industrial hygiene - noise (presentation)

INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ~ NOISEPrevention Workshop Series

Housekeeping Items

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Introductions

Name

Company

Position / Role in OH&S

Ice BreakerIce Breaker

The Workplace Health, Safety and The Workplace Health, Safety and

Compensation CommissionCompensation Commission

Getting to Know Us!

Our Vision

The vision of the Commission is of safe and healthy

workplaces within a viable and sustainable system which

reduces the impact of workplace injuries by providing the

highest level of service to workers and employers

Getting to Know Us!

Our Mission

By December 31, 2010, the Commission will have improved

client service to support the prevention and management of

workplace injuries, illnesses and known occupational

disease

Prevention Services

Field Services

Health and Safety Advisors

Ergonomist

Consulting

Mentoring

OH&S program development and implementation supportOH&S program development and implementation support

Auditing

*Liaise with Department of Government Services (OH&S Division)

Prevention Services

Prevention Programs

Injury trend analysis

Training Standards & Certification

OH&S Committee / WH&S Representative / Designate

Young workersYoung workers

Small business

Resource development

Workshop Agenda

Sound & Hearing

Health Effects of Noise Exposure

Impact of Occupational Hearing Loss

Overview of Legislation and CSA Standards

Noise Exposure Limits

Controlling Occupational Noise ExposureControlling Occupational Noise Exposure

Hearing Conservation Program

Hearing Protection Devices

Sound and Hearing

Noise is a result of pressure

changes in the air created by

vibrations

Transferred to the ear by sound

waves

The human ear is a pressure-The human ear is a pressure-

sensitive device

Sound waves are converted to

sound by delicate hair cells called

cilia found in the inner ear

Why is Noise an Important Occupational Hazard?

One of the most common occupational health hazards

(occurs in many industries and work environments)

Permanent hearing loss is the main health concern in:

Heavy industrial and manufacturing environments

FarmsFarms

Cafeterias

Why is Noise an Important Occupational Hazard?

Annoyance, stress and interference with speech

communication occurs in:

Noisy offices

Schools

Computer roomsComputer rooms

Noise in Occupational Settings

Continuous noise

Noise level remains constant and steady over a given time period

Variable/intermittent noise

Noise levels vary with time or there are periods of relative quiet mixed

with the noise

Impulse/impact noiseImpulse/impact noise

A very short burst of loud noise followed by period of quiet

(gun shots, hammering, a punch press)

How Noise Can Damage Hearing

Exposure to loud noise over time

Damage is irreversible

Result is permanent hearing loss

Noise induced hearing loss occurs gradually (years), and is rarely

painful

Temporary and permanent hearing loss associated with

damage/destruction of the hair cells in the inner eardamage/destruction of the hair cells in the inner ear

Impact/impulse noise exposure

Acoustic trauma sudden hearing damage caused by short burst of

extremely loud noise such as a gun shot

How Many Claims

Result From Hearing Loss?

200

250

300

350

400

450Total Claims374

426

339

305

218

146

0

50

100

150

200

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Accident Year

146

104

The Cost of Hearing Loss Related Claims

WHSCC, 2003-2009

$2,000,000.00

$2,500,000.00

$3,000,000.00

$3,500,000.00

Total Claims Cost

Scale

$0.00

$500,000.00

$1,000,000.00

$1,500,000.00

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Accident Year

Scale

2m 18m

Short Term Health Effects of Noise Exposure

Auditory fatigue

Condition that results from exposure to high sound levels

Temporary loss of hearing sensitivity (Temporary Threshold Shift)

May be experienced daily after a work shift (after one shift)

Sounds appear muffled

Gradual recovery of hearing when affected person spends time in a Gradual recovery of hearing when affected person spends time in a

quiet place

Complete recovery may take several hours

Precursor of permanent hearing loss (Permanent Threshold Shift )

Short Term Health Effects of Noise Exposure

Tinnitus (Ringing or buzzing in the ear)

Stress, annoyance, difficulty in verbal communication

Long Term Health Effects of Noise Exposure

The primary health effect is permanent hearing loss

Persistent annoying Tinnitus (Ringing or buzzing in the ear)

Common among individuals with occupational hearing loss

May impair concentration

Interfere with rest and sleep

* Both short term and long term effects can be prevented * Both short term and long term effects can be prevented

Other Considerations in Hearing Loss

Age related hearing loss (Presbycusis)

