indore district’s battle to end open … swachhata sangram 3 indore swachhata sangram indore...

60
INDORE SWACHHATA SANGRAM INDORE DISTRICT’S BATTLE TO END OPEN DEFECATION

Upload: dangdang

Post on 10-May-2018

291 views

Category:

Documents


2 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: INDORE DISTRICT’S BATTLE TO END OPEN … Swachhata Sangram 3 Indore Swachhata Sangram Indore District’s Battle to End Open Defecation Zid Karo campaign by school children in Indore

INDORE SWACHHATA SANGRAMINDORE DISTRICT’S BATTLE TO END OPEN DEFECATION

Page 2: INDORE DISTRICT’S BATTLE TO END OPEN … Swachhata Sangram 3 Indore Swachhata Sangram Indore District’s Battle to End Open Defecation Zid Karo campaign by school children in Indore

2 | Indore Swachhata Sangram

Page 3: INDORE DISTRICT’S BATTLE TO END OPEN … Swachhata Sangram 3 Indore Swachhata Sangram Indore District’s Battle to End Open Defecation Zid Karo campaign by school children in Indore

3 Indore Swachhata Sangram |

Indore Swachhata SangramIndore District’s Battle to End Open Defecation

Zid Karo campaign by school children in Indore district, Madhya PradeshPhoto courtesy @ District Administration Indore

Page 4: INDORE DISTRICT’S BATTLE TO END OPEN … Swachhata Sangram 3 Indore Swachhata Sangram Indore District’s Battle to End Open Defecation Zid Karo campaign by school children in Indore

4 | Indore Swachhata Sangram

While a lot of effort has been invested in the area of sanitation over the years, Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) has brought with it a fresh approach and renewed impetus to the sanitation agenda. The Mission has two sub-components, Swachh Bharat Mission - Gramin (SBM-G) and the Swachh Bharat Mission - Urban (SBM-U). In line with the guidelines of the SBM-G, the Government of Madhya Pradesh (GoMP) is reshaping its sanitation initiative by emphasizing on bringing about sustainable behaviour change to promote the importance of toilets in rural communities using Community Approaches to Total Sanitation (CATS). Presently, the GoMP has scaled up CATS to over 30 districts. As a strategic partner, UNICEF is providing technical support to the government in this regard.

Indore was one such district which leveraged the conducive environment created by the State and adopted CATS to improve the status of rural sanitation, with the aim to achieve Open Defecation Free (ODF) status within a time-bound manner. To this effect the Indore Swachhata Sangram was launched on 1st September, 2015. By January 2016 all the rural communities of the district became ODF. 25th January 2016 was a milestone for the district; the day when Mr. Shivraj Singh Chouhan, Honourable Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh, acknowledged and announced Indore to be the first ODF district in the State.

The success behind the Indore model has been strongly influenced and spearheaded by the dedicated administrative support, particularly the strong leadership by the District Collector, District CEO and President of the District Panchayat along with proactive engagement of a multitude of stakeholders across all levels. Synchronised efforts of the district and block administration, effective leadership by the district and block level political leaders, involvement of all front line workers (FLWs) and officials from other government line departments as well as engagement of stakeholders at the community level through innovative community mobilization activities, has resulted in this remarkable achievement.

This document aims to capture the sequence of events in Indore prior to the launch of the entire movement (Swachhata Sangram) as well as those initiated throughout the implementation, attainment and sustainability of the ODF status. More specifically, it elaborates the Indore model, the enabling environment, its key stakeholders, the process involved and implementation strategies, the experience of the implementers, the story of the motivators and the involvement of community.

This document is expected to act as an advocacy and guiding tool to potentially replicate successful strategies of the Indore model in other districts of Madhya Pradesh (MP) Additionally, it would enable the sharing of successful outcomes of the model across the State.

About the Document

Page 5: INDORE DISTRICT’S BATTLE TO END OPEN … Swachhata Sangram 3 Indore Swachhata Sangram Indore District’s Battle to End Open Defecation Zid Karo campaign by school children in Indore

5 Indore Swachhata Sangram |

Contents1. List of Figures

2. List of Acronyms

3. Evolution of the sanitation situation in rural Madhya Pradesh

• Background: Agents and processes that shaped the rural sanitation movement in Madhya Pradesh

• Inception of Maryada Guidelines: Madhya Pradesh formally adopted and initiated action on a community based approach

• Demand creation for Community Approaches to Sanitation (CATS) among the districts

• Enabling environment at the State level

4. The story of Indore achieving the ODF status within a short span of time

• District Profile

• Introduction of Community Approaches to Total Sanitation (CATS) in Indore district

• Planning phase: Launch of the programme

• Resource Mobilization: Manpower

• Implementation phase: Rolling out the activities to trigger communities

5. Way Forward: Ensuring Sustainability

6. Stories from the field

06

07

08

10

10

12

13

15

15

21

22

26

30

46

52

Page 6: INDORE DISTRICT’S BATTLE TO END OPEN … Swachhata Sangram 3 Indore Swachhata Sangram Indore District’s Battle to End Open Defecation Zid Karo campaign by school children in Indore

6 | Indore Swachhata Sangram

List of FiguresFigure 1: Five-day CATS training at Ujjain

Figure 2: Demand creation at District level for CATS

Figure 3: Support provided by the State SBM

Figure 4: SBM implementing team structure

Figure 5: Step by step depiction of events during attaining ODF status

Figure 6: Selection process of motivators

Figure 7: Capacity building workshop

Figure 8: Five-day village triggering

Figure 9: Follow-up and monitoring process at the village level

Figure 10: Communication framework across various levels (to ensure smooth monitoring)

Figure 11: Activities carried out during verification visit by the district level

Figure 12: Verification process

Figure 13: Fund disbursement to beneficiaries

Figure 14: Measures to ensure sustainability

Page 7: INDORE DISTRICT’S BATTLE TO END OPEN … Swachhata Sangram 3 Indore Swachhata Sangram Indore District’s Battle to End Open Defecation Zid Karo campaign by school children in Indore

7 Indore Swachhata Sangram |

List of AcronymsAccredited Social Health Activist ASHA

Assistant Development Extension Officer ADEO

Child Development Project Officer CDPO

Community Approaches to Total Sanitation CATS

Department of Panchayat and Rural Development DoPRD

Feedback Foundation FF

Frontline Workers FLWs

Government Of Madhya Pradesh GoMP

Gram Panchayat GP

Gram Rozgar Sahaayak GRS

Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation MDWS

National Family and Health Survey NFHS

Open Defecation Free ODF

Panchayat Coordination Officer PCO

Panchayati Raj Institutions PRI

Public Health and Engineering Department PHED

Real Time Gross Settlement RTGS

Scheduled Castes SC

Scheduled Tribes ST

Social and Liquid Waste Management SLWM

Swachh Bharat Mission SBM

Total Sanitation Campaign TSC

United Nations Children's Fund UNICEF

Page 8: INDORE DISTRICT’S BATTLE TO END OPEN … Swachhata Sangram 3 Indore Swachhata Sangram Indore District’s Battle to End Open Defecation Zid Karo campaign by school children in Indore

8 | Indore Swachhata Sangram

Madhya Pradesh (MP), located in the central part of India, is the second largest state in terms of geographic area, covering 308,000 square kilometres. The State has more than 73 million inhabitants of which the majority reside in the rural areas.1 Madhya Pradesh comprises of 51 districts and 313 administrative blocks2 with a significant proportion of tribal populations across 89 blocks3. Scheduled Tribes (ST) and Scheduled Castes (SC) represent 21.1 per cent and 15.6 per cent of the population respectively.

The MP government adopted the Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) in 2000 and gradually expanded it to 48 districts by 2003 which indicated a shift from toilet construction to a more demand-driven and people-centric strategy. However, until 2006, the implementation of the TSC was very slow and the State experienced limited success. The launch of the Nirmal Gram Puruskar (2003) gave the State an impetus to revive its focus on rural sanitation programmes. In 2006 Madhya Pradesh drafted the State sanitation policy4, ensuring that it is closely aligned with the National TSC guidelines.

Despite such initiatives, the findings of the National Family and Health Survey 2015 (NFHS-4), noted limited progress in the State towards ensuring toilet usage among the rural communities; from 13 per cent, as noted by Census 2011, to 19.4 per cent5 as noted by NFHS-4. In 2014, the state adopted the national flagship programme Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) and committed to achieve Open Defecation Free (ODF) status before 2019.

The MP government adopted a mission-mode approach to attain the desired goal in a time bound manner. It initiated the implementation of Community Approaches to Total Sanitation (CATS)6 in over 30 districts of the state. By the end of January 2016, Indore was able to achieve an ODF status across its rural communities, and was acknowledged to be the first ODF district in MP.

Evolution of the Sanitation Situation in rural Madhya Pradesh

1Census of India, 20112Districts of Madhya Pradesh. http://www.mpdistricts.nic.in/3List of Tribal Blocks ; Department of Tribal Development, Government of Madhya Pradesh http://www.tribalportal.mp.nic.in/Payrolls/Public/List_of_TribalBlocks.aspx4Godfrey A (2008) Situation Assessment of supply market for rural sanitation in Himachal Pradesh and Madhya pradesh5National Family Health Survey 4 (2015-16) State Fact Sheet; Ministry of Health and Family Welfare; 6The CATS approach aims at ensuring that the entire community, including all families, schools, Anganwadis and other institutions reach a consensus to adopt toilet use and key hygiene practice all the time through a process of community self-analysis. Key components of the approach include community systems for triggering collective demand for toilets and subsequently achieving, monitoring and sustaining an Open Defecation Free (ODF) environment as an accepted norm, where nobody defecates in open.

It must be noted that simultaneously Chanwarpatha block in Narsinghpur district, Timarni block in Harda district and Budhni block in Sehore district.

Page 9: INDORE DISTRICT’S BATTLE TO END OPEN … Swachhata Sangram 3 Indore Swachhata Sangram Indore District’s Battle to End Open Defecation Zid Karo campaign by school children in Indore

9 Indore Swachhata Sangram |

Photo courtesy @ District Administration Indore

Page 10: INDORE DISTRICT’S BATTLE TO END OPEN … Swachhata Sangram 3 Indore Swachhata Sangram Indore District’s Battle to End Open Defecation Zid Karo campaign by school children in Indore

10 | Indore Swachhata Sangram

“Background: Agents and processes that shaped the rural sanitation movement in Madhya Pradesh

Since 2007, there have been various efforts by different districts to establish Community Approaches to Total Sanitation (CATS) in a piecemeal manner, across various districts of Madhya Pradesh. CATS was initiated on an experimental basis in Khandwa district in 2007, under the framework and budgetary provisions of the Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC), the then existing government sanitation programme. The Khandwa experience established the success of providing ownership to the community while having a component of financial incentives. Internalizing these learnings from the experiment at Khandwa, CATS was initiated on a pilot basis in Budni block of Sehore district in 2011. During the process, both block administrative officials as well as Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI) stakeholders such as elected head of Gram Panchayats (GPs) i.e. Sarpanch and GP secretaries were trained as CATS motivators, who started implementing CATS in the block. In contrast to the Khandwa model, the trained motivators were paid a nominal stipend after the first few months of implementation. Consequently, with these efforts, 47 GPs of Budni block achieved Open Defecation Free (ODF) status by the end of 2012. In 2015, intensive efforts to achieve an ODF environment had started in Budni by the district and block administration and by February 2016 the entire block (132 villages of 62 GPs) became ODF.

The adoption of CATS in Budni successfully demonstrated the potential of a community based, demand driven approach in eradicating open defecation, among the administrative and political leadership. This created the foundation for accepting Community Approaches to Total Sanitation by the Government of Madhya Pradesh.

“From my experience at Budni, I realised that the community-led process is something which takes its own course and path during implementation. Just like a river, if one creates any hurdle during the process, achievement of outcomes becomes difficult.- Ajit Tiwari, Deputy Commissioner, Swachh Bharat Mission - Gramin

Inception of Maryada Guidelines: Madhya Pradesh formally adopted and initiated action on a community based approach

The learnings from Khandwa and Budni established the effectiveness of CATS and this experience culminated in the development of the Maryada Guidelines in 2012 by the State Water and Sanitation Mission, Department of Panchayat and Rural Development (DoPRD), Government of Madhya Pradesh (GoMP). The Maryada Guidelines were the first of their kind in Madhya Pradesh and exhibited the acceptance and confidence of the government functionaries towards the CATS approach. Later in April 2014, a strategic decision was taken at the State level to conduct a five-day CATS training in select districts of MP, which was to be followed by supportive supervision for one year.

