indoor ventilation workshop
TRANSCRIPT
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Ventilation Basics and Beyond
Ventilation Basics and Beyond
Jeff Tiller, PECoordinator of Construction Technology program at
Appalachian State UniversityDirector of Southface - North Carolina office
828-262-6355/ FAX 828-264-2333
P.O. 348, 904 W. King Street, Boone, NC 28607
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Historical Minimum Ventilation
Rates (cfm/person)
Historical Minimum Ventilation
Rates (cfm/person)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1835
1842
1849
1856
1863
1870
1877
1884
1891
1898
1905
1912
1919
1926
1933
1940
1947
1954
1961
1968
1975
1982
1989
1996
Tredgold
1836
Nightengale1865
Billings
1895
Flugge
1905
Yaglou
1938
ASHRAE
62-73
ASHRAE 62-81
Smoking 62-81 ASH-
RAE
62-89
Smoking 62-89
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Ventilation and IAQ
Ventilation and IAQ
Outdoor air ventilation addresses mostindoor air quality issues
Sick building syndrome Moisture and mold problems
Second hand tobacco smoke
Material outgassing Multiple Chemical Sensitivity
Good ventilation dilutes pollutants!
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VentilationVentilation
Why Ventilate?
Humidity control Reduce excessive moisture harmful to the building
structure
Reduce excessive moisture that is a source of moldand mildew growth
Eliminate odors and pollutants harmful tohuman health
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Outside Air VentilationOutside Air Ventilation
All HVAC systems must be capable ofsupplying outdoor air ventilation at the
minimum rate required by applicable statecode
Generally ASHRAE Standard 62-1989 or 1999,
Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality
Provision promotes ventilation
No upper limit placed on outdoor airventilation
Ventilation directly impacts load calculationsand equipment sizing
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Example Spaces:people/
1,000 sq ft
cfm/
person
cfm/
sq ft
Commercial laundry 10 25
Commercial dry cleaner 30 30
Dining rooms 70 20Bar, cocktail lounge 100 30
Kitchen (cooking) 20 15
Enclosed parking garage 1.5
Hotel lobbies 30 15
Conference rooms 50 20Gambling casinos 120 30
Offices 7 20
Smoking lounge 70 60
Retail stores (street level) 30 0.3
Barber shops 25 15
Reducing salons 20 15
Pet shops 1
Darkrooms 0.5
Bank vaults5 15
Classrooms 50 15
Hospital patient rooms 10 25
Operating rooms 20 30
Cells in correctional facilities 20 20
Dining halls in correctional facilities 100 15
ASHRAE62
requirem
ents
(both
1989a
nd2001)
ASH
RAE
62
req
uirem
ents
(bot
h
1
989a
nd2001)
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Example: 5,000 ft2
x 20 ftclassroom (ASHRAE 62:50 occ/ 1,000 ft2; 15 cfm/occ)
# occupants = 5,000 / 50 = 100 volume (ft3) = 5,000 * 20 =
100,000 ft3
ft3
/ occ = 100,000 / 100 =1,000 ft3 / occupant
From chart (red line):
Permissible lag time = 1.1 hours
15
Ventilation andLag Time
Ventilation and
Lag Time
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Good Ventilation DesignGood Ventilation Design
Mechanically provide filtered anddehumidified outdoor air to the breathingspace.
Bring in outdoor air from a clean source.
Vary amount of ventilation based on the
number of occupants and process loads. Changes in occupancy can be measured by CO2
sensors
Consider designs that provide separatesystems for ventilation and spaceconditioning.
