HTST !OOO Shchzud Mur!!nTHE RIVERTHE RIVERHTST !OOO Shchzud Mur!!n, . . - ncr!hcs!crn ncr!!cn c !hc Tnd!un subccn!!ncn! ! c nrcscn! duv luk!s!unHTST !OOO Shchzud Mur!!n T hc cur!!cs! urbun c!v!!!zu!!cn cn !hc Tnd!un- ,sub ccn!!ncn! und cnc c !hc cur!!cs! !n !hccr!d ,Scmc 5OOO vcurs uc u ncmud!c nccn!c mudc !hc!r uv ( )!n!c ncr!hcs! Tnd!u rcm Sumcr!u mcdcrn duv Trun,.ucrcss !hc H!mu!uvus ncur mcdcrn |uruch!Thcv cund u r!ch !und ( - ),mcdcrn duv lun(ub cr!!!!zcdbv !hc rcu! r!vcr svs!cms ,,,c !hc Tndus Ruv! lcus.Chcnub und Su!!c(,Ccmnurcd !c !hc dcscr!s c Trun !h!s us u b!csscd,,.!und !!h umn!c u!cr cddcr und uc! sunn!vC!uv cr muk!n br!cks us n!cn!!u! !n !hc r!vcrbcds. und sc us ccd !c burn !hc br!cks,Ovcr u ncr!cd c u !hcusund vcurs !hcsc !mm!run!s. snrcud cvcr un urcu c hu! u m!!!!cn squurc m!!cs HTST !OOO Shchzud Mur!!n \n urcu c . ! G m!!!!cn sq km( much !urcr!hunMcscnc!um!u cr) lvn!l!cur!shcd, rcm ? 5OO lCl, !c ! 5OO lClHTST !OOO Shchzud Mur!!nWRITING SYSTEMWRITING SYSTEMHTST !OOO Shchzud Mur!!nThc Tndus vu!!cv cu!!uru! h!s!crv !s un unc!cn!. und ccmn!cx cnc.Thc cur!!cs! r!!!n !s s!!!! nc! u!!v dcc!nhcrcd,Thcrccrc c huvc nc rcudub!c rcccrds c !hc,,bc!!cs h!s!crv ru!crs cr !!!cru!urc c nccn!c!nhub!!!n !hc Tndus \u!!cv urcund ?GOO lClHTST !OOO Shchzud Mur!!n ,. .,lu!cr Tnd!un scr!n!s c lruhm! crc dcvc!cncd !c r!!c.bc!h c!c!u! und !ccu! !unuucs,,Grcu! cn!cs rcvu! !nscr!n!!cns rc!!!cus !cx!s undudm!n!s!ru!!vc dccumcn!s crc u!! r!!!cn us!n !hcsc.scr!n!sThrcuh !hcsc scurccs c urc ub!c !c !curn ubcu! !hc,,.!!!cru!urc mv!hc!cv h!s!crv und bc!!cs c unc!cn! Tnd!uGOVERNMENTGOVERNMENTThc T ndus \u!!cv c!v!!!zu!!cn !s u!sc kncn us !hc.Hurunnun c!v!!!zu!!cn Thc !!n c!!!cs c - Mchcn(cDurcund Hurunnucrmcd !hc hub c !hc. c!v!!!zu!!cnT! unncurs !c huvc !cur!shcd u! !hc sumc !!mc us.!hc \kkud!un c!v!!!zu!!cn !n Mcscnc!um!uHTST !OOO Shchzud Mur!!n- Mchcn(c Durc( ) Mcund c !hc Dcud ?GOO !OOO lCl Onc c !hc cr!d s mcs! unc!cn!c!!!csD!sccvcrcd !n !hc !O?Os- S!ndh nrcv!ncc !n mcdcrn duvluk!s!un( ,nr!cr !c !hc !O?Os !hccur!!cs! rc!!ub!c du!c cr !hch!s!crv c Tnd!u us snr!n c. .8?G l C hcn \!cxundcr !hcGrcu! ru!dcd !hc ncr!hcs!crn. bcrdcr Ccvcrcd ,,,nur!s c !cduv s lun(ub Hurvunu S!ndh,lu!uch!s!un Gu(uru! und r!ncs c |!!ur lrudcshHTST !OOO Shchzud Mur!!n ,,Thc cr!!n r!sc und dcc!!nc c !hcTndus\u!!cv c!v!!!zu!!cn rcmu!n u mvs!crv \ numbcr c !hccr!cs surrcund !hc c!v!!!zu!!cn s ( ):rc!u!!vc!v