INDO-PAKISTAN WAR1947-1979, 1965, 1971

Mrs. Williams

Background Causes

Britain control India between the 15th and 19th century

India fought for Independence from Britain throughout the 19th and 20th century

Two major religious groups: Hindu and Muslim

Indian National Congress (1885) predominately Hindu

Muslim League (1906) created to counteract the Hindu dominance

Map of India Pre-Partition

http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/india/prepartitionmap.htm

Independence

India received independence from Britain in 1947

Two nationalism organizations were created Indian National Congress (1885)—Nationalist

ideals to establish democracy would reduce the Muslim population

The Muslim League (1906) Mohandas Gandhi supported both groups to get

peace between the two groups Mohammad Ali Jinnah (leader) of Muslim

League and became the leader of Pakistan (Governor General)

Britain and Partition

Britain sent Lord Louis Mountbatten to India as the viceroy to negotiate independence

Mountbatten acknowledged that a civil war was inevitable so he imposed a partition

He created a Hindu State, India and a Muslim State, Pakistan

Mountbatten’s Plan

http://www.martinfrost.ws/htmlfiles/aug2007/partition_india.html

Results and Independence

Mountbatten’s Plan was a weak solution Britain continued to interfere in India

even after independence was achieved Partition created massive migration,

homelessness, integration into a new society

1947-1949 War

The division between Western and Eastern Pakistan and India were highlighted by differing economic and religious issues

Three princely states were given the opportunity to chose independence or confirm their allegiance to India or Pakistan

Kashmir, Mysore, and Hyderbad

Princely States

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg

Kashmir

India and Pakistan valued this area Ruled by a Hindu but Kashmir was mostly

Muslim in Population Muslims rose up against the Hindu minority

and Pakistan sent men to overthrow the government in less than a month

The Maharajah appealed to India for military aid in October, in return for service Kashmir would be acquired by India

This ignited Pakistan to send an army in 1948

War

Both India and Pakistan’s armies were receiving guidance from the British military

Indian military (army) used aircraft and armored cars to transport troops to the capital of Kashmir

A stalemate was reached by 1948 and a ceasefire agreement was reached

Effects

1500 soldiers were killed Civilian causalities 1k Kashmir became part of India Pakistan army still occupied the northern

part of Kashmir