indoor environmental quality of sustainable building designs and … seminar apr 2020... ·...
TRANSCRIPT
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Indoor Environmental Quality of Sustainable Building Designs and Occupant HealthKaren Bartlett, PhDProfessorSchool of Population and Public [email protected]
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Sampling strategies: where, when, how to sample
�When� IAQ complaints � symptoms suggest allergic responses
�What to look for� Potential sources/reservoirs (areas of
moisture, RH > 55%, standing water, faecal material)
� High/low exposure areas� Identify occupants expected to receive
high/low exposures
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Building design ideals� LEED (Leadership in Energy &
Environmental Design)� BOMA BEST (Building Owners and
Managers’ Association Building Environmental Standards)
� Well Building� Passivhaus Institut = Passive House
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Building Environment
Intertwined systems of the built environment
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Air movement
Building Environment
HVAC or ventilation
Materials, furnishings,
productsOccupants
and use
Outdoor air quality
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Air movement
Building Environment
HVAC or ventilation
Materials, furnishings,
productsOccupants
and use
Outdoor air quality
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Air movement
Building Environment
HVAC or ventilation
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Air movement into & within building: balanced pressure ventilation
In Spengler, Samet & McCarthy 2001 Indoor Air Quality Handbook. McGraw-Hill
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Air movement into & within building: balanced pressure ventilation
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Air movement into & within building: balanced pressure ventilation
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Air movement into & within building: negative pressure ventilation
Healthy Building Manual: Systems, Parameters, Problems & Solutions. Minister of Supply and Services Canada 1989.
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Air movement into & within building:balanced pressure ventilation
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Requires substantial energy investment!
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Air movement into & within building: Stack ventilation
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Air movement into & within building: Stack ventilation
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Air movement into & within building: entrainment & turbulent flow
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Meeting rooms
Meeting rooms
Kitchen ReceptionOffice + meeting room + private terrasse
Shared officeGlass partitions are use between private offices and corridor. They use awnings for privacy
Z6
Z2
Z1
Z7
Z3
Z4
Z5
Z5
Z7
20
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Air movement
Building Environment
HVAC or ventilation
Occupants and use
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Occupants and ventilation
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
CO2
ppm
Time
Record #57 CO2
CO2
enter 22 students+ 1 teacher
leave for music
emptystudents + buddies
additional 22 buddies leave
lunch
all leave
return
return
leave for day
radiant heat + separate supply fan
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Building ventilation is related to infectious PM
÷ø
öçè
æ-= - Q
Iqpt
eSC 1C = number of new infections predicted
S = number of susceptible persons in the exposed environment
I = the number of infections
q = the number of quanta added to air per hour
p=respiration rate per occupant (cfm)
T = exposure time (hours)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sneeze.JPG
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Mechanisms: PM in airDiameter in µm Time to fall 3 metres Pulmonary deposition
100 10 sec Nose
40 1 min Upper airways
20 4 min Upper airways
10 17 min Thoracic
6 Several hours Bronchi
0.06 – 6 Many hours Alveoli
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Need for dilution air exchange
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Air movement
Building Environment
HVAC or ventilation
Materials, furnishings,
products
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Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs
Lipid layer (0.004 –0.4 µm
Tear fluid (6µm)
Tear fluid enhanced mucin (4 µm)
Epithelium with adsorbed mucin (0.02 – 0.4 µm)
Eye irritation related to breakup of the tear film
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Mechanisms: receptorsOlfactory detects odorants
Taste
Chemical detects irritants
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Mechanisms: VOCsOlfactory detects odorants
Taste
Chemical detects irritants
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Mechanisms: VOCsOlfactory detects odorants
Taste
Chemical detects irritants
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Common sources of VOCs
Styrene, toluene, trichloroethylene, methylene chloride
Acetaldehyde, benzene, formaldehyde, toluene, xylenes
Acetaldehyde, alcohols, ethylbenzene, formaldehyde
Acetaldehyde,ethyl-benzene,formaldehyde, toluene, xylenes
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Dust (Particulate matter)
Dust mite 50 μm
Antigen 5 -10 μmPollen
Antigen 10 - 100 μmCat dander1 – 3 µm
Skin flakes 1 – 40 µmFungal spores3 – 10 µm
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Building design ideals� LEED (Leadership in Energy &
Environmental Design)� 2 points for consideration of IAQ� Points can be obtained prior to occupancy
by heating and flushing (14,000 cubic feet air per sq ft. floor area for 2 weeks)
� Alternately, once occupied, can do air quality testing for particulates, ozone, CO, formaldehyde
https://www.ietbuildinghealth.com/LEED-certification.html
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Building design ideals� BOMA BEST (Building Owners and
Managers’ Association Building Environmental Standards)� 1 credit given for including IAQ
consideration in plan� 1 credit given for ventilation� 1 credit for avoiding VOC in product� 1 credit for limiting VOC emissions
Bomacanada.ca
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Building design ideals� Well Building
� Particulate matter (PM2.5) <15 µg/m3
� Particulate matter (PM10) < 50 µg/m3
� Ozone < 51 ppb� CO < 9 ppm� TVOC < 500 ppm� Formaldehyde < 27 ppb� Radon < 0.148 Bq/L
Standard.wellcertification.com/air
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Building design ideals� Passivhaus = Passive House
� Based only on energy demand� Space Heat Demand max. 15 kWh/m2a OR
Heating load max. 10 W/m2� Pressurization Test Result @ 50 Pa maximum
0.6 ACH (both over-pressure and under-pressure)
� Total Primary Energy Demand max. 120 kWh/m2a
https://www.passivehousecanada.com/passive-house-building-certification/
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Conclusions� Considerations for IEQ needs to be made
at the design stage of occupied spaces.
