3: Industrial Revolution: greatly increased output of machine and man-made goods that began in England and spread through Europe and the U.S. between the

“Enclosed” Fields“Enclosed” Fields

The Beginnings of Industrialization

Agricultural Revolution:

Farming in the Middle Ages

-Villages feed themselves (subsistence farming)

-Animals graze common pastures

Disadvantages

-Land used inefficiently and depleted of nutrients

-Farmers didn’t experiment with new methods

Forces for Change

-Population growing- more food needed

-French blockade-no corn-more food needed

-Wealthy landowners buy up small farms, create enclosures.

-Small farmers become tenant farmers or factory workers in city.

-Jethro Tull’s seed drill, scatters seeds more efficiently. -New Crop Rotation- Fields depleted of nutrients by one crop,

replenished by planting different crops (rotating).

-Boosts food production, standard of living, and population.

MANOR

WHEAT BARLEY

TURNIPS BEANS

CROP ROTATION

•How might crop rotation affect agricultural production?Jethro Tull’s Seed Drill

Page 4: Industrial Revolution: greatly increased output of machine and man-made goods that began in England and spread through Europe and the U.S. between the

Clover

Turnips

Alfalfa

Food for Livestock in Winter

Healthier animals

Clover

Turnips

AlfalfaClover

Turnips

Alfalfa

Clover

Turnips

Alfalfa

Clover

Turnips

Alfalfa

Clover

Turnips

Alfalfa

Clover

Turnips

Alfalfa

Clover

Turnips

Alfalfa

Clover

Turnips

Alfalfa

Clover

Turnips

AlfalfaClover

Turnips

Alfalfa

And so it goes….

AND….

Page 5: Industrial Revolution: greatly increased output of machine and man-made goods that began in England and spread through Europe and the U.S. between the

Population Growth

Enclosure Movement

Seed DrillCrop Rotation

+ + +

=

Diverse Crops and Healthy Animals

Page 6: Industrial Revolution: greatly increased output of machine and man-made goods that began in England and spread through Europe and the U.S. between the

Why Britain Led the Industrial

Revolution • What do you see?• How are the pictures on

the left different from those on the right?

• How many inventions shown on the right have changed or improved life in Britain?

• For what purpose do you think this lithograph was created?

Page 7: Industrial Revolution: greatly increased output of machine and man-made goods that began in England and spread through Europe and the U.S. between the

*Resources: Britain has extensive resources to

support production-

- water power and coal to fuel machines

-iron ore to construct machines, tools, and buildings.

-rivers for inland transportation

-harbors for merchant ships.

*Britain’s colonies provided market for new goods.

*Economic Strength and Stability:

-Economy, banks, and business people stimulate investment.

- Britain has all four Factors of Production:

LAND, LABOR, CAPITAL, ENTREPENEURSHIP

* Rise of Capitalism: An economic system based on private ownership, free competition, and profit.

Why did the Industrial Revolution Begin in Britain?

Page 8: Industrial Revolution: greatly increased output of machine and man-made goods that began in England and spread through Europe and the U.S. between the

The Textile Industry & Factory System

• What do you see here?• What are the machines

doing?• What are the workers

doing? • What is the boy in the

machine doing?• What might be the

advantages of factory cotton spinning over cottage-industry cotton spinning?

Page 9: Industrial Revolution: greatly increased output of machine and man-made goods that began in England and spread through Europe and the U.S. between the

Textile: - several inventions modernize the cotton industry:

James Hargreaves’ Spinning Jenny

Improved Spinning

Effects of Textile Factories in Britain: Prices of mass-produced textiles were much lower than hand produced items.Majority of villagers forced to leave to find work in urban factories

Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin

Separate Seeds from Cotton

Inventions

http://www.si.edu/lemelson/centerpieces/whole_cloth/u2ei/u2images/tea_essay/gin_sm.jpg
Page 10: Industrial Revolution: greatly increased output of machine and man-made goods that began in England and spread through Europe and the U.S. between the

Steam Engine: Energy for the Industrial Revolution

• What do you see here?

• What are the black rocks?

• Besides coal, what other sources of energy do you see in this painting?

• What other uses might there be for a steam engine besides pumping water out of coal mines?

Page 11: Industrial Revolution: greatly increased output of machine and man-made goods that began in England and spread through Europe and the U.S. between the

Robert Fulton’s Steam EngineJames Watt’s improved steam engine

Need For Energy:-Early factories rely on horses, oxen, and water mills. Steam engine evolved in

response to the increasing need for power.-Steam engines powered by coal.-Steam forced from high to low pressure produces power.-Steam power used where ever coal existed, increased textile production.

Page 12: Industrial Revolution: greatly increased output of machine and man-made goods that began in England and spread through Europe and the U.S. between the

Early Steam Engines

How a steam engine workshttp://science.howstuffworks.com/steam1.htm

Page 13: Industrial Revolution: greatly increased output of machine and man-made goods that began in England and spread through Europe and the U.S. between the

Transportation

• What is happening here?

• How are the people dressed?

• What are they doing?

• Why might they be cheering?

• How is the locomotive powered?

• What might the railroads carry in their cars?

