industrial resources, inc power plant 2009 - industrial resources, inc. power plant fundamentals...
TRANSCRIPT
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
Power Plant Fundamentals Training
Module 2 Power Plant Theory
INDUSTRIAL RESOURCES, INC
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
Power Plant Fundamentals Training
Industrial Resources, Inc. A Training Services Company
This program is designed to provide you with a fundamental understanding of power plant operation. Some of the information may not apply to your specific facility but is provided to give you an overall picture of power plants used in the power industry.
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
OBJECTIVES
Demonstrate Basic Knowledge of: – Energy Conversion – Fluid Properties and Fluid Flow – Pressure – Temperature and Heat – Thermodynamics – Unit Energy Conversion Processes – Water/Steam Properties – Steam Applications – Steam Tables and Their Uses – Plant Performance
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
Energy Conversion Fuel and Air (Chemical Energy) to Thermal Energy (Heat) – Module 8, Fuels and Combustion Heat Transfer to Water and Steam – Module 9, Boilers Thermal Energy to Mechanical Energy (Torque) – Module 10, Turbines Torque to Electrical Energy – Module 13, Power Generation
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
Heat Transfer
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
Question 1
The energy conversion that occurs in the Boiler Furnace is chemical energy into ______________.
Electrical Energy Thermal Energy (Heat) Mechanical Energy (Torque) No energy conversion occurs in the Boiler Furnace
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
Question 1 Answer
If you said Electrical, you were right. We want to make electricity so that we can sell it to customers.
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
Fluid Properties and Flow
What Is a Fluid? How do we describe Fluids? What are some Fluid Properties? How do Fluids flow?
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
Atoms and Elements
Atom – smallest piece of an element Element – a type of substance Only about 100 elements But millions of combinations of them Examples of elements are:
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
Before we go any further, you might be thinking: How big is an atom? Suppose you had 1 pound of iron (Fe). How many atoms do you think are in that pound of iron? Actually, there are about 5 million billion billion atoms in that pound, or
5,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 atoms
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
Compound – Combination of Atoms
Millions of them, including:
Water Carbon Dioxide Sulfuric Acid
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
Molecule – smallest piece of a compound that is still the compound. If we broke down a molecule, we get atoms that make up that compound.
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
Chemical Reaction – forming compounds from atoms or other
compounds
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
Physical Properties
Describe by Weight Describe by Temperature Describe by How Substance Flows Think about what State Substance is in States: – Solid – Liquid – Gas
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
Solid
Molecules in fixed positions Example: Ice is solid form of water If Temperature increases enough, melts
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
Liquid
Molecules not in fixed positions, but close Takes shape of container Example: Ice is solid form of water
As add Heat, Liquid expands.
Add enough Heat, Liquid starts to turn to Gas.
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
Gas
Molecules not close, spread out Fills container Example: Steam is gaseous form of water
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
What Is a Fluid?
Something that Flows
Liquid or Gas
Can Turn Solid into Liquid
Examples: Melting Iron
Dry Ice is solid CO2
Liquid CO2 in Fire Extinguishers
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
Describing Fluids
Pressure – how much molecules try to keep away from each other Temperature – how much molecules vibrate Heat Content – amount of Thermal Energy in Fluid Density – Mass of Fluid per unit Volume Viscosity – Resistance to flow
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
Question 2
A Fluid is either a ______ or a _______. – Solid, Liquid – Liquid, Gas – Solid, Gas – A fluid is ONLY a liquid.
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
Question 2 Answer
If you said Liquid, Gas, you were right. A fluid flows and a solid does not flow, unless made into a liquid or a gas.
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
Question 3
Which state of matter has molecules close together, but free to move relative to each other and takes the shape of its container? – Solid – Liquid – Gas – Solid or liquid
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
Question 3 Answer
If you said Liquid, you were right.