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Conclusions� Considerations for IEQ needs to be made
at the design stage of occupied spaces.� Choices can be made regarding
materials at construction stage.
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Conclusions� Considerations for IEQ needs to be made
at the design stage of occupied spaces.� Choices can be made regarding
materials at construction stage.� Occupancy logistics can influence IEQ.
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Conclusions� Considerations for IEQ needs to be made
at the design stage of occupied spaces.� Choices can be made regarding
materials at construction stage.� Occupancy logistics can influence IEQ.� Ventilation is key to controlling emissions
from occupants and materials.
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Conclusions� Considerations for IEQ needs to be made
at the design stage of occupied spaces.� Choices can be made regarding
materials at construction stage.� Occupancy logistics can influence IEQ.� Ventilation is key to controlling emissions
from occupants and materials.� Local Health and Safety teams should
keep IEQ on their proactive agendas.
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Further study:� Not included in today’s notes, but are
vital to a full IEQ evaluation are:
� Acoustics� Light� Ergonomics� Social capital
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Appendices
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Useful references:� https://www.canada.ca/en/health-
canada/services/air-quality/residential-indoor-air-quality-guidelines.html
� https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq� https://www.cagbc.org/CAGBC/Programs/LEED/LEED_
Certification_Process.aspx� https://www.boma.bc.ca/green-buildings/boma-best/� https://www.passivehousecanada.com/� https://www.cagbctoronto.org/education/well-
building-standard� Spengler, Samet & McCarthy 2001 Indoor Air Quality
Handbook. McGraw-Hill� Healthy Building Manual: Systems, Parameters, Problems
& Solutions. Minister of Supply and Services Canada 1989
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Standards? ASTER*� Bioaerosols – no WCB or ACGIH standards.
Indoor < outdoor preferred.� Carbon dioxide – 650 ppm > outdoor.� Aldehydes – weighted average sum � Carbon monoxide < 11 ppm 8 hr (outdoor
1 – 10 ppm)� Nitrogen dioxide < 0.25 ppm 1 hr (outdoor
0.01 ppm)� Ozone < 0.12 ppm 1 hr (outdoor 0.015)� Humidity 30% - 55% (winter)
*Acceptable Short Term Exposure Rangehttps://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/air-quality/residential-indoor-air-quality-guidelines.html
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LEED Criteria Pollutants
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Odorants:Odour Character Chemical class Typical sources Rotten eggs H2S Refineries, STP, landfills Barnyard, manure Sulfides, dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl
disulfide Sewage, sludge, composting, landfills
Rotten cabbage Onions, skunk natural gas
Methyl mercaptan, propyl, n-butyl, t-butyl
Pulp mills, refineries, petrochemical, gas odorant leak
Fishy, urine Cadaverous ammonia, fecal
Amines, Cadaverene, Ammonia, Skatole, indole
Pigments, dyes, STP, compost, landfills, dead animals
Solvents, Paints Turpentine, Plastic Airplane glue
Ketones, Esters, Aromatics Styrene, Acrylates
Petrochemical, coatings, plastics
Rancid, sweaty, body odour, cat urine
Organic acids: butyric, valeric, phenyl acetic
Food processing, pharmaceuticals, dirty clothes, stale tobacco smoke
Musty, mouldy, damp basement
