KLUWER LAW INTERNATIONAL

ComparativeLabour LawandIndustrialRelationsinIndustrializedMarketEconomies

Editor:R. Blanpain

J. BakerG.J. B amber

M. BiagiR. Blanpain

G.P. CellaM. Colucci

B. CreightonC. Engels

J. DejardinP. Foubert

M. FranzenB. Gan

A. GladstoneA. Goldman

F. HendrickxS.E. Jackson

A.TJ.M. JacobsS.K. Pursey

J. RojotG. Rynhart

R.S. SchulerJ.-M. Servais

P. SheldonL. Swepston

I. TariqueM. Tiraboschi

T. TreuP. Wickramasekara

J.P. Windmuller

Xth andrevised edition

2010

Wolters KluwerLaw & Business

AUSTIN BOSTON CHICAGO NEW YORK THE NETHERLANDS

Summary of Contents

Notes on Contributors xxix

Editor's Preface xxxiii

List of Abbreviations xxxv

METHODOLOGY 1

Chapter 1Comparativism in Labour Law and Industrial Relations 3R. Blanpain

Chapter 2Comparative Labour Law: Sources and Documentation 25M. Colucci

ACTORS 41

Chapter 3National, Regional and International Employers' Organizations 43G. Rynhart and J. Dejardin

Chapter 4The International Trade Union Movement 71J.P. Windmuller, S.K. Pursey and J. Baker

vi Summary of Contents

Chapter 5Human Resource Management in Context 97R.S. Schuler, S.E. Jackson and I. Tarique

SOURCES OF REGULATION 139

Chapter 6International Labour Law 141L. Swepston

Chapter 7The European Union and Employment Law 169R. Blanpain

Chapter 8Multinational Enterprises and Codes of Conduct:The OECD Guidelines for MNEs in Perspective 195R. Blanpain

Chapter 9Conflicts of Laws in Employment Contracts andIndustrial Relations 221M. Franzen

INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS AND COMPARATIVESTUDIES 243

Chapter 10Protection of Migrant Workers in an Era of Globalization:The Role of International Instruments 245Piyasiri Wickramasekara

Chapter 11 \Freedom of Association 285B. Creighton

Chapter 12Subordinate Employees or Self-Employed Workers? 339Chris Engels

Chapter 13Working Conditions and Globalization 361Jean-Michel Servais

Summary of Contents vii

Chapter 14Equality and Prohibition of Discrimination in Employment 393P. Foubert , -'

Chapter 15Employment Privacy 437F. Hendrickx

Chapter 16Security of Employment and Employability ., 459Jacques Rojot

Chapter 17National Trade Union Movements 481G.P. Cella and T. Treu

Chapter 18Forms of Employee Representational Participation 523M. Biagi and M. Tiraboschi

Chapter 19Transnational Information and Consultation:The Recast European Works Council Directive 577C. Engels

Chapter 20Collective Bargaining: International Developments and Challenges 609Greg J. Bomber, Peter Sheldon and Bernard Gan

Chapter 21The Law of Strikes and Lockouts 659A.T.J.M. Jacobs

Chapter 22 \Settlement of Disputes over Rights 721A. Gladstone

Chapter 23Settlement of Disputes over Interests 751A. Goldman

Index 785

Table of Contents

Notes on Contributors xxix

Editor's Preface xxxiii

List of Abbreviations xxxv

METHODOLOGY 1

Chapter 1Comparativism in Labour Law and Industrial Relations 3R. Blanpain

I. In Search of a Definition ( 4II. Uses of the Comparative Method 5

A. Better Insight into One's Own National System 5B. International Private Labour Law 6C. Multinational Enterprises and International,Unions:

Globalization 6D. Forecast of Further Developments 7E. To Guide or Promote Social Change at Home: Assistance 8

x Table

F. As an Instrument in the Formulation and theApplication of International Labour Standards:Horizontal and Vertical Comparison1. The" International Labour Organization2. The Council of Europe and the

European UnionIII. What and How to Compare?