Ph

oto

co

urt

esy

@ S

abir

Iqb

al

Page 11: INDORE DISTRICT’S BATTLE TO END OPEN … Swachhata Sangram 3 Indore Swachhata Sangram Indore District’s Battle to End Open Defecation Zid Karo campaign by school children in Indore

11 Indore Swachhata Sangram |

In the meantime, the District CEO in Harda had expressed an interest to implement CATS and had submitted a proposal to the State for the same. Subsequently, CATS was implemented in Harda district in May 2014, with the intent to institutionalize the process.

Key differentiators of CATS implementation in Harda versus that in that six districts are presented below:

Harda Six districts

Capacity building Individual training of one district; training of adequate number of motivators as well as all other stakeholders for creating an enabling environment

Collective training of six districts; less number of motivators trained from each district. No other stakeholders could be oriented on CATS

Ownership Close involvement of District Administration Limited involvement of District Administration

Engagement of motivators

Motivators were given incentives A proper mechanism for incentivising motivators was not established

Adoption of CATS Holistic adoption Partial adoption

Results Greater number of ODF villages Lesser number of ODF villages per district

Key LearningOwnership and close involvement of the District CEO and District Collector is essential for the

success of implementing CATS.

State ExperimentThe five-days CATS training at Ujjain was followed by two district level handholding workshops supported by the resource agency.

To sensitize the participants on the CATS process and gauge their response

To implement the CATS process in six districts, and use these learnings to scale up the process across the state

Purpose

●●

5day residential

training

Held in August 2014

at Ujjain

Drivers and Implementers for CATS

from 6 districts90-100 Participants District Coordinator | Block Coordinator | Motivators

Figure 1: Five-day CATS training at Ujjain

Page 12: INDORE DISTRICT’S BATTLE TO END OPEN … Swachhata Sangram 3 Indore Swachhata Sangram Indore District’s Battle to End Open Defecation Zid Karo campaign by school children in Indore

12 | Indore Swachhata Sangram

Demand creation for Community Approaches to Total Sanitation (CATS) among the districts

The learnings from the previous interventions and experiments across the State led to the decision to conduct capacity building on CATS at the individual district level from 2015-16. Support from UNICEF was sought by the State government to conduct trainings across approximately 17 districts. These five-day trainings were followed by day-long orientations for the select District CEOs and Presidents of various District Panchayats (Adhyaksh) on 23rd May 2015 at Bhopal. The motivation behind these trainings was to induce a demand for CATS by stakeholders at the District level. During this workshop, experiences from Harda, as well as successful and impactful examples of CATS implementation in Bikaner district in Rajasthan and Nadia district in West Bengal were shared with the participants. This meeting attracted various champions from across the state. The workshop was followed by exposure visits of the District CEOs to Angul district in Odisha and Bikaner district in Rajasthan, in August 2015. The visit was able to generate interest amongst some of the districts’ leadership, especially the District CEO of Indore, Mr Asheesh Singh. He was greatly influenced by the potential of the CATS process and adopted the model in Indore.

Orientation Workshop

Exposure Visits

These contributed to instill ownership among the District

CEOs

Which led to Inculcation of demand from various districts

for CATS training

State effectively tapped this demand for introducing CATS in Indore

An important milestone at this point was the launch of the Swachh Bharat Mission-Gramin on 2nd October 2014 by the Honourable Prime Minister. Madhya Pradesh State level sanitation team strategically leveraged the national level fervour created by Honourable Prime Minister to provide a stimulus to CATS in Madhya Pradesh. The Chief Minister, Minister of Department of Panchayat and Rural Development and the Chief Secretary were directly involved and this was the first time that the State also recognised CATS as the key approach for accelerating rural sanitation. Another notable event at this time was a State directive to respective districts for formulation of block mobilization teams; this notice was formally communicated through a circular on 22nd September 2014.

Figure 2: Demand creation at district level for CATS

Page 13: INDORE DISTRICT’S BATTLE TO END OPEN … Swachhata Sangram 3 Indore Swachhata Sangram Indore District’s Battle to End Open Defecation Zid Karo campaign by school children in Indore

13 Indore Swachhata Sangram |

Enabling environment at the State level

The State SBM-G cell was regularly emphasising the adoption and prioritization of systematic community mobilization efforts (especially CATS) by districts to eradicate open defecation. Repeated communication, in the form of circulars and letters to the district administration, was carried out at regular intervals. Moreover, orientation meetings and trainings were

planned and executed at the State level. The State was very forthcoming in recognising the efforts and achievements of the distict leaders. Success stories and achievements were showcased at State level meetings. In this way, the State built a congenial environment for various districts to flourish.

Moreover, extensive capacity building on CATS was carried out across the State. UNICEF engaged a national level resource agency, Feedback Foundation (FF), to build the capacity to implement CATS in 15 districts through district and block level trainings and supportive supervision, wherever required. This has been a crucial

element in scaling-up CATS in the State. As part of this support, the workshop conducted on 6th August 2015, which involved the District Collectors and District CEOs from 11 districts, was pivotal in motivating the leadership and providing inputs on the essential components to implement CATS.

Demonstrative1

Policy2

Institutional3

Implementation4

Activities

1. State level workshop

2. Exposure visits

3. 5 day CATS workshop at Ujjain (for 6 districts)

1. Providing guidelines on engagement of motivators:

a. Selectionb. Trainingc. Payment

1. District-wise CATS training

2. Ensuring smooth fund flow

1. Continuous intensive communication on highlighting the role of motivators and importance of behavior change

2. Periodic visits by state officials

3. Divisional workshop with district leaders, with District Collectors and CEOs

1. Experiential learning

2. Demand generation of CATS

1. Incentive to field staff

1. Capacity building

2. Created trust among the beneficiaries that he/she will get their due entitlements in a timely manner

3. Negate negative forces at the community level

1. Reinforces the message

2. Builds confidence among District CEO/ DistrictCollector and instills confidence and recognition oftheir work

OutcomeDomain

Figure 3: Support provided by state SBM-G

Ph

oto

cou

rtesy @ S

abir Iq

bal

Page 14: INDORE DISTRICT’S BATTLE TO END OPEN … Swachhata Sangram 3 Indore Swachhata Sangram Indore District’s Battle to End Open Defecation Zid Karo campaign by school children in Indore

14 | Indore Swachhata Sangram

The story of Indore achieving the ODF status within a short span of time

District Profile

Indore district is located in the Western region of the State of Madhya Pradesh, on the Southern edge of Malwa plateau, approximately 200 kilometres from the state capital of Bhopal. It is bound by Ujjain district in the north, Dewas to the east, Khargone to the south and Dhar to the west. Indore is one of the most populous districts in Madhya Pradesh with a population of 3,276,697 out of which 25.9 per cent reside in the rural areas. Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) represent 16.6 per cent and 3.2 per cent of the population respectively7. The literacy rate of the District stands at 80.87 per cent. The entire District is spread across an area of 3,898 square kilometres divided into four administrative blocks namely Depalpur, Indore, Mhow and Sanwer, 312 Gram Panchayats (GPs) and 610 villages.

At the start of the initiative, approximately 74 per cent of a total of 162,963 rural households in Indore, already had toilets. The number of toilets to be constructed across the district were estimated at approximately 40,0008. Out of this 32,000 new toilets were to be constructed and with an additional 8,000 toilets, that were defunct at the time. However, in spite of a substantial coverage of individual household latrines, there were no ODF GPs across the district at the start of the programme.

The responsibility of implementing the sanitation programme in the district lies with the SBM-G team at the District Panchayat. The Indore Swachhata Sangram was led by the District Collector and District CEO with a dedicated team of officers and field level workers. As the State had been constantly raising focus to the sanitation agenda, Indore decided to take it up as a priority task. There was also a baseline assessment done in Indore which revealed that the target of constructing toilets was not very high. Hence, Indore decided to take up this initiative in a mission mode.

The following illustrative (figure 4) depicts the implementation structure for the rural sanitation programme across Indore district.

““

While the favourable environment in terms of technical training and supportive supervision was provided to various districts, Indore adopted the process effectively and accelerated to emerge as the first ODF district in Madhya Pradesh.- Hymavathi Varman (IFS) , State Programme Officer, Swachh Bharat Mission-Gramin, Madhya Pradesh

7Census 20118based on a household survey conducted by the district in August 2015

Page 15: INDORE DISTRICT’S BATTLE TO END OPEN … Swachhata Sangram 3 Indore Swachhata Sangram Indore District’s Battle to End Open Defecation Zid Karo campaign by school children in Indore

15 Indore Swachhata Sangram |

Ph

oto

cou

rtesy @ S

abir Iq

bal

Mem

bers o

f Vanar S

ena, In

do

re d

istrict, Mad

hya Pradesh

Page 16: INDORE DISTRICT’S BATTLE TO END OPEN … Swachhata Sangram 3 Indore Swachhata Sangram Indore District’s Battle to End Open Defecation Zid Karo campaign by school children in Indore

16 | Indore Swachhata Sangram

At District Level

Block Level

At Cluster Level

At Gram Panchayat Level

District Collector

Chief Executive Officer

District Panchayat

• Strategic lead and mentoring

• Quality control

• Assuring state support

• Overall programme lead

Deputy Commissioner (Depalpur)

Assistant Superintendent (Sanwer)

Additional CEO (Mhow)

District Co-ordinator (Indore, rural)

Blocks• Weekly meeting at Block

• MIS monitoring

• Monitoring Block progress

• Support motivators and mitigating operational hurdles

• Weekly random field verification

• MIS monitoring

• Ensuring progress of toilet construction

• Monitor and supportive supervision to motivators

• MIS verification (10%)

• Support all field level activities

• Coordinate with PCOs

• Morning follow-ups

• Training of masons

• Technical guidance for toilet construction

• Quality control

• Coordinate with Sarpanch and Panchayat Secretary, AWW, motivators

• 100% construction verification

• Support block co-ordinators

• Compile cluster MIS

• Monitor cluster progress

• Beneficiary verification

• Ensure construction progress• Ensure supply of raw materials• Verify beneficiaries• Testify construction completion report• Motivate people/resolve conflicts• Beneficiary verification

• Monitoring open defecators • Monitoring toilet usage • Support implementation of village ODF

action plan

• Mobilize community for collective demand generation

• Motivate villagers• Strengthen the vigilance committee

through follow ups

4 Blocks

35 Clusters

312 Gram Panchayats

84 Motivators

610 Village Vigilance Committees

Chief Executive Officers (4)

Block Panchayat

Block Co-ordinators (4)

Sub-engineers (28)

Clusters

Panchayat Co-ordination Officers

(35)

SarpanchPanchayat Secretary

Gram Rozgar Sahayak

Motivators

Vigilance Committee

• Depalpur (10 Clusters)

• Sanwer (09 Clusters)

• Indore (07 Clusters)

• Mhow (09 clusters)

Figure 4: SBM implementing team structure

Page 17: INDORE DISTRICT’S BATTLE TO END OPEN … Swachhata Sangram 3 Indore Swachhata Sangram Indore District’s Battle to End Open Defecation Zid Karo campaign by school children in Indore

17 Indore Swachhata Sangram |

Ph

oto

cou

rtesy @ D

istrict Ad

min

istration

Ind

ore

Sch

oo

l trigg

ering

Page 18: INDORE DISTRICT’S BATTLE TO END OPEN … Swachhata Sangram 3 Indore Swachhata Sangram Indore District’s Battle to End Open Defecation Zid Karo campaign by school children in Indore

18 | Indore Swachhata Sangram

I. P

repa

rato

ry p

hase

II. P

rogr

amm

e p

hase

Oct

ober

201

4N

ovem

ber 2

014

- Mar

ch 2

015

Apr

il 20

15

Sep

tem

ber 2

015

Laun

ch o

f Ind

ore

Sw

acch

ata

San

gram

Mis

sion

May

201

5M

ay -

July

201

5A

ugus

t 201

5

Laun

ch o

f SB

M-G

Inte

nsifi

catio

n of

im

plem

enta

tion

in

rem

aini

ng G

Ps

Mas

s M

obili

zatio

n

Gar

v Ya

tra

Sha

rm Y

atra

Sch

ool I

nter

vent

ion

Trai

ning

Sch

ool

Clu

ster

Tea

cher

Dis

trict

-wid

e sc

hool

trig

gerin

g

Iden

tific

atio

n of

vill

ages

with

lo

w ta

rget

and

con

geni

al e

nviro

nmen

tO

ctob

er, 2

015

Oct

ober

, 201

5

Mee

ting

to m

obili

ze

non-

coop

erat

ive

villa

ges

23rd

Jan

uary

, 201

625

th J

anua

ry, 2

016

Con

tinuo

us M

onito

ring

(for 6

mon

ths)

th

roug

h m

orni

ng fo

llow

-ups

to e

nsur

e su

stai

nabi

lity

Indo

re ru

ral b

ecam

e O

DF

Form

al A

nnou

ncem

ent

35 G

Ps

achi

eved

OD

F st

atus

Initi

al P

hase

of i

mpl

emen

tatio

nC

apac

ity b

uild

ing

of C

ATS

faci

litat

ors

30th

Sep

tem

ber 2

015

onw

ards

15th

Sep

tem

ber –

30t

h S

epte

mbe

r, 20

159t

h S

epte

mbe

r – 1

3th

Sep

tem

ber,

2015

Prio

rity

to M

how

Blo

ck

San

itatio

n In

itiat

ive

Ass

essm

ent o

f san

itatio

n w

ork

in M

how

Blo

ckS

BM

-G S

tate

offi

ce c

ircul

arA

ppoi

ntin

g C

ATS

mot

ivat

ors

Com

mun

ity s

urve

y C

ATS

wor

ksho

ps

● B

ase-

line

surv

ey c

ondu

cted

● Ta

rget

– 9

500

toile

ts

● D

C c

ondu

cted

mee

ting

with

50

GP

s

● P

ilot f

or s

choo

ls tr

igge

ring

● In

volv

ing

child

ren

thro

ugh

m

ass

mob

iliza

tion

● Zi

d K

aro

Abh

iyan

● Va

nar S

ena

● O

DF

– G

Ps

● N

on O

DF

G

Ps

1. T

arge

ted

Low

han

ging

frui

t: se

lect

GP

s

w

ith m

inim

um ta

rget

(for

num

ber o

f toi

lets

to b

e co

nstru

cted

/repa

ired)

acr

oss

4

bl

ocks

2.

