indoor environmental quality: investigating the problem john w. martyny, ph.d., cih
TRANSCRIPT
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Indoor Environmental Quality: Investigating the Problem
John W. Martyny, Ph.D., CIH
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Causes of IAQ problems.
Outdoor pollution Indoor pollution Building material off-gassing Inadequate ventilation
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How are IAQ Investigations Conducted?
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IAQ Investigations
Building Characterization Symptom Survey Ventilation System Evaluation Source Identification Sampling Remediation
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Building Characterization
Type and age of building Construction materials Primary uses Cleaning practices
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Type and Age of Building
Previous ventilation systems. What remodeling has taken place? What were the prior uses? Is asbestos a concern? Is mold a concern?
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Construction Materials
Wood Construction vrs Metal Fire proofing material Crawl spaces Carpeting and wall coverings
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Primary Uses
Is a manufacturing area included? What is the occupant density? Computer usage. Has the primary usage changed?
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Cleaning Practices
Who cleans the building? When is the building cleaned? Cleaning product storage. Cleaning product MSDS information?
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Symptom Surveys
Questionnaires vrs. Interviews The survey must:
Cover a majority of the staff. Be pre-tested. Eliminate bias. Not suggest answers. Not be a group effort.
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Questionnaire Topics
Demographic Questions Comfort Questions Medication Questions Diagnosed Illness Questions Symptom Questions Air Quality Control Questions Job Satisfaction Questions
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Ventilation System Evaluation Visual inspection of System. Carbon dioxide (tracer gas)
measurements. Look for the following:
Water infiltration Maintenance history General condition Use of local exhaust Placement of exhausts and intakes
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Ventilation System Characterization
System Type Constant Volume Variable Air Volume Unit Ventilators
Zones Single Zone Multi-Zone
Reheat or No Reheat Ducts - Lined or Unlined
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Unit Ventilators
Not actually an air handling system. Mount on outside wall. Provide some filtration, conditioning,
and movement.
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Constant Volume Systems
Provides a constant supply airflow rate to zones with similar thermal loads.
Air temperature is controlled at the air handler or with reheat coils.
Outside air is determined by: Outside air temp. Damper settings Temperature demand
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Variable Air Volume Systems Provides a constant temperature air to
the duct system. Air from the duct system is supplied to
the zone to manage thermal load by the use of VAV boxes.
Outside air is determined by: Thermal demand of zone. Outside air temperature. VAV box and damper minimum settings.
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Results of CO2 and ACH Sampling
CV VAV UV
GM of CO 2 715 ppm 666 ppm 573 ppm
CO 2 Range ( ppm) 390 - 957 318 – 1,763 295 – 1,450
% of Time > 1000 ppm 0% 11% 9%
Mean ACH 4.6 2.8 2.7
Range ACH 1.9 – 7.5 0.8 – 4.6 0.4 – 4.6
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Particle Ratio Results
CV VAV UV
GM Ratio < 1 m 0.68 0.57 0.38
GM Ratio 1 – 3 m 1.39 3.08 5.47
GM Ratio > 3 m 3.20 4.80 14.76
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Complaints by System Type
Type of Complaint More thanExpected
Less thanExpected
Too cold VAV CVIndividuals w/ complaints VAVEye Symptoms CV VAVHeadache Symptoms UV VAVNasal Symptoms UV VAV, CVThroat Symptoms UVDustiness Complaints UV CV
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Source Identification
Look for the following: Manufacturing areas Print shops Construction Cleaning agents
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Sampling
Initial Site Assessment Secondary Sampling
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Initial Site Assessment
HVAC system measurements: Carbon dioxide, air flow.
Ambient air measurements Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide,
temperature, relative humidity.
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Secondary Sampling Should only be conducted when:
Specific information is to be collected Knowledgeable personnel are present
HVAC measurements Tracer gas, duct velocities
Ambient Air Chemicals - VOC’s, aldehydes, MVOC’s,
odors, particulates, etc. Bioaerosol Sampling Medical monitoring
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Why conduct tracer gas testing?
