industrial gases data book
DESCRIPTION
Industrial gases data book for nitrogen and other elements such as methane or lng or carbondioxideTRANSCRIPT
♦ Heat exchangers
♦ Heat transfer equipment
♦ Vaporizers
♦ Gas handling systems
♦ Food freezers and chillers
♦ SF6 recycling systems
♦ Air separation plants
♦ Reciprocating pumps
♦ Centrifugal pumps
♦ Turboexpander systems
Cryogenic Industries – Headquarters25720 Jefferson AvenueMurrieta, California 92562 USATel +1.951.696.7840Fax [email protected]
©2005 Printed in USA
CRYOGENIC INDUSTRIES
Industrial Gases
DATA BOOK
INDUSTRIAL GASESDATA BOOK
2005 Edition
All data set forth herein is provided for generalinformation only and is based on generally acceptedtests and on published data from standard technicalreference works. The accuracy or completeness ofany such information, test or data is not warrantedin any way.
Table of Contents
3
Table of Contents
2
INDUSTRIAL GASES DATA BOOK2005 Edition
TABLE OF CONTENTS Page
Warning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4Common Equivalents and Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5Physical Properties of Selected Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-7Carbon Dioxide: Chemical and Physical Constants . . . . . . . . . . . .8Carbon Dioxide: Physical State vs. Saturated Vapor Temp. & Press . .9Sulfur Hexafluoride Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10Sulfur Hexafluoride Chart: Vapor Pressure vs. Temperature . . . .11Conversion Data:
Argon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
Ethylene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
Helium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
Hydrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
Methane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
Nitrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
Nitrous Oxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
Oxygen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
Propane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
Carbon Dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
Methanol and Dissociated Methanol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Ammonia and Dissociated Ammonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
Vaporizer Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20Refrigeration Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21Cryoquip Freezer Models and Capacities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22Kryospray™ Food Freezing Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23-24Combustion Constants of Hydrocarbon Gases . . . . . . . . . . .25-26Densities at Various Saturation Pressures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27ACD Reciprocating Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) Page
ACD Cylinder Filling Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29Centrifugal Pump Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30-31Head to PSI Conversion Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32Net Positive Suction Head Requirements for Cryogenic Pumps . . .33Moisture Content in Gases: Conversion Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34Moisture Content in Gases: Dew Point vs. Moisture . . . . . . . . . .35Conversion Factors:
Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38
Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
Refrigeration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
Specific Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
Volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45
Velocity – Thermal Conductivity – Temperature . . . . . . . . . .46
Miscellaneous Physical Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47Decimal Equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48Gaseous Composition of Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49Temperature Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50Temperature Kelvin-K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52-54Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55-62Member Companies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62-64
Warning
4
OXYGEN DEFICIENT ATMOSPHERES WARNING:
Beware of anoxemia. Don’t become a casualty.
In sudden and acute asphyxia, such as that caused by inhalation ofpure argon, nitrogen or any other oxygen-poor gas, unconsciousnessis immediate. Oxygen is washed from the blood and the person fallsas if struck down by a blow on the head. He or she may die in avery few minutes.
Avoid confined spaces until oxygen adequacy has been proved byanalysis or other positive means, or until breathing air has been provided by air pack, air hose or other trusted source.
Confined spaces include:1. Pits, deep depressions, wells, sewers.2. Above ground confined spaces – refrigerators, cold boxes,
furnace boxes, combustion chambers, silos and the like.3. Tanks on railroad cars, highway vehicles, storage and
mixing tanks.4. Gas generators, gas tanks, gas holders.
THINK ✦ BE SAFE ✦ STAY ALIVE
Common Equivalents and Conversions
5
COMMON EQUIVALENTS AND CONVERSIONSApproximate Common Equivalents Conversions Accurate to Parts Per Million
1 inch = 25 millimeters inches x 25.4* = millimeters1 foot = 0.3 meter feet x 0.3048* = meters1 yard = 0.9 meter yards x 0.9144* = meters1 mile = 1.6 kilometers miles x 1.60934 = kilometers1 square inch = 6.5 square centimeters square inches x 6.4516* = square centimeters1 square foot = 0.09 square meter square feet x 0.0929030 = square meters1 square yard = 0.8 square meter square yards x 0.836127 = square meters1 acre = 0.4 hectare† acres x 0.404686 = hectares1 cubic inch = 16 cubic centimeters cubic inches x 16.3871 = cubic centimeters1 cubic foot = 0.03 cubic meter cubic feet x 0.0283168 = cubic meters1 cubic yard = 0.8 cubic meter cubic yards x 0.764555 = cubic meters1 quart (lq) = 1 liter† quarts (lq) x 0.946353 = liters1 gallon = 0.004 cubic meter US gallons x 0.00378541 = cubic meters1 ounce (avdp) = 28 grams ounces (avdp) x 28.3495 = grams1 pound (avdp) = 0.45 kilogram pounds (avdp) x 0.453592 = kilograms1 horsepower = 0.75 kilowatt horsepower x 0.745700 = kilowatts
1 millimeter = 0.04 inch millimeters x 0.0393701 = inches1 meter = 3.3 feet meters x 3.28084 = feet1 meter = 1.1 yards meters x 1.09361 = yards1 kilometer = 0.6 mile kilometers x 0.621371 = miles1 square centimeter = 0.16 square inch sq. centimeters x 0.155000 = square inches1 square meter = 11 square feet square meters x 10.7639 = square feet1 square meter = 1.2 square yards square meters x 1.19599 = square yards1 hectare† = 2.5 acres hectares x 2.47105 = acres1 cubic centimeter = 0.06 cubic inch cubic cm x 0.0616237 = cubic inches1 cubic meter = 35 cubic feet cubic meters x 35.3147 = cubic feet1 cubic meter = 1.3 cubic yards cubic meters x 1.30795 = cubic yards1 liter† = 1 quart liters x 1.05669 = quarts (lq)1 cubic meter = 250 US gallons cubic meters x 264.172 = US gallons1 gram = 0.035 ounces (avdp) grams x 0.0352740 = ounces (avdp)1 kilogram = 2.2 pounds (avdp) kilograms x 2.20462 = pounds (avdp)1 kilowatt = 1.3 horsepower kilowatts x 1.34102 = horsepower
† common term not used in SI* exact
Multiples and Submultiples Prefix Symbol
1 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 1018 exa (ex’ a) E1 000 000 000 000 = 1012 tera (ter’ a) T
1 000 000 000 = 10 9 giga (ji’ ga) G1 000 000 = 10 6 mega (meg’ a) M
1000 = 10 3 kilo (kil’ o) k100 = 10 2 hecto (hek’ to) h
10 = 10 1 deka (dek’ a) da0.1 = 10 -1 deci (des’ i) d
0.01 = 10 -2 centi (sen’ ti) c0.001 = 10 -3 milli (mil’ i) m
0.000 001 = 10 -6 micro (mi’ kro) µ0.000 000 001 = 10 -9 nano (nan’ o) n
0.000 000 000 001 = 10 -12 pico (pe’ ko) p0.000 000 000 000 001 = 10 -15 femto (fem’ to) f
0.000 000 000 000 000 001 = 10 -18 atto (at’ to) a
Physical Properties ofSelected Gases
6
Physical Properties ofSelected Gases
7
NAME OF GAS AIR ARGON CARBON DIOXIDE ETHYLENE HELIUM
Chemical Symbol — Ar CO2 C2H4 HeMolecular Weight 28.97 39.95 44.01 28.05 4.00
Color None None Gas-N, Solid-Wh None NoneOdor None None Slightly pungent Sweet NoneTaste None None Biting Sweet None
Specific Gravity of Gas @ 70° F (21.1° C) & @32 º F (0º C)
1 atm (Air=1) 1.0 1.3 1.522 0.978 0.138
Density of Gas @32º F (0º C)@ 70° F (21.1° C) 0.07493 0.103 0.1144 0.0787 0.0103
& 1 atm lb/ft3 (kg/m3) (1.2000) (1.650) (1.833) (1.261) (0.165)
Specific Volume of Gas @ 70° F (21.1° C) & 1 atm 13.34 9.71 8.741 12.7 97.09
ft3/lb (m3/kg) (0.8333) (0.606) (0.5457) (0.793) (6.061)
Density of Saturated Vapor 0.368 3.443*** 1.022@ B.P., lb/ft3 (kg/m3) — (5.89) (55.15) (16.37)
Normal Boiling Point -317.8 -302.6 -109.3* -154.8 -452.1° F (° C) (-194.3) (-185.9) (-78.5) (-103.8) (-268.9)
Latent Heat of Vaporization 88.2 69.8 245.5** 208 8.72@ B.P., Btu/lb (kJ/kg) (205.0) (162.3) (571.3) (484) (20.28)
Critical Pressure, 547 711.5 1070.6 742.1 33 psia (bara) (37.71) (49.05) (73.81) (51.16) (2.27)
Critical Temperature, -221.1 -188.1 87.9 49.82 -450.3 ° F (° C) (-140.6) (-122.3) (31.1) (9.9) (-267.9)
Triple Point Pressure 9.99 75.13 1.10Nonepsia (bara) (0.6887) (5.18) (0.0718)
Triple Point Temperature -308.8 -69.9 -272.47 None° F (° C) (-189.3) (-56.6) (-169.15)
Specific Heat of Gas @ 77º F (25º C) @59º F (15º C) @ 70° F (21.1° C) & 1 atm Cp= 0.241 (1.01) Cp= 0.125 (0.523) Cp= 0.203 (0.850) Cp= 0.3622 (1.51) Cp= 1.24 (5.19)
Btu/lb. º F (kJ/kg. º C) Cv= 0.172 (0.720) Cv= 0.075 (0.314) Cv= 0.157 (0.657) Cv= 0.2914 (1.22) Cv= 0.745 (3.12)
Ratio of Specific Heats @ 68º F (20º C) & 1 atm, 1.4 1.67 1.28 1.24 1.66
Cp/Cv
Coefficient Viscosity, @ 70° F (21.1°C)micropoises @ 77°F (25°C) 226.38 148.0 198.5
Thermal Conductivity @ 32° F (0° C), 0.0140 0.0093 0.0085 0.0821
Btu/hr. ft2. ° F/ft (0.0208) (0.0138) (0.0126) (0.1222)(kcal/hr. m2 .° C/m)
Ionization Potential, volts 15.7 24.5
Excitation Potentials: First Resonance Potential, volts
11.56 20.91
Metastable Potentials 11.66volts 11.49
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED GASES
*Normal Sublimation Temperature
**Latent Heat of Sublimation
***Liquid CO2 @ 0ºF & 305.5 psia (-17.7º C & 21.06 bara)
HYROGEN METHANE NITROGEN NITROUS OXIDE OXYGEN SULFUR HEXAFLUORIDE
H2 CH4 N2 N2O O2 SF62.01 16.04 28.01 44.01 31.99 146.05None None None None None NoneNone None None Sweet None NoneNone None None Sweet None None
@32 º F (0º C) @60º F (15.6º C) @68º F (20º C)0.0696 0.5549 0.967 1.52 1.10 5.11
0.0052 0.0416 0.072 0.1146 0.08279 0.382(0.0834) (0.6663) (1.15) (1.94) (1.32) (6.11)
192.0 24.1 13.89 8.726 12.05 2.5(11.99) (1.50) (0.867) (0.5447) (0.752) (0.16)
0.084 0.1115 0.288 .281 0.296(1.34) (1.78) (4.61) (4.50) (4.74)
-423.0 -258.6 -320.4 -127.4 -297.3 -83(-252.8) (-161.4) (-195.8) (-88.5) (-182.9) (-63)
191.7 219.22 85.6 161.8 91.7 28.4(446.0) (509.91) (199.1) (376.1) (213) (66.05)
188 673.1 493 1053.7 731.4 547(12.96) (46.40) (33.99) (72.65) (50.42) (37.7)
-399.93 -115.7 -232.4 97.7 -181.4 114(-239.96) (-82.1) (-146.9) (36.5) (-118.6) (45.5)
1.045 1.69 1.81 12.74 0.0216 33.7(0.0720) (0.1165) (0.1247) (0.8783) (0.0014) (2.32)
-434.55 -296.5 -346.0 -131.4 -361.8 -58.0(-259.19) (-182.5) (-210) (-90.8) (-218.8) (-50.0)
@ 60º F (15.6º C) @ 59º F (15º C) Cp= 3.42 (14.34) Cp= 0.5271 (2.20) Cp= 0.249 (1.04) Cp= 0.207 (0.866) Cp= 0.2197 (0.9192) Cp= 0.16 (0.67)Cv= 2.41 (10.12) Cv= 0.4032 (1.68) Cv= 0.177 (0.741) Cv= 0.158 (0.665) Cv= 0.1572 (0.6577) Cv= 0.145 (0.606)
1.42 1.30 1.41 1.30 1.40
89.37 111.8 177.96 206.39
0.096 0.0177 0.0140 0.0088 0.0141 0.0081(0.1429) (0.0263) (0.0208) (0.0131) (0.0209) (0.0121)
13.5 14.5 13.6
10.2
Carbon Dioxide
9
Carbon Dioxide
8
CARBON DIOXIDE
CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL CONSTANTS
Chemical Formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .CO2
Molecular Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44.01
Color –Vapor and Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .noneSolid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .translucent white
Odor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .slight-pungent
Taste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .biting
Specific Gravity (Air – 1.0)Gas at 70° F (21.1° C), Atmospheric Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.53
Specific Volume – at Atmospheric PressureGas 60° F (15.6° C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8.57 ft3/lb (0.5350 m3/kg)Gas 70° F (21.1° C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8.74 ft3/lb (0.5456 m3/kg)
Temperature of Solid at Atmospheric Pressure . . . . .-109.25° F (-78.5° C)
DensitySolid: -109.25° F (-78.5° C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97.6 lb/ft3 (1563.402 kg/m3)
Liquid: +1.7° F (-16.8° C)300 psig (20.7 barg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63.36 lb/ft3 (1014.93 kg/m3)
Liquid: +70.0° F (21.1° C)839 psig (57.9 barg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47.35 lb/ft3 (758.4742 kg/m3)
Heat VaporizationSolid: -109.25° F (-78.5° C) . . . . . . . . . . . .246.6 Btu/lb (573.5916 kJ/kg)
Liquid:+1.7° F (-16.8° C) 300 psig (20.7 barg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119.2 Btu/lb (277.2592 kJ/kg)
Liquid:+70.0° F (21.1° C) 839 psig (57.9 barg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63.9 Btu/lb (148.6314 kJ/kg)
Specific Heat—Gas—Varies(At constant pressure of 1 atmosphere)
70° F (21.1° C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.20 Btu/lb (0.4652 kJ/kg)
(At constant volume) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.15 Btu/lb (0.3489 kJ/kg)
Viscosity Gas at Atmosphere Pressure &
70° F (21.1° C) . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.015 Centipoise (1.008 x 10-5 lbm/fts)Liquid at 0° F (-17.8° C) . . . . . . . . . . . .0.14 Centipoise (9.408 x 10-5 lbm/fts)
Critical Temperature(highest temperature at which CO2 can exist as a liquid) . . . . .87.82° F (31° C)
Triple Point(temperature-pressure combination at which CO2can exist simultaneously as a solid, liquid or gas) . . . . . .-69.83° F & 75.13 psia
(-56.6° C & 5.18 bara)
(Reference: Airco R687 A and data of Plank & Kuplianoff) PH
YS
ICA
L S
TAT
E O
F C
O2
VE
RS
US
SA
TU
RA
TE
D V
AP
OR
TE
MP
ER
AT
UR
E A
ND
PR
ES
SU
RE
Tem
pera
ture
Ga
ge P
ress
ure
Spec
ific
Vol.