Pilo

ting

of m

onito

ring

form

ats

3. In

duct

ion

of m

otiv

ator

s fo

r a s

truct

ured

repo

rting

sys

tem

Villa

ge p

rogr

ess

form

at

● W

eekl

y re

porti

ng fo

rmat

s fo

r mot

ivat

ion

4. In

duct

ion

of v

illag

e le

vel s

take

hold

ers

for:

Con

stru

ctio

n co

mpl

etio

n fo

rmat

Verif

icat

ion

form

at

1. R

esid

entia

l tra

inin

g of

mot

ivat

ors

2. O

rient

atio

n of

AW

W, J

ansh

iksh

aks,

P

CO

s, a

ll P

RI m

embe

rs, D

hara

m

Gur

us (r

elig

ious

lead

ers)

, all

bloc

k

CE

Os,

GP

secr

etar

ies

(Sac

hiv)

, GR

S,

A

DE

Os,

Sub

-eng

inee

rs3.

Mic

ro p

lann

ing

and

clus

ter a

llotm

ent

● Lo

w to

ilet u

sage

● La

ck o

f mot

ivat

ion

● E

mph

asis

on

appo

intin

g

B

lock

leve

l tea

m o

f

mot

ivat

ors

● S

elec

tion

thro

ugh

com

mun

ity s

uppo

rt●

Pan

chay

at/ S

arpa

nch

sent

list

of e

ligib

le

ca

ndid

ates

● S

elec

tion

was

don

e th

roug

h in

terv

iew

at

D

istri

ct le

vel

● A

dopt

ed m

issi

on m

ode

● Ti

me

Bou

nd Im

plem

enta

tion

● In

volv

ed s

take

hold

ers

at d

iffer

ent l

evel

(Peo

ple’

s re

pres

enta

tives

,

ad

min

istra

tive

offic

ials

)●

Priz

e fo

r atta

inin

g O

DF

stat

us –

infu

sed

com

petit

ion

● Id

entif

y nu

mbe

r of

toile

ts to

be c

onst

ruct

ed●

Ass

ess

the

attit

ude

of g

rass

root

leve

l fun

ctio

narie

s

● C

EO

-ZP

orie

ntat

ion

on C

ATS

● R

eque

st s

uppo

rt

fro

m S

tate

Key

resu

lts:

629

villa

ges

acro

ss 3

12 G

Ps

of a

ll fo

ur b

lock

s of

the

Indo

re d

istri

ct a

chie

ved

Ope

n de

feca

tion

Free

sta

tus

Fig

ure

5:

Ste

p b

y st

ep d

epic

tio

n o

f ev

ents

du

rin

g a

ttai

nin

g O

DF

stat

us

Page 19: INDORE DISTRICT’S BATTLE TO END OPEN … Swachhata Sangram 3 Indore Swachhata Sangram Indore District’s Battle to End Open Defecation Zid Karo campaign by school children in Indore

19 Indore Swachhata Sangram |

Early morning vigilance by members of Vanar Sena to stop open defecators

Page 20: INDORE DISTRICT’S BATTLE TO END OPEN … Swachhata Sangram 3 Indore Swachhata Sangram Indore District’s Battle to End Open Defecation Zid Karo campaign by school children in Indore

20 | Indore Swachhata Sangram

Launch of Indore Swachhata Sangram on 1st September 2015, by district officials and public representatives

Photo courtesy@ district administration Indore

Page 21: INDORE DISTRICT’S BATTLE TO END OPEN … Swachhata Sangram 3 Indore Swachhata Sangram Indore District’s Battle to End Open Defecation Zid Karo campaign by school children in Indore

21 Indore Swachhata Sangram |

Introduction of Community Approaches to Total Sanitation (CATS) in Indore District

The baseline survey, conducted by the district administration as per the instructions from the Ministry of Water and Sanitation, GoI in 2012 revealed that approximately 36 per cent9 of the households in Indore district did not have access to sanitary toilets. At the time of the launch of the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) in 2014, interactions with the Additional Chief Executive Officer, District Panchayat, Assistant Development Extension Officer (ADEO), Panchayat Coordination Officers (PCOs), Sub-engineers of the PHED, other field level workers as well as the community revealed that many households having access to toilet facilities in the past were resorting to open defecation. With this background, the district initiated implementation work in Mhow block from November 2014. Mhow was chosen as it was a block with 80 tribal villages. The district’s approach under the SBM-G focussed on construction of toilets; this approach continued till March 2015. Following this, implementation work started in the remaining three blocks; Sanwer, Depalpur and Indore. Through a mid-term assessment done ain May 2015, it was revealed that almost half of the toilets constructed were unused. More specifically, it was found that approximately 40,000 toilets were required to be constructed across the district to achieve an ODF status. These grave statistics, particularly reversal to open defecation, propelled a review of the existing strategy as the existing construction-led approach was found to be unsuccessful. A key learning at this stage was that the supply-side intervention must be accompanied by a demand-side intervention such as collective behaviour change. At this point the SBM-G team at the state level was aggressively advocating for community approaches to eliminate the practice of open defecation. Consequently, the Indore District Administration had their first exposure to the CATS process during an orientation session in Bhopal in May 2015. This was attended by the Indore District CEO, District Deputy Commissioner and President of the District Panchayat.

“During the workshop at Bhopal, we were engaged in an impactful exercise where we had to write our names and designations on two separate pieces of paper, we were then asked to throw the paper slip with the designation in the dustbin. This made us realise that in addition to giving the necessary direction and leadership, successful implementation of CATS would require us to give away our bureaucratic attitude and reach out to the community to understand their problems as one of them.”

- Mr Rajesh Dixit, Deputy Commissioner, Indore

Prior experience of conducting CATS in other districts, as described in the first chapter, provided the learning that a dedicated cadre of motivators is required to implement this model at the community level. To this effect, the state disseminated a set of guidelines to various districts, including Indore, on the process of engaging these motivators.

Key learnings from the workshop at Bhopal:

Behavior change of the government officials is critical for achieving ODF at scale

Key Learnings

9Document shared by District Panchayat

Photo courtesy @ District Administration Indore

Page 22: INDORE DISTRICT’S BATTLE TO END OPEN … Swachhata Sangram 3 Indore Swachhata Sangram Indore District’s Battle to End Open Defecation Zid Karo campaign by school children in Indore

22 | Indore Swachhata Sangram

Planning phase: Launch of the programme1.

After the workshops conducted in May and August 2015, and field exposure to understand the Bikaner model, the senior leadership at the District Panchayat took direct ownership of the entire programme and decided to immediately take it on as a ‘battle to end open defecation’. Along with the district officials, the elected representatives at the District Panchayat were also involved in the planning process. Therefore, the planning phase saw a holistic involvement of and coordination among a diverse set of stakeholders, bound by a common cause of achieving an ODF district.

““

A noteworthy cause of success in Indore has been a change in strategy; instead of building toilets we shifted our focus to the open defecation sites. We aimed at sending people from open defecation sites back to their homes, by convincing them to build toilets on their own and use them.

- P Narhari Collector and District Magistrate, Indore

Time bound battle for four months

Close involvement of sarpanches in the entire process is of utmost importance. Success would be elusive without this.

Strategy

Key learningInteractions with the community during sanitation implementation work carried out in the first half of 2015 revealed the findings of the 2012 baseline survey to be unreliable. This was perhaps due to the significant gap since the time of the survey which made some of its findings outdated. Therefore, in August 2015 a survey was undertaken across the district to assess the sanitation situation and capture updated statistics related to households with functional toilets, households with defunct toilets, details of available masons in the

community, among others. Based on the findings of this survey and the available manpower, it was assessed that approximately four months would be required to make Indore district ODF.

At this stage, none of the 312 GPs were ODF. Foremost, it was decided to give this movement an identity, by way of a logo and the name of ‘Indore Swachhata Sangram.’ It was believed, such kind of branding would increase the recognition of the CATS movement at a mass level. The Indore Swachhata Sangram was launched on 1st September 2015, and it was collectively decided to make the entire district open defecation free by 31st December 2015. It was consciously decided to complete the triggering phase within four months, followed by one year of ensuring sustainability. A brochure was also prepared to spread the message of the Indore Swachhata Sangram across various government stakeholders as well as among the general community at a mass level.

In order to effectively involve the sarpanches, secretaries and other community level stakeholders in this battle, it was strategically decided to create a sense of competition by way of an award for villages called the ‘Ahiliya Gram Puruskar’, which provided a financial incentive to the frontrunners. A part of the Performance Incentive Grant10 was utilised for this purpose. This award gave the movement a necessary momentum at the initial phase.

10Performance Grant is a fund provided to the District Panchayat to use for development work at the village level

Page 23: INDORE DISTRICT’S BATTLE TO END OPEN … Swachhata Sangram 3 Indore Swachhata Sangram Indore District’s Battle to End Open Defecation Zid Karo campaign by school children in Indore

23 Indore Swachhata Sangram |

Salient features at the planning phase:

• Change in focus from toilets to open defecation sites

• Time bound mission mode adopted: Only district in the country to achieve ODF status within a short span of four months, which indicated the thorough planning process

• Assessing the quantum of work and developing a micro plan accordingly

• High focus on sustainability

• Ownership and close involvement of senior government officials

• Engaging people’s (elected) representatives

“ “

““

Right from the planning phase itself, we decentralised the ownership of the entire programme. At the block level, we mobilized the block CEOs, took their commitment towards this mission and indirectly made them accountable to successfully implement the task. Similarly, we involved the sarpanches and frontline workers of various government line departments at the community level. Team building in this manner helped to effectively create an enabling environment across various levels and played a significant role towards the success of the entire programme.

“Success achieved in Indore is evidence of the unity among various administrative officials, elected representatives and stakeholders at the community level, to collectively channelize their efforts towards the mission of achieving ODF for the entire district.”

- Asheesh Singh former District CEO, Indore

- Kavita Patidar President of District Panchayat Indore (Zila Panchayat Adhyksha)

The initial calculation on the number of toilets to be constructed revealed that there were some households who were not entitled to the financial incentive under the SBM-G. These included families with defunct toilets, who had received government support in the past and impoverished families whose name did not appear in the entitlement list. Involvement and sensitization of various stakeholders helped mobilize funds to support toilet construction in such households, as follows:

• All members of the District Panchayat voluntarily contributed their one month’s salary

• Many MLAs (Member of Legislative Assembly), MPs (Members of Parliament) and other influential persons provided donations

• The sarpanches of various GPs contributed a portion of their funds allocated under the 14th Finance Commission as well as funds collected through taxation in their respective villages

Challenges Mitigation Measures

Unreliable and outdated baseline survey

Another baseline survey carried out to gauge the current situation

Problem of defunct toilets

Funds were mobilized at the District Panchayat

As a conclusion to the planning phase, the salient features of this phase and case studies of key individuals involved are presented below:

Page 24: INDORE DISTRICT’S BATTLE TO END OPEN … Swachhata Sangram 3 Indore Swachhata Sangram Indore District’s Battle to End Open Defecation Zid Karo campaign by school children in Indore

24 | Indore Swachhata Sangram

Champions at the District LevelThe success of the Indore ODF model has been driven by senior officials and public representatives in the district administration. They mutually decided to take up the issue of open defecation as a priority and planned to address the problem through a community driven approach. While the District Collector, Mr P Narhari, provided the required leadership and made the ODF initiative a priority for the district, the District CEO, Mr Asheesh Singh, acted as the backbone of the programme. Additionally, Ms Kavita Patidar, as the President of District Panchayat Indore (Zila Panchayat Adhyksha), involved the political stakeholders and public figures in the initiatve. Indore was fortunate to have these leaders who understood the importance of prioritizing the issue.