To determine air exchange rate for a building or area of a building.
To determine fresh air distribution for a building or area of a building.
To determine ventilation infiltration. To determine exhaust system
effectiveness.
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Tracer Gas Testing Methods Tracer gas characteristics. Tracer gas introduction methods:
Injection Constant Flow Duct injection Hood Testing
Concentration measurement methods GC Infrared
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Tracer Gas Testing Methods (Cont)
Tracer gas introduction: Air Change Studies Contamination Studies Hood Studies
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Results
What do results indicate? Limitations! Comparisons with carbon dioxide
methods for ventilation.
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Why conduct bioaerosol Sampling?
Should only be done by experienced personnel and under limited conditions.
To attempt to document the presence of a bioaerosol.
To attempt to determine the type or species of a bioaerosol.
To attempt to determine the cause of specific diagnosed diseases.
To attempt to determine the effectiveness of a mitigation program.
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Why not to conduct bioaerosol sampling.
To determine the presence or absence of a bioaerosol.
To determine if an area is safe. To determine the cause of frequent
colds, flu, rashes, etc.. To show that mold from the carpet, etc.
is entering the air.
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Where to conduct bioaerosol sampling.
Choosing sampling areas. Choosing control areas. Choosing outside control areas. How many samples to collect?
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Types of bioaerosol sampling.
Bulk Sampling Viable Sampling Non-viable sampling Dust sampling By-product sampling
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Particulate Sampling
Methodology Mass collection Particle counters Condensation nuclei counters
Results - What do they mean???? Mass Mass/particle size Particle numbers Ratios
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Particle Mass Conc., Cagewash, 2-29-2000
0.00E+00
1.00E-03
2.00E-03
3.00E-03
4.00E-03
5.00E-03
6.00E-03
7.00E-03
8.00E-03
9.00E-03
1.00E-02
9:17
:32
9:27
:32
9:37
:32
9:47
:32
9:57
:32
10:0
7:32
10:1
7:32
10:2
7:32
10:3
7:32
10:4
7:32
10:5
7:32
11:0
7:32
11:1
7:32
11:2
7:32
11:3
7:32
11:4
7:32
Time
Pa
rtic
le M
ass
Co
nc.
(m
g.m
3)
<0.523
0.523-2.5
2.5-10
10-20
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Total Mass Conc, Powder-free Gloves, 8-30-2000
0.00E+00
1.00E-02
2.00E-02
3.00E-02
4.00E-02
5.00E-02
6.00E-02
7.00E-02
8.00E-02
9.00E-02
13:5
4:27
13:5
9:27
14:0
4:27
14:0
9:27
14:1
4:27
14:1
9:27
14:2
4:27
14:2
9:27
14:3
4:27
14:3
9:27
14:4
4:27
14:4
9:27
14:5
4:27
14:5
9:27
15:0
4:27
15:0
9:27
15:1
4:27
15:1
9:27
15:2
4:27
15:2
9:27
15:3
4:27
15:3
9:27
15:4
4:27
15:4
9:27
15:5
4:27
15:5
9:27
16:0
4:27
16:0
9:27
16:1
4:27
16:1
9:27
Time
Mas
s C
on
c. (
mg
/m3)
Total Conc
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Sampling complications
Interpretation of results is difficult. Generally low probability of identifying a
problem. High cost Grab samples may give non-typical results. Source identification may not be possible Source reduction will still need to be done.
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Remediation Increase outside air Decrease outside air Control sources
Local exhaust ventilation Elimination Control devices
Contain construction or remodeling Isolate manufacturing areas
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Factors confounding IAQ investigations
Ergonomic problems Smoking policies Comfort Complaints
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Comfort Factors
Complaint Low School High SchoolCold 32% 73%Hot 21% 50%Stuffy 7% 52%Moldy 14% 10%Dusty 11% 23%Noisy 0% 19%Dry 11% 25%Crowded 0% 17%