suddcn d!sunncuruncc !5OO lCl. ! Tnvus!cn bv \rvuns ( - ) Tndc Trun!uns. ? lnv!rcnmcn!u!chuncs( . .,, c vc!cun!c uc!!v!!v drcuh! !ccd bu! nc! ) v!c!cncc. 8 lc!h Thc \rvun Tnvus!cn Thccrv !s cnc c !hc mcs! hc!!v,ccn!cs!cd !hccr!cs !n urchucc!cv !cduv !n nur!. bccuusc !! !s cuuh! un !n !hc nc!!!!cs c !hc rc!cn Scmc h!s!cr!uns nc!n! cu! !hu! Hurunnu hud !cs! !!s,. .urbun churuc!cr bv ?OOO lCl ! c 5OO vcurs bccrc.!hc \rvun urr!vu!HTST !OOO Shchzud Mur!!n=u ccn!rcvcrs!u! !cn!c:/ ,Or!!n russ!unds c lus!crn lurcnc "cs!crn \s!u !hc Cusn!un,,- .Scu \nu!c!!u und scu!h ccn!ru! \s!u Scmc urchucc!c!s!s suv !hc,\rvuns u!rcudv hud !rcn cuncns h!!c c!hcrs bc!!cvc !hcv.dcvc!cncd !hcm !n Tnd!u Scmc c!u!m !hcv crcsscd !hc H!mu!uvus !n- . hcrsc drun chur!c!sH!!!cr !!s!cd scmc urchucc!c!cu! !hccr!cs !c nu!crurd !hc \rvuns us u mus!cr rucc c - ,Tndc lurcncunshc crc sunncscd !c bc Ncrd!c !n unncuruncc und.d!rcc!!v unccs!ru! !c !hc Gcrmuns Thcsc Ncrd!c!nvudcrs crc dc!ncd us d!rcc!!v cnncs!!c !c nu!!vc,scu!h \s!un nccn!cs cu!!cd,Druv!d!uns hc crc- .sunncscd !c huvc bccn durkcr sk!nncd +Cc!cn!u! mcn!u!!!v Nuz! nrcnuunduNcncc !hc nur!s c !h!s !hccrv huvc bccn ( ,).sc!cn!!!cu!!v b!c!c!cu!!v urchucc!c!cu!!v nrcvcnH!ndu sus!!ku ( ) ccd !uck svmbc!Nuz! sus!!ku( ) u svmbc! c lusc!smlu!- Tndclurcncun ( - )Tndc \rvun!unuucs urc u rcu!!!vSchc!urs hud !cn nc!cd!hc s!m!!ur!!!cs,bc!ccn Sunskr!!!hc unc!cn! !unuuc !nh!ch!hc c!uss!cu! \cd!c,!cx!s urc r!!!cn und- c!hcr lu!!n buscd!unuucs such us.lrcnch und T!u!!un HTST !OOO Shchzud Mur!!nPHILOSOPHY / PHILOSOPHY / LITERATURELITERATUREHTST 8!5O Shchzud Mur!!n\cd!c !cx!slrcm Sunskr!! =vcdu knc!cdc. . =c R!vcdu u bcck c hvmnsThc !rs! !!!cru!urc c !hc Tnd!un subccn!!ncn! cumc.u!cr !hc Hurunnun ncr!cd und !s kncn us \cd!cT! dccsn`! unncur !c mcn!!cn !hc Hurunnun. c!v!!!zu!!cnOr!!nu!cd urcund !5OO lClCcd!!cd bc!ccn !?OO und OOO lClCcmncscd !n Sunskr!!,!hc c!uss!cu! !unuuc cTnd!u Thc \cdus crmcd !hc bus!s c cur!v H!ndu!smRELIGIONRELIGIONHTST 8!5O Shchzud Mur!!nH!ndu!sm =u d!vcrsc !rud!!!cn\cd!c H!ndu!smlc!k H!ndu!sm"crsh!nlh!!cscnhv ( ,/ )Yc!c mcd!!u!!vc mcn!u! nhvs!cu! !rud!!!cnMcru!!!v( ,buscd cn ccnccn!s !!kc kurmu,) dhurmu c!hcrsScc!u! ru!cs und cus!cmsCONTRIBUTIONSCONTRIBUTIONSHTST 8!5O Shchzud Mur!!n ,\RCHTTlCT|RllNGTNllRTNG ,,lu!uccs runur!cs bu!hs !nc!ud!n ub!u!!cnbu!hs Nc rund mcnumcn!s bu! scnh!s!!cu!cdn!unn!n nr!nc!n!cs \ dcrcc c urbun n!unn!n