Mr. P Narhari (IAS) is the District Collector in Madhya Pradesh with more than nine years of experience. He supported the District CEO in all aspects to make the programme successful. He circulated various official directives to all district officials

to support the initiative. He also played a critical role in coordination with the state SBM office to ensure smooth fund flow. His focus was on eliminating “open defecation sites (OD)”. Thus, many OD sites were transformed into play grounds and holy trees were also planted at many sites. He also played an active role in the “early morning verification visits” and set an example by frequently visiting villages during these follow-up visits. According to him, transparent communication with the community and the involvement of all senior officials was crucial towards attainment of success.

Mr. Asheesh Singh (IAS) was the District CEO during the implementation of the Indore Swachhata Sangram. His extraordinary leadership was instrumental in making the programme successful. With initiation of the Swachh Bharat Mission, Mr. Singh started focussing on the rural

sanitation sector and introduced CATS to eradicate open defecation. The entire planning process, human resource mobilization and monitoring plan was developed by him. Mr. Singh ensured a holistic day-to-day plan for the whole district at the beginning of the programme. At the start of the programme, a baseline assessment was conducted to understand the prevailing situation, the quantum of work and the attitude of the stakeholders at the grassroots level to set an accurate target of the toilets to be constructed. Simultaneously, several community meetings were conducted to understand the notion among the community representatives (Public representatives, Panchayat members, Sarpanch, Panchayat secretaries) to support the initiative. Mr. Singh also ensured a pre-designed structure of supportive supervision and involvement of officials

Page 25: INDORE DISTRICT’S BATTLE TO END OPEN … Swachhata Sangram 3 Indore Swachhata Sangram Indore District’s Battle to End Open Defecation Zid Karo campaign by school children in Indore

25 Indore Swachhata Sangram |

across various departments, especially for morning follow-up visits. Thus, he ensured a micro-plan for every stakeholder in the project. During the implementation, Mr. Singh was proactively engaged in community mobilization and intensive field visits. He also deployed a district-level task force to deal with key issues arising during implementation on a fast-track basis, as well as ensured timely disbursement of funds. He was also instrumental in enforcing team spirit in all stakeholders through regular communication through WhatsApp®. With his meticulous effort and leadership the district became ODF within four months. According to him, the detailed planning undertaken for all stakeholders at each step contributed significantly to the success of the Indore Swachhata Sangram.

Ms Kavita Patidar, the President of District Panchayat Indore (Zila Panchayat Adhyksha), played a pivotal role by involving the political stakeholders and public figures in the district’s ODF initiative. In her words “the success of the programme depends on selfless involvement of the administration, the community and the public representatives”. Motivated to do something innovative,

she did not restrict herself only to regular responsibilities of a public representative. Instead, she acted as a driving force to involve political leaders in the Indore Swachhata Sangram. She motivated the political leaders (Members of Parliament, Members of Legislative Assembly) who provided their financial contribution to the initiative. The contribution helped the district to construct toilets in 8,000 households who were not entitled to avail incentives under the SBM-G. This further helped the district to deal with the problem of “defunct toilets”. Further, to provide an initial momentum and encouragement within the community, she introduced the “Ahilya Nirmal Gram Puraskar”11 to reward the 1st four ODF GPs in the district. She mobilized a total of 50 lakh from the award amount of the Panchayat Raj Sashaktikaran Puruskar11 for this purpose. As a result, a competitive environment was created throughout the district and with-in the first 15 days of initiation of the programme, 35 GPs became ODF. Besides the political leaders, she also motivated and mobilized public representatives in all 610 villages and ensured their participation. She went beyond the so called “political agenda” and set an example of true leadership by contributing to the common good.

11This award is given to best performing Panchayats (District, Intermediate and Gram Panchayat) across the States/Union Territories in recognition of the good work that is done by PRIs at each level for improving delivery of services and public goods.

Page 26: INDORE DISTRICT’S BATTLE TO END OPEN … Swachhata Sangram 3 Indore Swachhata Sangram Indore District’s Battle to End Open Defecation Zid Karo campaign by school children in Indore

26 | Indore Swachhata Sangram

Resource Mobilization:Manpower

2.Past experiences of the state SBM had recognized that engagement of effective motivators to conduct behaviour change and execute the CATS tools at the community level is imperative for creating demand for elimination of open defecation. As per the initial planning on the number of GPs to be targeted, it was estimated that an average of 20 motivators were required for each block.

A. Identification and selection of motivators:

This process was carried out in August 2015, jointly by the block and district administration. The district guided the block functionaries to engage the sarpanches, secretaries and PCOs to identify relevant individuals from the community level. Subsequently, an initial screening was conducted at the block level through individual interviews. This was followed by one-to-one interviews at the district level and a test of their commitment by asking them to report at early hours of the morning12. In all, 74 motivators were selected at this stage.

B. Capacity building of motivators:

The selected motivators were required to attend a five-day residential training which was conducted by Feedback Foundation, a resource agency engaged by UNICEF for capacity building on CATS and handholding support. The training was attended by the selected 74 motivators, block CEOs, block coordinators and 25 PCOs from all four blocks. The motivators and PCOs were trained to use various tools to mobilize the demand for sanitation and facilitated the collective decision in the community for elimination of open defecation as well as to support the GPs to match the supply with the emerging demand. The focus was on creating a social norm of toilet use by everyone all the time for creating an open defecation free environment.

Key learning

Orientation sessions which comprehensively covered multi-level officials established strong linkages which further helped in smooth implementation

Additionally, during these five days, approximately 1,200 individuals including office bearers from various government line departments, elected public representatives (from the district and block and village levels), religious leaders, sarpanches and Panchayat Secretaries were also sensitized on the CATS method. This was deliberately done to orient and involve all relevant stakeholders in a mass mobilization mode and thereby creating an enabling environment for the ODF movement. Effective engagement of a diverse set of stakeholders helped in rapid achievement of results. The officials, who were now oriented on the CATS process, were later used to conduct ODF verification of households.

Sachiv, Sarpanch, Sub-engineer, PCO identified individuals at the community level with the following characteristics: • Interest in sanitation• Background of doing social

work• Good communication skills

Identification of Motivators :

The selection of motivatorstook place at two levels:1. Preliminary screening at

the block level2. One-on-one interviews

at the district level

Selection of candidates:

Post the rigorous selection process, A total of 74 motivators were selected.

Motivators selected:Figure 6: Selection process of motivators

12The job required individuals who could dedicatedly report for work at 4 a.m.

Page 27: INDORE DISTRICT’S BATTLE TO END OPEN … Swachhata Sangram 3 Indore Swachhata Sangram Indore District’s Battle to End Open Defecation Zid Karo campaign by school children in Indore

27 Indore Swachhata Sangram |

Strategy

Motivators mobilized into teams of 3 to 4 people, as individual motivators are less effective.

C. Preparation of field plan:

The 74 trained motivators along with PCOs were organized into teams of three to four people and were allocated 15 to 20 Gram Panchayats (GPs) per team. In this way, 20 teams of motivators were formed across the district.

Based on their understanding of the community and PRI members, the district administration classified all the GPs of the district into three categories based on the effort required to implement CATS and attain ODF status. Category A included 85 Gram Panchayats where it was the easiest to implement CATS, category B included 138 Gram Panchayats which presented some difficulty in terms of implementation and category C included 89 Gram Panchayats which required significant behaviour change and where it was the most difficult to work. The district administration consulted the PRI members, Sarpanch(s), the public representatives and the PCOs to identify and categorize the villages as mentioned above.

A baseline assessment was also conducted to identify the villages where a lesser number of toilets were to be constructed; consequently, such villages were classified under category A. This classification was considered while preparing the field plan for the motivators to conduct triggering sessions.

5 day residential training

Held from 9th to 13th

September 2015 at

Indore

Morning slot

Day 1 | Day 2 | Day 3 | Day 4 |

Assembly time: 3 a.m.

Rigorous training for motivators: in-house as well as field exposure

Afternoon slot

Day 1 | Day 2 | Day 3 | Day 4 |

3- hour orientation for:

Preparation of implementation calendar in the block by motivators and block officials

The residential training played an important role in building an environment of discipline and helped in fostering a sense of dedication and motivation of the trainees towards their work.

• District and block officials from the WCD, PHED, education, health and agriculture department

• Sarpanches• Sachivs• District and block

coordinators SBM-G• School teachers• Religious leaders • Anganwadi workers

Day 5 |

Figure 7: Capacity building workshop

Page 28: INDORE DISTRICT’S BATTLE TO END OPEN … Swachhata Sangram 3 Indore Swachhata Sangram Indore District’s Battle to End Open Defecation Zid Karo campaign by school children in Indore

28 | Indore Swachhata Sangram

D. Incentive to motivators:

Some of the significant learnings which emerged from past experience of the state in implementing CATS were that effective supportive supervision and a mechanism for incentivising the motivators, are of prime importance for this model to succeed. Therefore, in this respect, Indore district decided to compensate the motivators with an allowance of INR 1,000 per motivator, for conducting triggering and follow-up activities at each

GP. Additionally, an outcome based incentive amount of INR 6,000 was given to each motivator upon attainment of ODF status of his/her allocated village. The amount was disbursed in two installments; 50 per cent upon attainment of ODF and 50 per cent upon sustenance of ODF, given after two months of attaining ODF status.

Table 1: Remuneration of Motivators: Payment linked to progress of activities

Payment Slot Milestones Key Activities Incentive Amount

1Completion of village triggering

• Community triggering meeting

• Five-day follow-up in the village

INR 1000/ village

2

Village attains ODF status • Supporting morning follow-up to ensure eradication of open defecation

• Encourage toilet construction in every household and ensuring 100 percent toilet usage

INR 3000/ village, after successful verification by district team

3Village sustains ODF status

• Continuously conduct morning and evening follow-up to ensure zero open defecation for a period of two months

INR 3000/ village after two months of sustaining ODF

Total payment for each ODF village INR 7000/ village

To summarize, some of the challenges faced at the resource mobilization stage and the mitigation measures adopted are mentioned below:

Challenges Mitigation Measures

Identifying dedicated motivators

Involvement of sarpanch, PCOs to identify interested and motivated individuals

Salient features at the resource planning phase:

• Residential training, which helped in sustaining the motivation of the trainees and filtering the dedicated personnel

• Mass involvement of various stakeholders, including senior administrative officials, officials from various government line departments, PRI representatives at all levels, among others

• Continuous engagement of motivators and use of an effective outcome based incentive plan

As a conclusion to the resource mobilization phase, the salient features of this phase presented below:

Page 29: INDORE DISTRICT’S BATTLE TO END OPEN … Swachhata Sangram 3 Indore Swachhata Sangram Indore District’s Battle to End Open Defecation Zid Karo campaign by school children in Indore

29 Indore Swachhata Sangram |

Ph

oto

cou

rtesy @ D

istrict Ad

min

istration

Ind

ore

Mem

ber o

f Vanar S

ena

Page 30: INDORE DISTRICT’S BATTLE TO END OPEN … Swachhata Sangram 3 Indore Swachhata Sangram Indore District’s Battle to End Open Defecation Zid Karo campaign by school children in Indore

30 | Indore Swachhata Sangram

Implementation phase: Rolling out activities to trigger communities

3.A. Micro planning:

There was a detailed planning process which was carried out to engage the 74 motivators and approximately 40 PCOs in implementation activities. The last day of the five-day residential training entailed a planning exercise, where the officials of each of the four blocks, along with their motivators, prepared a detailed day-to-day implementation plan for each team of motivators and PCOs, for their respective blocks across four months

from September to December 2015. Within each block, clusters of GPs were formed. It was strategically decided to initially target villages which were easier to approach, in terms of supportive and proactive PRI members. Establishing success at the beginning made it easier to approach villages which were foreseen as relatively difficult in terms of community mobilization.

