Individual Warm-upMatch the Perspective with the Key Idea

• Psychodynamic• Behavioral• Cognitive• Humanistic• Biomedical • Evolutionary• Socio-cultural• Social Cognitive

• feelings and desires are most important.

• it's about survival and adaptation.

• thinking in groups.

• measurable behavior is most important.

• thinking and intelligence are most important.

• unconscious is most important

• brain and nerves, medication.

• it's all about society.

Physical Dependence or Addiction

• This is a physiological state in which drug use is necessary to prevent a withdrawal symptom

• Withdrawal is painful and long – that is why there is such a high rate of relapse for drug users.

• Tolerance – This is a condition in which increasingly

large drug doses are necessary to achieve the same effect

• Psychological Dependence – This is a condition in which the person

continues drug use despite adverse effects, needs the drug for a sense of well being, and is preoccupied with obtaining the drug if it is no longer available

• Learned Expectations Contribute to the Effects of Many Drugs

– The power of suggestion and experience

Categories of drugs• Depressants – Slow down your Central Nervous System by inhibiting

GABA– Slow down your reaction time and interfere with judgment.– Alcohol, barbiturates, and tranquilizers (valium)

• Stimulants – arouse the Sympathetic NS by increasing norepinephrine – Make an individual feel more confident or energetic. Sense of euphoria.– Nicotine, caffeine, amphetamines, cocaine

• Opiates – Powerful pain killers– Most addictive– Work by mimicking endorphins in the brain. – Euphoria or loss of pain.– Heroin, morphine, and codeine

• Psychedelics (or hallucinogenics) – Loss of reality, serotonin agonist

• Know psychological v. physical dependence

Check your Understanding

• Which of the following is not an example of a depressant?

• A. Alcohol• B. Barbiturates• C.Tranquilizers• D. Cocaine

• Drugs that speed up your nervous system and can cause heart failure are called:

• A. Stimulants• B. Depressants• C. Opiates• D. Hallucinogens

Hallucinogens

• Psychedelic drugs that change your perception of reality.– Some (LSD) are produced in a lab– Others (peyote, mushrooms, marijuana) are

natural substances.– Traces of these drugs stay in the body for

weeks after they are taken– Reverses tolerance – because traces stay in

your blood – you need less to get the same effect.

Amphetamines and Methamphetamines

• Potent stimulants that are highly addictive and produce feelings of exhilaration and power are amphetamines (A stimulant to the central nervous system that increases energy and decreases appetite; used to treat narcolepsy and some forms of depression.) - sometimes referred to as "speed" or "uppers".

• They're also associated with violent behavior, which can arise from the feelings of invulnerability the drug produces and from the depression that occurs when the drug wears off.

• Commercially produced amphetamines include Benzedrine and Dexedrine.

• There are synthetic and extremely addictive amphetamines called methamphetamines:– A highly psychologically addictive, illicit, synthetic

stimulant drug which induces feelings of euphoria. In pure form, it is a colorless crystalline solid, sold on the streets as glass, ice, or crystal. As less pure form, it's sold as crystalline powder referred to as crank or speed, or in rock formation as tweak, dope, or raw.

• sometimes referred to as "crank" or "ice"). They are often produced illegally in a dangerous process involving highly toxic chemicals.

• Dopamine plays an important role in the regulation of pleasure. Dopamine is manufactured is in the nerve cells within the ventral tegmental area. It's released in the nucleus accumbens and the frontal cortex.

Barbiturates

• Barbiturates are powerful depressants that are classified as sedatives or hypnotics.

• These highly addictive drugs are legal when prescribed by physicians, but can be very dangerous when abused or mixed with other drugs.

• Types of barbiturates include amobarbital and phenobarbital.

Ecstasy or MDMA • MDMA has both stimulant

(amphetamine-like) and hallucinogenic (LSD-like) properties. It also produces spasms in the jaw muscles and a sense of "oneness" with others.

• Though the drug isn't addictive, it is neurotoxic, and in high enough doses it destroys serotonin-containing neurons in the brain. It also elevates body temperature, which can cause damage to muscles, the heart and blood vessels, and kidneys.

Check Your Understanding

• Amphetamines• Barbiturates• MDMA

• Produces spasms in the jaw muscles

• Sometimes referred to as “crank” or “ice”

• Nervous system depressants• Powerful depressants• Destroys serotonin-containing

neurons in the brain.• Types include Benzadrine and

Dexadrin• Has both stimulate &

hallucinogenic properties.• Associated with violent behavior• Types include amobarbital, and

phenobarbital

Physical and Psychological Addiction

• The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association (DSM-IV) makes a distinction between substance abuse and substance dependence. The concepts of tolerance and withdrawal are crucial to making these distinctions.

• Tolerance is defined as the need for larger amounts of the substance to achieve the desired effect. For example, if you previously needed a cup of coffee to get going in the morning, but now you need two or three, then you have become more tolerant to the effects of caffeine.

• Withdrawal refers to the physical (and sometimes psychological) effects experienced after discontinuing a drug after a period of use. Many substances have characteristic withdrawal symptoms, and some of them can be quite dangerous. Withdrawal from severe alcohol abuse, for example, can involve fever, agitation, nausea, vomiting, delirium, seizures, and even death. For this reason, experts strongly recommend that, in cases of severe substance abuse, detoxification take place under medical supervision.

• Withdrawal symptoms can be psychological as well as physical, and psychological withdrawal symptoms are no less difficult to handle. Many substances aren't necessarily physically addictive, but they exert a powerful psychological hold on the user, making withdrawal a very uncomfortable experience.

Summary

• 1. The physical and sometimes psychological effect of discontinuing a drug after a period of use is known as:

• a. withdrawal.• b. tolerance.• c. reverse tolerance.• d. reverse withdrawal.

• 2. If Joe finds he needs more and more alcohol to achieve the same level of intoxication, he is developing:

• a. withdrawal.• b. tolerance.• c. reverse tolerance.• d. reverse withdrawal.