A. Comparison of Functions Rather Than InstitutionsB. Comparison of What Is 'Going On'C. Looking for 'Models' . ...D. An Integrated and Global ApproachE. Group CollaborationF. Educational Visits

IV. The TrapsA. Language and TerminologyB. Parochialism and Ideological Hangovers

V. The Transplantability IssueVI. The Status of the 'Academic Art'VII. De Comparatione Ferenda: Guidelines

A. TeachingB. Research

VIII. ConclusionsSelected Bibliography

Chapter 2Comparative Labour Law: Sources and DocumentationM. Colucci

I. IntroductionA. International Sources

1. ILO Publications2. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and

DevelopmentB. Regional Sources

1. The European Union2. APEC3. Africa and South America

C. Private CollectionsD. BooksE. BulletinsF. Academic JournalsG. E-JournalsH. International Societies and Meetings

of Contents

89

10121213131415161616171820212121

\ 2 2'22

25

252525

2829293031313232333435

Table of Contents

I. Research Websites1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.

International, Comparative, and Foreign LawUnited States Government SitesILO PublicationsInternational Institute for Labour StudiesEuropean UnionPrivate CollectionsBooksJournals' •

xi

353536373738383838

ACTORS 41

Chapter 3National, Regional and International Employers'Organizations 43G. Rynhart and J. Dejardin

I. , Introduction: Definition . 43II. Historical Development: From Guilds to Employers'

Organizations 44HI. Functions of Employers' Organizations 46

A. Promoting Business Interests 46B. Representative Function in the Political Structure 47C. Representative Function in the Industrial

Relations System 48D. Internal Functions of Employers'Organizations 51E. Speaking for All Business 52F. Technical Assistance 52

IV. Structure of Employers' Organizations 53A. Unity of the Central Organization at National Level 53

1. Coverage of the Central Organization 532. Parallel Organizations 54

B. Membership of Employers' Organizations 541. Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises 542. Public-Sector Enterprises 56

C. Employers' Organizations at the Sectoral andRegional Levels 57

D. Means and Resources 58E. Mergers and Changing Structures 58

xii Table of Contents

V. Regional Employers' Organizations 59VI. International Employers' Organizations 61

A. Historical Development 61B. International Employers' Organizations

at the Global Level 62C. The International Organisation of Employers (IOE) 62

VII. Future Challenges for Employer Organizations 65A. Service Delivery 66B. Collective Interests versus Individual 66C. Role of Business in Society . 66D. Changing Trends in Trade Unions 67E. Explaining Change 68

Selected Bibliography 69ILO Labour Relations Series 69

Chapter 4The International Trade Union Movement 71J.P. Windmuller, S.K. Pursey and J. Baker

I. Historical Overview 71A. To 1914 71B. From 1914 to 1939 - 72C. After 1939 73

II. The International Trade Union Confederation 74A. Aims and Activities 75

1. Overall Goals 752. Representational and Organizational Work 76

B. Structure and Government 771. Membership and Finances 772. Governing Bodies and Secretariat 783. Regional Organizations 78

III. The World Federation of Trade Unions 78A. Aims and Activities 79B. Structure and Government 80

1. Membership and Finances 802. Governing Bodies and Secretariat 803. Trade Union Internationals 81

IV. Other International, Regional or Sub-regional Organizations 81A. The Trade Union Advisory Committee to the OECD

(TUAC-OECD) 81B. The European Trade Union Confederation 82C. The Organization of African Trade Union Unity 84

Table of Contents xiii

D. The International Confederation of ArabTrade Unions' 85

E. Sub-regional Bodies 85V. Global Union' Federations 86

A. Organization and Structure 861. Relations with Global Internationals 862. Membership and Finances 873. Governing Bodies and Sector Groups 88

B. Aims and Activities 881. Solidarity and Organizational Work 892. Information and Research 89

VI. Conclusions - 90Selected Bibliography 93List of International Union Websites 94

Chapter 5Human Resource Management in Context 97R.S. Schuler, S.E. Jackson and I. Tarique

I. Introduction 97II. What Is Human Resource Management and

How Does It Operate? 98A. What Are the Activities that HR Entails? 98

1. Strategic Analysis 982. Strategic Implementation 99

a. Four-Task Model for HR 99b. Environmental Improvements 102c. Empowerment/Engagement 102

3. A Link-to-the-Organization Role 102B. Staffing the HR Management Department 103

1. Specialists versus Generalists 1032. Centralization versus Decentralization 104

C. Partnership in HR 105D. HR Management Reflects Changing Context 107

1. Globalization of Industry and Globalizationof the Workforce 107

2. Organizational Changes 108a. Layoffs and Job Eliminiation 108b. Mergers and Acquisitions 108c. Innovation in Technology 109d. Innovation of Practices 109e. Teams 110

3. Outsourcing and Off shoring 1104. Legal Issues 111

xiv Table of Contents

E. Forces Impacting HR Management 1121. Pressures for Social Responsibility 1122. Elements of the Stakeholder Model 113

a. The Organization as Stakeholder 113b. Employees as Stakeholders 113c. Customers as Stakeholders 114d. Investors as Stakeholders 114e. Strategic Partners as Stakeholders 115f: Society as Stakeholder 115

F. Strategic Human Resource Management 116G. Strategic International Human Resource Management 117H. Cross-Border Alliances: International

Mergers and Acquisitions and InternationalJoint Ventures 120

III. What are Some of the Theoretical Frameworks thatare Applicable in Studying the Human ResourceManagement Field? 120A. Resource-Based View 120B. Institutionalist Theory 121C. Agency Theory 122D. General Systems Theory 122E. Human Capital Theory 123F. Life-Cycle Theory 124G. Role Behaviour Theory 124H. Transactions Cost Theory 125I. Strategic Contingency Theory 125J. Organizational Learning Theory 126K. Information Processing Perspective 126

IV. What are Some of the Key Issues Relevant to thePractice of Human Resource Management that are Likelyto be Prevalent in the Twenty-First Century? 127A. Leadership 127B. Performance Management and Pay for Performance 127C. Effectiveness of Human Resource Management

Using Multiple Stakeholders 129D. Technology and Knowledge Transfer 130E. Flexible Work Arrangements 130F. Managing Human Resource in Knowledge-Intensive

Environments 131G. No One Best Way: Context is Critical 132H. A Differentiated Treatment of the Workforce? 133

V. Conclusion 134Selected Bibliography 134

Table of Contents xv

SOURCES OF REGULATION 139

Chapter 6International Labour Law 141L Swepston

I. Introduction 141A. Definition v 141B. Historical Development ^ 141C. The Purposes of International Labour Law 142

II. The Sources of International Labour Law 143A. ILO Sources 143

1. The Constitution of the ILO 1432. Conventions and Recommendations 1433. Declarations 1454. Other Instruments 1465. Interpretation 1476. Case Law 1477. Instruments Adopted at Special Conferences 148

B. United Nations Instruments 148C. European Instruments 148.

1. Council of Europe Instruments 1482. European Communities Standards 149

D. Instruments in the American Region 149E. Instruments in the African Region 150F. Instruments in the Arab Region 150G. Bilateral Treaties 150H. Generalized Systems of Preference and

Other Trade Questions 150I. Relation Between Sources 151III. The Content of International Labour Law 151

A. Freedom of Association and Protectionof the Right to Organize 151

B. Forced Labour 152C. Discrimination in Employment and Occupation 153D. Child Labour 154E. Employment 154F. Wages 155G. General Conditions of Work 155H. Occupational Safety and Health 156I. Social Security 157J. Social Policy 157K. Industrial Relations 157

xvi Table of Contents

L. Employment of Women 158M. Older Workers 158N. Migrant Workers 159O. Other Special Categories of Workers 159P. Labour Administration and Governance 161

IV. The Implementation of International Labour Standards 161A. Obligations in Respect of Standards 161B. Ratification of Conventions 162C. Reports on Ratified Conventions 162D. The Incorporation of International Conventions

in National Law as a Result of Ratification 162V. The Supervisory Machinery of the ILO 163

A. Procedures Based on the Examination of Periodic Reports 163B. Procedures Based on the Examination of Complaints 164C. Special Machinery in the Field of Freedom

of Association 165D. Special Studies and Inquiries, Promotional

Measures, Technical Cooperation 165VI. Supervisory Machinery Established by Other Organizations 166Selected Bibliography 166

Chapter 7The European Union and Employment Law 169R. Blanpain

I. Introductory Remarks 169II. Competences Regarding Labour and Employment Matters 171

A. Legislative Competence 1711. Qualified Majority 1712. Unanimous Voting 1713. Excluded Matters 172

B. Guidelines and Peer Pressure: Employment Policies 172C. The European Social Fund 172

III. The Role of Social Partners: Consultation andCollective Bargaining 174

IV. The 'Acquis Communautaire' 175A. In General 175B. Free Movement of Workers 176C. Equal Treatment: A General Framework -

Irrespective of Race or Ethnic Origin 178D. Equal Treatment for Men and Women 180E. Temporary Agency Work 183F. Restructuring of Enterprises 184

1. Collective Redundancies 1852. Transfer of Undertakings and Acquired Rights 185

Table of Contents xvii

V. The Social Dialogue 188A. In General " 188B. The Sectoral Social Dialogue 192C. The European Company Statute (SE) 192

VI. Conclusions 193Selected Bibliography 194

Chapter 8Multinational Enterprises and Codes of Conduct:The OECD Guidelines'for MNEs in Perspective _.. 195R. Blanpain

I. Introduction 195II. The Employment and Industrial Relations Chapter 198

A. Content of the Chapter 1981. Freedom of Association (Paragraphs la and 7) 1982. Child Labour (Paragraph lb) 1993. Forced Labour (Paragraph lc) 1994. Discrimination (Paragraph Id) 1995. Collective Bargaining (Paragraphs 1, 2 and 8) 1996. Provision of Information-Consultation

(Paragraphs 2c and 3) 2007. Health and Safety (Paragraph 4b) 2008. Observance of Employment Standards (Paragraph 4) 2009. Skills and Training (Paragraph 5) 20010. Reasonable Notice and Cooperation in Case

of Major Changes (Paragraph 6) 20011. Access to Decision Makers (Paragraph 8) 201

B. The Clarification Process 201III. Development in Other International Organizations 205

A. International Labour Office 2061. The ILO Tripartite Declaration of 1977 2062. The ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles

and Rights at Work and Its Follow-Up (1998) 206a. The ILO Declaration 206b. The Follow-Up to the Declaration 208

3. NAFTA: The Labor Side Agreement 208IV. Corporate Codes of Conduct 209V. Implementation Procedures 212

A. Procedural Guidance for National Contact Points (NCPs) 2121. Core Criteria for Functional Equivalence

in the Activities of NCPs 2122. Institutional Arrangements 2133. Information and Promotion 213

xviii Table of Contents

4. Implementation in Specific Instances 2145. Reporting 216

B. Procedural Guidance for the CIME 216VI. Conclusions - 217

Chapter 9Conflicts of Laws in Employment Contracts andIndustrial Relations 221M. Franzen

I. Introduction 221II. Sources • 223

A. International Sources 223B. National Sources 224

III. The Proper Law of the Employment Contract 225A. Autonomy of the Parties 225B. Lex Loci Laboris 229C. Article 6 of the EC-Convention, Article 8 of the

Rome I-Regulation ' 231IV. The Sphere of Application of the Protective Norms

with Public Law Character 234V. The Scope of the Proper Law 236VI. Collective Labour Law: Industrial Relations 239Selected Bibliography 241

INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS ANDCOMPARATIVE STUDIES 243

Chapter 10Protection of Migrant Workers in an Era of Globalization:The Role of International Instruments 245Piyasiri Wickramasekara

I. Migrants and Migrant Workers 246II. Trends in International Migration 247III. Challenges of Globalization for Protection of

Migrant Workers 249A. Growing Global Disparities and Rising

Migration Pressures 250B. Divergence between Labour Market Needs and

Immigration Policies in Developed Countries 252

Table of Contents xix

C. Changing Employment Relationships 253D. Exploitation and Abuse of Migrant Workers 255E. Post-9/11 Security Concerns and 'Crimmigration' 258

IV. International Instruments for the Protection ofMigrant Workers 259A. Conventions Dealing with Fundamental/Universal

Rights of Migrant Workers 2601. Universal Human Rights Instruments of the

United Nations 262B. Migrant-Specific and Other Applicable Conventions 263

1. United Nations: International Convention on theProtection of the Rights of All Migrant Workersand Members of Their Families, 1990 263

2. Other Relevant UN Conventions 2653. ILO Migrant Worker Conventions 2664. Other ILO Conventions 270

C. Recent Developments Concerning ILO Approachesto Migrant Worker Rights and Instruments 2711. The Tripartite Meeting of Experts on Future ILO

Activities in the Field of Migration and Guidelinesfor Some Vulnerable Categories of Migrant Workers 271

2. ILO General Survey/Review of Migrant WorkerInstruments 272

3. The General Discussion on Migrant Workersat the 92nd Session of the InternationalLabour Conference, June 2004 274

4. The ILO Multilateral Framework onLabour Migration 276

V. Evolving Approaches and the Way Forward . 279

Chapter 11Freedom of Association 285B. Creighton

\I. The Concept of Freedom of Association 285II. International Recognition of Freedom of Association 286

A. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948 286B. The 1966 Covenants 287C. Regional Standards Relating to Freedom of Association 289D. Freedom of Association and the ILO 291E. Conventions Nos. 87 and 98 299

III. Application of the Principles of Freedom of Association 301A. The Supervisory Bodies 301B. The Principles as Developed 325C. Choice of Union 325

xx Table of Contents

D. Union Representation and Bargaining in Good Faith 327E. Interference with Bargaining Outcomes 329F. Interference with the Right to Strike 331

IV. Evaluation and Future Directions 335Selected Bibliography 337

Chapter 12Subordinate Employees or Self-Employed Workers? 339Chris Engels

I. Introduction 339II. The Importance of the Distinction 340III. The Tests Developed to make the Distinction Between

Employees and Self-Employed 344A. The Absence of a Full Definition 344B. The Freedom of Choice 345C. Performance by a Physical Person, Not a Legal Entity 347D. The Different Tests That Were Developed 349E. European Labour Law 351F. The International Labour Organization 355

IV. The Extension of the Traditional Scope of Labourand Employment Law 356A. ILO Unsuccessful Effort: Draft Convention and

Recommendation on Contract Labour 356B. Coverage of Economically Dependent Workers 358

V. Conclusion 359

Chapter 13Working Conditions and Globalization 361Jean-Michel Servais

I. Persistent Social Malaise 362A. Countless Social Fracture Lines 362B. The Labour Scene Diversifies 365C. The New Social Question 367

II. Questions about the New Policies 367A. Three Categories of Standards 368B. The Cost of Labour Standards 373C. Autonomous Standards, Heteronymous Standards,

and Alternatives to Social Regulation 374III. A Quest for Innovative Formula for Work Protection 378

A. Individual Freedoms and Working Conditions 378B. 'Flexicurity' 382C. Old Techniques, New Protections 383

Selected Bibliography 386

Table of Contents xxi

Chapter 14Equality and Prohibition of Discrimination in Employment 393P. Foubert {

I. Legal Theories of Equality/Difference and Discrimination 393A. Legal Theories of Equality and Difference 393

1. Equality, Difference and Comparability 394a. The Influence of Society 394b. The; Purpose of the Law 395c. The Importance of a Comparator/Standard 396

2. Different Approaches to Equality and Difference 396a. Formal Equality 396b. Substantive Equality 398

i. Benign/Reverse/Positive Discrimination asan Instrument of Affirmative/Positive Action 399

ii. Unequal Treatment of Factually andLegally Unequal Situations - 402

B. Discrimination Sensu Law 4021. Different Forms of Discrimination Sensu Lato 404

a. Overt/Direct Discrimination 405b. Covert/Indirect Discrimination 405

i. Neutral Practices that Disadvantagea Subordinated Group 406

ii. Discrimination Through Like Treatmentof Legally Unlike Cases 407

C. Justifying Discrimination 407a. Justification of Overt/Direct Discrimination 407b. Justification of Covert/Indirect Discrimination 409c. The Limits of Justification 409

II. International Legal Rules on Equality and Prohibition ofDiscrimination (EPD) in Employment 410A. Sources of the International Labour Standard of EPD 410

1. In General 4102. Examples > 411

B. Grounds of Prohibited Discrimination 4131. In General 4132. Race (Colour, National Extraction, Social Origin) 4143. Sex (Civil or Marital Status, Family Responsibilities,

Pregnancy and Confinement, Sexual Harassment,Sexual Orientation) 415

4. Ideological Freedoms and Beliefs (PoliticalOpinion, Religion, Trade Union Membership) 417

5. Other Grounds (Family Responsibilities,Disablement, Health, Private Life, Age) 418

xxii Table of Contents

C. Justifications 4201. Inherent Requirements of a Particular Job 4202. t Security of the State 4213. Special Measure of Protection/Affirmative or Positive

Action 421D. Field of Application 422

1. The Pre-employment Stage 4222. General Terms and Conditions of Employment 424

E. Remedies 4261. Severance . 4262. Extension 4273. Affirmative Action 428

a. Equal Pay for Work of Equal Value 428b. Special Rights 428

4. Implementation 429F. Future Outlook 429

1. The Dynamics of Equality 4302. Final Remarks 432

Selected Bibliography 432

Chapter 15Employment Privacy 437F. Hendrickx

I. Introduction 437II. General Principles of Employment Privacy Law 439

A. The Right to Privacy as a Human Right 439B. The Employment Environment 442

III. International Regulation 4421. Council of Europe Conventions and

Recommendations 4422. European Directive 95/46/EC 4443. Working Party Opinion 8/2001 4454. International Labour Organisation 447

IV. European Comparative Overview 448V. Conclusion 456Selected Bibliography 457

Chapter 16Security of Employment and Employability 459Jacques Rojot

I. Introduction 459II. The Notion of Employment Security 460III. The Tensions on Employment Security 461IV. Dismissal for Cause and Dismissal for Economic Reasons 469

Table of Contents xxiii

V. Company Level Provisions in Order to Reduce theLevel of Dismissals 470

VI. Legal and Contractual Limits to Economic Dismissals 474VII. Legal and Contractual Limits to Dismissal for Cause 475VIII. Government Active Manpower Policies 478IX. Conclusion 478

Chapter 17National Trade Union Movements 481G.P. Cella and T. Treu" ' v . _..

I. Introduction " 481II. Trade Union Structure 482

A. Craft-Occupational Unions 482B. White-Collar Unions > 482C. Industrial Unions 483D. General Unions 484E. Territorial Structures 485F. Enterprise Unionism 486

III. Membership and Internal Government 487A. Membership 487B. Government 488

IV. Unions and Workplace Organizations 490V. Forms of Trade Union Action and Objectives 492

A. Collective Bargaining and Political Action 492B. Collective Bargaining and Participation 494

1. Collective Bargaining 4942. Self-Management 4953. Institutional Participation 4964. Works Councils 496

VI. Politics and Relations with Political Parties 496A. No Stable Relationship 497B. Dependence 497C. Interdependence \ 498

VII. Unions and State Intervention in Industrial Relations 498A. Repression 499B. Tolerance 499C. Intervention 500D. Neo-corporatism 502

VIII. Models of National Trade Union Movements 502IX. Trade Unions at the Beginning of the Twenty-First Century 507

A. Trade Union Structure 510B. Membership and Internal Government 511C. Unions and Workplace Organizations 514D. Forms of Trade Union Actions and Objectives 515

xxiv Table of Contents

E. Politics and Relations with Political Parties 518F. Unions arid State Intervention in Industrial Relations 519

Selected Bibliography 521

Chapter 18Forms of Employee Representational Participation 523M. Biagi and M. Tiraboschi

i

I. Introduction 523II. Forms of Employees General Representation at the

Workplace: A Structural Analysis 525A. Bodies Directly-Linked with Trade Unions in

Single-Channel Systems of Representation 525B. Bodies Directly Linked with Trade Unions in

Dual-Channel Systems of Representation . 532C. Elected Unitary Bodies 537D: Joint Bodies 546

III. Forms of General Representation of Employees at theWorkplace: A Functional Analysis 549A. The Right to Share Information 549B. The Right to Be Consulted 551C. The Right to Decide Jointly 557D. Collective Bargaining 559E. Industrial Conflict 562

IV. 'Specialized' Forms of Workplace EmployeeRepresentation: Health and Safety at Work 564

V. Forms of Board-Level Employee Representation 567VI. Concluding Remarks 572Selected Bibliography 574

Chapter 19Transnational Information and Consultation:The Recast European Works Council Directive 577C. Engels \

I. Introduction 577A. Territorial Coverage 579B. Basic Structure 580

II. General Provisions 580A. Scope 580B. The Notion of Controlling Undertaking 582C. A Positive Obligation to Provide Information 584D. Concepts of Information and Consultation 588E. National and Transnational Issues for implementation 589

III. Pre-Existing Agreements: Article 13 AgreementsOriginal Directive 591

Table of Contents xxv

IV.

V.

VI.

Establishment of EWC or Employee Information andConsultation Procedure: Article 6 AgreementsA. Central Management and a Representative AgentB. Special Negotiating BodyC. Content of the AgreementSubsidiary RequirementsA. ApplicabilityB. Content

1. Competence2. Composition ;.3. Re-evaluation4. Meetings5. Costs and Experts

Miscellaneous ProvisionsA. Confidential and/or Harmful InformationB. Operation of EWC: Spirit of CooperationC. Role and Protection of Employee RepresentativesD. Relationship between Obligations under the

European Works Council Directive andOther Legal Provisions

E. Agreements in ForceF. Structural Change: AdaptationG. Implementation and Review by the Commission

594595596598599599599600600601601602

^ 602602603603

604605606607

Chapter 20Collective Bargaining: International Developments and Challenges 609Greg J. Bomber, Peter Sheldon and Bernard Gan

I. What is Collective Bargaining? 610II. Historical Background 615III. Levels of Bargaining . 618IV. The Parties to Collective Bargaining 623V. Bargaining Units and the Recognition of

Bargaining Agents \ 624VI. Bargaining Processes 626VII. The Functions of Collective Bargaining 632VIII. Coverage of Bargaining 634IX. Content of Agreements 642X. Duration of Agreements 646XI. Administration of the Agreements 647XII. Collective Bargaining and Economic Problems

and Policies 647XIII. Conclusions 651Selected Bibliography 656

xx vi Table of Contents

Chapter 21The Law of Strikes and Lockouts 659A.T.J.M. Jacobs^

I. Introduction 659* A. From Crime to Fundamental Right 659

B. Crystallization into Distinctive 'Models' 663II. -? The Limits of the Right to Strike 664

A. Wayspf Delimiting the Right to Strike 664B. Official Strikes versus Wildcat Strikes. 667C. The Peace Obligation 670D. Disputes of Rights and Disputes of Interests 672E. Other Limitations as Regards the Aim of the Strike 674F. Procedural Restrictions 678G. Principles of Proportionality, Fairness and So Forth 682H. Other Collective Actions of Workers 685I. Picketing 686J. Public Service and Essential Services 687

III. The Effects of an (Un)lawful Strike 694A. Liability of Trade Unions 694B. The Wages of the Striking Worker 696C. Disciplinary Actions against Striking Workers 698D. The Impact of Strikes on Non-striking Workers 704

IV. The Employers' Defence and Retaliation 705A. The Employers' Right to Keep His Business Operating 705B. The Lockout 707

V. Litigation 709VI. Evaluation and Conclusions 713Selected Bibliography 719

Chapter 22Settlement of Disputes over Rights 721A. Gladstone

I. Classification and Categories of Disputes andof Systems for Their Resolution 722

II. Ordinary Courts 725A. In General 725B. Specific Countries 727

1. Italy 7272. The Netherlands 7283. Japan 728

III. Labour Courts and Similar Institutions 730A. In General 730B. Specific Countries 732

Table of Contents xxvii

1. France 7322. Germany ' 7333. Sweden ' 735

IV. Highly Specialized tribunals and Boards 737A. In General 737B. Specific Countries 737

1. Great Britain 7372. United States 7393. Canada and Japan 740

V. Arbitration ' v . 740VI. Remedies in Rights Disputes: Two Examples 746

A. Remedies for Wrongful Termination of Employment 746B. Remedial Measures for Illegal or Unlawful Strikes 747

Selected Bibliography 749

Chapter 23Settlement of Disputes over Interests 751A. Goldman

I

II.III.IV.V.VI.VII.VIII.IX.X.

Overview of Models for Interests Disputes SettlementA. Acquiescence in Unilateral ActionB. Governmental FiatC. Alliance DisciplineD. AdjudicationE. VotingF. NegotiationG. Conciliated NegotiationH. Prestigious ExhortationAcquiescence in Unilateral ActionGovernmental FiatAlliance DisciplineAdjudicationVotingNegotiation \Conciliated NegotiationPrestigious ExhortationRole of, and Impact Upon, Culture

Selected Biblioeraohv

751752752753753754754755755755761764766771773775779782783

Index 785