ft3/lb
(l/k
g)Sp
ecifi
c Vo
l. ft3
/lb (l
/kg)
Ph
ysic
al S
tate
°F
(°C)
psig
(bar
g)
Liqu
id o
r Sol
id
Gas
of C
O 2
+88
.41
(+31
.3)
1057
.0 (7
2.9)
0.03
453
(2.1
5571
)0.
0345
(2.1
538)
Gas
only
abo
ve th
is p
oint
+60
(+15
.6)
732.
7 (5
0.5)
0.01
970
(1.2
2987
)0.
0995
(6.2
118)
Liqu
id a
nd g
as+
32 (0
)49
0.6
(33.
8)0.
0173
(1.0
8003
)0.
1663
(10.
3821
)Li
quid
and
gas
0 (-
17.8
)29
1.1
(20.
1)0.
0157
1 (0
.980
78)
0.29
05 (1
8.13
59)
Liqu
id a
nd g
as-2
0 (-
28.9
)20
0.4
(13.
8)0.
0149
8 (0
.935
20)
0.41
65 (2
6.00
21)
Liqu
id a
nd g
as-4
0 (-
40)
131.
2 (9
.0)
0.01
437
(0.8
9711
)0.
6113
(38.
1635
)Li
quid
and
gas
-69.
83 (-
56.6
) trip
le
60.4
(4.2
)0.
0136
0 (0
.849
04)
1.15
70 (7
2.23
15)
Liqu
id a
nd g
as-6
9.83
(-56
.6) p
oint
60.4
(4.2
)0.
0105
9 (0
.661
13)
1.15
70 (7
2.23
15)
Gas
and
solid
-90
(-67
.8)
19.4
(1.3
)0.
0104
0 (0
.649
27)
2.52
(157
.323
6)Ga
s an
d so
lid-1
09.2
5 (-
78.5
)0.
0 (0
)0.
0102
5 (0
.639
91)
5.69
(355
.226
7)Ga
s an
d so
lid-1
40 (-
95.6
)23
.4*
(1.6
)0.
0100
7 (0
.628
67)
24.5
(152
9.53
5)Ga
s an
d so
lid
* in
ches
of m
ercu
ry v
acuu
m
Sulfur Hexafluoride
11
SULFUR HEXAFLUORIDE CHART
Sulfur Hexafluoride
10
SULFUR HEXAFLUORIDE PROPERTIES
Volume Expansion Liquid to Gas @ 1 atmosphere & 70° F (21.1° C) . . . . .225Standard Cubic Feet of Gas Per Gallon of Liquid – SCF/gal . . . . . . . . . . . .30.1 Normal Cubic Meters of Gas Per Liter of Liquid – Nm3/l . . . . . . . . . . .4334.82Pounds Liquid Per Gallon of Liquid – lb/gal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11.4 Kilograms Liquid Per Liter of Liquid – kg/l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.36Gallons Per Cubic Foot (Liquid or Gas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7.48 Liters Per Cubic Meter (Liquid or Gas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.052Weight as Compared to Air (Air = 1.00) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.07Density @ Standard Conditions – lb/ft3 (kg/m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.382 (6.12)Specific Volume @ Standard Conditions – ft3/lb (l/kg) . . . . . . . . . .2.62 (163.6)Normal Boiling Point (B.P.) @ 1 Atmos. – °F (°C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-83 (-63.9)Density of Liquid @ B.P. – lb/ft3 (kg/m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73 (1169.4)Critical Pressure – lb/in2 abs. (kg/m2 abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .547.1 (384649.4)Critical Temperature – °F (°C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114.2 (45.67)Triple Point Pressure – lb/in2 abs. (kg/m2 abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . .33.7 (23693.44)Triple Point Temperature – °F (°C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-58 (-45.7)Specific Heat Ratio (K) @ 68°F (20° C) 1 Atmos. – K=Cp/Cv . . . . . . . . . . . .1.1Individual Gas Constant – R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0Thermal Conductivity @ 32°F (0° C) – Btu/(hr)(ft2)(° F/ft) . . . . . . . . . .0.00813 Thermal Conductivity @ 0° C – Cal/(sec)(°C/cm) . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.000033577Chemical Symbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .SF6Approximate Molecular Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146.05Odor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NoneToxic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NoCombustible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NoSupports Combustion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NoCombust. Limits in Oxygen % by Volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .N/ACombust. Limits in Air % by Volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .N/AHeat of Combustion (net) – Btu/lb (kJ/kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2,720 (6326.72)Physical State in Cylinder @ 70° F (21.1° C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .LiquidApprox. Max. Cylinder Pressure – psig @ 70° F (barg @ 21.1° C) ~300 (~20.7)Typical Purity of Cylinder Gas – % . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99.9Typical Dew Point of Cylinder Gas –°F (°C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-85 (-65)Typical Purity of Liquefied Gas – % . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99.9Max. – Moisture Content – Liquid by Volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.3 PPMLatent Heat of Vaporization – Btu/lb (kJ/kg) @ B.P. . . . . . . . . . .28.4 (66.0584)Latent Heat of Sublimation – Btu/lb (kJ/kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65.9 (153.2834)Sublimation Temperature – °F (°C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-83 (-63.9)
Temperature, °C
Temperature, °F
Pres
sure
,psi
g
Pres
sure
,bar
g
Liquid
Vapor
Vapor Pressure vs. Temperature-SF6
Conversion Data
13
Conversion Data
12
CO
NV
ER
SIO
N D
ATA
ARGO
N
Unit
ofW
EIGH
TGA
SLI
QUID
Mea
sure
men
tPo
unds
(Lb)
Kilo
gram
s (K
g)Cu
bic
Feet
(SCF
)Cu
bic
Met
ers
(Nm
3 )Ga
llons
(Gal
)Li
ters
(L)
1 Po
und
1.0
0.45
369.
671
0.25
430.
0860
0.32
551
Kilo
gram
2.20
51.
021
.32
0.56
050.
1895
0.71
761
Ton
2000
907.
219
,342
508.
617
2.0
651.
01
SCF
Gas
0.10
340.
0469
1.0
0.02
620.
0088
0.03
361
Nm3
Gas
3.93
31.
784
38.0
41.
00.
3382
1.28
01
Gal L
iqui
d11
.630
5.27
611
2.5
2.95
71.
03.
785
1 L
Liqu
id3.
072
1.39
329
.71
0.78
120.
2642
1.0
ETHY
LENE
Unit
ofW
EIGH
TGA
SLI
QUID
Mea
sure
men
tPo
unds
(Lb)
Kilo
gram
s (K
g)Cu
bic
Feet
(SCF
)Cu
bic
Met
ers
(Nm
3 )Ga
llons
(Gal
)Li
ters
(L)
1 Po
und
1.0
0.45
3612
.70.
3338
0.21
140.
8001
1 Ki
logr
am2.
205
1.0
28.0
0.73
600.
4661
1.76
41
Ton
2000
907.
225
,400
667.
7142
2.8
1600
.30
1 SC
F Ga
s0.
078
0.03
541.
00.
0262
0.01
640.
0620
1 Nm
3Ga
s2.
781.
263
38.0
41.
00.
5876
2.22
41
Gal L
iqui
d4.
732.
1560
.071
1.57
91.
03.
785
1 L
Liqu
id1.
249
0.56
6515
.86
0.44
910.
2642
1.0
SCF
(sta
ndar
d cu
bic
foot
) gas
mea
sure
d at
1 a
tmos
pher
e an
d 70
°F
(21.
1 °
C).
Nm3
(nor
mal
cub
ic m
eter
) gas
mea
sure
d at
1 a
tmos
pher
e an
d 0°
C (3
2°F)
.Li
quid
mea
sure
d at
1 a
tmos
pher
e an
d bo
iling
tem
pera
ture
.Al
l val
ues
roun
ded
to n
eare
st 4
/5 s
igni
fican
t num
bers
.
HELI
UM
Unit
ofW
EIGH
TGA
SLI
QUID
Mea
sure
men
tPo
unds
(Lb)
Kilo
gram
s (K
g)Cu
bic
Feet
(SCF
)Cu
bic
Met
ers
(Nm
3 )Ga
llons
(Gal
)Li
ters
(L)
1 Po
und
1.0
0.45
3696
.71
2.54
20.
9593
3.63
11
Kilo
gram
2.20
51.
021
3.2
5.60
32.
115
8.00
61
Ton
2000
907.
219
3,42
054
77.0
4419
18.6
7262
.691
1 SC
F Ga
s0.
0103
0.00
461.
00.
0262
0.00
990.
0375
1 Nm
3Ga
s0.
3935
0.17
8438
.04
1.0
0.37
751.
428
1 Ga
l Liq
uid
1.04
230.
4728
100.
802.
649
1.0
3.78
51
L Li
quid
0.27
540.
1249
26.6
30.
6998
0.26
421.
0
HYDR
OGEN
Unit
ofW
EIGH
TGA
SLI
QUID
Mea
sure
men
tPo
unds
(Lb)
Kilo
gram
s (K
g)Cu
bic
Feet
(SCF
)Cu
bic
Met
ers
(Nm
3 )Ga
llons
(Gal
)Li
ters
(L)
1 Po
und
1.0
0.45
3619
2.00
5.04
71.