Scanned document: A copy of Implementation calendar for a team of motivators of Sanwer block for the month of November 2015

Page 31: INDORE DISTRICT’S BATTLE TO END OPEN … Swachhata Sangram 3 Indore Swachhata Sangram Indore District’s Battle to End Open Defecation Zid Karo campaign by school children in Indore

31 Indore Swachhata Sangram |

B. Implementation process:

At the commencement of implementation work from 15th September 2015, there were about 74 motivators across the district. Each team of motivators was required to spend five days in each village (including two night halts and Gram Choupal). It is important to understand that the immediate outcome of the five-day village intervention by the motivators was not to achieve ODF status within this short span of time. The primary purpose was to

create a cohesive environment within the village and infuse the necessary passion within the villagers which would in turn foster the need for a toilet and eventually lead to an ODF community. A key task of the motivators was to form a Vigilance Committee in each village, comprising of men, women and children, who would help to sustain the initiative after the motivators exit the village.

• Support in constructing toilets• Support vigilance committee in early morning follow-up at

OD site and community monitoring• Triggering children covering all institutions including

Anganwadi Centers (AWC), School, Health Centers (HC)• House to house contact

Day 1

Day 2

Day 3

Day 4

Day 5

• Pre-triggering with interaction with key persons in the village• Decision about date, time and venue for the triggering session

• Triggering session• Formation of Vigilance Committee,

comprising of men, women and children• Declaration ODF date collectively

decided

• Night Halt • Evening meeting with Vigilance

Committee to develop personal rapport with community members

• Morning follow-up visits• Monitoring• Supportive supervision• Village ODF action plan

developed

• Night Halt to understand the communities response and obstacles faced, if any

• Morning follow-up visits• Empowerment of the Vigilance Committee so that they

ensure sustained behavior change and continued use of toilets in the village

• Village ODF action plan (VAP) implementation started

1 Panchayat | Motivators team of 3-4 member | 5 Days

Continuation of regular follow-up till GP becomes ODF

Figure 8: Five-day village triggering

Page 32: INDORE DISTRICT’S BATTLE TO END OPEN … Swachhata Sangram 3 Indore Swachhata Sangram Indore District’s Battle to End Open Defecation Zid Karo campaign by school children in Indore

32 | Indore Swachhata Sangram

Formation of Women Vigilance Committees (Mahila Nigrani Dal) at the village/GP level played an important role in promoting women’s participation as well as ensuring effective community mobilization. These Committees were led by ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activist) and AWW (Anganwadi workers) and saw the participation of educated young girls which further helped to accelerate the programme.

These frontline health workers (AWW & ASHAs) are not just foot soldiers of the Government of India in delivering crucial maternal and child health services to communities and villages in the country, but they are also perceived as agents of change. Since they work at the grassroots level engaging directly with communities, they are crucial in disseminating information promoting healthy behaviours, in the context of sanitation, health and hygiene. Engaging them in the Indore initiative with the right interpersonal communication skills helped to bridge the existing gap between the knowledge and practice of sanitation.

For the engagement of these frontline health workers, orientation programmes were held at the district and block level. Orientation of the ICDS supervisors, Child Development Project Officers and selected Anganwadi Workers was done at the district level during the five-day CATS training whereas all the ASHA and AWWs were

orientated at the block level. Discussion with ASHA/AWW on topics such as faecal-oral route and its impact on health successfully developed their understanding on how the practice of open defecation impacts community health and how sanitation leads to better health and nutrition.

In the ODF journey of Indore (rural) approximately 300 ASHAs and 610 AWWs were actively involved and played a crucial role in term of creating a positive environment for women’s engagement, connecting the community and uniting them to achieve a single goal. AWWs and ASHAs provided a focussed energy to the Mahila Nigrani Dal for morning follow-ups (Monitoring) and acted as a common thread between the community and other sanitation workers.

Following are the key benefits of the women’s engagement in sanitation programmes through AWWs & ASHAs:

• Enthusiastic involvement of women from the communities for monitoring

• Increased participation of women from the local communities

• Development of ownership among the women

Finally, over regular and sustained periods of engagement and discussions, the community understood and perceived the benefits of maintaining good sanitation behaviours. ODF status of villages is not the end of the journey. Frontline health workers are still active and are working to sustain the behaviour of using toilets and promoting hand washing with soap at critical times, safe disposal of child excreta and safe handling of drinking water.

Women Vigilance Committees

Photo courtesy @ Sabir Iqbal

Page 33: INDORE DISTRICT’S BATTLE TO END OPEN … Swachhata Sangram 3 Indore Swachhata Sangram Indore District’s Battle to End Open Defecation Zid Karo campaign by school children in Indore

33 Indore Swachhata Sangram |

A PCO (Panchayat Coordination Officer) was strategically made a part of each motivator’s team. Inclusion of PCOs in this process helped to ensure smooth facilitation at the village level as PCOs were acquainted with the influential people in the village. This rapport helped to generate an effective response and manage any challenge faced.

During implementation, a significant role was played by the senior officials of the District Panchayat. The District Collector, District CEO, District Panchayat President and officials from various line departments (Education, Health, DoPRD, Women and Child Development, Agriculture, Revenue) actively participated in the morning follow-up visits to various villages, starting at 4 a.m. Such enthusiastic involvement of these officials was very impactful as it restored the belief among the field level workforce to the success of the programme.

“In my opinion, there are three key tools of creating behaviour change to eradicate open defecation: creating disgust (by indirectly inducing the realisation of ingesting faeces), inculcating shame and talking about dignity (self-respect of female members of the community).

Some of the triggering tools were so vivid that people used to vomit during these sessions. This was effective in creating the feeling of disgust among the community members. Consequently, the community became the key drivers that led to the success of this social movement.

- Rajesh Dixit Deputy Commissioner, District Indore

- Varad Murti Mishra, District Panchayat CEO, Indore

In this way, within the first month of implementation 35 GPs had attained ODF status. Most of these GPs included the ones where the initial target of toilet construction was relatively low. Initial success created a favourable environment to scale up the implementation of CATS.

Strategy

Covering all institutional set-ups including schools, Anganwadi, Health Centre, with sanitation facilities is critical for achieving ODF

Concurrent triggering activities in various GPs revealed that the sarpanches of a few GPs were not actively interested in this cause, and this was hindering the attainment of ODF. Therefore, the District CEO and District Collector intervened and held a meeting with about 50 sarpanches from across the district.

Sanwer was the first block to attain ODF status. This was followed by Depalpur, Mhow and Indore. Once the CATS process was streamlined and implementation work was smoothly underway, the district adopted some innovative community engagement initiatives which helped to further boost the Indore Swacchata Sangram. It was realised that the involvement of all stakeholders through different channels could bring the desired success within a stipulated timeframe. Thus, community mobilization was restricted to triggering and follow-up, it was extended further through three community mobilization activities - Zid Karo Abhiyan, Garv Yatra and Sharm Yatra. While Zid Karo Abhiyan motivated the school children, Garv Yatra and Sharm Yatra involved the villagers and were meant to instil a sense of pride amongst ODF communities and a sense of shame among non-ODF communities, respectively. The idea behind these mobilization activities was to encourage the involvement of all community stakeholders in a continuous manner and to inculcate a sense of ownership for the programme.

Page 34: INDORE DISTRICT’S BATTLE TO END OPEN … Swachhata Sangram 3 Indore Swachhata Sangram Indore District’s Battle to End Open Defecation Zid Karo campaign by school children in Indore

34 | Indore Swachhata Sangram

Zid Karo AbhiyanIn Hindi, “Zid karo” means to repeatedly insist for something until the demand gets fulfilled. The guiding strategy of the Zid Karo Abhiyan is to recognise children as one of the primary channels to reach out to the community and households. The children are tactfully influenced to motivate their parents for constructing and utilizing a household toilet. The Zid Karo Abhiyan was not a sporadic initiative that was carried out in a few select GPs, rather the district administration ensured structured operational modalities through micro-planning which covered almost all schools in the district in a time bound manner. The planning involved piloting of the idea, identification and estimation of available human resources, capacity building of implementers and mobilization of students to influence their families.

It was essential to plan the school triggering along with the community triggering. Usually in the village, school triggering was conducted on the same day or the day after the community triggering. This helped us to convince the community effectively. We used three tools to sensitize children at Magadkhera; explaining the oral faecal route through flies, economic burden due to open defecation and talking about the compromised privacy and self-respect of women. We asked children how they felt when their sisters and mothers used to go out to defecate in the open. This highly impacted them and motivated them to insist for a toilet in their house.

- Himanshu Awasthi CATS resource person

Observing the impact of the Magarkhera experiment, it was realised that the engagement of children could fetch results more efficiently. The District CEO took a personal interest in the school intervention and a subsequent demonstration of school triggering was conducted in Paliya GP of Sanwer block. A group of motivators, district level officers, including the District CEO, administered the process. Subsequently, a district level implementation plan of school triggering was developed to carry out this activity across the all schools of the district in a time bound manner. The term Zid Karo Abhiyan was coined. To implement the activity, a pool of 50 Academic Cluster Coordinators (Jan Shikshak) was selected. In November 2015, a five-day CATS training was imparted to all Jan Shikshaks at the District Panchayat and a detailed plan for school triggering was shared for their respective areas. Within a span of two months, more than 250 GPs were covered under school triggering. The Zid Karo Abhiyan was simultaneously implemented with community triggering to accelerate the impact at the GP level.

Champion of Zid Karo AbhiyanHimanshu Awathi took a personal interest and provided leadership at the community level to make Zid Karo Abhiyan a successful initiative. He is an expert trainer on CATS and has extensive experience of implementing CATS in eleven states across India. In 2015, on initiation of the Indore Swachhata Sangram, Himanshu was entrusted with the task of providing handholding support to the motivators. Besides conducting triggering in more than 50 GPs, he took the lead role to conceptualise the Zid Karo Abhiyan. A trainer, Himanshu was well-versed with the institutional context, student behaviour and the intricacies of teacher–student interaction. He was one of the key stakeholders for micro-planning of the Zid Karo Abhiyan. It was his extensive experience and devotion that made a difference towards successfully motivating children to actively participate in the programme.

In November 2015, first school triggering was organized in the primary school of Magarkhera GP in Sanwer block. As the result of the triggering, a large number of young boys and girls took active part in the ODF initiative in the GP. For the first time Indore witnessed a large participation of children in the Village Vigilance Committee. They enthusiastically participated in vigilance visits during the early hours of the day and thus played a pivotal role towards convincing their parents to construct toilets and stop defecating in open.

Page 35: INDORE DISTRICT’S BATTLE TO END OPEN … Swachhata Sangram 3 Indore Swachhata Sangram Indore District’s Battle to End Open Defecation Zid Karo campaign by school children in Indore

35 Indore Swachhata Sangram |

Formation of Vanar Senas

““

I and my group of friends would go around the village shouting slogans and imploring people to stop defecating in the open. We would stop in front of our houses during the rally and publicly request our parents with folded hands to construct a toilet.

- Suman 10 years, member of village Vanar Sena

School triggering through Zid Karo Abhiyan successfully engaged a large pool of young children who contributed significantly to make their village open defecation free. These children were popularly known as Vanar Sena (Monkey Soldiers). The members of the Vanar Sena nagged, insisted and pleaded with their parents for a household toilet. They also took active participation in early morning vigilance to stop open defecation. They carried a bag of ashes and followed open defecators to cover their faeces. In many places they had whistles to alert the villagers whenever they spotted individuals defecating in the open. They would often pester the open defecators to the extent that at times they would overturn the dabbas13 carried by the villagers. In every village, the Vanar Sena conducted rallies shouting slogans to create awareness amongst the villagers. They became very popular throughout the district and were identified as a key motivator to inculcate behaviour change. They also received special appreciation from the CM and a cash incentive during the ODF declaration ceremony.

Picture: Members of the Vanar Sena

13Plastic or metal pot used to carry water by people when they go for open defecation

Ph

oto

cou

rtesy @ D

istrict Ad

min

istration

Ind

ore

Page 36: INDORE DISTRICT’S BATTLE TO END OPEN … Swachhata Sangram 3 Indore Swachhata Sangram Indore District’s Battle to End Open Defecation Zid Karo campaign by school children in Indore

36 | Indore Swachhata Sangram

Garv Yatra and Sharm Yatra

Garv Yatra (walk of pride) and Sharm Yatra (walk of shame) were two unique activities planned under the Indore Swacchata Sangram to engage communities across villages and infuse a sense of awareness and involvement at the grassroots level. At the beginning it was realized that it would be more effective if the community itself highlights its achievements and acknowledges the gaps. Garv Yatra and Sharm Yatra were nothing but a mass public acknowledgment of pride and shame by the community itself.