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
Pressure Force per unit Area
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
Atmospheric Pressure
14.696 pounds per square inch
(psi)
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
Barometer
Maintaining a Vacuum is Difficult, So We Don’t
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
AbsolutePressure
Scale
Absolute 0 Pressure
Atmospheric Pressure
Absolute Pressure
psia bar
14.7 psia
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
Gauge Pressure
Scale
Absolute 0 Pressure
Atmospheric Pressure
Absolute Pressure Gauge Pressure
psia bar
psig barg
14.7 psia 0 psig
34.7 psia 20 psig
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
Vacuum Scale
Absolute 0 Pressure
Atmospheric Pressure
Absolute Pressure Gauge Pressure
Vacuum
psia bar
psig barg
Back-Pressure
In. Hg vac
In. Hg abs.
14.7 psia 0 psig
34.7 psia 20 psig
2 in. Hg is 1 psi
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
Fluid Pressure
Units are Gauge Pressure units Some gauges have more than one scale
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
Question 4
A device that measures atmospheric pressure is called a _______ .
– Pressure Gauge – Barometer – Pressure Scale – Vacuum Gauge
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
Question 4 Answer
If you said Barometer, you were right.
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
Question 5
A fluid pressure of 40 psig has an absolute pressure of _____ psia (on a day when atmospheric pressure is 14.7 psia).
– 0 – 25.3 – 40 – 54.7
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
Question 5 Answer
If you said 54.7, you were right. You add the atmospheric pressure to the gauge pressure to get absolute pressure. In this case, that is 14.7 + 40 = 54.7
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
Temperature and Heat
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
Don’t Confuse Temperature and Heat
Temperature – Vibration of Molecules Heat – Thermal Energy contained in Molecules Enthalpy – measure of Heat Content Enthalpy affected by Temperature, Pressure, Volume, and State of Molecules Water at boiling temperature has the same temperature as steam at boiling temperature, but a different heat content
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
Unit of Heat Content - Btu One British Thermal Unit (BTU) is about one wooden match in energy
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
Enthalpy
Formula for Enthalpy Enthalpy (H) = Internal Energy (U) + Flow Work (PV)/BTU Constant (J)
Internal Energy - sum of the energy of vibration due to temperature of all of the molecules of a substance Flow Work (PV/J) - energy contained in a substance due to its pressure and volume J is a constant value that allows Enthalpy to be stated in BTUs
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
Temperature and Heat Add heat to boil water, but temperature does not change Internal Energy goes up due to change of state Flow work goes up due to change of volume Over 970 Btus to boil 1 pound of water at 14.7 psia
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
Temperature Scales
Boiling Temperature
Freezing Temperature
Fahrenheit (degF) Celsius (degC)
212 degF
32 degF 0 degC
180 degF 100 degC
9 degF = 5 degC
100 degC
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
Plant Temperature Gauges
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
Question 6 Internal Energy (U) plus Flow Work (PV/J) equals _______ (H).
– Temperature – Enthalpy – Entropy – Torque
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
Question 6 Answer
If you said enthalpy, you were right. The enthalpy is the heat content of the molecules in a fluid.
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
Question 7
Boiler temperature of 212 degF is indicated in Celsius as ______ degC .
– 0 – 32 – 100 – 212
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
Question 7 Answer
If you said 100, you were right.
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
Thermodynamics
“Thermo” – heat “dynamics” – motion General Energy Equation describes what each Component does
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
General Energy Equation
Equipment Enthalpy
Potential Energy
Kinetic Energy
Potential Energy
Enthalpy
Kinetic Energy
Heat
Work
Heat In Positive
Work Out Positive
Need Moving Parts for Work to occur
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
General Energy Equation
Equipment Enthalpy
Potential Energy
Kinetic Energy
Potential Energy
Enthalpy
Kinetic Energy
Heat
Work
Both small amounts, so can ignore them
Kinetic Energy – energy due to Speed
Potential Energy – energy due to position
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
General Energy Equation - Boiler
Boiler Enthalpy Enthalpy
Heat
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
General Energy Equation - Turbine
Turbine Enthalpy Enthalpy
Work
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
Other Parts
In Time
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
Question 8 In analyzing equipment using the General Equation, which of the following is correct for a piece of equipment being analyzed?
– Heat Out Positive, Work Out Positive – Heat In Positive, Work Out Positive – Heat Out Positive, Work In Positive – Heat In Positive, Work in Positive
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
Question 8 Answer
If you said Heat In Positive, Work Out Positive, you were right.
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
Question 9 Which of the following is NOT TRUE when analyzing the Boiler?
– Heat In is Positive – Work Out is Positive – Enthalpy In is smaller than Enthalpy Out – There is no Work out of the Boiler
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
Question 9 Answer
If you said work out is positive, you were right. There are no moving parts in a Boiler, so there is no way that work can leave the Boiler.
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
Heat from Burning Fuel
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
Saturation
Saturation Temperature – temperature at which boiling occurs Liquid contains all of the heat it can hold before changing into a gas At Saturation Conditions – can have fluid as a liquid and a gas at the same temperature Saturated Liquid – liquid at boiling temp. Saturated Vapor – steam at boiling temp.
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
Saturation Temperature & Pressure
Temp.
Heat Added
70 F
212 F 14.7 psia
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
Saturation Temperature & Pressure
Temp.
Heat Added
70 F
212 F 14.7 psia
126 F 2 psia
621 F 1800 psia
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
Saturation Temperature & Pressure
Temp.
Heat Added
70 F
212 F 14.7 psia
126 F 2 psia
621 F 1800 psia
Sub-Cooled Liquid
Saturated Liquid/Steam
Superheated Steam
Saturation Curve
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
Supercritical
Temp.
Heat Added
621 F 1800 psia
Sub-Cooled Liquid Saturated Liquid/Steam
Superheated Steam
Saturation Curve
Critical Point Supercritical Boiler Curve
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
Question 10 Steam that has a temperature higher than saturation temperature for the pressure is called _______________.
– Saturated Steam – Superheated Steam – Supercritical Steam – Subcritical Steam
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
Question 10 Answer
If you said superheated steam, you were right.
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
Question 11 For each saturation pressure there is a unique saturation __________ .
– flow – temperature – state – principle
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
Question 11 Answer
If you said temperature, you were right.
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
Steam Tables
List Parameters for Water under many conditions Can use to check performance of equipment Table 1 Saturation: Temperatures Table 2 Saturation: Pressures Table 3 Vapor
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
Table 1 Saturation:
Temperatures
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
Using Table 1
At a temperature of 147 degF, Saturation pressure is 3.454 psia. Internal energy of Saturated Water is 114.95 Btu/lb Enthalpy of Saturated Steam is 1124.8 Btu/lb The heat necessary to make 1 lb of water into 1 lb of steam at 147 degF is 1009.9 Btu/lb (hfg)
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
Table 2 Saturation: Pressures
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
Table 3. Vapor
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
Mollier Diagram
In back of Steam Tables Allows a quick “ball-park” check of parameters
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
Question 12 In the Steam Table below, saturation pressure for 149 degrees Fahrenheit is _______ psia.
– 3.630 – 99.7 – 942.0 – 1.8704
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
Question 12 Answer
If you said 3.630, you were right. It is listed in the column just to the right of the temperature column on the same line.
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
Question 13 In the Steam Table below, the enthalpy of steam at a pressure of 1100 psia and 600 degF is __________ Btu/lb .
– .4005 – 556.45 – 1171.8 – 1272.1
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
Question 12 Answer
If you said 1272.1, you were right.
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
Plant Performance
Heat Rate – Input over Output Units – BTUs per KW-hour
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
Factors Affecting Heat Rate
Condenser Cooling Water Temperature Condenser Cleanliness Coal Fineness Coal Quality and Wetness Air Heater Operation Sootblower Usage Overall Plant Maintenance
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
Question 14 The units of Plant Heat Rate are _____________.
– KW-hours per Btu – Btus per KW-hour – Btus per hour – KW per Btu
© 2009 - Industrial Resources, Inc.
Question 14 Answer
If you said Btus per KW-hour, you were right. It is the ratio of what fuel was put in to the electricity that went to customers.