6928
6.40
81
Kilo
gram
2.20
51.
042
3.3
11.1
263.
733
14.1
281
Ton
2000
907.
238
4,00
010
,873
.67
3385
.612
815.
891
SCF
Gas
0.00
520.
0023
1.0
0.02
620.
0088
0.03
331
Nm3
Gas
0.19
810.
0898
38.0
41.
00.
3355
1.26
991
Gal L
iqui
d0.
5906
0.26
7911
3.41
2.98
11.
03.
785
1 L
Liqu
id0.
1560
0.07
0729
.99
0.78
810.
2642
1.0
SCF
(sta
ndar
d cu
bic
foot
) gas
mea
sure
d at
1 a
tmos
pher
e an
d 70
°F
(21.
1 °
C).
Nm3
(nor
mal
cub
ic m
eter
) gas
mea
sure
d at
1 a
tmos
pher
e an
d 0°
C (3
2°F)
.Li
quid
mea
sure
d at
1 a
tmos
pher
e an
d bo
iling
tem
pera
ture
.Al
l val
ues
roun
ded
to n
eare
st 4
/5 s
igni
fican
t num
bers
.
Conversion Data
15
Conversion Data
14
CO
NV
ER
SIO
N D
ATA
MET
HANE
Unit
ofW
EIGH
TGA
SLI
QUID
Mea
sure
men
tPo
unds
(Lb)
Kilo
gram
s (K
g)Cu
bic
Feet
(SCF
)Cu
bic
Met
ers
(Nm
3 )Ga
llons
(Gal
)Li
ters
(L)
1 Po
und
1.0
0.45
3624
.10.
6824
0.28
321.
071
1 Ki
logr
am2.
205
1.0
53.1
41.
396
0.62
442.
361
Ton
2000
907.
248
,200
1267
.08
566.
421
43.8
31
SCF
Gas
0.04
140.
0188
1.0
0.02
620.
0117
0.04
421
Nm3
Gas
1.46
50.
6645
38.0
41.
00.
4148
1.57
1 Ga
l Liq
uid
3.53
1.60
84.8
62.
230
1.0
3.78
51
L Li
quid
0.93
290.
4231
22.4
80.
6365
0.26
421.
0
NITR
OGEN
Unit
ofW
EIGH
TGA
SLI
QUID
Mea
sure
men
tPo
unds
(Lb)
Kilo
gram
s (K
g)Cu
bic
Feet
(SCF
)Cu
bic
Met
ers
(Nm
3 )Ga
llons
(Gal
)Li
ters
(L)
1 Po
und
1.0
0.45
3613
.803
0.36
270.
1481
0.56
061
Kilo
gram
2.20
51.
030
.42
0.79
960.
3262
1.23
491
Ton
2000
907.
227
,606
725.
429
6.2
1121
1 SC
F Ga
s0.
0724
0.03
281.
00.
0262
0.01
070.
0406
1 Nm
3Ga
s2.
757
1.25
0638
.04
1.0
0.40
801.
544
1 Ga
l Liq
uid
6.74
53.
060
93.1
12.
447
1.0
3.78
51
L Li
quid
1.78
20.
8083
24.6
00.
6464
0.26
421.
0
NITR
OUS
OXID
E
Unit
ofW
EIGH
TGA
SLI
QUID
Mea
sure
men
tPo
unds
(Lb)
Kilo
gram
s (K
g)Cu
bic
Feet
(SCF
)Cu
bic
Met
ers
(Nm
3 )Ga
llons
(Gal
)Li
ters
(L)
1 Po
und
1.0
0.45
368.
710.
2466
0.09
730.
3682
1 Ki
logr
am2.
205
1.0
19.2
00.
5047
0.21
450.
8118
1 To
n20
0090
7.2
17,4
2045
7.93
194.
673
6.56
1 SC
F Ga
s0.
1148
0.05
201.
00.
0262
0.01
110.
0420
1 Nm
3Ga
s4.
055
1.83
938
.04
1.0
0.39
451.
493
1 Ga
l Liq
uid
10.2
74.
658
89.4
42.
351
1.0
3.78
51
L Li
quid
2.71
51.
2323
.64
0.66
940.
2642
1.0
OXYG
EN
Unit
ofW
EIGH
TGA
SLI
QUID
Mea
sure
men
tPo
unds
(Lb)
Kilo
gram
s (K
g)Cu
bic
Feet
(SCF
)Cu
bic
Met
ers
(Nm
3 )Ga
llons
(Gal
)Li
ters
(L)
1 Po
und
1.0
0.45
3612
.078
0.31
730.
1050
0.39
751
Kilo
gram
2.20
51.
026
.632
0.69
960.
2315
0.87
621
Ton
2000
907.
224
,156
635.
020
9.9
794.
51
SCF
Gas
0.08
270.
0375
1.0
0.02
620.
0086
0.03
281
Nm3
Gas
3.14
91.
428
38.0
41.
00.
3305
1.25
11
Gal L
iqui
d9.
528
4.32
111
5.1
3.02
61.
03.
785
1 L
Liqu
id2.
517
1.14
130
.41
0.79
950.
2642
1.0
SCF
(sta
ndar
d cu
bic
foot
) gas
mea
sure
d at
1 a
tmos
pher
e an
d 70
°F
(21.
1 °
C).
Nm3
(nor
mal
cub
ic m
eter
) gas
mea
sure
d at
1 a
tmos
pher
e an
d 0°
C (3
2°F)
.Li
quid
mea
sure
d at
1 a
tmos
pher
e an
d bo
iling
tem
pera
ture
.Al
l val
ues
roun
ded
to n
eare
st 4
/5 s
igni
fican
t num
bers
.
SCF
(sta
ndar
d cu
bic
foot
) gas
mea
sure
d at
1 a
tmos
pher
e an
d 70
°F
(21.
1 °
C).
Nm3
(nor
mal
cub
ic m
eter
) gas
mea
sure
d at
1 a
tmos
pher
e an
d 0°
C (3
2°F)
.Li
quid
mea
sure
d at
1 a
tmos
pher
e an
d bo
iling
tem
pera
ture
.Al
l val
ues
roun
ded
to n
eare
st 4
/5 s
igni
fican
t num
bers
.
Conversion Data
17
Conversion Data
16
CO
NV
ER
SIO
N D
ATA
PROP
ANE
Unit
ofW
EIGH
TGA
SLI
QUID
Mea
sure
men
tPo
unds
(Lb)
Kilo
gram
s (K
g)Cu
bic
Feet
(SCF
)Cu
bic
Met
ers
(Nm
3 )Ga
llons
(Gal
)Li
ters
(L)
1 Po
und
1.0
0.45
368.
6286
0.22
670.
2364
0.89
481
Kilo
gram
2.20
51.
019
.026
10.
5000
0.52
121.
9728
1 To
n20
0090
7.2
17,2
5745
3.65
472.
817
89.7
1 SC
F Ga
s0.
1159
0.05
261.
00.
0262
0.02
740.
1037
1 Nm
3Ga
s4.
411
2.0
38.0
41.
01.
0425
3.94
631
Gal L
iqui
d4.
231.
9187
36.5
0.95
921.
03.
785
1 L
Liqu
id1.
1176
0.50
699.
6433
0.25
340.
2642
1.0
SCF
(sta
ndar
d cu
bic
foot
) gas
mea
sure
d at
1 a
tmos
pher
e an
d 70
°F
(21.
1 °
C).
Nm3
(nor
mal
cub
ic m
eter
) gas
mea
sure
d at
1 a
tmos
pher
e an
d 0°
C (3
2°F)
.Li
quid
mea
sure
d at
1 a
tmos
pher
e an
d bo
iling
tem
pera
ture
.Al
l val
ues
roun
ded
to n
eare
st 4
/5 s
igni
fican
t num
bers
.
CARB
ON D
IOXI
DE
Unit
ofW
EIGH
TGA
SLI
QUID
SOLI
DM
easu
rem
ent
Poun
ds (L
b)To
n (T
)Ki
logr
ams
(Kg)
Cubi
c Fe
et (S
CF)
Cubi
c M
eter
s (N
m3 )
Gallo
ns (G
al)
Lite
rs (L
)Cu
bic
Feet
(Cu
Ft)
1 Po
und
1.0
0.00
050.
4536
8,74
10.
2294
0.11
806
0.44
690.
0102
461
Ton
2000
.01.
090
7.2
17,4
8345
8.8
236.
189
3.9
20.4
91
Kilo
gram
2.20
50.
0011
023
1.0
19.2
530.
5058
0.26
030.
9860
0.22
601
SCF
Gas
0.11
44—
0.05
189
1.0
0.02
628
0.01
3506
0.05
113
0.00
1172
31
Nm3
Gas
4.35
90.
0021
801.
9772
38.0
41.
00.
5146
1.94
800.
0446
81
Gal L
iqui
d8.
470
0.00
4235
3.84
274
.04
1.94
311.
03.
785
0.08
678
1 L
Liqu
id2.
238
0.00
1118
51.
0151
19.5
620.
5134
0.26
421.
00.
0229
31
Cu F
t Sol
id97
.56
0.04
880
44.2
585
2.8
22.3
811
.518
43.6
01.
0SC
F (s
tand
ard
cubi
c fo
ot) g
as m
easu
red
at 1
atm
osph
ere
and
70°
F (2
1.1
°C)
.Nm
3(n
orm
al c
ubic
met
er) g
as m
easu
red
at 1
atm
osph
ere
and
0°C
(32°
F).
Liqu
id m
easu
red
at 1
atm
osph
ere
and
boili
ng te
mpe
ratu
re.
All v
alue
s ro
unde
d to
nea
rest
4/5
sig
nific
ant n
umbe
rs.
Conversion Data
19
Conversion Data
18
CO
NV
ER
SIO
N D
ATA
Assu
med
dis
soci
atio
n te
mpe
ratu
re:1
550°
F (8
43°
C).
AMM
ONIA
AND
DIS
SOCI
ATED
AM
MON
IA
Unit
ofW
EIGH
TGA
S (d
isso
ciat
ed)
GAS
(und
isso
ciat
ed)
LIQU
IDM
easu
rem
ent
Poun
ds (L
b)Ki
logr
ams
(Kg)
Cubi
c Fe
et (S
CF)
Cubi
c M
eter
s (N
m3 )
Cubi
c Fe
et (S
CF)
Cubi
c M
eter
s (N
m3 )
Gallo
ns (G
al)
Lite
rs (L
)
1 Po
und
1.0
0.45
3644
.765
41.
1764
22.3
827
0.58
820.
1943
0.73
541
Kilo
gram
2.20
51.
098
.707
62.
5940
49.3
538
1.29
700.
4283
0.33
351
SCF
Gas
Diss
ocia
ted
0.02
240.
0101
31.
00.
0262
80.
50.
0131
40.
0043
0.01
62
1 Nm
3Ga
sDi
ssoc
iate
d0.
8501
0.38
5538
.04
1.0
19.0
20.
52.
3309
0.61
58
1 SC
F Ga
sUn
diss
ocia
ted
0.00
470.
0202
62.
00.
0525
61.
00.
0262
80.
0086
0.03
24
1 Nm
3Ga
sUn
diss
ocia
ted
1.70
010.
771
76.0
82.
038
.04
1.0
4.66
21.
2317
1 Ga
l Liq
uid
5.14
72.
3347
233.
870.
4290
116.
935
0.21
451.
03.
785
1 L
Liqu
id1.
3598
2.99
8461
.788
51.
6238
30.8
943
0.81
190.
2642
1.0
Assu
med
dis
soci
atio
n te
mpe
ratu
re:1
800°
F (9
82°
C).
MET
HANO
L AN
D DI
SSOC
IATE
D M
ETHA
NOL
Unit
ofW
EIGH
TGA
S (d
isso
ciat
ed)
GAS
(und
isso
ciat
ed)
LIQU
IDM
easu
rem
ent
Poun
ds (L
b)Ki
logr
ams
(Kg)
Cubi
c Fe
et (S
CF)
Cubi
c M
eter
s (N
m3 )
Cubi
c Fe
et (S
CF)
Cubi
c M
eter
s (N
m3 )
Gallo
ns (G
al)
Lite
rs (L
)
1 Po
und
1.0
0.45
3615
.485
70.
4077
5.16
960.
1359
0.06
410.
2426
1 Ki
logr
am2.