Utilize heat recovery systems to reduce
R d ti f V til ti
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Recommendations for VentilationControls Using CO2 Sensing
System
Recommendations for VentilationControls Using CO2 Sensing
System Determine design ventilation rate based on
total occupancy Locate CO2 sensor in conditioned space/
return; for systems serving multiple rooms,
locate sensor in critical area CO2 concentration setpoint: CR= COA + 8400 *
m / Rp
CR = concentration in room; COA =concentration in outside air; m= metablic rate
(1.0 for seated, quiet; 1.4 for filing, standing);Rp = cfm rate per person
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Residential Ventilation
Standards
Residential Ventilation
StandardsASHRAE 62-1989: 15 cfm per person;0.35 natural air changes per hour
(number of occupants = # bedrooms+1)
ASHRAE 62-2001: stays the same,but ASHRAE 62.2 (residential):minimum ventilation cfm =7.5*(# bedrms+1)+(0.01*house area inft2)
Bathroom exhaust: 50 cfmintermittent
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ASHRAE 62 Residential
Standard(7.5 * # bedrooms + 0.01 * area)
ASHRAE 62 Residential
Standard(7.5 * # bedrooms + 0.01 * area)Outside air ventilation rate in cfm
1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,500 10,000
1 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 65 75 90 115
2 33 38 43 48 53 58 63 73 83 98 123
3 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 80 90 105 130
4 48 53 58 63 68 73 78 88 98 113 138
5 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 95 105 120 145
6 63 68 73 78 83 88 93 103 113 128 153
770 75 80 85 90 95 100 110 120 135 160
8 78 83 88 93 98 103 108 118 128 143 168
9 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 125 135 150 175
Area of Heated Rooms (sq ft)
Num
bero
fBe
droo
ms
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Spot VentilationSpot Ventilation
Bathroom fans
Range Hoods
Al I
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Almost IsNot GoodEnough
Almost IsNot GoodEnough
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Simple Ventilation SystemSimple Ventilation System
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Fresh, Make-Up Ventilation AirFresh, Make-Up Ventilation Air
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Exhaust-Only Ventilation
Using Spot Fans
Exhaust-Only Ventilation
Using Spot Fans
Ventilationcontroller
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Supply-Only VentilationSupply-Only Ventilation
Damperedoutside air duct
Central forcedair blower
Ventilationcontroller
+
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Spot Fans with Make-Up AirSpot Fans with Make-Up Air
Ventilationcontroller
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Central Ventilation SystemCentral Ventilation System
C t l E h t ith M k U
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Central Exhaust with Make-Up
Air
Central Exhaust with Make-Up
AirCentral
exhaust fan
Damperedoutside air duct
Central heating/cooling system
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Heat Recovery VentilationHeat Recovery Ventilation
Heat exchanger
Kitchen
Bath
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Heat RecoveryVentilation
Heat Recovery
Core
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High Performance Buildings
Have Ventilation Systems
High Performance Buildings
Have Ventilation Systems
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North Carolina High Performance
Affordable Homes Ventilation
North Carolina High Performance
Affordable Homes Ventilation
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HVAC Fan ControlHVAC Fan Control
AirCycleris a low cost device attached to the air handlercabinet and connected to the low-voltage thermostat wiringblock inside the air handler. By periodically operating thecentral heating and cooling system fan, AirCyclerimproves theeffectiveness of the temperature control, humidity and filtrationsystem in a house.
I t f V til ti E
Impact of Ventilation on Energy
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Impact of Ventilation on Energy
Costs (Raleigh --- $/year)
Impact of Ventilation on Energy
Costs (Raleigh --- $/year)
no
ventilation 25 50 100 150 200
heating 393$ 395$ 398$ 402$ 407$ 411$
cooling 237 238 241 247 254 260
hot water 366 366 366 366 366 366
appliances 449 449 449 449 449 449service charge 120 120 120 120 120 120
total 1,565$ 1,568$ 1,574$ 1,584$ 1,596$ 1,606$
net change from none 3$ 9$ 19$ 31$ 41$
cfm of ventilation -- on 12 hours per day
nergy c ency rograms
nergy c ency rograms
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nergy c ency rogramswith
Residential VentilationStandards
nergy c ency rogramswith
Residential VentilationStandards
Part of State Building Code in a fewstates
Energy Star Home Programs in somestates
Energy Star - IAQ
LEED -- commercial and residential
Green Building Programs
High Performance Home Programs
a ew e es en a
Effi i P A
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a ew e es en aEfficiency Program A
Partnership
Efficiency Program A
Partnership NCs Electric and GasUtilities
North Carolina HomebuildersAssociation and NorthCarolinas builders andcontractors
Certified Home EnergyRaters
Building Product Suppliers
Advanced EnergyCorporation
North Carolina Solar Center
Southface - North Carolina ASU Energy Center
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Test for ResultsTest for Results
Air leakage blower door
Gauges for pressure problems
Duct leakage duct testing fan
Ventilation system air flow
You dont know til you test
?
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Is This a Good Idea?Is This a Good Idea?
A t
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Are vents
helping?
Are vents
helping?
Wh t i Hi h P f ?
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What is High Performance?What is High Performance?