Indore successfully achieved 35 ODF villages within one month of the campaign. By that time, the administration identified many villages that were less cooperative and where the public opinion was not congenial to accept the initiative. The administration thus decided to showcase ODF villages and encourage the community at large. The first Garv Yatra was organized in Galonda GP and people from the neighbouring ODF villages also participated in the rally. Senior government officials took part in the event and acknowledged the achievement by the community. The event not only inculcated a sense of achievement, but the villagers also felt a

sense of ownership and pride in their success. At the same time the event generated some enthusiasm and competitiveness amongst the villages who were not ODF by that time. Following the event, each ODF GP carried out a Garv Yatra on the first day of every month to showcase their success and also encourage other GPs.

Similarly, to create a momentum in the villages which were yet to achieve ODF status, a Sharm Yatra was organized at the first day of every month until they became ODF. This walk of shame was able to generate a sense of discomfort amongst the community. During the walk, participants would plead to the villagers to construct and use a toilet at their home and publicly request them to stop defecating in the open. At the end of rally, participants would burn the water containers which were used for open defecation. The activity was popularly termed as “Lota Jalao Abhiyan” which symbolically represented the community’s conviction to become open defecation free.

Ph

oto

cou

rtesy @ D

istrict Ad

min

istration

Ind

ore

Walk o

f prid

e "Garv Yatra"

Page 37: INDORE DISTRICT’S BATTLE TO END OPEN … Swachhata Sangram 3 Indore Swachhata Sangram Indore District’s Battle to End Open Defecation Zid Karo campaign by school children in Indore

37 Indore Swachhata Sangram |

C. Monitoring and reporting process:

It is important to understand that two parallel processes were taking place at the GP level: demand-side and supply-side. The triggering activities to generate demand were carried out by the motivators and PCOs. Simultaneously, this demand was met by ensuring smooth supply leading to the construction of toilets. Indore district adopted an intensive monitoring mechanism across various levels to monitor both these processes, which contributed to the successful implementation of the entire programme.

Monitoring demand generation

All the motivators were required to fill-up a detailed 13 page reporting format during their five-day triggering session in a particular village. This format is provided by the District Panchayat and is divided into four components capturing the following details:

• Form A: Details of the pre-triggering activity in the community

• Form B: Details of the triggering activity in the community

• Form C: Details on the toilet construction activity in the community

• Form D: Details on the monitoring and follow-up activity in the community

This report was submitted to their respective Block Coordinators on a weekly basis, who in turn would compile and submit to the District Panchayat where this information was analysed. In this way, the District Panchayat had consolidated information of the number of villages that have been triggered using the CATS approach at any point in time.

Additionally, meetings of the motivators were conducted by their respective Block Coordinators on a fortnightly basis which helped to track progress as well as share the problems faced by the motivators during triggering activities.

The Block Coordinators and PCOs provided continuous support to the motivators. Local support by the sarpanch was ensured by the PCOs as they have a good rapport with the PRI representatives of the villages for which they are responsible for. Moreover, through the social media platform WhatsApp®, all stakeholders at the block and community level were directly linked to the district administration, which ensured regular monitoring of their activities. The motivators would often post pictures of successful triggering activities as well as raise any issues faced by them during the triggering sessions.

Photo courtesy @ Sabir IqbalCommunity monitoring

Page 38: INDORE DISTRICT’S BATTLE TO END OPEN … Swachhata Sangram 3 Indore Swachhata Sangram Indore District’s Battle to End Open Defecation Zid Karo campaign by school children in Indore

38 | Indore Swachhata Sangram

Monitoring smooth supply: Construction of toilets

The GP Secretaries were given the task of compiling information on the progress of construction work in their respective GP on a weekly basis. They captured information related to the number of pits dug, lining of pits, number of completed sub-structures and number of completed toilets. This was compiled by the PCO and submitted to the Block Panchayat, who in turn compiled it and shared it with the District Panchayat for its review.

This format was shared with the GP Secretaries at the orientation workshop at Indore. Therefore, some of the information such as number of houses where toilets

are to be constructed (bifurcated by APL/BPL), number of defunct toilets, number of households who are not eligible under SBM-G etc., was already captured before the triggering activity.

Additionally, a weekly meeting was held with the GP Secretaries at the block level, where the SBM-G District Coordinator/In-charge and Additional Chief Executive Officer monitored the progress of the toilets constructed in their respective GPs.

Activity Follow-up Mobilization Monitoring

— Toilet construction— Supply of raw material— VAP progress

monitoring— Availability of mason

— Individual mobilization through Inter Personal Communication

— Community mobilization• Zid Karo Abhiyan• Sharam Yatra• Garv Yatra

— Toilet construction, completion and usage

— Reduction of open defecation

— Morning evening follow-up by vigilance committee

Rozgar Sahayak Sarpanch Motivator Village Vigilance

Committee

Motivators SBM-G staff Teachers Natural Leaders

Sarpanch Secretary Rozgar Sahayak

Figure 9: Follow-up and monitoring process at the village level

Page 39: INDORE DISTRICT’S BATTLE TO END OPEN … Swachhata Sangram 3 Indore Swachhata Sangram Indore District’s Battle to End Open Defecation Zid Karo campaign by school children in Indore

39 Indore Swachhata Sangram |

Strategy to deal with the problem of defunct toilets: The baseline assessment revealed that there were approximately 8,000 defunct toilets across the district; these households were not entitled to avail incentives under the SBM-G. To address this problem, funds were raised through financial contributions by various political leaders. Moreover, defunct toilets were not prioritized at the beginning of the programme. It was thought that initially targeting the households who were entitled to SBM-G funds would positively influence some of the families with defunct toilets.

Local masons from the community were engaged in construction of toilets; majority of these were leach-pit toilets. The Sub-engineer would carry out demonstration of a toilet construction at every village. All the masons of the area attended this demonstration and were, thus, trained on the technique of constructing a toilet. The Sub-engineers, Sarpanch and other Panchayat members were responsible to ensure the quality and progress of work done by the masons at the village level. Payments were ensured by individual households; however there was a

special provision for economically weaker households at some places, where the Panchayat would provide them with loans to support the construction of toilets.

At the community level, Sub-engineers, Assistant Engineers and PCOs were the nodal officers responsible for ensuring the quality of construction work. Supply of construction material was ensured by the Sarpanch and Secretary. Any issue in terms of supply of material was immediately escalated to the block administration for the required support. Additionally, the district administration provided a web-based portal enlisting suitable suppliers for providing construction material. Periodic monitoring and coordination by the district level functionaries ensured uninterrupted supply of construction material.

A robust communication mechanism was in place across various levels of functionaries which helped to ensure smooth implementation, sharing of challenges faced and speedy mitigation of these challenges. The same has been illustrated in the figure below:

Figure 10: Communication framework across various levels (to ensure smooth monitoring)

CEO, District Panchayat

Dy. Commissioner

CEO, Block Panchayat

Block Coordinator

PCOs

Motivators

Seek report on Block wise PCO movement

Ensure daily cluster wise PCO team involvement

Ensure motivators movements

Rea

l tim

e up

date

usi

ng

Wha

tsA

pp®

Issues Faced at village/ Absence of team member

Daily Weekly

Meeting at block levelDistrict Officials

Panchayat Secretory, GRS, PCOs, ADEOs, Sub Engineer, Assistant

Engineers

Daily Update

Daily Update

District Level

Block Level

Cluster Level

Gram Panchayat Level

Daily Update

Daily Update

Reporting in-person

Page 40: INDORE DISTRICT’S BATTLE TO END OPEN … Swachhata Sangram 3 Indore Swachhata Sangram Indore District’s Battle to End Open Defecation Zid Karo campaign by school children in Indore

40 | Indore Swachhata Sangram

Using Social Media as a tool to monitor and to create a platform for open communication

The social media platform WhatsApp®, was very efficiently utilised for prompt communication among multiple levels of implementers. This helped in sharing progress, problems faced during implementation, concurrent monitoring and recognising achievement. A three tier monitoring mechanism was in place on WhatsApp® (three levels of WhatsApp® groups were in existence):

• Village cluster level: consisting of members of the Vigilance Committee and motivators of the respective village

• Block level: consisting of block level officials, respective block motivators and community members

• District level: consisting of all motivators and officials across all levels, district and block

Challenges Mitigation Measures

Challenges faced as a result of ‘outsiders’ conducting triggering sessions in the village

PCO would accompany each team of motivator during the five-day visit

Some GPs were lagging behind due to less interest of their Sarpanch/s

District CEO and District Collector held a meeting with about 50 sarpanches from across the district

Monitoring progress at the village level on a daily basis Use of social media (WhatsApp®) to instantaneously connect across all levels (district, block, GP)

Construction of toilets in unauthorised settlements, encroached areas, dhabas and petrol pumps

The Sub-Divisional Magistrate (SDM) was engaged and played a key role in this

This close knit spectrum acted as a real time monitoring mechanism, where problems were immediately highlighted and consequently solutions were immediately identified. Regular communication through this medium eliminated the hesitation to approach senior officials at any time of the day, which was a significant achievement. Frequent communication was also actively encouraged by the officials themselves. This strengthened progress of the Indore Swachhata Sangram. WhatsApp® was a convenient medium to circulate visual evidence of work progress, through photographs of triggering and follow-up sessions as well as construction activities.

To summarize, some of the challenges faced at the implementation stage and the mitigation measures adopted are mentioned below:

Salient features at the implementation phase

• Comprehensive and detailed implementation plan prepared for 120 days; four months

• Community targeted between 4 a.m. to 8 a.m. since the practice of open defecation is noted to be higher during the early hours of the day

• Frequent and persistent communication at all levels; with the community, motivators and various other stakeholders, to reinforce the importance of sanitation (through frequent and periodic meetings)

• Active involvement of women and children

• Dedicated cadre of motivators

As a conclusion to the implementation phase, the salient features of this phase are presented below:

Page 41: INDORE DISTRICT’S BATTLE TO END OPEN … Swachhata Sangram 3 Indore Swachhata Sangram Indore District’s Battle to End Open Defecation Zid Karo campaign by school children in Indore

41 Indore Swachhata Sangram |

D. Verification process and declaration of ODF

A robust multi-level verification process was employed which aided in the declaration of ODF status. This process involved officials from various government line departments, including Women and Child Development Department, Department of Agriculture, Public Health and Engineering Department, Sub-Divisional Magistrates, students from the Indian Institute of Management (IIM) Indore, among others. Since most of these people were oriented on the CATS method during the training workshop at Indore, they could effectively carry out the verification process.

The process started with a GP submitting a proposal to the Block Panchayat declaring itself to have achieved an ODF status. The Block Panchayat would conduct 100 percent verification of households through the Sub-engineers, ICDS (Integrated Child Development Scheme) Supervisors, PCOs (Panchayat Coordinating Officers) and ADEOs. The block level verification was conducted with-in two to three days of village-level declaration and within the subsequent two days, a report was sent to the District Panchayat office. Each file was scrutinized and 100 percent verification was carried out by the District

Panchayat. The district level verification was conducted within 15 to 30 days of receiving the reports from the respective blocks.

The verification team at the district level were provided with a file containing all the relevant information pertaining to the GP to be visited. This included a map of the GP marked with the prime open defecation sites, details on the date of triggering, date of ODF declaration, population of the GP, and a line list of all the households.

A detailed six page format of a verification checklist was adopted based on government direction to support the verification team’s observations during the verification visit. The officials assembled at the District Panchayat between 3:30 a.m. to 4 a.m., They were then divided into teams and were randomly assigned villages for verification. It was decided to spend the early morning hours (between 5 a.m. to 8 a.m.) in the village as this is the time when most people defecate in the open.

A third level of verification was conducted under the administration of the State level officials of the SBM-G. The help of students from IIM Indore was taken to conduct the verification visits on a random basis. ODF validation in the year 2015 was built on the existing opportunity of a six day Rural Immersion programme of IIM students. Between 30th November 2015 to 5th December 2015, 580 Students of IIM Indore were engaged for validation of ODF status. The validation covered sanitation practices at households, schools, anganwadi centres. Both qualitative and quantitative data was collected through designated questionnaires. As part of the process, 20 GPs of Indore were verified by the students.

In this way, a stringent and systematic verification procedure helped to ensure speedy ODF declaration followed by smooth fund transfer.