Hearing sensitivity declines as people age

Age-related hearing loss adds to noise-induced hearing loss

Exposure to vibration and workplace noise

Combined effect

Exposure to chemicalsExposure to chemicals

Some chemicals are toxic to the hearing organs or nerves to these

organs (e.g. toluene, carbon disulfide)

Workers exposed to noise and ototoxic chemicals may suffer from

more hearing impairment

Incidence of Hearing LossCause and Gender

Age related hearing loss

Incidence in females a little

less than males

Occupational noise induced

hearing losshearing loss

Males disproportionately

affected

Effects of Noise in the Workplace

Impaired hearing

(masking of auditory signals, auditory fatigue, permanent hearing loss)

Impaired communication

Annoyance

Impaired performance

Stress

(headaches, increased heart rate, blood pressure, increased risk of

cardiovascular disease, etc.)

These factors heighten the Risk of Accident


(OHL) on Workers Lives

Work:

Increased risk of accidents because of inability to detect

auditory warning sounds in the workplace

Workers with OHL are more subject to accidents than normal hearing

workers, even more so if hearing protection is worn

Increased risk of accidents because of impaired speech

perception



Social Activities:

Restrictions in social activities (telephone conversations, group conversations, listening in social gatherings and large halls, banks,

stores, etc.)

Increased effort and stress in listening and communication Increased effort and stress in listening and communication

situations outside the workplace

Reduced autonomy, increased isolation, diminished quality of

life



Family Life:

Disturbed family

interactions

Increased tension, stress,

frustration, anger and resentment frustration, anger and resentment

because of hearing difficulties

For example, being asked to

repeat things

Why is Occupational Noise Often Viewed

as a Low Risk Health Hazard?

Slow progression of noise induced hearing loss (lack of awareness by those affected in its early stages)

Strong tendency to conceal signs of hearing loss in the

workplace it is kept secret by those affected

Misperception that few workers are affected as a result, no Misperception that few workers are affected as a result, no

demands are made to reduce noise levels

Misperception of the effects of occupational hearing loss

perceived low level of impact on everyday life

What Does Hearing Loss Sound Like?

The Hearing Video

Provincial Legislation

NL Occupational Health & Safety Regulations 2009

Section 68 - Noise Hazards (see appendices)

(1) When a worker is required to work in an area in which noise levels

exceed the criteria for permissible noise exposure established by the

ACGIH Noise Threshold Limit Values (TLVs)

85dBA for an 8 hour workday

(a) the employer shall first take appropriate action to implement

control measures to reduce noise to acceptable levels; and

(b) where it is not practicable to reduce the noise to acceptable

levels or to isolate workers from the noise, the workers shall

wear personal protective equipment in accordance with CSA

Z94.2 Hearing Protection Devices Performances,

Selection, Care and Use.


Section 68 - Noise Hazards

(2) Where conditions referred to in subsection (1) exist, an employer

shall establish and maintain a hearing conservation program.

(3) A hearing conservation program established under subsection (2)

shall comply with the following minimum requirements:

(a) a noise survey of the workplace to identify high noise areas

shall be performed in accordance with CSA Z107.56

Procedures for Measurement of Occupational Noise

Exposure;

(b) hearing tests for every worker exposed to noise levels in

excess of permissible levels

NL Occupational Health and Safety Regulations 2009


(c) a hearing test , within 3 months of commencement of

employment

(d) mandatory training and education for all workers in the

health hazards of noise and the fitting, maintenance, care

and use of hearing protection.

(4) A hearing conservation program shall be documented and those

records shall be kept by the employer or the employer designate records shall be kept by the employer or the employer designate

while the worker remains employed by the employer.

(5) An employer shall post and maintain signs at entrances to or on the

periphery of areas where persons are exposed to high noise levels

in excess of the threshold limit.



(6) A sign referred to in subsection (5) shall clearly state that a

noise hazard exists and shall describe the personal

protective equipment that is required

(7) Upon termination of employment, a worker may request (7) Upon termination of employment, a worker may request

from the employer a record of noise exposure during the

term of employment

Federal Legislation

Canada Occupational Health and Safety Regulations

PART VII - LEVELS OF SOUND (see Appendices)

Sections include:7.1 Definitions

7.2 Measurement and Calculation of Exposure

7.3 Hazard Investigation

7.4 Limits of Exposure (87dBA for 8 hr workday)

7.5 Reduction of Sound Exposure7.5 Reduction of Sound Exposure

7.6 Report to Regional Health and Safety Officer

7.7 Hearing Protection

7.8 Warning Signs

CSA Standards Referenced in

OHS Regulations

Procedures for the

Measurement of

Occupational Noise

Exposure (Standard:

Z107.56-06)

Hearing Protection Devices Hearing Protection Devices

- Performance, Selection,

Care, and Use

(Standard: Z94.2-02 (R2007)

What are the Noise Exposure Limits in Canadian Jurisdictions?

Jurisdiction (federal, provincial, territorial)

Continuous Noise Impulse / Impact Noise

Maximum Permitted Exposure Level for 8 hrs: dB(A)

Exchange Rate dB(A) +

Maximum Peak

Pressure Level

dB(peak)

Maximum Number of Impacts

Canada (Federal) 87 3 - -

British Columbia 85 3 140 -

Alberta 85 3 - -

Saskatchewan 85 3 - -

Manitoba 85 3 - -

Ontario(includes ceiling level of 140 dBC)

85 3 - -

Quebec 90 5 140 100

New Brunswick 85 3 140 -

Nova Scotia 85 3 140 100

Prince Edward Island 85 3 - -

Newfoundland(references ACGIH TLVs)

85 3 - -

Northwest Territories 85 5 140 100

Nunavut 85 3 or 5* 140 -

Yukon Territories 85 3 140 90

Units of MeasurementDecibels (dB)

Noise is measured in units called "decibels" (dB)

Unit of measurement used to express *sound pressure levels

Sound Pressure Level: A measure of the loudness of sound,

measured in decibels (dB). Sound pressure level is related to

the sound energy entering the ears of an exposed person.the sound energy entering the ears of an exposed person.

The higher the decibel, the louder the noise

Decibels and A-weightingdBA

Sensitivity of the human ear to sound depends on the

frequency of the sound

People hear high frequency noise better than low frequency

noise

Noise measurement readings can be adjusted to correspond

to this peculiarity of human hearing

Decibels measured with an A-weighted filter are called dBA

(0 140 dBA)

0 dBA Threshold of hearing

130 dBA Threshold of pain

Decibels and A-weightingdBA

Legislation on workplace noise normally gives exposure limits

in dBA

A-weighting gives a scale for noise levels as experienced or

perceived by the human ear

dBA Lex:dBA Lex:

The level of a workers total exposure to noise in dBA, averaged over

the entire workday and adjusted to an equivalent 8hr exposure

Eg. A worker who works in an average of 85dBA of noise for 16 hrs

has an Lex of 88dBA, and for 4 hrs an Lex of 82dBA

Typical Noise Levels

Typical Noise Levels

Noise Source dB(A)

pneumatic chipper at 1 metre 115

hand-held circular saw at 1 metre 115

textile room 103

newspaper press 95

power lawn mower at 1 metre 92

diesel truck 50 km per hour at 20 metres 85

passenger car 60 km per hour at 20 metres 65

conversation at 1 metre 55

quiet room 40

* These are examples only.

Sound level measurements should be done to

confirm sound levels in the workplace.

What are the basic rules

of working with decibel (dB) units?Table 3

Decibel (dB) basics

Change in dB Change in sound energy

3 dB increase Sound energy doubled

3 dB decrease Sound energy halved

10 dB increase Sound energy increased by factor of 10

10 dB decrease Sound energy decreased by factor of 10

20 dB increase Sound energy increased by factor of 100

20 dB decrease Sound energy decreased by factor of 100

Table 1BNoise Exposure Limits when Criterion Level = 85 dB(A)

3 dB(A) Exchange Rate Maximum Permitted Daily Duration (hours)

5 dB(A) Exchange Rate

Allowable Level dB(A) Allowable Level dB(A)

85 8 85

88 4 90

91 2 9591 2 95

94 1 100

97 0.5 105

100 0.25 110

How Can I Tell If My Workplace Is Too Loud?Do people have to raise their voices?

Do you have difficulty communicating with another person at a distance of 1m?

If you need to raise your voice to be heard, then the noise level is high enough to cause hearing loss

Do people who work in noisy environments have ringing in their ears at the end of a shift?

Do people have to increase the volume on their car radio at the end of a Do people have to increase the volume on their car radio at the end of a shift higher than they did when they went to work?

Does a person who has worked in a noisy workplace for years have problems understanding conversations at parties or restaurants, or in crowds where there are many voices and competing noises?

Guidelines on Exposurefor Shifts Longer than 8 hours

Most standards and guidelines concerning noise exposure

limits are based on an 8-hour work shift (eg. NL - 85dBA)

Extended work shifts are common (eg. 12-hour shift)

Calculate the noise exposure for longer shifts using the 8

hour time-weighted average (TWA) noise exposure level in hour time-weighted average (TWA) noise exposure level in

dBA

Noise Control Techniques

Noise control at the source

Control of the transmission

path

Use of noise protective

measures at the receivermeasures at the receiver

Noise Control at the Sourceto reduce the generation of noise into the surrounding environment where workers are exposed

Elimination/removal of noise generating machinery/equipment from the workplace

Purchase/rental of quieter equipment and machinery

(look for low noise design)

Arrange proper installation with suppliers (eg. methods of mounting and location to ensure machinery operates as quietly as possible)

Vibration elimination (eg. balance rotating parts)

Noise Control at the Source

Enclosure of motors/equipment

Regular maintenance of machinery/equipment

(increase in noise with time in equipment with many parts due to

wear/poor maintenance)

Change processes

(e.g. relocate noisy machinery, suspend or reduce equipment operation at (e.g. relocate noisy machinery, suspend or reduce equipment operation at

scheduled times if possible when workers are present)

Turbulence suppression (use lower velocity/larger diameter ducts/pipes, progressive bends, fit silencers on intakes/exhausts)

Engineering Noise Control Solution

Problem: Compressed air for removal of fish scraps

An open pipe was used to direct compressed air to blow the fish scraps off a

fish-filleting machine. The noise level associated with this was 102dB

Solution

The open pipe was replaced with a special stainless steel low noise blowing

nozzle

ResultResult

The noise levels were reduced by 23dB to 79dB and the blowing force was

more than sufficient to keep the filleting machine free of scraps


Problem: Transfer of components using a conveyor and metal chute

A manufacturer of tube fittings used conveyors to transport components

through the manufacturing process, and to deposit components into hoppers.

In one case the metal products would drop 3m, partly along a metal delivery

chute, before landing in the hopper. The noise level associated with this was

96dB

Solution

The angle of the conveyor was reduced, to reduce the drop height and the

section of the delivery chute was removedsection of the delivery chute was removed

The face of the chute was lined with a sheet of plastic

Result

The noise level was reduced by 7dB to 89dB


Problem: Transfer of components using a bowl feeder

A manufacturer of tube fittings made extensive use of vibratory bowl feeders

to move metal products around and to transfer them from a hopper to the next

stage of a production process. The noise level associated with this was 96dB

Solution

The inside surfaces of the bowl feeder were faced with a 3mm thick layer of The inside surfaces of the bowl feeder were faced with a 3mm thick layer of

rubber held in place with a contact adhesive

Result

The noise level was reduced by at some 5dB to 91dB

Control of the Transmission Path

to reduce the energy that is communicated to the receiver

Increase the distance between the source and receiver

Doubling the distance reduces noise exposure by 6dB

Building layout

Barriers or partial enclosures Barriers or partial enclosures

Use of sound absorption (acoustical materials on ceiling/walls)

Protective Measures at the Receiver

employed where the noise level at the receiver is excessive

Hearing protection devices (ear plugs, ear muffs, and helmets)

Sound proof booths

Hearing conservation programs and education

Exposure control

Rotation of personnel reduces duration of exposure

Hearing Conservation ProgramsRequirement in legislation

The primary goal is to prevent noise induced hearing loss

resulting from occupational noise exposure

Required when noise in the workplace cannot be eliminated

and has been defined as hazardous

Options:Options:

In-house programs

On-site consultative and mobile services

Off-site consultative programs

Combinations of the above

Features of Hearing Conservation Programs

Noise surveys and identification of exposed workers

(Risk Assessment)

Sound level measurements at the worksite

Personal dosimeter measurements to determine worker

exposure/dose

Pre-employment and periodic audiometric testing for each

worker exposed to noise in excess of permissible levelsworker exposed to noise in excess of permissible levels

Annual testing (NL OHS Regulations)

Professional review of audiogram results by qualified personnel (compare with unexposed population of same age)

Features of Hearing Conservation Programs

Noise abatement

Engineering measures

Administrative measures (eg. Rotate workers from high to low noise areas)

Provision of appropriate personal hearing protection

Annual education and training for exposed employeesAnnual education and training for exposed employees

Health hazards of noise

Fitting, maintenance, care and use of hearing protection

Records maintained

Hearing Protection Devices (HPD)

Hearing Protection Device

A personal device, also referred to as a hearing protector,

worn to reduce the noise level reaching the eardrum.