Quinones, oxygenated compounds in the C6-C10 range, esters
Insecticides, weed killers, medicinals, pigments, biologic growth
Phenolic, creosote Phenols, cresols, xylenes Resins, smoke, electric motor, tar Burnt, smoky, wet ash Aldehydes, guaiacol, juniper oil Wood smoke, combustion Sharp, irritating, pungent
Formaldehyde, acetic acid, sulfur dioxide, carbonyl sulfide, ozone
Furniture, plywood, combustion, processes, matches, smoke, electronic devices, carpeting
Spengler, Samet & McCarthy 2001 Indoor Air Quality Handbook. McGraw-Hill
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Sources of VOCsSource Compound Recognition threshold
ppm Odour character
Air cleaners Nitrogen dioxide, Ozone
0.8 0.02
Bleach Pungent, thunderstorm
Air conditioners Benzoquinone Diacetyl alcohol Furfuryl alcohol
0.4 1.1 8
Musty Sweet, musty Ether’ish
Bathrooms Methyl mercaptan 0.001 Rotten cabbage Bleach Sodium hypochlorite Bleach Carpeting Ethyl acrylate
Methyl acrylate 0.004 0.01
Plastic, ester Airplane glue, plastic
Cleaners Acetone Ammonia Alcohols a-pinine
130 17 9
0.03
Nail polish remover Pungent, irritating Musty, sweet Pine
ETS Acetaldehyde Acrolein Adlyl alcohol Cyclohexanone
0.07 2 2
0.1
Pungent Pungent Mustard Sharp, sweet
Furniture, wood paneling
Formaldehyde Octanol
0.6 20
Waxy, oily
Gasoline Hexane Toluene
150 11
Gasoline Paint, sour
Insecticides Methyl parathion 0.01 Pungent, musty Mothballs Naphthalene p-dichlorobenzene 0.5 Mothballs Paints, lacquers, varnishes
Toluene Xylene Methyl isobutyl kenone n-butyl acetate
11 1 2
0.02
Paint, sour Sweet, paint Sharp Banana, sweet
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Emission rates of materialsSource type Emission factor μg/h/m2 Acetaldehyde Carpet Duct liner Paint, water based ( 2 days) Paint, water-based (1 week) Photocopier, dry process Wood
5 – 30 < 20 – 25 6000 – 9000 3000 – 5000 < 100 – 1200 10 – 100
n-Decane Carpet (1 day) Carpet (1 month) Paint, solvent-based ( 1 hour) Paint, solvent-based (1 day) Paint, solvent-based (1 week) Photocopier, idle → operating Stain wood ( 1 hour) Stain wood (1 week) Wax on wood flooring (3 days) Wax on wood flooring (1 month)
2000 – 3000 0.1 – 6 200,000 2000 0 < 10 → 500 ~ 500,000 ~ 200 10 – 1000 10 – 15
Nonane Carpet (1 day) Carpet (1 month) Paint, solvent-based (1 hour) Paint, solvent-based (1 day) Stain, wood (1 hour) Stain, wood (1 week)
100 – 1000 0.1 – 300 100,000 100 1000 – 200,000 1 – 50
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Ultrafine particles source Particles/cm2
Low end of range High end of range
Laser printers 0 100,000
Fax machine 0 10,000
Cleaners 0 100,000
Photocopier 0 100,000
Auto emissions (fresh air intake) 5,000 20,000
Boiler/furnace leaks 10,000 500,000
Humidification 10,000 35,000
Kitchen/cooking 10,000 75,000
Vacuum cleaners 0 100,000
ETS 20,000 200,000
Laboratory acids 50,000 80,000
Wood, welding/auto shops 50,000 200,000
Outdoor air 2,500 50,000
Ultrafine particulate matter
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Antigenic particulate matterIndoor sources of environmental allergens
Dust mites Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus Dermatophagoides farinae Euroglyphys maynei Blomia tropicalis Storage mites Lepidoglyphus destructor Tarsonimidae
Mammals Cats : Felis domesticus Dogs : Canis familiaris Rabbits : Leporidae Rodents Pets : mice, gerbils, guinea pigs, rats Pests: mice, rats
Insects Cockroaches Blattella germanica Periplaneta americana Blatta orientalis Crickets Flies Beetles Fleas Moths Midges
Pollen Many Fungi Many Other: Horsehair Kapok Down Spiders