205
1.0
34.1
964
0.89
8811
.398
80.
2996
0.14
130.
5349
1 SC
F Ga
sDi
ssoc
iate
d0.
0645
0.02
921.
00.
0262
80.
3333
0.00
876
0.00
413
0.01
56
1 Nm
3Ga
sDi
ssoc
iate
d2.
4528
1.11
2638
.04
1.0
12.6
80.
3333
0.15
730.
5952
1 SC
F Ga
sUn
diss
ocia
ted
0.19
340.
0877
3.0
0.07
884
1.0
0.02
628
0.01
240.
0469
1 Nm
3Ga
sUn
diss
ocia
ted
7.35
853.
3372
114.
123.
038
.04
1.0
0.47
181.
7857
1 Ga
l Liq
uid
15.6
7.07
6224
1.88
876.
3568
80.6
296
2.11
961.
03.
785
1 L
Liqu
id4.
1715
1.86
9563
.907
21.
6821
.302
40.
560.
2642
1.0
2120
VAPORIZER REQUIREMENTS
Calibration Formula for Flowmeters
FLUID CONVERSION DATA ENERGY REQUIRED (for 10,000 SCFH)SCF per SCFH per GPM at Gals/Hr* Lbs/Hr** Ft3/Min***
Gal Liquid GPM 10,000SCFH Btu/Hr kW Gasoline Steam Air
Argon 112.5 6,750 1.47 123,000 36.1 1.0 115 12,300
Carbon Dioxide 74.04 4,442.4 2.25 171,000 50.2 1.39 160 17,100
Helium 100.8 6,048 1.655 67,500 19.8 0.55 63 6,750
Hydrogen 113.6 6,816 1.47 89,000 26.1 0.72 84 8,900
Nitrogen 93.11 5,586.6 1.787 134,400 39.4 1.09 126 13,400
Oxygen 115.1 6,906 1.45 142,000 41.6 1.15 133 14,200
Nitrous Oxide 89.05 5,343 1.895 181,000 53.0 1.47 169 18,100
Propane 36.5 2,190 3.97 213,000 62.4 1.73 200 21,300
FLUID CONVERSION DATA ENERGY REQUIRED (for 1,000 Nm3/Hr)Nm3/L Nm3/Hr LPM at 1,000 L/Hr* Kg/Hr** L/Sec***
Liquid per LPM Nm3/Hr kW HP Gasoline Steam Air
Argon .7813 46.878 21.33 137 184 14.4 198 368
Carbon Dioxide .5142 30.852 32.41 191 256 20.0 276 513
Helium .7000 42.0 23.80 75.3 101 7.91 109 202
Hydrogen .7889 47.334 21.12 99.3 133 10.4 144 268
Nitrogen .6466 38.796 25.77 150 201 15.8 217 403
Oxygen .7993 47.958 20.85 158 212 16.6 229 424
Nitrous Oxide .6184 37.104 26.95 202 270 21.2 292 543
Propane .2535 15.21 65.74 238 319 25.0 344 639
*Calculated at 85% Thermal Efficiency**Calculated at 100 PSIG saturated inlet with outlet at 150° F (65.5 °C) ***Calculated at 10° F (-12.2 ° C)
C= =F2
F1 √ SG1 X P2 X T1
SG2 X P1 X T2
Where:C = Correction factor by which the indicated scale reading
F1 is multiplied to get the actual flow rate of the gas being used F2.F1 = Indicated scale reading.
F2 = Actual flow rate of the gas being used.SG1 = Specific gravity of the gas the flowmeter is calibrated for.SG2 = Specific gravity of the gas to be used in flowmeter.P1 = Absolute pressure in psia of gas the flowmeter is calibrated for.P2 = Absolute pressure in psia of gas to be used in flowmeter.T1 = Absolute temperature in °R of gas the flowmeter is calibrated for.T2 = Absolute temperature in °R of gas to be used in flowmeter.
Absolute pressure in psia = 14.7 + pressure in psig.Absolute temperature in °R = 460 + temperature in °F RE
FRIG
ER
AT
ION
VA
LUE
S
Refrigeration ValuesVaporizer Requirements
REFR
IGER
ATIO
N VA
LUES
TO
+40
°F
(+4.
4°C)
FOR
EXP
ENDA
BLE
REFR
IGER
ANTS
Refr
iger
ant
Pres
sure
Late
nt H
eat
Sens
ible
Hea
tTo
tal H
eat
Refr
iger
ant
Tem
p °
F (°
C)ps
ia (b
ara)
Btu/
lb (k
J/kg
)Bt
u/lb
(kJ/
kg)
Btu/
lb (k
J/kg
)
Wat
er Ic
e32
(0)
14.7
(1.0
13)
144.
0 (3
34.9
)8.
0 (1
8.6)
152.
0 (3
53.6
)Li
quid
CO 2
(flas
hed
to s
now
)-1
09 (-
78.3
)14
.7 (1
.013
)11
3.0*
(262
.8)
29.8
(69.
3)14
9.8
(348
.4)
Dry
Ice
Bloc
ks
-109
(-78
.3)
14.7
(1.0
13)
246.
3 (5
72.9
)29
.8 (6
9.3)
276.
1 (6
42.2
)Pe
llets
-109
(-78
.3)
14.7
(1.0
13)
246.
3 (5
72.9
)29
.8 (6
9.3)
276.
1 (6
42.2
)Li
quid
Nitr
ogen
@ 1
ATM
-320
(-19
5.6)
14.7
(1.0
13)
85.6
(199
.1)
94.0
(218
.6)
179.
6 (4
17.7
)@
5 A
TM-2
88 (-
177.
8)73
.5 (5
.07)
61.0
(141
.9)
95.0
(221
.0)
156.
0 (3
62.9
)
Effe
ctiv
e Re
frig
eran
t Cos
t = R
efrig
eran
t Cos
t Per
Pou
nd÷
Tota
l Hea
t Rem
oved
Per
Pou
nd
Wat
er ic
e ha
s a
liqui
d re
sidu
e w
hile
rem
aini
ng re
frige
rant
s ar
e co
nver
ted
to th
e ga
s ph
ase.
CO2
snow
is fl
ashe
d fro
m li
quid
CO 2
at 3
14.7
psi
a(2
1.7
bara
) sto
rage
pre
ssur
e.Sn
ow y
ield
is 4
6% b
y w
eigh
t.Li
quid
car
bon
diox
ide
is s
tore
d at
zer
o de
gree
s an
d m
aint
aine
d at
zer
o de
gree
s by
a m
echa
nica
l ref
riger
ator
.Thi
s pe
rmits
sto
rage
of l
iqui
d ca
rbon
dio
xide
with
out l
oss.
Dry
ice
pelle
ts a
re m
anuf
actu
red
by c
ompr
essi
ng C
O 2sn
ow in
an
extru
sion
mac
hine
.Liq
uid
nitro
gen
loss
es a
re p
rese
nt d
urin
g st
orag
e.
* Th
is la
tent
hea
t val
ue is
Btu
per
pou
nd o
f liq
uid
CO2.
23
Better Products, Greater ProfitsBoth the quality of your products and their saleable weight after freezing aredirectly related to the freezing method and the speed with which it can absorb theheat in the product. Kryospray freezers retain more of the flavor, the coloring and themoisture content of virtually all foods, including the ones listed below.
LOW TEMPERATURE FOOD PROCESSING DATA
Spec. Heat Btu/lb ° F (W/kg ° C)Latent Heat
Avg. Freezing Amount of of Fusion* Product Name Point ° F (° C) Water (%) Above Freezing Below Freezing Btu/lb (kJ/kg)
VEGETABLESAsparagus 29.8 (-1.2) 93.0 0.94 (0.81) 0.48 (0.41) 134 (312)Beans, String 29.7 (-1.3) 88.9 0.91 (0.78) 0.47 (0.40) 128 (298)Beans, Lima 30.1 (-1.1) 66.5 0.73 (0.62) 0.40 (0.34) 94 (218)Broccoli 29.2 (-1.6) 89.9 0.92 (0.79) 0.47 (0.40) 130 (302)Brussel Sprouts 31.0 (-0.6) 84.9 0.88 (0.75) 0.46 (0.39) 122 (284)Carrots 29.6 (-1.3) 88.2 0.86 (0.74) 0.45 (0.38) 126 (293)Cauliflower 30.1 (-1.1) 91.7 0.93 (0.80) 0.47 (0.40) 132 (307)Corn (Green) 28.9 (-1.7) 75.5 0.80 (0.68) 0.43 (0.37) 108 (251)Eggplant 30.4 (-0.9) 92.7 0.94 (0.81) 0.47 (0.40) 132 (307)Mushrooms 30.2 (-1.0) 91.1 0.93 (0.80) 0.47 (0.40) 130 (302)Onions 30.1 (-1.1) 87.5 0.91 (0.78) 0.46 (0.39) 124 (288)Peas (Green) 30.0 (-1.1) 74.3 0.79 (0.68) 0.42 (0.36) 106 (247)Peppers (Sweet) 30.1 (-1.1) 92.4 0.94 (0.81) 0.47 (0.40) —Potatoes (White) 28.9 (-1.7) 77.8 0.82 (0.70) 0.43 (0.37) 111 (258)Potatoes (Sweet) 28.5 (-1.9) 68.5 0.75 (0.64) 0.40 (0.34) 97 (226)Spinach 30.3 (-0.9) 92.7 0.94 (0.81) 0.48 (0.41) 132 (307)Tomatoes (Green) 30.4 (-0.9) 94.7 0.95 (0.81) 0.48 (0.41) 134 (312)Tomatoes (Ripe) 30.4 (-0.9) 94.1 0.95 (0.81) 0.48 (0.41) 134 (312)Vegetables (Mixed) 30.0 (-1.1) 90.0 0.90 (0.77) 0.45 (0.38) 130 (302)
MEATS & FISHBacon — 20.0 0.50 (0.43) 0.30 (0.25) 29 (68)Beef (Fresh–Lean) 29.0 (-1.7) 68.0 0.77 (0.66) 0.40 (0.34) 100 (233)Beef (Fresh–Fat) 28.0 (-2.2) — 0.60 (0.51) 0.35 (0.30) 79 (184)Brined Meats — — 0.75 (0.64) — — Cut Meats 29.0 (-1.7) 65.0 0.72 (0.62) 0.40 (0.34) 95 (221)Fish (Frozen) 28.0 (-2.2) 70.0 0.76 (0.65) 0.41 (0.35) 101 (235)Fish (Iced) — 70.0 0.76 (0.65) 0.41 (0.35) 101 (235)Fish (Dried) — — 0.56 (0.48) 0.34 (0.29) 65 (151)Hams and Loins 27.0 (-2.8) 60.0 0.68 (0.58) 0.38 (0.32) 87 (201)Lamb 29.0 (-1.7) 58.0 0.67 (0.57) 0.30 (0.25) 84 (194)Oysters (Shell) 27.0 (-2.8) 80.4 0.83 (0.71) 0.44 (0.37) 116 (270)Pork (Fresh) 28.0 (-2.2) 60.0 0.68 (0.58) 0.38 (0.32) 87 (201)Pork (Smoked) — 57.0 0.60 (0.51) 0.32 (0.27) —Poultry (Fresh) 27.0 (-2.8) 74.0 0.79 (0.68) 0.37 (0.31) 106 (247)Poultry (Frozen) 27.0 (-2.8) 74.0 0.79 (0.68) 0.37 (0.31) 106 (247)Sausage (Franks) 29.0 (-1.7) 60.0 0.86 (0.74) 0.56 (0.48) 86 (200)Sausage (Fresh) 26.0 (-3.3) 65.0 0.89 (0.76) 0.56 (0.48) 93 (216)Veal 29.0 (-1.7) 63.0 0.71 (0.61) 0.39 (0.33) 91 (212)
Kryospray™ Food Freezing Data
Cryoquip Freezer Modelsand Capacities
22
Model Number Approx. Capacity2415TD 1500 lbs/hr (700 kg/hr)2420TD 2000 lbs/hr (900 kg/hr)3020TD 2500 lbs/hr (1100 kg/hr)3615TD 2250 lbs/hr (1000 kg/hr)3620TD 3000 lbs/hr (1350 kg/hr)
CRYOQUIP FREEZER MODELS AND CAPACITIES
TRI-DEK LN2 TUNNEL FREEZERS
Model Number Approx. Capacity210SD 300 lbs/hr (140 kg/hr)220SD 600 lbs/hr (280 kg/hr)230SD 900 lbs/hr (400 kg/hr)320SD 900 lbs/hr (400 kg/hr)330SD 1350 lbs/hr (600 kg/hr)
SINGLE-DEK LN2 TUNNEL FREEZERS
BATCH FREEZERS
Model Number Approx. CapacityBF100 100 lbs/hr (45 kg/hr)BF300 300 lbs/hr (140 kg/hr)BF600 600 lbs/hr (270 kg/hr)
Model Number Approx. CapacityCBF1810 3000 lbs/hr (1400 kg/hr)CBF2410 4000 lbs/hr (1800 kg/hr)CBF3610 6000 lbs/hr (2700 kg/hr)CBF4810 8500 lbs/hr (3800 kg/hr)
LIQUID NITROGEN CONTACT BATH FREEZERS
*Energy required for moisture to change phase – from liquid to solid.