Page 14: Industrial Revolution: greatly increased output of machine and man-made goods that began in England and spread through Europe and the U.S. between the

Richard Trevithick’s steam driven locomotive:

Railroads change life in Britain:

-Increased production increased need to transport goods quickly and cheaply.

-Cheaper to transport goods, increases production and profits.

-Creates hundreds of thousands of new jobs for railroad workers and miners.

-Easier travel= more people working in city and vacationing in the country.

Early Steam Locomotive

Later Locomotives

The Railroad

Page 15: Industrial Revolution: greatly increased output of machine and man-made goods that began in England and spread through Europe and the U.S. between the

The struggles between railroad interests to build lines across private land provoked an intense debate about the right to private property and the benefits to society as a whole of limiting those rights. The cartoon offered a contemporary view of the railway's invasion of the land

“The Great Land Serpent”

“The Great Land Serpent”

Page 16: Industrial Revolution: greatly increased output of machine and man-made goods that began in England and spread through Europe and the U.S. between the

Railroads on the Continent

Railroads on the Continent

Page 17: Industrial Revolution: greatly increased output of machine and man-made goods that began in England and spread through Europe and the U.S. between the

Urbanization

Growth of Industrial Cities-For centuries, most Europeans had lived in rural areas. After 1800, the balance shifted to cities.-Most of Europe’s urban areas at least doubled in population. (PULL FACTOR)-Factories built near sources of energy.

8 out of 10 English people lived in country

5 out of 10 people lived in the country

1750

1850

In 1842 a farmer in a rural area could expect to live 38 yrs.

In 1842 a worker in the city of Manchester could expect to live only 17 yrs.

Factory owners rushed to build workers’ housing, which was dark, poorly constructed, badly ventilated, and over crowded.

Page 18: Industrial Revolution: greatly increased output of machine and man-made goods that began in England and spread through Europe and the U.S. between the

New Machines, often too big for homes, were put in factoriesFactories located near power source: coal, iron, water.

Most dangerous conditions were in the coal mines.

Working Conditions

Factory owners want to keep machines running-workers work up to 16 hrs. a day- 6 days a week

Factories were dirty and dangerous

Workers risked losing limbs from machines or getting serious lung and throat infections from hot polluted air. No programs to help if injured.

Workers subjected to pressure, and even physical punishment, in an effort to make them speed up production

Factories built “factory towns” offering cheap rent to accompany low wages- trapping workers.

Page 19: Industrial Revolution: greatly increased output of machine and man-made goods that began in England and spread through Europe and the U.S. between the

Child Labor

Families depended on children to bring home an income.

Children (as young as 4 yrs. old) earned little or no pay.

Worked 12-14 hour days, often with no breaks.

Treatment was cruel. Children beaten and punished.

Children were used for dangerous jobs because they could fit into small spaces (coal mines), or use their small arms and fingers to reach into running machinery (often resulting injury or even death).

Page 20: Industrial Revolution: greatly increased output of machine and man-made goods that began in England and spread through Europe and the U.S. between the

Textile Mills work children 14 hour days

Girls Labor in SweatshopsA Young Glass Factory Worker

Girl in Textile Mill

Page 21: Industrial Revolution: greatly increased output of machine and man-made goods that began in England and spread through Europe and the U.S. between the

Stereotype of the Factory Owner

Stereotype of the Factory Owner

Page 22: Industrial Revolution: greatly increased output of machine and man-made goods that began in England and spread through Europe and the U.S. between the

Living Conditions

No plans, sanitary codes, sewer, building codes, or adequate police protection.

Families often lived in one room. Buildings dark and dirty.

Garbage collected in the streets.

Disease was widespread.

“Death’s Dispensary” Cholera Epidemic

Page 23: Industrial Revolution: greatly increased output of machine and man-made goods that began in England and spread through Europe and the U.S. between the

What do you see in this picture?

Who are the people at the bottom? At the top?

What message was the artist trying to sent?

Page 24: Industrial Revolution: greatly increased output of machine and man-made goods that began in England and spread through Europe and the U.S. between the

Class TensionsRevolution brought change in class structure.

-Upper Class-Merchants and factory owners became wealthy, regardless of land ownership.

-Rise of middle class- skilled workers, business people, professionals, and wealthy farmers.

-Lower Class- the largest group Workers being replaced by machines. Lived in slums No time for education means no social mobility High crime rates

Class Structure

Page 25: Industrial Revolution: greatly increased output of machine and man-made goods that began in England and spread through Europe and the U.S. between the

• Created jobs

• Contributed to wealth of nation

• Technological progress and invention

• Increased production of goods

• Raised the standard of living

• Hope of improvement in people’s lives

• Healthier diets

• Better housing

• Cheaper, mass-produced clothing

• Expanded education opportunities

Positive effects of Revolution

Page 26: Industrial Revolution: greatly increased output of machine and man-made goods that began in England and spread through Europe and the U.S. between the

Industrialization By 1850

Industrialization By 1850

Page 27: Industrial Revolution: greatly increased output of machine and man-made goods that began in England and spread through Europe and the U.S. between the

Share in World Manufacturing

Output: 1750-1900

Share in World Manufacturing

Output: 1750-1900


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