h!ch !hc Rcmuns,:uch!cvcd cn!v !u!cr u!cr u un c ?5OO vcurs :|n!quc urbun churuc!cr!s!!cs;; !ru!c !n!crscc!!cns dru!nucudun!u!!cn c urch!!cc!urc !c c!!mu!cHTST 8!5O Shchzud Mur!!n ,M\THlM\TTCS\STRONOMY Dcc!mu! numbcr svs!cm Ccnccn! c zcrcus u numbcr Tnd!un cr!!n c \rub!cnumcru!s lur!v ccn!r!bu!!cns,!c ur!!hmc!!c u!cbru - Crcss cr!!!!zu!!cn !!hTs!um!c sc!cn!!!c !rud!!!cnsHTST 8!5O Shchzud Mur!!n :lTTlR\T|RlSunskr!! cn!csRumuvunu und Muhubhuru!uRumuvunu ( ):Rumu s Jcurncv, ?4 OOO vcrscs( S!crv c Rumu !ncurnu!!cn c)!hc H!ndu cd \!shnu hcsc!c S!!u !s ubduc!cd bv,Ruvunu !hc dcmcn k!n clunku ,Thcmcs c humun cx!s!cncc;nrcncr rc!u!!cnsh!ns ccnccn!c dhurmu THE INDIANTHE INDIAN[IZED][IZED] OCEAN OCEAN WORLDWORLDHTST 8!5O Shchzud Mur!!n [ ] THl TNDT\N T/lD OCl\N "ORlDxxxHTST 8!5O Shchzud Mur!!n THl TNDT\N OCl\N "ORlD \ cr!d !hu!,,cmcrcd dcvc!cncd !n!cruc!cd,,und mudc !!sc! r!ch scnh!s!!cu!cdknc!cdcub!c und sk!!!cd!!hcu! rccrcncc !c lurcnc/!uudd!n SurdurHTST 8!5O Shchzud Mur!!n THl TNDT\N OCl\N "ORlDu cr!d c mur!!!mc ccn!uc! !nncvu!!cns !n scuur!n !cchnc!cv !rud!n ccn!rcs s nowlultur l p tt rns HTST 8!5O Shchzud Mur!!n:Sl \s!u lcrvus!vcTnd!un !n!ucnccTnd!un!zcd !unuucs( ,,,),Thu! |hmcr lurmcsc Juvuncsc,,scr!n!s !cx!s nruc!!ccslrumbcnum ( ) ccn!ru! JuvuHTST 8!5O Shchzud Mur!!n:Sl \s!u lcrvus!vcTnd!un !n!ucnccTnd!un!zcd !unuucs( ,,,),Thu! |hmcr lurmcsc Juvuncsc,,scr!n!s !cx!s nruc!!ccslcrcbudur ( ) u!sc cn Juvu !s!undHTST 8!5O Shchzud Mur!!n Rumuvunu Thc bus!s c munv, !cx!s,mus!c duncc crms ucrcss Tnd!u und Sl \s!u( ,Tn H!ndu !rud!!!cn duncc;us u sucrcd ur!- u rc cnuc!mcn! c) rc!!!cus !cx!HTST 8!5O Shchzud Mur!!nHTST 8!5O Shchzud Mur!!n |cru!uHTST 8!5O Shchzud Mur!!nHTST 8!5O Shchzud Mur!!nMu!ubur Ccus!( ,ncr!hcrn hu! c |cru!u- ) nur!s c nrcscn! duv |urnu!uku S!m!!ur nhvs!cu! cnv!rcnmcn! Sumc cc!cn!u! !n!ucnccs( ,,) lcr!uucsc Du!ch lr!!!shHTST 8!5O Shchzud Mur!!n- lrc Ts!um!c Mu!uv s!u!cs( bccrc !4!h): ccn!urv Cllc!!!!cu! und scc!u! s!ruc!urcsrc!cc!!n Tnd!un !n!ucncc:"!!h !hc urr!vu! c Ts!um D!v!nc |!n Ru(uhlruhm!n c!uss ,u!umu Suvv!dsHTST 8!5O Shchzud Mur!!n Mu!uv Ts!um =Rc!!!cn uumu =lus!!n nuusu =Hcuvcn svuru =Hc!! ncruku Mu!uv Ts!um =Rc!!!cn uumu =lus!!n nuusu =Hcuvcn svuru =Hc!! ncruku\!! Sunskr!!,!crms !!h mvs!!cu!ccnnc!u!!cns !n H!ndu!sm:Mu!uv !dcn!!!vbuscd cn ccn!rud!c!!cns\umuluhusu nu!!cnu!!smRu(uh cudu!!sm, =Nu!!cnu!!sm cudu!!sm Tnd!unru!hcr !hun Ts!um!c !n!ucncc