KRYOSPRAY™ FOOD FREEZING DATA
Combustion Constants ofHydrocarbon Gases
25
Kryospray™ Food Freezing Data
24
LOW TEMPERATURE FOOD PROCESSING DATA
Spec. Heat Btu/lb ° F (W/kg ° C)Latent Heat
Avg. Freezing Amount of of Fusion* Product Name Point ° F (° C) Water (%) Above Freezing Below Freezing Btu/lb (kJ/kg)
FRUITSApples 28.4 (-2.0) 84.1 0.86 (0.74) 0.45 (0.38) 121 (281)Apricots 28.1 (-2.2) 85.4 0.88 (0.75) 0.46 (0.39) 122 (284)Avocados 27.2 (-2.7) 94.0 0.91 (0.78) 0.49 (0.42) 136 (316)Bananas 28.0 (-2.2) 74.8 0.80 (0.68) 0.42 (0.36) 108 (251)Blackberries 28.9 (-1.7) 85.3 0.88 (0.75) 0.46 (0.39) 122 (284)Cantaloupes 29.0 (-1.7) 92.7 0.94 (0.81) 0.48 (0.41) 132 (307)Cherries 26.0 (-3.3) 83.0 0.87 (0.74) 0.45 (0.38) 120 (279)Cranberries 27.3 (-2.6) 87.4 0.90 (0.77) 0.46 (0.39) 124 (288)Currants 30.2 (-1.0) 84.7 0.88 (0.75) 0.45 (0.38) 120 (279)Grapes 26.3 (-3.2) 81.7 0.86 (0.74) 0.44 (0.37) 116 (270)Mangoes 32.0 (0) 93.0 0.90 (0.77) 0.46 (0.39) 134 (312)Peaches 29.4 (-1.4) 86.9 0.90 (0.77) 0.46 (0.39) 124 (288)Pears 28.5 (-1.9) 83.5 0.86 (0.74) 0.45 (0.38) 118 (275)Pineapples 29.4 (-1.4) 85.3 0.88 (0.75) 0.45 (0.38) 122 (284)Raspberries 30.1 (-1.1) 82.0 0.85 (0.73) 0.45 (0.38) 122 (284)Strawberries 29.9 (-1.2) 90.0 0.92 (0.79) 0.47 (0.40) 129 (300)Watermelons 29.2 (-1.6) 92.1 0.97 (0.83) 0.48 (0.41) 132 (307)
MISCELLANEOUSIce Cream 27.0 (-2.8) 58-66 0.78 (0.67) 0.45 (0.38) 96 (223)Milk 31.0 (-0.6) 87.5 0.93 (0.80) 0.49 (0.42) 124 (288)Oleo Margarine — — 0.48 (0.41) — —Candy — — 0.93 (0.80) — —Butter 30.0 (-1.1) 15.0 0.64 (0.55) 0.34 (0.29) 15 (35)
*Energy required for moisture to change phase – from liquid to solid.
Note: Specific heat of dry matter = 0.2 Btu/lb/° F above freezingSpecific heat of water = 1.0 Btu/lb/° F above freezingSpecific heat of dry matter = 0.2 Btu/lb/° F below freezingSpecific heat of ice = 0.5 Btu/lb/° F below freezing
HEAT
OF
COM
BUST
ION
VOLU
ME
OF A
IR P
ER V
OLUM
E OF
COM
BUST
IBLE
GAS
Btu/
ft3(k
J/m
3 )Re
quire
d fo
r Com
bust
ion
Prod
ucts
of C
ombu
stio
nNa
me
of G
asSy
mbo
lM
ol W
tGr
oss
Net
O 2+
N 2=
Air
CO2
H 2O
N 2
Hydr
ogen
H 22.
016
325.
0 (1
2,10
9)27
5.0
(10,
246)
0.5
1.88
22.
382
—1.
01.
882
Carb
on M
onox
ide
CO28
.010
321.
8 (1
1,99
0)32
1.8
(11,
990)
0.5
1.88
22.
382
1.0
—1.
882
Met
hane
CH4
16.0
4310
13.2
(37,
751)
913.
1 (3
4,02
2)2.
07.
528
9.52
81.
02.
07.
528
Etha
neC 2
H 630
.070
1792
.0 (6
6,76
9)16
41.0
(61,
143)
3.5
13.1
7516
.675
2.0
3.0
13.1
75Pr
opan
eC 3
H 844
.097
2590
.0 (9
6,50
3)23
85.0
(88,
865)
5.0
18.8
2123
.821
3.0
4.0
18.8
21Et
hyle
neC 2
H 428
.054
1613
.8 (6
0,13
0)15
13.2
(56,
381)
3.0
11.2
9314
.293
2.0
2.0
11.2
93Pr
opyl
ene
C 3H 6
42.0
8123
36.0
(87,
039)
2186
.0 (8
1,45
0)4.
516
.939
21.4
393.
03.
016
.939
Acet
ylen
eC 2
H 226
.038
1499
.0 (5
5,85
2)14
48.0
(53,
952)
2.5
9.41
111
.911
2.0
1.0
9.41
1
CO
MB
US
TIO
N C
ON
STA
NT
S O
F H
YD
RO
CA
RB
ON
GA
SE
S
KRYOSPRAY™ FOOD FREEZING DATA
Densities at VariousSaturation Pressures
27
Combustion Constants ofHydrocarbon Gases
26
CO
MB
US
TIO
N C
ON
STA
NT
S O
F H
YD
RO
CA
RB
ON
GA
SE
S
DE
NS
ITIE
S A
T V
AR
IOU
S S
AT
UR
AT
ION
PR
ES
SU
RE
S
Satu
ratio
nOx
ygen
Nitr
ogen
Argo
nPr
essu
re
Liqu
id D
ensi
tyLi
quid
Den
sity
Li
quid
Den
sity
psig
(bar
g)lb
s/ft3
(kg/
m3 )
SCF/
gal (
Nm3 /
l)lb
s/ft3
(kg/
m3 )
SCF/
gal (
Nm3 /
l)lb
s/ft3
(kg/
m3 )
SCF/
gal (
Nm3 /
l)
0 (0
)71
.17
(114
0.03
)11
5.10
(0.9
276)
50.4
4 (8
07.9
7)93
.11
(0.7
504)
87.5
1 (1
401.
78)
112.
50 (0
.906
6)5
(0.3
44)
70.4
2 (1
128.
02)
113.
72 (0
.916
5)49
.62
(794
.84)
91.5
5 (0
.737
8)85
.77
(137
3.9)
110.
89 (0
.893
7)10
(0.6
89)
69.8
0 (1
118.
09)
112.
73 (0
.908
5)49
.00
(784
.9)
90.4
0 (0
.728
5)84
.77
(135
7.89
)10
9.60
(0.8
833)
25 (1
.72)
67.8
6 (1
087.
01)
109.
59 (0
.883
2)47
.50
(760
.88)
87.6
3 (0
.706
2)82
.46
(132
0.88
)10
6.61
(0.8
592)
50 (3
.44)
65.5
5 (1
050.
01)
105.
86 (0
.853
1)45
.69
(731
.88)
84.1
8 (0
.678
4)79
.90
(127
9.88
)10
3.31
(0.8
326)
75 (5
.17)
63.7
6 (1
021.
34)
102.
97 (0
.829
8)44
.19
(707
.86)
81.5
3 (0
.657
1)77
.90
(124
7.84
)10
0.71
(0.8
116)
100
(6.8
9)62
.43
(100
0.03
)10
0.82
(0.8
125)
42.8
8 (6
86.8
7)79
.12
(0.6
376)
76.1
5 (1
219.
81)
98.4
5 (0
.793
4)15
0 (1
0.34
)59
.80
(957
.9)
96.5
7 (0
.778
3)40
.70
(651
.96)
75.0
8 (0
.605
1)73
.16
(117
1.91
)94
.59
(0.7
623)
200
(13.
79)
57.6
2 (9
22.9
8)93
.05
(0.7
499)
38.7
6 (6
20.8
8)71
.51
(0.5
763)
70.2
8 (1
125.
78)
90.8
7 (0
.732
3)25
0 (1
7.23
)55
.60
(890
.63)
89.7
9 (0
.699
4)36
.83
(589
.96)
67.9
5 (0
.547
6)67
.79
(108
5.89
)87
.65
(0.7
064)
HEAT
OF
COM
BUST
ION
MAS
S OF
AIR
PER
MAS
S OF
COM
BUST
IBLE
GAS
Btu/
lb (k
J/kg
)Re
quire
d fo
r Com
bust
ion
Prod
ucts
of C
ombu
stio
nNa
me
of G
asSy
mbo
lM
ol W
tGr
oss
Net
O 2+
N 2=
Air
CO2
H 2O
N 2
Carb
on (S
olid
)C
12.0
1114
,093
(32,
780)
14,0
93 (3
2,78
0)2.
664
8.86
311
.527
3.66
4—
8.86
3Hy
drog
enH 2
2.01
661
,100
(142
,118
)51
,623
(120
,075
)7.
937
26.4
0734
.344
—8.
937
26.4
07Ca
rbon
Mon
oxid
eCO
28.0
104,
347
(10,
111)
4,34
7 (1
0,11
1)0.
571
1.90
02.
471
1.57
1—
1.90
0M
etha
neCH
416
.043
23,8
79 (5
5,54
2)21
,520
(50,
055)
3.99
013
.257
17.2
652.
744
2.24
613
.275
Etha
neC 2
H 630
.070
22,3
20 (5
1,91
6)20
,432
(47,
524)
3.72
512
.394
16.1
192.
927
1.79
812
.394
Prop
ane
C 3H 8
44.0
9721
,661
(50,
383)
19,9
94 (4
6,50
6)3.
629
12.0
7415
.703
2.99
41.
634
12.0
74Et
hyle
neC 2
H 428
.054
21,6
44 (5
0,34
3)20
,295
(47,
206)
3.42
211
.385
14.8
073.
138
1.28
511
.385
Prop
ylen
eC 3
H 642
.081
21,0
41 (4
8,94
1)19
,691
(45,
801)
3.42
211
.385
14.8
073.
138
1.28
511
.385
Acet
ylen
eC 2
H 226
.038
21,5
00 (5
0,00
9)20
,776
(48,
325)
3.07
310
.224
13.2
973.
381
0.69
210
.224
ACD Cylinder FillingPumps
29
ACD Reciprocating Pumps
28
48
1115
1923
27
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
6,00
0
5,00
0
4,00
0
3,00
0
2,00
0
1,00
0
414
345
276
207
138
69
NDPD
SZND
P2
KSZ
NDP2
K
NOVA
FLOW
RAT
E–GP
M
DISCHARGE PRESSURE–PSI
DISCHARGE PRESSURE–BAR
FLOW
RAT
E–LP
M
AC
D C
ylin
der
Fill
ing
Pum
ps
Ser
ies
ND
PD
, SZ
ND
, P2K
, NO
VA
10,0
00
9,00
0
8,00
0
7,00
0
6,00
0
5,00
0
4,00
0
3,00
0
2,00
0
1,00
0
510
1520
25
1938
5776
9568
9
621
552
483
414
345
276
207
138 69
1-GA
PD1.
250
x.90
5
1-GA
PD1.
625
x.90
5
1-GA
PD1.
625
x1.1
252-
GAPD
1.62
5 x1
.125
3-GA
PD1.
625
x1.1
25
1-GA
PD1.
250
x1.1
252-
GAPD
1.25
0 x1
.125
3-GA
PD1.
250
x1.1
25
2-GA
PD1.
250
x.90
5
2-GA
PD1.
625
x.90
5
3-GA
PD1.
