indonesia ame education sector profile. education structure source: world bank edstats, unesco...
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Indonesia
AME EDUCATION
SECTOR PROFILE
Education Structure
Source: World Bank EdStats, UNESCO Institute for Statistics
Indonesia
Education System Structure and Gross Enrollments 2007
Education Structure
Source: World Bank EdStats, UNESCO Institute for Statistics
• Compulsory education in Indonesia consists of grades 1-9. • 25% of children at primary level are over-age as indicated by the large gross enrollment percentage.
Education Configuration and Enrollments 2007% Net
Enrollments% Gross Enrollments
Classification Level/Grade Ages 2007 2007
Pre-primary Pre-school 4-5 31% 44%
Pre-university
Primary, grades 1-6 7-12 95% 117%Junior Secondary, grades 7-9 13-15
62%* 91%
Senior secondary, grades 10-12 16-18
42%* 57%
TVET Secondary 16-18 N/A 13%
TertiaryPost secondary TVET 19-22
N/A 18%**2 year degree 19-20
4 year degree 18-22
*2005 data. ** Includes all degree levels of Tertiary. .
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Population Structure
• 54% of the population is less than 30 years old. •Indonesia’s total population is the fourth largest in the world at 240,271,522.
Source: International Labor Organization
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Relevant Policies:
• National Education Strategic Plan 2005-2009 (RENSTRA)http://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/upload/Indonesia/Indonesia%20EducationPlan2005-2009.pdf
• National EFA Action Plan 2003/2015http://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/upload/Indonesia/Indonesia_EFA_MDA.pdf
• Inclusive Education: The Way of the Future 2008http://www.ibe.unesco.org/National_Reports/ICE_2008/indonesia_NR08.pdf
Education Policy
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Education Access: Pre-university
• Primary enrollments have declined incrementally• Secondary enrollments are growing strongly, more than 28% since 1990.
Source: World Bank EdStats, Indonesia Ministry of National Education
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Education Access: Tertiary
Source: World Development Indicators, UNESCO 2006
• Every year, 450,000 students take the national university entrance exam to compete for 75,000 seats at public universities. • Private universities enroll more than double the number of students who enroll in public universities.
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Education Access: Gender
Source: World Bank EdStats
•At the secondary level, the gender gap has closed as a result of girls and boys enrolling in equal numbers. • The Gender Parity Index for combined primary and secondary levels (gross enrollment) is .98.
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Education Quality: Teachers
Source: Indonesia Ministry of National Education 2008
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• 63% of teachers have less than a four-year post-secondary education the government stipulates as a minimum teaching qualification.• 81% of teachers with the lowest levels of education themselves teach at the primary level of education.
Education Quality: Teachers
Indonesia
Source: Employment and Deployment Survey 2005
• 66% of remote primary schools do not have enough teachers. • 68% of urban primary schools have too many teachers.
Education Quality: Completion
Source: World Bank EdStats
• Indonesian children are very successful at completing primary education, in the past girls more so than boys.
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Education Quality: Testing
Source: TIMSS 2007 International Math Report
• Indonesia grade 8 students placed 34 out of 45 participating countries on the 2003 TIMSS and 36 out of 49 on the 2007 TIMSS. • On the 2007math test, 29% of students did not attain the lowest benchmark score of 400 and 48% achieved the low benchmark score.
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Education Equity: Geographic Disparities
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• The diverse and wide variation in geographic and population distribution patterns of Indonesia challenge national education reform planning and implementation.
• For example, in 2004, net enrollment rates in primary education ranged from approximately 80% in the province of Papua to about 95% in Kalimantan Tengah.
• At the junior secondary level, net enrollment rates varied from about 41% in Papua to approximately 77% in D.I Yogyakarta, and at the senior secondary level, from around 20% in Sulawesi Barat to approximately 62% in D.I. Yogyakarta.
• The system must also be responsive to the religious and cultural diversity in the country, acknowledging many faiths and ethnicities of the population.
Source: EFA Mid Decade Assessment Indonesia 2007
Education Equity: Income Disparities
Indonesia
Source: Triaswati and Roesian 2003
• Primary enrollment is almost universal across wealth quintiles. • The poorest students have little access to university education.
Education Equity: Academic Disparities
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics
Indonesia
• Pre-primary education is largely provided by private entities.• A large proportion of technical-vocational education is offered privately but recent research questions quality of education offered at these institutions.
Education Efficiency: Expenditure
• Education share of GDP has increased from 2.5% to 3.9% and share of public expenditure has risen from 12% to 16.8% since 2000.
Source: World Bank Education at a Glance, Global Monitoring Report 2008
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Education Efficiency: Expenditure
Source: World Bank 2007 Investing in Indonesia’ s Education
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• The large expenditures on primary education have paid off in almost universal enrollments at that level.
Education Efficiency: Repetition
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics
Indonesia
• Apparently, primary repetition rates have been a target of the government in the past and are now quite low. • Repetition appears to be no issue at the secondary level.
Education Efficiency: Repetition
Source: World Bank Education at a Glance
• Indonesia compares favorably with other ASEAN countries with similar spending rates to address repetition at the primary level.
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Education: Conclusion
Successes:• Access: Near universal primary enrollments. Strong secondary growth.
• Quality: High primary completion rates.
• Equity: Approaching gender parity across pre-university levels.
• Efficiency: Increasing public education expenditures. Low/falling repetition rates.
Challenges:• Access: Limited public tertiary growth.
• Quality: Low teacher academic qualifications. Poor student academic achievement as measured by international testing. • Equity: Geographic and wealth disparities in school enrollments especially at upper education levels. Private provision of education at all levels but quality and cost issues. • Efficiency:
Indonesia