AttenuationAttenuation

The reduction in sound pressure level at the ear due to the

application of a hearing protector

Hearing Protection Devices (HPD)Which one is best?

No single hearing protector is appropriate for everyone

CSA Standard on Hearing Protectors provides the following

criteria to consider when selecting hearing protection:

Worker's noise exposure level

Hearing ability of the worker

Use of other personal protective equipment

Temperature and climate

Communication demands on the worker

Physical constraints of the worker or work activity

Hearing Protection Devices (HPD)

Several types of protectors (many variations within each type):

Earmuffs (cap-mounted)

Earplugs (foam, premoulded, formable, custom molded, semi-insert)

Helmets (recreational, military)

Not commonly worn in occupational settingsNot commonly worn in occupational settings

Designed primarily for impact protection

Specialized hearing protection may be required (due to communication and audibility needs eg. workers with hearing loss)

Ear Plugs

Hearing Protection Devices (HPD).....Earplugs

Placed into or against the entrance of the ear canal to form a

seal and block sound

Range of sizes often available

Life expectancies vary (single use, reusable)

Earplugs can be class A, B, C or grade 0,1,2,3,4

(level of noise reduction they provide)


Choosing earplugs

Try to have a trained person make the selection

You need the right size for your ear canal if a good seal is not

achieved, it wont protect your hearing

When a plug is properly fitted, your voice sounds lower and muffled to

you

Head movements, talking and chewing can loosen the plugs refit Head movements, talking and chewing can loosen the plugs refit

them several times during the day

Wash reusable earplugs and canal caps with sap and water

and keep them in a case


Care of plugs

Wash reusable earplugs and canal caps with soap and water

Keep them in a case

Replace reusable plugs when they become hard or cracked (usually every 6 months)

Custom mould earplugs can last many years

(replace if they feel loose)(replace if they feel loose)

Discard compressible plugs when they become dirty or hard

Ear Muffs

Hearing Protection Devices (HPD).....Earmuffs

Hard outer shell to bounce

sound away from the ear

Sound-absorbent cuff to

snugly fit head and stop

sound from leaking in

Earmuffs can be class A, B,

C or grade 0,1,2,3,4

(level of noise reduction they

provide)

Hearing Protection Devices (HPD).....Earmuffs

Essential that earmuffs fit properly

Follow manufacturers instructions

Ensure you make a good seal with cuffs

(attention to hair, glasses, etc.)

Earmuff care

Inspect regularlyInspect regularly

Replace if become hard or cracked

Check tension of the headband

(if too loose entire device must be replaced)

Never alter/damage earmuff it lets sound in

Hearing Protection Use

Hearing protectors must be

worn ALL THE TIME in order to get the full benefit

If hearing protectors are

removed only for a short

duration, the protection is duration, the protection is

substantially reduced

What Happens to the Protection Level When Hearing Protectors

are Removed for Short Periods of Time?

Maximum protection provided by non-continuous use of hearing protection

Percent time use Maximum Protection

50% 3 dB

60% 4 dB

70% 5 dB

80% 7dB

90% 10 dB

95% 13 dB

99% 20 dB

99.9% 30 dB

CSA Standards Referenced

in OHS Regulations

Procedures for the

Measurement of

Occupational Noise

Exposure

(Standard: Z107.56-06)


- Performance, Selection,

Care, and Use

(Standard: Z94.2-02 (R2007)


in OHS Regulations

Procedures for the Measurement of

Occupational Noise Exposure (Standard: Z107.56-06)

Edition Referenced/Current: 2006

Measuring workers noise exposure is an essential part of any hearing

conservation program in determining the risk of occupational hearing

loss

The Standard presents methods of measurement using sampling

techniques

Users of this Standard should be proficient in noise measurement

CSA Standard Z107.56-06

Procedures for the Measurement

of Occupational Noise Exposure

Content Highlights:

1 Scope

2 Reference publications

3 Definitions and symbols

4 Instrumentation

4.1.1 Integrating sound level meter4.1.1 Integrating sound level meter

4.1.2 Noise dosimeter

4.1.3 Sound level meter

4.3 Instrument selection

5 Operating Conditions


Procedures for the Measurement

of Occupational Noise Exposure6 Procedures

6.1 Measurement of noise exposure level

6.2 Survey repetition

6.3 Selection of measurement procedure

6.4 Using a dosimeter

6.4.1 Measurement duration

6.4.2 Number of measurement repetitions for individuals

6.4.4 Measurement procedures6.4.4 Measurement procedures

6.4.5 Calculations

6.5 Using an integrating sound level meter

6.6 Using a sound level meter

Etc.