250
x.90
5
3-GA
PD1.
625
x.90
5
FLOW
RAT
E–GP
M
DISCHARGE PRESSURE–PSI
DISCHARGE PRESSURE–BARFL
OW R
ATE–
LPM
AC
D R
ecip
roca
ting
Pum
ps
Ser
ies
GA
PD
Centrifugal Pump Data
31
Centrifugal Pump Data
30
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP DATA
CONVERSION FACTORS AND FORMULAS
CAPACITY HEAD1 cubic foot per second = 449 gpm 1 lb per sq inch = 2.3 feet head of water1 million gallons per day = 695 gpm = 2.04 inches of mercury1 acre foot per day = 449 gpm = 0.0703 kg per sq inch1 liter per second = 15.85 gpm 1 foot of water = 0.433 lb per sq inch
1 inch of mercury (or vacuum) = 1.132 foot of water
VOLUME 1 kg per sq cm = 14.22 lb per sq inch1 U.S. gallon = 231 cubic inches 1 atmosphere = 14.7 lb per sq inch
= 0.1337 cubic foot = 34.0 feet of water= 3.785 liters = 10.35 meters of water= 0.833 Imperial gallon
1 Imperial gallon = 1.2 U.S. gallons WEIGHT1 cubic foot = 7.48 U.S. gallons 1 U.S. gallon of water= 8.33 pounds
= 0.0283 cubic meter 1 cubic foot of water = 62.35 pounds1 liter = 0.2642 U.S. gallon 1 kilogram = 2.2 pounds1 cubic meter = 35.314 cubic feet 1 metric ton = 2204.6 pounds
= 264.2 U.S. gallons1 acre foot = 43,560 cubic feet LENGTH
= 325,829 U.S. gallons 1 mile = 5280 feet= 1.61 kilometers
1 inch = 2.54 centimeters1 meter = 3.2808 feet
= 39.3696 inches
TEMPERATURE
Degrees Fahrenheit = degrees Centigrade + 32
Degrees Centigrade = (Degrees Fahrenheit – 32)
CONVERSION FACTORS AND FORMULAS
gpm = 0.07 x Boiler HP whp =gpm = 449 x cfsgpm = 0.0292 x BBL/Daygpm = 0.7 x BBL/Hour bhp = gpm = 4.4 x Cu. Meters/Hour
gpm = bhp =
H = T =
V = Ns = =
U = S = =
hv = t r =
N = Speed in rpm cfs = Cubic feet per secondNs = Specific speed in rpm BBL = Barrel (42 gallons)Ss = Suction specific speed in rpm C = Specific heatQ = Capacity in gpm Sp. Gr. = Specific gravityP = Pressure in psi psi = Pounds per square inchH = Total head in feet gpm = Gallons per minutehsv = Net positive suction head in feet e = Pump efficiency in decimalhv = Velocity head in feet V = Velocity in feet per secondwhp = Water horsepower D = Impeller diameter in inchesbhp = Brake horsepower T = Torque in foot poundsU = Peripheral velocity in feet per sec. t = Temp. in degrees Fahrenheitg = 32.16 feet per sec. t r = Temp. rise in degrees Fahrenheit
(acceleration of gravity) A = Area in square inchesmgd = Million gallons per day
PUMP PERFORMANCE WITH IMPELLER DIAMETER AND/OR SPEED CHANGE
Q1, H1, bhp1, D1 and N1 = Initial Capacity, Head, Brake Horsepower, Diameter and SpeedQ2, H2, bhp2, D2 and N2 = New Capacity, Head, Brake Horsepower, Diameter and Speed
DIAMETER CHANGE ONLY SPEED CHANGE ONLY DIAMETER AND SPEED CHANGE
Q2 = Q1 Q2 = Q1 Q2 = Q1
H2 = H1 H2 = H1 H2 = H1
bhp2 = bhp1 bhp2 = bhp1 bhp2 = bhp1
( D2 )D1( N2 )N1
( D2x
N2 )D1 N1
( D2 )2
D1( N2 )
2
N1( D2
xN2 )
2
D1 N1
( D2 )3
D1( N2 )
3
N1( D2
xN2 )
3
D1 N1
Lbs. per hour500 x Sp. Gr.
P x 2.31Sp. Gr.
Q x 0.321A
Diameter (inches) x N 229
V2
2g
Q x H x Sp. Gr.3960
Q x H x Sp. Gr.3960 x e
Q x P1715 x e
bhp x 5250N
N QH3/4
√√√N H x QH
H ( – 1)780 x C
√
N Qhsv
3/4
√√√N hsv x Qhsv
√
9—55—9
1—e
Net Positive Suction HeadRequirements
33
More pump problems result from incorrect determination of Net PositiveSuction Head (NPSH) than from any other single cause.
Liquids at any temperature above their freezing point have a correspondingvapor pressure, which must be taken into account when planning a pumpingsystem. NPSH can be defined as the difference between the actual pressureand the vapor pressure of the liquid at the suction port of the pump. This isalso sometimes referred to as “sub-cooling” or “super pressure.”
While sitting idle, the liquid in a storage vessel will gradually absorb heat and,with all the vents closed, will generate pressures that are directly related tothe temperature of the liquid. These pressures are called the “saturated vaporpressure.” This saturated condition exists as long as the liquid is at its boilingpoint for any given pressure in the vessel. The important point to remember isthat, no matter what the tank pressure is, any reduction in pressure will causethe saturated liquid to boil.
No cryogenic pump can operate on saturated liquid since, in order to establishflow into the pump suction, there must be lower pressure in the pump. Thispressure drop causes the saturated liquid to boil, and the resultant vaporsenter the pump causing it to “cavitate” and lose prime.
To prevent cavitation, some NPSH must be provided to the pump. The amountof minimum NPSH varies with size, type and make of pump, and is generallyindicated on the nameplate. The NPSH can be provided by static head, or elevation of liquid above the pump suction, and/or by building an artificialpressure in the supply tank with a pressure building coil. This artificial pres-sure must be maintained throughout the pumping cycle to insure proper andefficient pump operation.
It is easy to lose, or offset, this artificial pressure or liquid head, by warmingthe liquid in the suction line to the pump by heat from the atmosphere. It ispossible to have a high super pressure in the storage tank so that the liquid is highly sub-cooled and still have saturated liquid at the pump suction. Toprevent this, pump suction lines should be short and well-insulated.
Head to PSI Conversion Chart
32
1400
1300
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
427
396
366
335
305
274
244
213
183
152
122
91
61
31
0
HEAD
INFE
ET
HEAD
INM
ETER
S
0 7 14 21 28 35 41
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
BAR
PSI
liqui
d ni
troge
n SP
.G. 0
.804
fact
or 2
.86
*liq
uid
hydr
ogen
SP.G
. 0.0
695
fact
or 3
2.5
water
SP.G
. 1.0
fact
or 2
.31
liquid
oxy
gen
SP.G
. 1.14
facto
r 2.03
liquid
argo
n SP.G
. 1.34
facto
r 1.64
HEAD TO PSI CONVERSION
FT x SPG2.31
PSI = PSI x Water(2.31)Specific Gravity
FT =
* For actual head in hydrogen, multiply by 10
NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD REQUIREMENTSFOR CRYOGENIC PUMPS
Moisture Content in Gases
35
Dew Dew Moisture MoisturePoint Point Content Content
˚F ˚C PPM (V/y) mg/l-110 -78.9 0.65 0.00049-105 -76.1 1.02 0.00076-100 -73.3 1.57 0.00117-95 -70.5 2.4 0.00179-90 -67.8 3.6 0.0027-85 -65.0 5.4 0.0040-80 -62.2 7.9 0.0059-75 -59.4 11.6 0.0086-70 -56.7 16.7 0.0125-65 -53.9 24.0 0.0179-60 -51.1 34.0 0.025-55 -48.3 48.0 0.036-50 -45.6 67.0 0.050-45 -42.8 93.0 0.069-40 -40.0 127.0 0.095-35 -37.2 174.0 0.130-30 -34.4 240.0 0.176-25 -31.6 320.0 0.24-20 -28.9 420.0 0.32-15 -26.1 560.0 0.42-10 -23.3 740.0 0.55-5 -20.5 970.0 0.720 -17.8 1260.0 0.94
1 Tables apply equally to Air, Argon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Helium,Hydrogen, Neon, Ammonia, Carbon Dioxide and Nitrous Oxide.
Moisture Content in Gases
34
The water vapor content of gases is often expressed in terms of dew point.However, there is no agreement in the literature as to the correct relationbetween dew point and water vapor content. The dew point chart on the nextpage is believed to be a fairly accurate table. This chart, which was derivedfrom the U.S. Bureau of Standards, Circular 564, Table 9-9, correlates dewpoint with parts per million of water vapor on a volume basis.
There is no standard way to express moisture concentration and each industryuses its own units. The following conversion table will allow the dew pointchart to be used regardless of how the moisture content is expressed.
Conversion Table for Moisture Content in Gases(at Standard Temperature and Pressure)
To Convert “B” to “A” “A” “B” To Convert “A” to “B”Multiply by: Multiply by:104 PPM (V/V) volume % 10-4
(MW/1.8) x 103 PPM (V/V) weight % (1.8/MW) x 10-3
MW/18 PPM (V/V) PPM (W/W) (18/MW)103 PPM (V/V) ml/l 10-3
1.25 x 103 PPM (V/V) mg/l 8.04 x 10-4
35.4 PPM (V/V) ml/ft3 2.83 x 10-2
43.8 PPM (V/V) mg/ft3 2.28 x 10-2
2.86 x 103 PPM (V/V) grains/ft3 3.50 x 10-4
(MW/1.8) x 102 PPM (V/V) mg/g (1.8/MW) x 10-2
(MW/8.2) x 103 PPM (V/V) g/lb (8.2/MW) x 10-3
(MW/1.26) x 101 PPM (V/V) grain/lb (1.26/MW) x 10-1
(MW/1.8) x 105 PPM (V/V) lb/lb (1.8/MW) x 10-5
20 PPM (V/V) lb/MMCF 5 x 10-2
Note:MW = Molecular Weight of the gas involvedPPM (V/V) = Parts Per Million on a volume basisPPM (W/W) = Parts Per Million on a weight basis
Table of Molecular WeightsAcetylene . . . . . . . . . . .26.0382 Methane . . . . . . . . . . . . .16.04Argon . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39.948 Nitrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . .28.0134Carbon Dioxide . . . . . . .44.010 Nitrous Oxide . . . . . . . . .44.0128Ethylene . . . . . . . . . . . .28.05 Oxygen . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31.9988Helium . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.0026 Sulfur Hexafluoride . . . . .146.05Hydrogen . . . . . . . . . . .2.01594
MOISTURE CONTENT IN GASES CONVERSION TABLE
MOISTURE CONTENT IN GASES DEW POINT vs. MOISTURE1
Conversion Factors
37
Conversion Factors
36
AREA
Mul
tiply
uni
ts in
left
colu
mn
by p
rope
r fac
tor b
elow
sq in
sq ft
acre
sq m
ilesq
cm
sq m
eter
hect
are
1 sq
inch
10.
0069
--
6.45
2-
-1
sq fo
ot14
41
--
929.
00.
0929
-1
acre
-43
,560
10.
0016
-40
470.
4047
1 sq
mile
--
640
1-
-25
9.0
1 sq
cen
timet
er0.
1550
--
-1
0.00
01-
1 sq
met
er15
5010
.76
--
10,0
001
-1
hect
are
--
2.47
1-
-10
,000
1
Cour
tesy
of I
nger
soll-
Rand
Com
pany
CO
NV
ER
SIO
N F
AC
TO
RS
DENS
ITY
Mul
tiply
uni
ts in
left
colu
mn
by p
rope
r fac
tor b
elow
lb/c
u in
lb/c
u ft
lb/g
alg/
cu c
mkg
/m3
1 po
und/
cu in
117
2823
1.0
27.6
827
,680
1 po
und/
cu ft
-1
0.13
370.
0160
16.0
191
poun
d/ga
l0.
0043
37.
481
10.
1198
119.
831
gram
/cu
cm0.
0361
362
.43
8.34
51
1,00
01
gram
/lite
r-
0.06
243
0.00
8345
0.00
11
Cour
tesy
of I
nger
soll-
Rand
Com
pany
Conversion Factors
39
Conversion Factors
38
CO
NV
ER
SIO
N F
AC
TO
RS
ENER
GYM
ultip
ly u
nits
in le
ft co
lum
n by
pro
per f
acto
r bel
owft-
lbBt
ug-
cal
Joul
ekw
-hr
hp-h
r1
foot
-pou
nd1
0.00
1285
0.32
401.
3556
--
1 Bt
u78
.21
252.
1610
54.9
--
gram
-cal
orie
3.08
600.
0039
661
4.18
33-
-1
int J
oule
0.73
770.
0009
480.
2390
1-
-1
int k
ilow
att-
hour
2,65
5,00
034
12.8
860,
563
-1
1.34
121
hors
epow
er-h
our
1,98
0,00
025
44.5
641,
700
-0.
7456
1
Cour
tesy
of I
nger
soll-
Rand
Com
pany
LENG
THM
ultip
ly u
nits
in le
ft co
lum
n by
pro
per f
acto
r bel
owin
ftyd
mile
mm
cmm
km1
inch
10.
0833
0.02
78-
25.4
02.
540
0.02
54-
1 fo
ot12
10.
3333
-30
4.8
30.4
80.
3048
-1
yard
363
1-
914.
491
.44
0.91
44-
1 m
ile-
5280
1760
1-
-16
09.3
1.60
91
mill
imet
er0.
0394
0.00
33-
-1
0.10
00.
001
-1c
entim
eter
0.39
370.
0328
10.
0109
-10
10.
01-
1 m
eter
39.3
73.
281
190.
4-
1000
100
10.
001
1 ki
lom
eter
-32
8110
940.
6214
--
1000
1
(1 m
icro
n =
0.0
01 m
illim
eter
)Co
urte
sy o
f Ing
erso
ll-Ra
nd C
ompa
ny
Conversion Factors
41
Conversion Factors
40
CO
NV
ER
SIO
N F
AC
TO
RS
PRES
SURE
Mul
tiply
uni
ts in
left
colu
mn
by p
rope
r fac
tor b
elow
kPA
lb/s
q in
lb/s
q ft
int a
tmkg
/cm
2m
m H
g at
in H
g at
ft
wat
er a
t 32
˚ F (0
°C)
32˚ F
(0°
C)39
.2˚ F
(4°
C)1
poun
d/sq
in6.
895
114
4-
0.07
0351
.713
2.03
592.
307
1 po
und/
sq ft
0.04
80.
0069
41
--
0.35
910.
0141
40.
0160
21
int a
tmos
pher
e10
1.3
14.6
9621
16.2
11.
0333
760
29.9
2133
.90
1 ki
logr
am/s
q cm
98.0
714
.223
2048
.10.
9678
173
5.56
28.9
5832
.81
1 m
illim
eter
-mer
cury
0.13
30.
0193
2.78
5-
-1
0.03
940.
0446
1 to
rr (t
oric
elli)
1 in
ch m
ercu
ry3.
387
0.49
1270
.73
0.03
340.
0345
25.4
001
1.13
31
foot
wat
er2.
984
0.43
3562
.42
-0.
0305
22.4
180.
8826
11
Kilo
pasc
al (k
Pa)
10.
145
20.9
20.
0099
0.01
027.
519
0.29
50.
3346
Cour
tesy
of I
nger
soll-
Rand
Com
pany
POW
ERM
ultip
ly u
nits
in le
ft co
lum
n by
pro
per f
acto
r bel
ow(ra
te o
f ene
rgy
use)
hpw
att
kwBt
u/m
inBt
u/hr
ft-lb
/sec
ft-lb
/min
g-ca
l/sec
met
ric h
p1
hors
epow
er1
745.
70.
7457
42.4
125
44.5
550
33,0
0017
8.2
1.01
41
wat
t-
10.
001
0.05
693.
413
0.73
7644
.25
0.23
900.
0013
61
kilo
wat
t1.
3410
1000
156
.88
3412
.873
7.6
44,2
5423
9.0
1,36
01
Btu
per m
inut
e-
--
160
12.9
777
8.2
4.20
30.
0239
1 m
etric
hp
0.98
6373
5.5
0.73
5541
.83
2509
.654
2.5
32.5
5017
5.7
1
Cour
tesy
of I
nger
soll-
Rand
Com
pany
Conversion Factors
43
Conversion Factors
42
CO
NV
ER
SIO
N F
AC
TO
RS
SPEC
IFIC
ENE
RGY
Mul
tiply
uni
ts in
left
colu
mn
by p
rope
r fac
tor b
elow
abso
lute
Jou
le/g
int J
oule
/gca
l/gin
t cal
/gBt
u/lb
1 ab
solu
te J
oule
/gra
m1
0.99
984
0.23
901
0.23
885
0.42
993
1 in
t Jou
le/g
ram
1.00
0165
10.
2390
40.
2389
20.
4300
01
calo
rie/g
ram
4.18
404.
1833
10.
9993
51.
7988
1 in
t cal
orie
/gra
m4.
1867
4.18
601.
0006
51
1.80
001
Btu/
lb2.
3260
2.32
560.
5559
20.
5555
61
Cour
tesy
of I
nger
soll-
Rand
Com
pany
REFR
IGER
ATIO
NM
ultip
ly u
nits
in le
ft co
lum
n by
pro
per f
acto
r bel
owBt
u (IT
)/min
Btu
(IT)/h
rkg
cal
/hr
ton
(US)
com
mto
n (B
rit) c
omm
frig
orie
/hr
1 to
n (U
S) c
omm
200
12,0
0030
25.9
10.
8965
3025
.91
ton
(Brit
) com
m22
3.08
13,3
8533
75.2
1.11
541
3375
.21
frigo
rie/h
r0.
0660
93.
9657
10.
0003
305
0.00
0296
31
Cour
tesy
of I
nger
soll-
Rand
Com
pany
.Btu
is In
tern
atio
nal S
team
Tab
le B
tu (I
T).1
frig
orie
= 1
kg
cal (
NOT
IT).
One
ton
of re
frige
ratio
n is
the
heat
requ
ired
to m
elt o
ne to
n (2
000
lbs.
) of i
ce
at 3
2˚F
(0°
C) to
wat
er a
t 32°
F (0
°C)
dur
ing
24 h
ours
.
Conversion Factors
45
Conversion Factors
44
VOLU
ME
Mul
tiply
uni
ts in
left
colu
mn
by p
rope
r fac
tor b
elow
cu in
cu ft
cu y
dcu
cm
cm m
eter
liter
US g
alIm
p ga
l1
cu in
ch1
--
16.3
87-
0.01
64-
-1
cu fo
ot17
281
0.03
7028
.317
0.02
8328
.32
7.48
16.
229
1 cu
yar
d46
,656
271
-0.
7646
764.
520
2.0
168.
21
cu c
entim
eter
0.06
10-
-1
-0.
001
--
1 cu
met
er61
,023
35.3
11.
308
1,00
0,00
01
999.
9726
4.2
220.
01
liter
61.0
250.
0353
-1,
000
0.00
11
0.26
420.
2200
1 US
gal
lon
231
0.13
37-
3,78
5.4
-3.
785
10.
8327
1 Im
peria
l gal
lon
227.
40.
1605
-4,
546.
1-
4.54
61.
201
1
Cour
tesy
of I
nger
soll-
Rand
Com
pany
WEI
GHT
Mul
tiply
uni
ts in
left
colu
mn
by p
rope
r fac
tor b
elow
grai
noz
lbto
ngr
amkg
met
ric to
n1
grai
n1
--
-0.
0648
--
1 ou
nce
437.
51
0.06
25-
28.3
50.
0283
5-
1 po
und
7000
161
0.00
0545
3.6
0.45
36-
1 to
n-
32,0
0020
001
-90
7.2
0.90
721
gram
15.4
30.
0353
--
10.
001
-1
kilo
gram
-35
.274
2.20
5-
1000
10.
001
1 m
etric
ton
-35
,274
2205
1.10
2-
1000
1
Cour
tesy
of I
nger
soll-
Rand
Com
pany
CO
NV
ER
SIO
N F
AC
TO
RS
Miscellaneous Physical Constants
47
CONSTANT NUMERICAL VALUE UNITS
Avogadro Constant 6.022 141 99 x 1023 mol-1
Boltzmann Constant 1.380 650 3 x 10-23 J K-1
Elementary Charge 1.602 176 462 x 10-19 CGas-Law Constant R 8.314 5 Jmol-1K-1
Loge 10 2.30258 —Mechanical Equivalent of Heat 4.186 8 Joule/calPi 3.14159 —Planck Constant 6.626 068 76 x 10-34 Js
Conversion Factors
46
VELOCITY
Multiply By To Obtain
Feet per minute 0.01136 Miles per hour0.01829 Kilometers per hour0.5080 Centimeter per second0.01667 Feet per second
Feet per second 0.6818 Miles per hour1.097 Kilometers per hour
30.48 Centimeters per second0.3048 Meters per second0.5921 Knots
Knots 1.0 Nautical miles per hour1.6889 Feet per second1.1515 Miles per hour1.8532 Kilometers per hour0.5148 Meters per second
Meters per second 3.281 Feet per secondMiles per hourKilometers per hour
Miles per hour 1.467 Feet per second0.4470 Meters per second1.609 Kilometers per hour0.8684 Knots
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
Multiply By To Obtain
Btu/(hr) (ft2) (˚ F/ft) 0.00413 Cal/(sec) (cm2) ( ˚ C/cm) 12.0 Btu/(hr) (ft2) ( ˚ F/in)0.0173 Watts/(cm2 ) ( ˚ C/cm)
TEMPERATURE
Degrees Fahrenheit = ( x degrees Celsius) +32
Degrees Celsius = (degrees Fahrenheit – 32)
Degrees Kelvin = degrees Celsius + 273.16
Degrees Rankin = degrees Fahrenheit + 459.69
CONVERSION FACTORS MISCELLANEOUS PHYSICAL CONSTANTS
9—55—9
Gaseous Composition of Air
49
GAS SYMBOL KIND % BY VOLUMEVOLUMES ISOTOPIC (MILLION) SPECIES
Nitrogen N2 CA 78.084 ± 0.004 780,840 2Oxygen O2 CA 20.946 ± 0.002 209,460 3Argon Ar RG 0.934 ± 0.001 9,340 3Carbon Dioxide CO2 CA 0.030 ± 0.003 300 6Neon Ne RG [1.821± 0.004] • 10-3 18.21 3Helium He RG [5.239 ± 0.005] • 10-4 5.239 2Krypton Kr RG [1.14 ± 0.001] • 10-4 1.14 6Xenon Xe RG [8.7 ± 0.1] • 10-6 0.087 9Hydrogen H2 CA 5 • 10-5 0.5 3
Decimal Equivalents
48
INCH FRACTIONS DECIMAL EQUIVALENT MILLIMETER EQUIVALENT
4ths and 8ths of an inch
1/8 0.125 3.1751/4 0.250 6.3503/8 0.375 9.5251/2 0.500 12.7005/8 0.625 15.8753/4 0.750 19.0507/8 0.875 22.225
16ths of an inch
1/16 0.0625 1.5883/16 0.1875 4.7635/16 0.3125 7.9387/16 0.4375 11.1139/16 0.5625 14.288
11/16 0.6875 17.46313/16 0.8125 20.63815/16 0.9375 23.813
32nds of an inch
1/32 0.03125 0.7943/32 0.09375 2.3815/32 0.15625 3.9697/32 0.21875 5.5569/32 0.28125 7.144
11/32 0.34375 8.73113/32 0.40625 10.31915/32 0.46875 11.90617/32 0.52125 13.49419/32 0.59375 15.08121/32 0.65625 16.66923/32 0.71875 18.25625/32 0.78125 19.84427/32 0.84375 21.43129/32 0.90625 23.01931/32 0.96875 24.606
DECIMAL EQUIVALENTS GASEOUS COMPOSITION OF AIR
IMPURITY SYMBOL KIND % BY VOLUME
Water H20 CA 0.1-2.8Methane CH4 CA 1.5 • 10-4
Carbon Monoxide CO CA 6.10-6 to 1.10-4
Sulfur Dioxide SO2 CA 1 • 10-4
Nitrous Oxide N20 CA 5 • 10-5
Ozone O3 CA 1 • 10-6 to 1 • 10-5
Nitrogen Dioxide NO2 CA 5 • 10-8 to 2 • 10-6
Radon Rn RG 6 • 10-18
Nitric Oxide NO CA Traces
Plus dust, pollen, local pollutants
KIND: CA = Chemically Active RG = Rare Gas
Source: 1. Ref. B.A. Mirtov, “Gaseous Composition of the Atmosphere & Its Analysis”
2. Composition is Constant to a Height of 20 km (12miles). U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Tables 9 and 10, Page 22
IMPURITIES IN AMBIENT AIR
Temperature Kelvin-K
51
The thermodynamic or Kelvin scale of temperature used in SI has its origin orzero point at absolute zero and has a fixed point at the triple point of waterdefined as 273.16 Kelvin. The Celsius scale is derived from the Kelvin scale. Thetriple point is defined as 0.01˚ C on the Celsius scale, which is approximately32.02˚ F on the Fahrenheit scale. The relationship of the Kelvin, Celsius, andFahrenheit temperature scales is show below.
