industrial electron beam processing overview of the document...sueo machi anne testoni vadim l....
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Industrial Electron Beam Processing Overview of the Document
Tony Berejka, Ionicorp+
Huntington, New York, USA
Marshall R. Cleland, IBA Industrial, Inc.Edgewood, New York, USA
IAEA/ANS AccApp ’09Vienna, Austria
7 May 2009
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Industrial Electron Beam Processing
Document sources:
1 – IAEA Industrial Irradiation of Polymers:Status and Prospects Report – August 2005
2 – Industrial Applications of ElectronAccelerators: CERN Accelerator School –24 May to 2 June, 2005
3 – IAEA Consultants Meeting – July 2008
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Berejka 14 August 2004 Proposal
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Blue Book Publication August 2005
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Blue Book Publication August 2005
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Cleland CERN Lecture
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IAEA Consultants Meeting – July 2008
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Industrial Electron Beam Processing
Contributors:
Antony J. Berejka David VroomMarshall R. Cleland Wilson CalvoSueo Machi Anne TestoniVadim L. Auslender Michael FletcherJean-Louis Bol Zbigniew ZimekAgnes Safrany Maria Helena Sampa
Distributed as Working Material on a CD at the International Meeting on Radiation Processing – London, September 2008
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Revision 1a
Including additional inputs from:
Ruth BrinstonAndrzej ChmielewskiAhmet CokraganNelida del MastroDieter EhlermannFiona MalcolmAlan Tallentire
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Major Sections
1. Introduction2. Electron Beam Accelerators3. Materials Effects4. Process Dosimetry5. Major End-use Applications6. Other Application Areas7. Emerging Application Areas8. Electron Beam Service Centers9. References
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1. Introduction
1.1 Electron Beam Processing Industry1.2 Energy Transfer 1.3 Electron Beam Parameters 1.4 X-radiation
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2. Electron Beam Accelerators
2.1 Historical Development2.2 Electron Beam Sources2.3 High-energy Accelerators2.4 Mid-energy Accelerators2.5 Low-energy Accelerators2.5.1 Low-energy EB compared to
Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation
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Low-energy Accelerators
Coolidge Early DevelopmentsHigh-vacuum X-ray tubeFirst External EB tube
ESI Elongated CathodeRPC/PCT Multiple CathodeNHV Curetron™
AEB Sealed Emitter
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Early EB Accelerators
Coolidge’s First High-vacuum, Hot-cathode X-ray Tube
US Patent Application Filed May 9, 1913
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Early EB Accelerators
Coolidge’s Electron Tube with Foil WindowFirst External Beam Electron AcceleratorUS Patent Application Filed April 28, 1925
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ESI Elongated Cathode
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RPC/PCT Multiple Cathode
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NHV Curetron™
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AEB Sealed Electron Emitter
27 cm diameter
33 cm height
WindowSupport
Grid
FactoryEvacuated
AccelerationChamber
~15 kilos
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AEB Sealed Electron Emitter
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Medium-energy Accelerators
Philips N.V. Cockcroft-WaltonGE Resonant TransformerIBA/RDI DynamitronHVEC Insulating Core TransformerD. V. Efremov Institute (NIIEFA)Budker Institute ILU and ELVNHV Corporation Cockcroft-Walton
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Cockcroft-Walton
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GE Resonant Transformer
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IBA/RDI Dynamitron®
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HVEC Insulating Core Transformer
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Budker Institute Single Cavity ILU
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NHV Balanced Cockcroft-Walton3 MeV, 150 kW
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High-energy Accelerators
Varian Associates LinacCGR MeV (Getinge Linac)MevexTitan Scan (L3 Communications)IBA RhodotronBudker Institute ILU
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CGR MeV (Getinge Linac)10 MeV, 20 kW
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Mevex 10 MeV, 30 kW
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IBA Industrial Rhodotron®
10 Pass, 10 MeV, 200 kW
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IBA Industrial Rhodotron®
6 Pass, 7 MeV, 700 kW
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Budker Institute ILU
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3. Material Effects
3.1 Polyethylenes3.2 Polypropylenes3.3 Halogenated Plastics3.4 Engineering Thermoplastics3.5 Elastomers
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3. Material Effects
3.6 Thermoplastic Elastomers3.7 Monomers and Oligomers3.8 Water Soluble Polymers3.9 Natural Polymers3.10 Living Matter (DNA)
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Polyethylene Crosslinking
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DNA Scissioning
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4. Process Dosimetry
4.1 Alanine
4.2 Polyethylene
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Low-energy EB Concerns
Monte Carlo 80 keV EB Penetration through6 µm Ti Window into 144 µm Alanine Coating
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ATR FTIR Absorbanceat 965 cm-1 in 38 µm LDPE Film
Multiple passes at 3.0 MV
0 . 0
0 . 4
0 . 8
1. 2
0 10 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0
Dose, kGy to Alanine
Abs
orba
nce
Uni
ts
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5. Major End-use Applications
5.1 Wire and Cable Insulation5.2 Heat-Shrinkable Tubing5.3 Heat-Shrinkable Food Packaging Films5.4 Closed Cell Polyethylene Foams5.5 Automobile Tire Components5.6 Inks, Coatings and Adhesives5.7 Hydrogels
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Wire and Cable and Tubing Under-beam Handling
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Closed Cell PE Foam
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Pigmented CoatingsLow-energy EB Cured Coatingafter 1000 hours Salt-spray Test
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5. Major End-use Applications
5.8 Medical Device Sterilization5.8.1 Regulatory Compliance for Sterilization5.8.2 In-line Medical Device Sterilization5.9 Food Irradiation5.9.1 Regulatory Compliance for Food5.10 Food and Medical Product Packaging
Decontamination
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Medical Packaging Decontamination
Getinge Linac STERSTAR™ SystemThree 200 keV Triangulated Beams
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6. Other Application Areas
6.1 PTFE Degradation6.2 Water Pipes and Tubing6.3 Battery Separators6.4 Filter Membranes6.5 Semi-conductor Treatment6.6 Gem Stone Irradiation
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PEX-C PE Pipes
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7. Emerging Application Areas
7.1 Cellulose Degradation for Ethanol/Biofuel Production
7.2 Cellulose Degradation for Viscose7.3 Waste-water Treatment7.4 Fossil Fuel Stack Gas Treatment7.5 Exhaust and Gaseous Treatment
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Contaminated Water Treatment
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Fossil Fuel Stack Gas Treatment
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7. Emerging Application Areas
7.6 Composite Curing7.7 Carbon Fiber Modification7.8 Silicon-Carbide Fiber Manufacture7.9 Fuel Cell Membrane Grafting7.10 Fuel Cell Catalyst Modification7.11 PTFE Crosslinking7.12 Curing Rubber Sheeting
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X-ray Cured Carbon-Fiber Auto Fender
Cured in the Mold at 30 kGy
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7. Emerging Application Areas
7.13 Seed Disinfestation7.14 Soil Disinfestation7.15 Grafted Biologically
Active Compounds7.16 Human tissue sterilization7.17 Direct Food Contact Coatings
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8. Electron Beam Service Centers
North and South America 18 Western Europe 24Asia-Pacific and Elsewhere 11
Total 53
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Document Summary
104 Pages
13 Tables
108 Figures
269 References
20.8 MB MS Word File
13 EB Manufacturers