7 Reporting


in OHS Regulations


Performance, Selection, Care, and Use

(Standard: Z94.2-02 (R2007)

Edition Referenced/Current: 2002

Engineering controls are recognized as the most effective way of

reducing noise hazards either at its source or along its pathreducing noise hazards either at its source or along its path

HPD shall be used when engineering and or administrative controls

fail to reduce noise to acceptable levels

HPD reduce noise at the receiver




Content Highlights:

1. Scope

2. Definitions

4. Materials (composition of HPD)

5. Requirements

5.1 Sound Attenuation Performance5.1 Sound Attenuation Performance

5.2 Compliance with Manufacturers Specifications

6. Test Procedures

6.1 Sound Attenuation Measurement




7. Packaging Information

8. Selection, Care, and Use: Overview and General Requirements

9. Selection of Hearing Protection Devices

9.2 Types

9.3 Sound Attenuation

9.5 Double Protection9.5 Double Protection

9.6 Overprotection

9.7 Effectiveness

9.8 Noise Exposure Levels and Selection of Hearing Protection

Devices



Performance, Selection, Care, and Use10. Fit, Care, And use of Hearing Protection Devices

10.1 Awareness

10.2 Proper Fit

10.3 Proper Training

11. Implementation

11.2 Issuing of Devices11.2 Issuing of Devices

11.3 Inspection and Replacement

11.4 Posting of Noise Hazardous Areas

11.5 Need for Periodic Audiometric Tests

12. Specialized Hearing Protection Devices

Choosing Hearing Protection

Canadian Standards Association

rates hearing protection as Class

A, B, C, or Grade 0,1,2,3, or 4

depending on the amount of

noise reduction the protector

provides

Recommended class or grade of Recommended class or grade of

protection increases with noise

level

Selection of Hearing Protection Devices

Based on Grade and Noise Exposure in dBA

Recommended protection for an

8 hour noise exposure

Presuming a desired effective

exposure when HPD are worn of

Lex,8 = 85 dBALex,8 = 85 dBA

Selection of Hearing Protection Devices

Based on Grade and Noise Exposure in dBA

Class C or Grade 1 protection is

recommended for driving a heavy

truck (89dBA)

Class A or Grade 4 is

recommended for operating a pile

driver (104dBA)

Wearing double protection Wearing double protection

(earplugs and earmuffs) is

recommended for extremely high

noise levels

Hearing Protectors

Noise Reduction Ratings (NRR)

An estimate of the reduction of noise at the ear when protectors are worn

properly

Hearing protection devices are tested under ideal controlled conditions in

a laboratory

Discrepancy between how protectors are fit in the testing laboratory and

how users wear protectors in the real world

Actual noise attenuation achieved in the workplace is lower

Earmuffs Subtract 25% from the manufacturers labelled NRR

Formable earplugs Subtract 50% from the labelled NRR

All other earplugs Subtract 70% from the labelled NRR

Rod Stickman

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ResourcesProvincially Regulated Sectors

Occupational Health and Safety Act and Regulations

http://www.gs.gov.nl.ca/ohs/legislation_summary.html

Federally Regulated Sectors

Human Resources and Skills Development Canada site (information on sectors under federal jurisdiction)

http://www.rhdcc-hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/labour/overview.shtml

Canada Labour Code Part II Occupational Health and Safety

http://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/L-2/index.html

Canada Occupational Health and Safety Regulations (Part VII: Levels of Sound)

http://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/SOR-86-304/index.htmlhttp://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/SOR-86-304/index.html

View CSA Standards Referenced in OHS Regulations

http://ohsviewaccess.csa.ca/

Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (Noise)

http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/phys_agents/

ResourcesWorkSafe BC Hearing Loss Prevention

What is hearing loss prevention?

Hearing Loss Prevention Program

Construction Industry Hearing Loss Prevention

Noise Measurement

Occupational Noise Surveys

Hearing Protection

How do I develop a hearing loss prevention program?

And other resource information, publications and tools

http://www2.worksafebc.com/Topics/HearingLossPrevention/Home.asp

American Conference of Industrial Hygienists http://www.acgih.org/home.htm

industrial hygiene - noise (presentation)

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