Temperature Conversion
50
K ˚C ˚F ˚R0 -273.15 -459.7 04.216 -268.93 -452.1 7.6
He 10 -263.15 -441.7 18.020 -253.15 -423.7 36.0
H2 20.27 -252.88 -423.2 36.527.17 -245.98 -410.8 48.930 -243.15 -405.7 54.0
Ne 40 -233.15 -387.7 72.050 -223.15 -369.7 90.060 -213.15 -351.7 108.070 -203.15 -333.7 126.0
N277.395 -195.76 -320.36 139.380 -193.15 -315.7 144.0
Ar 87.29 -185.86 -302.55 157.190 -183.15 -297.7 162.090.19 -182.96 -297.33 162.4
O2 100 -173.15 -279.7 180.0110 -163.15 -261.7 198.0119 -153.25 -243.8 215.9120 -153.15 -243.7 216.0
Kr 130 -143.15 -225.7 234.0140 -133.15 -207.7 252.0150 -123.15 -189.7 270.0160 -113.15 -171.7 288.0164.6 -108.55 -163.4 296.3170 -103.15 -153.7 306.0180 -93.15 -135.7 324.0190 -83.15 -117.7 342.0200 -73.15 -99.7 360.0210 -63.15 -81.7 378.0220 -53.15 -63.7 396.0230 -43.15 -45.7 414.0240 -33.15 -27.7 432.0250 -23.15 -9.7 450.0260 -13.15 +8.3 468.0
Xe 270 -3.15 26.3 486.0280 +6.85 44.3 504.0290 16.85 62.3 522.0300 26.85 80.3 540.0310 36.85 98.3 558.0320 46.85 116.3 576.0330 56.85 134.3 594.0340 66.85 152.3 612.0350 76.85 170.3 630.0360 86.85 188.3 648.0370 96.85 206.3 666.0380 106.85 224.3 684.0390 116.85 242.3 702.0400 126.85 260.3 720.0
TEMPERATURE CONVERSION
Boiling points of indicated gases are at one atmosphere pressure.
TEMPERATURE KELVIN-K
KELVIN CELSIUS FAHRENHEIT RANKINK ˚C ˚F ˚R
Water Boils 373.15 100˚ 212˚ 671.67˚Human Body 310.15 37˚ 98.6˚ 556.27˚Water Freezes 273.15 0˚ 32˚ 491.67˚Fahrenheit Zero 255.37 -17.78˚ 0˚ 459.67˚Celsius=Fahrenheit 233.15 -40˚ -40˚ 419.67˚Bitter Cold Weather 227.59 -45.56˚ -50˚ 409.67˚CO2 Sublimes 194.68 -78.47˚ -109.25˚ 350.42˚Coldest on Earth 180.38 -92.77˚ -135˚ 324.67˚Xenon Boils 165.04 -108.11˚ -162.59˚ 297.08˚Krypton Boils 119.81 -153.34˚ -244.01˚ 215.66˚Oxygen Boils 90.18 -182.97˚ -297.35˚ 162.32˚Argon Boils 87.28 -185.87˚ -302.57˚ 157.10˚Nitrogen Boils 77.36 -195.79˚ -320.42˚ 139.25˚
Cryogenic Region [K=˚C+273.15] [˚C= (˚F-32˚)] [˚F=32˚+(˚Cx )] [˚R=°F+459.67]
Neon Boils 27.09 -246.06˚ -410.90˚ 48.77˚Hydrogen Boils 20.27 -252.88˚ -423.19˚ 36.48˚Helium IV Boils 4.22 -268.93˚ -452.08˚ 7.59˚Absolute Zero 0 -273.15˚ -459.67˚ 0˚
Triple point of water = +.01˚ C or = +32.02˚ F
9—55—9
Definitions
53
Joule-Thomson Effect – The change in temperature resulting from expansionof a gas or vapor through an orifice or other restriction. In general, a loweringof temperature or cooling effect is the usual result of such an expansion.
Kinetic Theory of Gases – Gases are considered to be made up of minute,perfectly elastic particles which are moving at random with high velocities,colliding with each other and with the walls of the containing vessel. The pressure exerted by a gas is due to the combined effect of the impacts of themoving molecules upon the walls of the containing vessel, the magnitude ofthe pressure being dependent upon the kinetic energy of the molecules andtheir number.
Latent Heat of Fusion – The heat required to convert a unit mass of substance from the solid state to the liquid state at a given pressure (and temperature).
Latent Heat of Sublimation – The heat required to convert a unit mass ofsubstance from the solid state to the gaseous state.
Latent Heat of Vaporization – The heat required to convert a unit mass ofsubstance from the liquid state to the gaseous state at a given pressure (andtemperature).
Liquefied Gases – Usually applied to the liquid form of substances which,under normal conditions of temperature and pressure, are found as gases.Liquid oxygen is an example.
Molecular Weight – The sum of the atomic weights of all the atoms in a molecule. The atomic weight is the relative weight of the atom, on the basis of carbon isotope C12.
Normal Boiling Point – The temperature at which a liquid boils when under atotal pressure of one atmosphere.
Normal Sublimation Temperature – The temperature at which a solid sublimesunder a total pressure of one atmosphere.
Definitions
52
Absolute Zero – The lowest temperature attainable. All molecular activity isconsidered to cease. Its value is –459.7° F (-273.2° C).
Coefficient of Viscosity – A measure of the tendency of a fluid to resistshear. The unit for viscosity is the poise which is defined as the resistance (in dynes per square centimeter of its surface) of one layer of fluid to themotion of a parallel layer one centimeter away and with a relative velocity ofone centimeter per second.
Critical Pressure – The pressure under which a substance may exist as a gasin equilibrium with the liquid at the critical temperature.
Critical Temperature – The temperature above which a gas cannot be liquefiedby pressure alone.
Cryogenics – The science which involves very low temperatures, usuallyregarded as below –150° F (-101° C).
Density – Mass per unit volume.
Dew Point – The temperature at which liquid first condenses when a vapor iscooled.
Dielectric Constant – The specific inductive capacitance of a material. It isequal to the ratio of the capacitances of two condensers of identical size, oneusing the particular dielectric, the other using air or a vacuum as the dielectric.
Expansion Engine – An apparatus for extracting work from a gas by allowingthe gas to expand between two pressure levels. As the energy is extracted,the gas or vapor temperature is lowered.
Expansion Valve – A valve through which a fluid may be expanded from onepressure to a lower pressure at a controlled rate.
Fractional Distillation – A process used to separate the constituents of a liquidmixture due to differences in boiling point of the constituents.
DEFINITIONS
Notes
55
NOTES
Definitions
54
Reversing Regenerators – Heat exchange devices which absorb heat from afluid during one part of the cycle and then reject the heat to another fluid inthe other part of the cycle.
Specific Gravity – The ratio of the mass of a body to the mass of an equalvolume of air (for gases) or water (for liquids) at a specified temperature. It isdimensionless. For liquids and solids, it is the ratio of the mass of a body tothe mass of an equal volume of water.
Specific Heat – The ratio of the heat capacity of a body to the heat capacityof water at some reference temperature.
Specific Heat Ratio – Ratio of specific heat at constant pressure to the specificheat at constant volume at a particular temperature.
Specific Volume – The volume occupied by one unit weight of a substance.
Superconductivity – The phenomena by which some substances suddenlylose all electrical resistance when their temperatures are reduced. These transitions occur at temperatures lower than that of liquid hydrogen.
Thermal Conductivity – The property of a material which describes the rateat which heat will be conducted through a unit area of material for a givendriving force. It is dependent on the material and upon its temperature.
Triple Point – The particular condition under which a substance can be presentin any or all phases (gaseous, liquid, or solid).
Vapor Pressure – The pressure exerted by a vapor in equilibrium with the liquid phase of the same substance.
DEFINITIONS
Notes
57
Notes
56
NOTESNOTES
Notes
59
Notes
58
NOTESNOTES
Notes
61
NOTES
Notes
60
NOTES
Member Companies
63
CRYOGENIC INDUSTRIES - headquartersMurrieta, CA, USATel: +1.951.696.7840 • Fax: [email protected] • www.cryoind.com
ACDSanta Ana, CA 92705 USATel: +1.949.261.7533 • Fax: [email protected] • www.acdcom.com
ACD CRYO AGMuenchenstein, SwitzerlandTel: +41.61.413.0230 • Fax: [email protected] • www.acdcryo.com
ACD CRYO GmbHBad Bellingen, GermanyTel: +49.7635.8105.0 • Fax: [email protected] • www.acdcryo.com
CI SYSTEMSSanta Ana, CA, USATel: +1.949.251.1822 • Fax: [email protected] • www.cisystems.us
COSMODYNESeal Beach, CA, USATel: +1.562.795.5990 • Fax: [email protected] • www.cosmodyne.com
COSMODYNE CRYOGENIC SYSTEMSHangzhou, Zhejiang, ChinaTel: +86.571.8546.3648 • Fax: [email protected] • www.cosmodyne.com
CRYOATLANTAAtlanta, GA, USATel: +1.404.696.8113 • Fax: [email protected] • www.cryoatlanta.com
CRYOCALSanta Ana, CA, USATel: +1.949.724.8636 • Fax: [email protected] • www.cryocal.com
Cryogenic Industries Member Companies
Member Companies
62
CRYOCANADAToronto, Ontario, CanadaTel: +1.416.502.1950 • Fax: [email protected] • www.cryocanada.com
CRYOCANADARed Deer, Alberta, CanadaTel: +1.403.352.4436 • Fax: [email protected] • www.cryocanada.com
CRYOGENIC INDUSTRIES – CHINA Hangzhou, ChinaTel: +86.571.8619.4778 • Fax: [email protected] • www.cryoind.com
CRYOGENIC INDUSTRIES – HOUSTONHouston, TX, USATel: +1.281.590.4800 • Fax: [email protected] • www.cihouston.com
CRYOGENIC INDUSTRIES – KOREA Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, KoreaTel: +82.31.286.6114 • Fax: [email protected] • www.ci-korea.co.kr
CRYOGENIC INDUSTRIES – MALAYSIA Port Klang, Selangor, Malaysia Tel: +60 (3) 3165.4801, 4802 • Fax: +60 (3) [email protected] • www.cimalaysia.com
CRYOQUIPMurrieta, CA, USATel: +1.951.677.2060 • Fax: [email protected] • www.cryoquip.com
CRYOQUIP – AUSTRALIADandenong, Victoria, AustraliaTel: +61.3.9791.7888 • Fax: [email protected] • www.cryoquip.com
CRYOQUIP – CHINAHangzhou, China 311101Tel: +86.571.8619.4798 • Fax: [email protected] • www.cryoquip.com
Member Companies
64
CRYOQUIP – EAST COAST USA Allentown, PA, USATel: +1.610.437.1867 • Fax:[email protected] • www.cryoquip.com
CRYOQUIP – MALAYSIAPort Klang, Selangor, Malaysia Tel: +60 (3) 3165.4800, 4799 • Fax: +60 (3) [email protected] • www.cryoquip.com
CRYOQUIP – UKHersden, Kent, EnglandTel: +44.1227.714.350 • Fax: [email protected] • www.cryoquip.com
MAFI-TRENCHSanta Maria, CA, USATel: +1.805.928.5757 • Fax: [email protected] • www.mafi-trench.com
PITTSBURGH CRYOGENIC SERVICESImperial, PA, USATel: +1.724.695.1910 • Fax: [email protected]
RHINE ENGINEERINGGujarat, IndiaTel: +91.265.283.0114 • Fax: [email protected] • www.rhineengg.com
WITTEMANNPalm Coast, FL, USATel: +1.386.445.4200 • Fax: [email protected] • www.wittemann.com