ChecklistActivities performed between 5 a.m. to 8 a.m.

Physically check Open Defecation sites

Interview few villagers on general scenario

Visit to 10% sample households and fill the verification formats

Verify school and AWC toilets

Mention remarks and recommendations

Declare village OD or ODF

Figure 11: Activities carried out during verification by the district level

Page 42: INDORE DISTRICT’S BATTLE TO END OPEN … Swachhata Sangram 3 Indore Swachhata Sangram Indore District’s Battle to End Open Defecation Zid Karo campaign by school children in Indore

42 | Indore Swachhata Sangram

ODF Self declaration by Gram Panchayat

Primary Verification visit (100%) at the block level

Based on the findings, a report is sent to district level on a

weekly basis

• Officials of various government departments are organized into teams

• Allocated villages for secondary independent verification, without prior intimation

Re-verification required

Village declared ODF

1st level

2nd level

• State level verification carried out by students of IIM Indore

• Allocated villages for independent verification

3rd level

Figure 12: Verification process

E. Incentivising beneficiaries: Fund disbursement

The GRS14 (Gram Rozgar Saahayak) and GP Secretaries were responsible for recording the status of completed toilets at the GP level. The process involved taking a photograph of the completed toilet, which was uploaded to the MIS database at the block level. Additionally, a pre-designed completion certificate was to be filled for each toilet constructed. This certificate was signed by the beneficiary, GP Sarpanch, GP Secretary and GRS, after which it would be verified by the PCO and sent to the Block Panchayat. The Block Panchayat would conduct physical verification of this (as mentioned in the previous section) and submit the list of completed toilets to the District Panchayat.

The District Panchayat would check the completion certificate along with all the applicable documents (such as bills and vouchers15), and subsequently disburse the funds. The fund was disbursed in two instalments: INR 6,000 upon completion of the sub-structure and INR 6,000 upon completion of the entire structure.

Fund disbursal was done in two ways:

In case an individual households has spent the money to construct an Individual House Hold Latrine (IHHL) on its own

In case the Panchayat has provided support to construct the IHHL

Fund is directly transferred to the account of the household

Fund is directly paid to the material suppliers, masons and wage labourers

Scanned document: Completion certificate

14GRS is a functionary of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), who was involved in the sanitation programme15Pertaining to material purchased and payment to masons

Page 43: INDORE DISTRICT’S BATTLE TO END OPEN … Swachhata Sangram 3 Indore Swachhata Sangram Indore District’s Battle to End Open Defecation Zid Karo campaign by school children in Indore

43 Indore Swachhata Sangram |

Ph

oto

cou

rtesy @ D

istrict Ad

min

istration

Ind

ore

Mem

bers o

f Vanar S

ena

Page 44: INDORE DISTRICT’S BATTLE TO END OPEN … Swachhata Sangram 3 Indore Swachhata Sangram Indore District’s Battle to End Open Defecation Zid Karo campaign by school children in Indore

44 | Indore Swachhata Sangram

An important initiative at this stage was transferring funds to the beneficiary through Real-Time Gross Settlement System (RTGS) which ensured payment of incentives within three days of claim submission. The RTGS also enabled the State SBM-G to track the fund requirement by the district on a continuous basis. This ensured a smooth and accelerated process of fund disbursement at all the levels; right from the State level to the beneficiary.

The entire programme was primarily funded using resources allocated to the district under the SBM-G, which were found to be sufficient for implementation activities across the district. Apart from this, a small portion of funds were raised through financial contributions by various political leaders. These resources were used to address the problem of defunct toilets in the district, and were utilized to construct toilets in 8,000 households who were not entitled to avail incentives under the SBM-G.

It is important to note that the fund disbursement process was distinct from the ODF verification of the entire community. Individual households would receive their respective incentive amount as their individual toilets were constructed. This helped to achieve the result more promptly and also created a positive influence among the community members that they would receive their entitlement.

• Block Coordinator• CEO at Block Office

• District Coordinator SBM-G

• PCO

GP• Toilet Constructed

• Toilet under

construction• Gram Rozgar Sahayak• Panchayat Secretary • sarpanch

Spot Verification

File Verification –First level

MIS update

Approval

File Verification –Second level

Amount released

Voucher verified

Passbook verified

Deputy Commissioner, Department of RD

Accounts officer

CEOPayment is released through RTGS

Preparing Completion Report

Village

LevelBlock

LevelD

istrict Level

3-days

2-days

3-days

Catalogue update

Figure 13: Fund disbursement to beneficiaries

Page 45: INDORE DISTRICT’S BATTLE TO END OPEN … Swachhata Sangram 3 Indore Swachhata Sangram Indore District’s Battle to End Open Defecation Zid Karo campaign by school children in Indore

45 Indore Swachhata Sangram |

Results Achieved

Within a short span of four months the entire Indore district, along with its 312 GPs, was able to attain ODF status. Sanwer was the first block to become ODF on 29th December 2015; this was followed by Depalpur, Mhow and Indore. The entire district was felicitated for this achievement by the Honourable Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh, Mr Shivraj Singh Chouhan, in a grand ceremony on 25th January 2016. The achievement was a matter of great pride for the State as Indore was the first district with ODF GPs in Madhya Pradesh, and the second in India. As a result, it also received a huge amount of media coverage.

The Chief Secretary GoMP, Mr Antony DeSa, IAS, also visited Indore prior to the Honourable Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh attending the district level function. Mr. DeSa visited Ushapura village of Depalpur block. As he was briefed about the community approaches that were undertaken for achieving total sanitation, he interacted with the members of the vigilance committee to understand the process through which the community was able to achieve this remarkable milestone. The Chief Secretary also interacted with the team of motivators, who facilitated the community to reach a consensus on becoming ODF, and was impressed with their efforts to mobilize and motivate the community. Mr DeSa was highly appreciative of the Indore model and said that efforts should be made to replicate the model in other districts as well.

Newspaper clipping of Chief Secretary's visit to Indore

Page 46: INDORE DISTRICT’S BATTLE TO END OPEN … Swachhata Sangram 3 Indore Swachhata Sangram Indore District’s Battle to End Open Defecation Zid Karo campaign by school children in Indore

46 | Indore Swachhata Sangram

Way Forward: Ensuring Sustainability

““

Rigorous monitoring and follow-up visits for six to seven months (until August 2016) will surely inculcate a habit of defecating in a toilet, and result in self-sustainability.

- Dr Varad Murti Mishra District Panchayat CEO, Indore

Page 47: INDORE DISTRICT’S BATTLE TO END OPEN … Swachhata Sangram 3 Indore Swachhata Sangram Indore District’s Battle to End Open Defecation Zid Karo campaign by school children in Indore

47 Indore Swachhata Sangram |

Ph

oto

cou

rtesy @ D

istrict Ad

min

istration

Ind

ore

Op

en D

efecation

meetin

g

Page 48: INDORE DISTRICT’S BATTLE TO END OPEN … Swachhata Sangram 3 Indore Swachhata Sangram Indore District’s Battle to End Open Defecation Zid Karo campaign by school children in Indore

48 | Indore Swachhata Sangram

1. Direct ownership of the District Collector and District CEO was paramount in spearheading the entire initiative. This helped in smooth and timely execution of the programme and provided the necessary leadership.

2. Prior to starting the initiative, it was realized that the success could only be achieved through working in mission mode. Thus, at the beginning, the district needed to have a pre-defined timeline for the initiative. The quantum of work was considered while defining the timeline.

3. Before rolling-out a programme, a baseline survey, across all GPs, was carried out to by the district administration, to the quantum of work. The district did not depend solely on MDWS 2012 survey.

4. Training on CATS was effectively imparted to administrative officials, as well as political persons, religious leaders, teachers, frontline workers, among others. Officers and duty bearers at different levels were directly involved in implementation. They took part in the community triggering activities. An official notice was circulated for designating the trained officials to morning follow-up visits and the ODF verification process. Thus, at the village level, vigilance committees and motivators had continuous support to accomplish their objectives without facing much difficulty.

5. The focus shifted from “toilet” to “open defecation site”. The mission focused on stopping people from defecating in the open. Thus, throughout the implementation process, morning follow-up visits to stop open defecation were given utmost importance.

6. The Panchayat Coordinating Officers (PCOs) provided immense support at the community level. PCOs were effectively engaged during the tenure of the programme.

7. Motivators were strategically kept delinked from any issues related to incentivizing beneficiaries. Their only objective was to motivate people to stop open defecation and to use toilets. This helped the motivators to retain the trust of the community and to work closely with them.

8. A strong monitoring system was established and followed during the implementation period. During the tenure of implementation, weekly monitoring meetings were conducted by senior level district officers to track progress. WhatsApp® was used to create a virtual group to provide close supervision. This enabled the administration to mitigate issues within a short span of time. Moreover, it inculcated a sense of support and confidence for all the frontline workers who were involved in the movement.

9. To ensure seamless and quick payment, an online fund transfer mechanism was used to disburse incentives to the beneficiaries. This reduced the time to process the payment and thus helped to build trust within the community. The incentive was given as soon as the beneficiary constructed the IHHL.

10. At the community level, an array of innovative activities like- Zid Karo Abhiyan, Garv Yatra, Sharm Yatra, were planned and systematically implemented which continuously engaged people towards a single goal of eradicating open defecation.

11. The district successfully advocated involving public representatives. Many members of the legislative assembly contributed financially and advocated for the programme at their respective constituencies.

Indore district meticulously followed some basic rules of programme implementation to make its initiative successful and to achieve results in a short span of time. Following are the lessons learnt from the experiences of the Indore ODF initiative.

Page 49: INDORE DISTRICT’S BATTLE TO END OPEN … Swachhata Sangram 3 Indore Swachhata Sangram Indore District’s Battle to End Open Defecation Zid Karo campaign by school children in Indore

49 Indore Swachhata Sangram |

However, at this juncture, the success of the Indore Swachhata Sangram depends on how robust a strategy has been adopted for ensuring sustainability of ODF status. It is essential to sustain the momentum that has been created at the time of implementation of the program, both at the implementer’s level and at the community level. Intensive monitoring, supportive supervision, formation of community level institutions (such as Vigilance Committees) and provision of incentives to identify open defecators, have been some of the key measures adopted for sustainability.

More specifically, to minimise reversal, a continuous monitoring mechanism has been put in place by the district to run until August 2016. At the District Panchayat, three officials per day carry out monitoring visits across three to four GPs. A similar practice is followed at the Block Panchayat. Additionally, on an average the District

Collector and District CEO carry out monitoring visits three times in a month. All the four Blocks Coordinators also monitor about five GPs on a daily basis. Further, at the GP level regular morning follow-up visits are carried out by the motivators and Vigilance Committees. Moreover, a WhatsApp® number has been circulated from the district level to report any violation. A penal provision of INR 300 is in place for the violators. Such a mechanism should help to maintain the momentum created during the Indore Swatchta Sangram.

Secondly, a sanitation tax has been initiated at the GP level to be used for development and sustainability of ODF status. This will provide a source of revenue to the GPs which can be used for the construction of drains, community toilets, provision of dust-bins, and other such measures linked to the overall sanitation of the GP.

Sustaining ODF status (Over one year)

District level team

Block level team

GP level team

Team of 2/3 District Officials

Early morning follow ups/ 4-5 GPs/day

Block Coordinators and PCOs

Early morning follow ups/ 3-5 GPs/day

Village Vigilance Committees and Motivators

Early morning and evening follow ups/day

ODF Plus activities

• Solid and liquid waste management

• Developing and strengthening community sanitation facilities (community toilets, reviving and new construction of drains)

• Utilization of waste water

• Continuous engagement of motivators in community mobilization

• WhatsApp number in place to report violations

• Penal provision of INR 300 in place for the violators

• Sign boards placed at the village level for action against violators

Figure 14: Select measures to ensure sustainability

Page 50: INDORE DISTRICT’S BATTLE TO END OPEN … Swachhata Sangram 3 Indore Swachhata Sangram Indore District’s Battle to End Open Defecation Zid Karo campaign by school children in Indore

50 | Indore Swachhata Sangram

All the aforementioned initiatives are an extension of the Indore Swacchata Sangram and are known as ODF Plus. On the one hand, ODF Plus is undertaken to ensure sustainability of the ODF status and on the other hand, it advocates for initiatives such as solid and liquid waste management, strengthening sanitary toilets, among others. Further, it is interesting to note that the local government has been trying to complement ODF Plus with similar government initiatives such as Gram Uday se Bharat Uday, which are currently going on.

