industrial process
DESCRIPTION
Petrochemical ProcessTRANSCRIPT
PETROCHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY
CHE 464Professor Yahia Abobakr Alhamed
Chairman Chemical and materials Engineering Department
King Abdulaziz UniversityOffice: building 45 _Room 201E-mail: [email protected]
Course Outline
TEXT BOOKTEXT BOOK
Sami Matar and Lewis F. Hatch, Chemistry of Petrochemical Chemistry of Petrochemical
Processes, Second Edition, Gulf Processes, Second Edition, Gulf Professional Publishing, 2001Professional Publishing, 2001
Course Outline (Cont)
• Grade Distribution – Major Exam I = 20– Major Exam II = 20 – Term Paper = 20– Final Exam = 40
Course Outline (Cont)
Week
Topics Covered
1 Introduction and overview of petrochemical industries in Saudi Arabia. Major producers of petrochemicals in Saudi Arabia Major petrochemicals produced Economical importance of petrochemical industries in Saudi Arabia Review of chemical engineering processes in petrochemical Industries
2-3 Petrochemicals from methane Synthesis gas
- Chemicals from synthesis gas - ammonia - Urea - Nitric acid - Methanol
Methanol
- Formaldehyde - Acetic acid - Methylamines - Methanol future
Course Outline (Cont)
4-5 Production of olefins Olefins feedstocks
- gas feedstocks - liquid feedstocks - Other processes
Hydropyrolysis Millisecond pyrolysis Coproduct treatment
6-7 Petrochemicals from ethylene Ethylene oxide and ethylene glycol Vinyl chloride Ethylbenzene Ethanol Acetaldehyde Vinyl acetate Acrylic acid (Major exam I)
Course Outline (Cont)
8-9 Petrochemicals from propylene and higher olefins Acrylonitrile Propylene oxide Isopropanol Acrolein Disproportionation reactions Cumene Acetic acid Maleic anhydride MTBE
Course Outline (Cont)
10-11 Petrochemicals from benzene toluene and xylenes Benzene
- Ethylbenzene - Styrene - Cumene - Phenol - Linear alkylbenzene - Maleic anhydride - Cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone - Adipic acid
The methylbenzenes - Toluene - Benzene and xylene production - o-xylene - m-xylene
Course Outline (Cont)
11-12 Thermoplastics, thermosetting and engineering resins polyethylene PVC Poypropylene Polystyrene Thermosets' Engineering resins (Major exam II)
13-14 Term paper presentations Each student is asked to prepare a term paper about a selected petrochemical. Each student should make a 15 minute class presentation followed by 7 minutes question period. The performance of the student is evaluated by the instructor based on the quality of the term paper, presentation and question answering.
Something VERY Important about Term Paper
حتىال العربيه باللغه أكتبهاأيغموض هناك يكون
عقابها العلميه السرقةوسوف المقرر الرسوبفي
أي بدون القول هذا يطبقتساهل
السرقات عن للكشف متوفرهـ برامج هناك كماتعلمون و العلمية
Petroleum and Natural Gas (NG)• Major source of energy
• Source of almost all raw materials used in petrochemical industries.
• Petroleum and Natrural gas respurces are not resources are limited and not renrewable.
• With time it becomes more expensive to produce petroleum and NG.
COMPOSITION OF CRUDE OILS (Cont.)
The crude oil mixture is composed of the following groups:
• 1. Hydrocarbon compounds (compounds made of carbon and hydrogen).
• 2. Non-hydrocarbon compounds.
• 3. Organometallic compounds and inorganic salts (metallic com- pounds).
COMPOSITION OF CRUDE OILS (Cont.)
Hydrocarbon Compounds (Cont.)– All hydrocarbon classes are present in the crude
mixture, except alkenes and alkynes.
• Alkanes (Paraffins)
• CnH2n+2.
• C1 to C3 alkanes are usually found associated with crude oils in a dissolved state.
• Normal alkanes (n-alkanes, n-paraffins)• Isoparaffins
COMPOSITION OF CRUDE OILS (Cont.)
Hydrocarbon Compounds (Cont.)
• Cycloparaffins (Naphthenes)• Saturated cyclic hydrocarbons, normally known as
naphthenes
COMPOSITION OF CRUDE OILS (Cont.)Hydrocarbon Compounds (Cont.)
Aromatic Compounds• Lower members of aromatic compounds are
present in small amounts (e.g. Benzene, toluene, and xylenes (BTX) ) in crude oils and light petroleum fractions.
• Binuclear aromatic hydrocarbons are found in fractions heavier than naphtha.
• Trinuclear and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, in com bination with heterocyclic compounds, are major constituents of heavy crudes and crude residues.
COMPOSITION OF CRUDE OILS (Cont.)
Sulfur Compounds
• H2S is the only important inorganic sulfur compound found in crude oil and it is very corrosive.
• Organosulfur compounds classification:-– Acidic sulfur compounds are the thiols
(mercaptans).– Non-acidic sulfur compounds are thiophene,
sulfides, and disulfides.
COMPOSITION OF CRUDE OILS (Cont.)
Nitrogen Compounds• The nitrogen content 0.1 wt% to 0.9 wt%• Nitrogen compounds are concentrated in
heavier petroleum fractions and residues. • Basic nitrogen compounds are mainly those
having apyridine ring. • Non-basic compounds have a pyrrole
structure. • Both pyridine and pyrrole are stable
compounds due to their aromatic nature.
Petroleum Refining products and Processes (Cont.)
Vacuum Distillation- Feed is Residue: >C20 -Avoiding high temperatures -Tarry residue results-Vaccum gas oil (Top product)-Fuel oils in power stations and ships, 'base' oil in lubricating oils, bitumen/asphalt
Natural Gas (NG) and Associated Gas (AG)
Natural Gas (NG):
A mixture of C1 to C3 hydrocarbons (mainly CH4) + small amounts of N2, CO2 and H2S . Found in gas reservoirs with no oil present (non-associated gas)
Associated Gas (AG):Present in contact with and/or dissolved in crude oil
and is coproduced with it. • NG and AG are used mainly as an energy source
and basic raw material for petrochemical industry.
Natural Gas (NG) and Associated Gas (AG) (cont.)
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
- produced as a by-product of natural gas processing, associated gas or during refining and processing operations of petroleum.
- Mainly contains propane and butane
- Used mainly as domestic fuel and basic raw material for petrochemical industry.
Natural Gas (NG) and Associated Gas (AG) (cont.)
Dry natural Gas:
It is a gas that does not contain an appreciable amount of condensable hydrocarbons.
Wet natural Gas
Contains more than 0.3 gallons of condensable per 1000 cu. ft.
Natural Gas (NG) and Associated Gas (AG) (cont.)
Sour Natural Gas:
- Contains appreciable amounts of hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide.
- Needs to remove the acid gases mainly by absorption in amines or caustic solutions
Annual consumption of NG and other oil fractions for different sectors for
Saudi Arabia in 2004 (Source IEA)
0.3
4.4
0.1
1.9
12.0
5.0
1.5
8.5
2.6
21.5
13.5
3.02.2
9.9
6.1
1.2
8.8
0.3
0
5
10
15
20
25
Electricity Plants Energy Sector Industry Transport Petrochemicals
Sector
Ann
ual
Con
sum
ptio
n (m
illi
on t
ones
)
Crude Oil Naphtha LPG
Motor Gasoline Residual Fuel Oil Jet Kerosene
NG Gas/Diesel
More information about Petrochemicals
• http://csis.org/program/energy-and-national-security• http://www.icis.com/v2/chemicals/9076567/vinyl-c
hloride/pricing.html
Most Common Units Encountered in
Petrochemical Plants • Reactors of different types• Distillation Columns• Strippers• Absorption and Adsorption Columns • Packed bed • Scuppers• Settlers• Compressors • Gas-solid and liquid – solid separators (e.g. filters,
cyclones … etc.)• Heat exchangers• , and others
Types of Chemical Reactors (Cont.)Batch Reactor
Types of Chemical Reactors (Cont.)Mixed Flow reactor
Types of Chemical Reactors (Cont.)
Types of Chemical Reactors (Cont.)Fluidized Bed Reactor
Gas-Liquid Contactors Absorption Columns: Used for taking up a soluble gas in a solvent liquid and producing a solution plus a lean exit gas e.g. used in H2S removal from hydrocarbons
Gas-Liquid Contactors Stripping: Used fior removing a soluble gas from solution by counter current contact with a inert gas to recover solute gas and regenerate solvent for reuse
Gas – Solid Separation (Cont.)Cyclone Separator: Used to separate solid particles or liquid droplets from gases to permit product recovery or to cut down
product loss and air pollution
Gas – Solid Separation (Cont.)Electrostatic Precipetator: Used to remove fine dusts or mists suspended in gases; features high collection efficiency at
wide variety of operating conditions
Gas – Solid Separation (Cont.)Wet ScrubberEffective means of removing suspended particles from gas stream by contact with liquid shower
Liquid– Solid Separation Spray DryerSuitable for large capacity operation on liquid feed to give powdered, spherical, freeeflowing product; used in production of pigments, detergents, synthetic resins, and
inorganic salts
Liquid– Solid Separation (Cont.) Rotary Drier
Suitable for drying free-flowing granular solids which do not dust or stick; high-temp. versions are
kilns for calcining cement, lime, etc.
Fired HeaterUsed to heat petroleum fractions to distillation or
cracking temperatures in direct-fired tubes
Continuous fractionator (distillation |Column)Used for high volume continuous separation of complex
mixtures such as petroleum fractions