Going forward, at the State level, the Madhya Pradesh SBM-G department is working towards the following:

• Establishing CATS in all the districts and blocks of the State. This would also include the presence and active engagement of trained motivators at the community level.

• Ensuring efficient fund transfer at all levels: district, block, GP and beneficiary

• Introducing solid and liquid waste management (SLWM) at the GP level once a GP has attained ODF status

To conclude, the Indore ODF model has demonstrated that meticulous planning, effective training, good governance, dedicated motivators and empowered community institutions (Vigilance Committees) are important for the success of CATS. However, upscaling the model across other districts may require contextualization of its key components. Thus, prior to initiating CATS in other districts, situational surveys are might be considered to understand the perspective and attitude of stakeholders. An informed implementation strategy shall help the state to achieve the desired results efficiently.

Photo courtesy @ District Administration IndoreVanar Sena members participating in ODF declaration event

Page 51: INDORE DISTRICT’S BATTLE TO END OPEN … Swachhata Sangram 3 Indore Swachhata Sangram Indore District’s Battle to End Open Defecation Zid Karo campaign by school children in Indore

51 Indore Swachhata Sangram |

Page 52: INDORE DISTRICT’S BATTLE TO END OPEN … Swachhata Sangram 3 Indore Swachhata Sangram Indore District’s Battle to End Open Defecation Zid Karo campaign by school children in Indore

52 | Indore Swachhata Sangram

Stories from the Field

Page 53: INDORE DISTRICT’S BATTLE TO END OPEN … Swachhata Sangram 3 Indore Swachhata Sangram Indore District’s Battle to End Open Defecation Zid Karo campaign by school children in Indore

53 Indore Swachhata Sangram |

Ph

oto

cou

rtesy @ S

abir Iq

bal

Mem

bers o

f Vanar S

ena celeb

rating

OD

F status

Page 54: INDORE DISTRICT’S BATTLE TO END OPEN … Swachhata Sangram 3 Indore Swachhata Sangram Indore District’s Battle to End Open Defecation Zid Karo campaign by school children in Indore

54 | Indore Swachhata Sangram

Simrol is a large GP in Mhow block consisting of 2,452 households across five villages. In February 2015 Mr Dinesh Silwadia (Male, 48 years) became the Sarpanch of the Gram Panchayat. At the beginning he was very concerned with the sanitation condition of his village as all drains of his village were choked and overflowing on the road. To improve basic sanitation and the waste disposal facility at his GP, he appointed sweepers from Indore city who used to come daily to Simrol to clean the sewage and reconstruct all the drains in the GP. With his painstaking efforts, within the first month of his term, all drains became functional. But the real challenge was yet to come.

When, the Indore Swachhata Sangram was rolled out, he actively took part in the initiative for the betterment of his GP. At that time almost 400 families were identified in Simrol who did not have a toilet and out of them only 40 families were eligible for incentives from the government. The remaining households had received benefits under previous sanitation programmes of the Government. For Dinesh, It was a challenge to convince all 360 households to construct a IHHL without any financial support from the government. Initially, he approached the women of those households and tried to convince them. At the same time, he innovated a low cost toilet. An iron drum was used and this was placed in the pit and perforated in a circular manner across its body to create an artificial, low cost and durable leach pit. The superstructure was constructed with bamboo poles and covered with closely knitted jute net. To make the net opaque and durable a mix of a locally available adhesive and white paint was used. The roof was covered by a light weight locally available asbestos sheet. The total construction cost of the toilet, including material, was approximately INR 3,200. The low cost toilets became an instant success amongst villagers. Within a period of two months, Simrol was able to attain ODF status. The low cost toilet was appreciated across the district and was adopted in many villages. Although one may have apprehensions regarding the temporary super-structure of the low cost toilet, the enthusiasm and innovation of Mr. Dinesh is highly commendable.

Innovation in Simrol GP

Low-cost toilet

Stories from the Field

Page 55: INDORE DISTRICT’S BATTLE TO END OPEN … Swachhata Sangram 3 Indore Swachhata Sangram Indore District’s Battle to End Open Defecation Zid Karo campaign by school children in Indore

55 Indore Swachhata Sangram |

Sikandari village of Depalpur block comprises of 300 households. Till September 2015, only 99 households had a toilet and most of them were not in use. Various sanitation programmes had been running in the village for a long time but they failed to achieve the desired results. It is interesting to note that a majority of the households were eligible to receive the incentives and they were aware of this as well. However, the incentives were not enough to motivate the people to change their age old habit. The Sarpanch and GP Secretary were not able to create an acceptable environment for toilet use in the village. The situation drastically changed when the motivators conducted a triggering session in the village. On the day of triggering, it was a sense of disgust that influenced people’s mind and they collectively decided to make Sikandari open defecation free within a period of two months. To ensure community action, motivators halted in the village overnight and initiated toilet construction activity. Within one and a half month, Sikandari was able to become ODF. The villagers highly acknowledge the contribution of the motivators and attribute the entire success to the selfless effort of motivators. Sikandari is an ideal example of how triggering edged over monetary incentives.

Motivators made the difference

Case of Sikandari Village, Depalpur block

““

People don’t pay much attention to us. They do not give importance to our words either. When he (pointing at one motivator) and his companions came to our village and spoke to us about the ill-effects of open defecation, people gradually started taking things seriously.- Secretary of Women’s Group, Sikandari Village, Depalpur

Page 56: INDORE DISTRICT’S BATTLE TO END OPEN … Swachhata Sangram 3 Indore Swachhata Sangram Indore District’s Battle to End Open Defecation Zid Karo campaign by school children in Indore

56 | Indore Swachhata Sangram

Mr. Kailash (Male, 52 years) from village Lasudiya Parmar, was one of the most difficult people to be convinced for using a toilet. He is economically well-off and has a pukka toilet in his house since the last couple of years. While the women of his household were using the toilet, Kailash preferred to go outside for defecation because he had a habit of smoking and used to feel suffocated in the closed toilet. In Lasudiya Parmar, 280 households out of a total of 500 did not have toilets before September 2015. Nevertheless, there were many families, like Kailash’s, where only the female members were using the toilet. After a couple of personal interactions with the motivators, Kailash stopped going outside and started using the toilet at his house. He was very disgusted by the fact that he was unknowingly ingesting faeces and was afraid of the detrimental health consequences. Soon he decided to become the leader of the village Vigilance Committee. During this time, toilet construction activity in the village was going on at an accelerated pace. A Vigilance Committee was formed consisting of about 50 people under leadership of Mr. Kailash. Within a period of three months, all households constructed their toilets. But there was another challenge.

The village is situated close to a highway and there are a number of oil depots, motels and industrial storehouses situated in the vicinity. As a result, defecators from outside, especially, travellers and truck drivers, created much trouble for the village. As the defecators were not from the locality, it was very difficult to control or convince them. However, the village Vigilance Committee stood strong and confronted the issue. The Village Council imposed a fine on the motels and directed them to construct community toilets. Kailash, along with his team, dealt strongly with the open defecators from outside. The committee still continues daily vigilance, primarily on the outskirts of the village to stop defecators from outside. It is commendable that even after receiving ODF recognition, the community members were motivated to sustain their status.

Painstaking effort of the Village Vigilance Committee

Case of Lasudiya Parmar

Stories from the Field

Page 57: INDORE DISTRICT’S BATTLE TO END OPEN … Swachhata Sangram 3 Indore Swachhata Sangram Indore District’s Battle to End Open Defecation Zid Karo campaign by school children in Indore

57 Indore Swachhata Sangram |

Jaamniya Khurd is a small village in Indore block, consisting of 294 households. It was the first village to become ODF in Indore block. Prior to the Indore Swachhata Sangram, 50 households of the village did not have a toilet and they were part of an economically weaker hamlet, locally known by the name of Durg Ghati. The situation was difficult to manage as all these households were not entitled to get any incentives. Mr. Murli Byas (Male, 45 years), the Sarpanch, faced much difficulty to convince these households to construct toilets by spending their own money. They expected some financial support from District Panchayat. Murli was quick to decide a strategy of sharing toilets among the hamlet, to start with. The hamlet altogether had seven households with toilets at that time. Murli convinced all of them to share their toilets with the others, initially, to stop open defecation. For those who did not agree to access their neighbour’s toilet, Murli went up to the extent to follow them in the morning to the defecation site and covered their faeces with ash in front of them. Gradually, all of them started sharing toilets and building their own household toilets simultaneously. Murli also managed some funds from a community based organization known as Antim Sanskar Samiti (Funeral Committee). As the active President of the committee, Murli requested all members to come forward to support the initiative. The Committee has 50 members from the village who pool in funds to support the funeral rights and rituals for the impoverished families in the village. The Committee came forward and contributed INR 80,000 for construction of toilets in Durg Ghati. Within a record time, the village became open defecation free. Murli is now hopeful to receive the Ahiliya Gram Puraskar for being one of the first three ODF GPs in Indore district.

The Panchayat spearheaded the initiative

Case of Jaamniya Khurd village

Page 58: INDORE DISTRICT’S BATTLE TO END OPEN … Swachhata Sangram 3 Indore Swachhata Sangram Indore District’s Battle to End Open Defecation Zid Karo campaign by school children in Indore

58 | Indore Swachhata Sangram

Hemlata Yadav is a 21 year old young lady who works as a trained motivator in Depalpur block. She is currently pursuing an undergraduate degree in Commerce. For Nilima, working as motivator was a platform to get exposure to the outside world. She believes that her job has made her strong and confident enough to handle any situation. Although it was difficult to conduct triggering during the late hours of the day, she took it as a challenge and participated in almost all triggering sessions that took place in her cluster. She never missed any early morning follow-up visits either. According to her, each challenging situation during the morning follow-up visits has taught her a lesson. In many villages, she played the lead role to mobilize the women. She was never afraid and always felt a sense of security due to the close support of the district authorities, especially the District CEO. Hemlata thoroughly enjoys her work as a motivator and wants to continue such work by pursuing post graduate studies in the field of social work.

Story of Hemlata

A female motivator working in Depalpur block

Stories from the Field

Page 59: INDORE DISTRICT’S BATTLE TO END OPEN … Swachhata Sangram 3 Indore Swachhata Sangram Indore District’s Battle to End Open Defecation Zid Karo campaign by school children in Indore

59 Indore Swachhata Sangram |

Nilesh Nagar is a 24 year old young man who belongs to Depalpur block. He is one of the most active motivators. Dinesh still recalls his training with Feedback Foundation which changed his overall personality. It not only taught him about the CATS, but also taught him to be disciplined and punctual. Initially, Dinesh was unsure about the effectiveness of the method. But when he experienced field demonstration, he gained confidence and all his apprehensions disappeared. After that, he conducted triggering sessions on his own in more than 20 GPs and witnessed how successfully those GPs became ODF. With great enthusiasm and fervour he recalls one case of Ghasti village of Gohan GP which was particularly inspiring.

“A villager became agitated when his wife was confronted by the Vigilance Committee while she was going for defecating to an open site. The issue blew out of proportion and her husband took out a sword to threaten the Sarpanch and others. When I got to know about the case, I immediately reached there. The atmosphere was very hostile and nobody wanted to go to that person’s house. But I had the confidence and trust on what I had learnt and went to his house. Initially, he verbally abused me but gradually calmed down. I waited till that moment and took all his heat. I was not afraid at all. Later in the day, I spent some time with him and discussed his problems. The next day I went to his house again, tried to convince him and reiterated that I was talking in his favour and for the betterment for his village. At last, he gave in and within two weeks he constructed his own toilet.”

Dinesh is very satisfied and happy to be part of the team of motivators and wants to further contribute in similar activities.

Story of Nilesh Nagar

A motivator working in Depalpur block

“ “We need to trust our tools; I conducted triggering sessions in more than 20 GPs, and always had the confidence that I could tackle any situation and convince the people.

Page 60: INDORE DISTRICT’S BATTLE TO END OPEN … Swachhata Sangram 3 Indore Swachhata Sangram Indore District’s Battle to End Open Defecation Zid Karo campaign by school children in Indore

United Nation’s Children’s Fund (UNICEF)

Plot No:- 41-42, Polytechnic Colony,Shyamla Hills, Bhopal - 462013Madhya Pradesh, IndiaEmail: [email protected]

Zila Panchayat, Indore

Moti Tabela, Near Collector OfficeIndore - 452036Madhya Pradesh, IndiaEmail: [email protected]

State Swachha Bharat Mission (G)

Panchayat & Rural DevelopmentDepartmentSatpura Bhawan, Bhopal - 462004Madhya Pradesh, IndiaEmail: [email protected]

Photo courtesy @ Sabir Iqbal

For more information,contact: