individual-based tracking data: potentials ... - web.utk.eduweb.utk.edu/~sshaw/personal...
TRANSCRIPT
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
Individual-based Tracking Data: Potentials and Challenges to Transportation Geography
Shih-Lung Shaw
Professor and HeadDepartment of GeographyUniversity of Tennessee
Knoxville, TN 37996-0925 U.S.A.E-mail: [email protected]
Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting, March 24, 2009
Acknowledgement:This research is funded by NSF Grant #BCS-0616724
and Microsoft Research Asia.
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
“Imagine that your business had a complete log of your customers’ wanderings – every trip to the grocery store, every work commute, every walk with the dog. What could you learn about them? ….. Just as important, ….., would customers concerned about privacy …..? This isn’t science fiction. A nascent industry extending from the laboratories of Google and Nokia to a host of data-fueled startups is wrestling with these very questions.”
(“The Next Net” by Stephen Baker, BusinessWeek, March 9, 2009, p. 42)
“Location-aware phones and apps now deliver the hidden information that lets users make connections and interact with the world in ways they never imagined. The future is here and it’s in your pocket.”
(“Inside the GPS Revolution” by Erin Biba, Wired, February 2009, p. 64)
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
Individual-based tracking data– Modern tracking technologies– Accuracy and privacy– Selected applications
Time geography for individual tracking data in a hybrid physical-virtual space
A space-time GIS in support of representation, analysis, and visualization of human activities and interactions in physical and virtual spaces
A preliminary list of research challenges
Outline of this presentation:
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
What’s new about individual tracking data?
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
Individual-based tracking data sets have been widely used in research and various applications for many decades. For example,
– Telemetry tracking data used in fisheries and wildlife research and management,
– Travel/Activity diary data used in transportation studies,
– Barcode asset/shipment tracking data used in business and logistics,
– Credit card transactions data, telephone logs, …
Individual-based tracking data:
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
Goodchild and Janelle (1984) used space-time diaries of 1,500+ respondents in Halifax, Canada to reveal distinctive diurnal patterns in the city’s social geography. They argued that:
– “An integrated space-time framework for gathering and analyzing such information would be of advantage to many professions and disciplines concerned with the description, explanation, and control of urban processes. However, the principal impediment to incorporating these considerations in practical analyses, …, has been lack of data.” (p. 808)
(emphasis added)
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
With modern information and communications technologies (ICT) and location-aware devices, it is becoming easier to track individuals and their activities.
Global positioning system (GPS) provides a low-cost way of tracking moving objects.
Modern tracking technologies:
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Department of Geography, UTK
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Department of Geography, UTK
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
With modern information and communications technologies (ICT) and location-aware devices, it is becoming easier to track individuals and their activities.
Global positioning system (GPS) provides a low-cost way of tracking the locations of moving objects.
Cellular phones are quickly becoming an important source of collecting individual tracking data.
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
MIT SENSEable City Labhttp://senseable.mit.edu/projects/graz/graz.htm
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Department of Geography, UTK
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
With modern information and communications technologies (ICT) and location-aware devices, it is becoming easier to track individuals and their activities.
Global positioning system (GPS) provides a low-cost way of tracking the locations of moving objects.
Cellular phones are quickly becoming an important source of collecting individual tracking data.
RFID, Internet surfing, …
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Department of Geography, UTK
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Department of Geography, UTK
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Department of Geography, UTK
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
Accuracy and Privacy
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
Global Positioning System (GPS):– Horizontal positional accuracy is about 5 m (16 ft) to
15 m (50 ft)– Requires clear line of sight
Cell Phone Towers:– Horizontal positional accuracy ranges from 200 m
(660 ft) to 1,000 m (3,300 ft)
Wi-Fi Positioning System (WPS):– Horizontal positional accuracy is, on average, about
30 m (100 ft) depending on the density of Wi-Firouters.
Positional accuracy of tracking technologies:
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Department of Geography, UTK
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
Skyhook Wirelesshttp://www.skyhookwireless.com/
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Department of Geography, UTK
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Department of Geography, UTK
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Department of Geography, UTK
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Department of Geography, UTK
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
It’s clear that we are constantly tracked by various service providers:
– Internet service providers– Cellular phone service providers– Google, Yahoo, Microsoft, …– Credit card banks, …
Concerns are:– Who has access to the data?– How are the data being used?– How can we protect privacy while fully enjoying the
convenience provided by the modern ICT?
Privacy concerns:
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
Some observations:– Someone must pay for the free services on the
Internet, such as Google Mail, Google Maps, Google Desktop, YouTube, …
– Google’s goal is to index all kinds of information. For free?
– It appears that an increasing number of people are willing to trade privacy for convenience and/or fun (either knowingly or unknowingly).
The bottom line is:– These technologies are here now and are likely to
grow in the foreseeable future.
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
Selected Example Applications
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
Sense Networkshttp://www.sensenetworks.com/
According to Baker (BusinessWeek, March 9, 2009),
– “… a startup called Sense Networks is pouring over the movements of nearly 4 million cell-phone users over the course of a year. They have been tracked by global positioning systems, by cell towers …, or by local Wi-Finetworks …”
– “Phone companies and advertisers provide Sense raw data on people’s movements and behavior.”
– “To understand what Sense is doing, it’s easiest to think about – what else? – Google. The search engine has dissected the behavior of Web surfers, including which sites they visit and which they link to.”
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Department of Geography, UTK
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Department of Geography, UTK
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
Google Latitudehttp://www.google.com/latitude/intro.html
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Department of Geography, UTK
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Department of Geography, UTK
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
Fire Eaglehttp://fireeagle.yahoo.net/
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Department of Geography, UTK
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
LifeAwarehttp://www.lifeaware.net/
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Department of Geography, UTK
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
Android Applicationshttp://www.android.com/
ShopSavvy, nru, Loopt, Lacale, GeoLife
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Department of Geography, UTK
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Department of Geography, UTK
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Department of Geography, UTK
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Department of Geography, UTK
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Department of Geography, UTK
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
The above examples indicate that many user applications based on individual tracking data are becoming available.
– Combination of tracking and ICT technologies has reached a level that is capable of providing some useful location based services (LBS) applications.
– These applications appear to have attracted certain groups to agree to be tracked in exchange for convenience, useful tools, and/or fun.
– Individual tracking data collected by these service providers has many potential uses for both research and applications.
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
Potentials of Individual-based Tracking Data
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
Individual-based tracking data today have the following characteristics:
– Finer spatial resolution (“points” vs. “zones”)– Finer temporal resolution ( “seconds/minutes” vs.
“hours/days”)– Larger data volume– Real-time and dynamic changes– Complex interactions among individuals and the
environment– Easier to cross-reference with other digital databases– …
Characteristics of individual tracking data:
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
Individual tracking data have been studied in various fields, such as:
– human behavior– transportation and logistics– evacuation/emergency management– animal behavior and habitats– marketing and business– data mining– computational geometry– simulation– …
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
Hägerstrand’s (1970) time geography provides a useful framework for studying individual activities under different constraints (capability, authority, and coupling constraints) in a space-time context.
Some key concepts of Time Geography:– Space-time path (ST path)– Space-time prism (ST prism)– Potential path area (PPA)
Basic Concepts of Time Geography:
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
time
space
12
3
Space-Time Path
time
space
t2
t1
Space-Time Prism
Potential Path Area
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
Information and communications technologies (ICT)have introduced important changes to the ways that people carry out their activities (and travel).
For example,
– Cellular phones provide people with new freedom in space because we are no longer constrained by the fixed locations of landline phone service.
– We now can purchase plane tickets and many other items on the Internet even when travel agencies and stores are closed for business. This represents new freedom in time (as well as in space) due to the use of ICT.
Information and communication technologies (ICT):
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
While transportation serves as the means of carrying out activities in physical space, ICT provide the means for individuals to perform activities in virtual space.
Information and communications technologies (ICT) allow people to interact with others beyond the physical proximity in virtual space (i.e., the concept of extensible agents; Janelle, 1973; Adams, 1995; Kwan, 2000a).
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
Based on the concept of extensible agents, we extend Hägerstrand’sspace-time path concept to represent both physical and virtual activities, with virtual activities represented as relations reaching out from a space-time path.
ST Path
phone call
Instant messaging
time
space
travel
travel
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
Four types of interactions:
With ICT, people can participate in activities through tele-presence in addition to the conventional physical presence.
Four types of communication modes based on their spatial and temporal characteristics (Janelle, 1995; Harvey and Macnab, 2000).
SpatialTemporal Physical presence Tele-presence
Synchronous SP
Face-to-face meetingST
TeleconferenceInstant messages
Asynchronous APPost-it noteBulletin board
ATE-mailVoice mail
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
Four types of human interactions based on their spatio-temporal relationships:
time
space
t2
t1
ST (co-location in time)
AP (co-location in space)
time
space
SP (co-existence)time
space
t2
t1
time
space
AT (no co-location in either space or time)
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
Representation of individual activities in GIS:
Represent individual activities on a space-time path using spatio-temporal linear referencing and dynamic segmentation.
space-time path
space
time
1
2
4
6
8
9
7
Physical activities:1. Drive to work3. Walk to lunch4. Have lunch5. Walk back from lunch6. Drive back home8. Grocery shopping9. Return home
Virtual activities:2. Instant messaging with colleagues7. Receive a cell phone call from
spouse to do grocery shopping
3
5
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Department of Geography, UTK
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting(Cell phone tracking data provided by Christian Licoppe, Ecole Nationale des Telecommunications, France.)
Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Department of Geography, UTK
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting(Cell phone tracking data provided by Christian Licoppe, Ecole Nationale des Telecommunications, France.)
Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Department of Geography, UTK
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting(Cell phone tracking data provided by Christian Licoppe, Ecole Nationale des Telecommunications, France.)
Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Department of Geography, UTK
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting(Cell phone tracking data provided by Christian Licoppe, Ecole Nationale des Telecommunications, France.)
Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Department of Geography, UTK
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting(Cell phone tracking data provided by Christian Licoppe, Ecole Nationale des Telecommunications, France.)
Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Department of Geography, UTK
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting(Cell phone tracking data provided by Christian Licoppe, Ecole Nationale des Telecommunications, France.)
Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Department of Geography, UTK
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting(Cell phone tracking data provided by Christian Licoppe, Ecole Nationale des Telecommunications, France.)
Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Department of Geography, UTK
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting(Cell phone tracking data provided by Christian Licoppe, Ecole Nationale des Telecommunications, France.)
Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Department of Geography, UTK
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
Find locations of ST paths at time T
time
space
TL1
L2
Locate time for point A on the ST path
T interpolate
A
time
space
T6T5
T4T3
T2T1
Find ST paths that visited location L
time
spaceL
time
space
P
Find ST paths interacting with person P
Exploratory spatio-temporal analysis functions:
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
AT(no co-locationIn either space or time)
AP(co-location in space)SP
(co-existence)
ST(co-location in time)
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Department of Geography, UTK
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Department of Geography, UTK
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
Network-based space-time prism(different O-D)
Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Department of Geography, UTK
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
Potential AP interactionsPotential SP interactions
space
time
t1
t2
l1 l2 space
time
l1 l2
t11
t12
t21
t22
Potential ST interactions
space
time
t1
t2
l11 l12 l21 l22
Potential AT interactions
space
time
t
l11 l12 l21 l22
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
initiatorreceiver
initiator
receiver
A case for potential SP interactions
A case for potential ST interactions A case for potential AT interactions
A case for potential AP interactions
For additional information, please see Yu & Shaw (2008) in IJGIS.
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Department of Geography, UTK
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
Uncover Space-Time Patterns in Large Data Sets:
Migration Data Set: Northern Plains survey dataarea of wide-spread and persistent population losssurvey of socio-demographics & attitudesmigration history data:
– roughly 400 respondents per state– over 2800 individuals– more than 11,000 migration moves
Survey data collected by the Bureau of Business and Economic Research at The University of Montana and funded by Congressional Appropriation secured by Sen. Byron Dorgan (North Dakota). Data set was provided by Dr. Christiane von Reichert at The University of Montana.
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
Temporal view vs. Spatial view
Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Department of Geography, UTK
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG MeetingThis visualization function was developed with assistance from Yibin Zhao.
Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Department of Geography, UTK
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG MeetingThis visualization function was developed with assistance from Yibin Zhao.
Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Department of Geography, UTK
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG MeetingFor additional information, please see Shaw, Yu & Bombom (2008) in Transactions in GIS.
Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Department of Geography, UTK
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
Five-year interval
Three-year moving window
Individual-year interval
Generalized Space-Time Paths
For additional information, please see Shaw, Yu & Bombom (2008) in Transactions in GIS.
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG MeetingFor additional information, please see Shaw, Yu & Bombom (2008) in Transactions in GIS.
Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Department of Geography, UTK
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
Human activities are often organized in certain temporal orders such that we can accomplish various tasks.
It is important to view human activities as processesrather than independent events.
“Projects are composed of a series of tasks and act as the vehicle for goal achievement. ..… The pursuit of projects involves events and actions that are incorporated into an individual’s path.” (Golledgeand Stimson, 1997, p. 271)
Representation of processes in space-time:
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
For additional information, please see Shaw & Yu (2009) in Journal of Transport Geography.
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG MeetingFor additional information, please see Shaw & Yu (2009) in Journal of Transport Geography.
Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Department of Geography, UTK
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
For additional information, please see Shaw & Yu (2009) in Journal of Transport Geography.
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
Do we have adequate theories/models/methods to deal with the “dynamically changing and real-time individual tracking data”?
– Transportation geographers’ interests have centered on “the location and geographic pattern of transport systems and the magnitude of the movement or spatial interaction over the elements of such systems”(Black, 2003, p. 3).
– Time has received relatively minor attention in transport geography, with exceptions such as studies of time as an impedance measure and time-space convergence (Janelle, 1969,1975; Knowles, 2006).
A preliminary list of research challenges:
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
– To what extent are some of the classical theories and models in transport geography, such as gravity models, facility location models, and spatial choice models, still valid in today’s world with modern ICT?
– Lyons (2009) guest editorial article of “The reshaping of activities and mobility through new technologies”for a special issue of Journal of Transport Geographyoffers a good overview of the challenges we are facing.
– With the dynamic and real-time tracking data, it’s time to ask “What about time in transportation geography?” (Shaw, 2006)
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
How can we go from individual tracking data to “geography of connections”?
– There exist complex relationships in individual tracking data, both among activities of the same individual and among activities of different individuals.
– Our space-time GIS offers some basic exploratory spatio-temporal analysis functions to examine these hidden complex relationships. There remain many challenging research questions. For example, how to track and analyze interactions between physical and virtual activities over time?
– This also is relevant to applications such as social networking.
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
What are the “locations in virtual space” when tracking individuals?
– For example, what is the location of a person who is playing the World of Warcraft game on the Internet?Is it the physical location of the person, the server location he/she connects, or something else? How do we represent such virtual locations to best support analysis of human activities and interactions?
– How do we define and represent the concept of space-time prism in virtual space?
– There is a need to encourage more intellectual discussions such that we can develop a theoretical framework for locations/interactions in virtual space.
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
What can we do with the “historical individual tracking data”?
– Most applications have focused on the real-time use of individual tracking data.
– Analyzing archived individual tracking data could tell us a lot about patterns, changes, trends, anomalies, etc. Such information can enhance our understanding of the increasingly dynamic society and can be useful for planning, marketing, and other purposes.
– What data should be archived? How to extract hidden spatio-temporal patterns and relationships in the data sets?
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
How can we manage and analyze “large and dynamic individual tracking data” effectively and efficiently?
– Approaches of managing and analyzing individual tracking data must be scalable since the data volume could be huge.
– How do we ensure adequate performance for real-time, near-real-time, or even offline analyses and applications? Spatio-temporal indexing? High performance computing (HPC)? …
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
The changes in today’s world are pushing us to:
– move from an “aggregate” approach towards a “disaggregate” approach;
– move from a “static” approach towards a “dynamic and real-time” approach; and
– move from a “space-centric” approach towards a “space-and-time-centric” approach,
I am sure that I have left out some other important research challenges.
One fundamental research question is how spatial interactions today are different from those studied by Edward L. Ullman in the 1950s.
Conclusion
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
Thank you!
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
Adams, P. 1995. A reconsideration of personal boundaries in space–time. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 85, 267–285.Asakura, Y. and Hato, E. 2004. Tracking survey for individual travel behavior using mobile communication instruments. Transportation Research C, 12, 273-291.Baker, S. 2009. The next NET. BusinessWeek, March 9, 2009, 42-46.Black, W.R. 2003. Transportation: A Geographical Analysis. New York: The Guilford Press.Buliung, R. and Kanaroglou, P. 2004. On design and implementation of an object-relational spatial database for activity/travel behavior research. Journal of Geographical Systems, 6, 237–262.Buliung, R. and Kanaroglou, P. 2006. A GIS toolkit for exploring geographies of household activity/travel behavior. Journal of Transport Geography, 14, 35–51.Golledge, R. and Stimson, R. 1997. Spatial Behavior: A Geographic Perspective. New York: The Guilford Press.Goodchild, M.F. and Janelle, D.G. 1984. The city around the clock: space-time patterns of urban ecological structure. Environment and Planning A, 16, 807-820.
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
Hägerstrand, T. 1970. What about people in regional science? Papers of Regional Science Association, 24, 1-12.Harvey, A. and Macnab, P. 2000, Who’s up? Global interpersonal accessibility. In: Janelle, D. and Hodge, D. (Eds.), Information, Place, and Cyberspace Issues in Accessibility. Springer, Berlin, 147–170.Janelle, D.G., 1969. Spatial reorganization: a model and concept. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 59 (2), 348–364.Janelle, D.G. 1973. Measuring human extensibility in a shrinkingworld. The Journal of Geography, 72, 8–15.Janelle, D.G., 1975. Time space convergence and urban transportation issues. In: Blong, C.K. (Ed.), Systems Thinking and the Quality of Life. The Society for General Systems Research, Washington, DC, 594–600.Janelle, D.G. 1995. Metropolitan expansion, telecommuting, and transportation. In: Hanson, S. (Ed.), The Geography of Urban Transportation. The Guilford Press, New York, 407–434.Janelle, D.G. 2004. Impact of information technologies. In: Hanson, S., Giuliano, G. (Eds.), The Geography of Urban Transportation, third ed. The Guilford Press, New York, 86–112.Knowles, R.D. 2006. Transport shaping space: differential collapse in time-space. Journal of Transport Geography, 14, 407-425.
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
Kwan, M.-P. 2000a. Human extensibility and individual hybrid-accessibility in space–time: a multi-scale representation using GIS. In: Janelle, D.J., Hodge, D.C. (Eds.), Information, Place, and Cyberspace. Issues in Accessibility. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, pp. 241–256.Kwan, M-P. 2000b. Interactive geovisualization of activity-travel patterns using three dimensional geographical information systems: a methodological exploration with a large data set. Transportation Research C, 8, 185–203.Kwan, M-P. 2002. Time, information technologies, and the geographies of everyday life. Urban Geography, 23, 471–482.Kwan, M-P. 2004. GIS methods in time-geographic research: computation and geovisualization of human activity patterns. Geografiska Annaler B, 86, 267–280.Kwan, M-P. and Lee, J. 2003. Geovisualization of human activity patterns using 3D GIS: a time-geographic approach. In: Goodchild, M., Janelle, D. (Eds.), Spatially Integrated Social Science. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 48–66.Laube, P., Imfeld, S. and Weibel, R. 2005. Discovering relative motion patterns in groups of moving point objects. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 19, 639-668.
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
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Professor Shih-Lung Shaw, Fleming Lecture, 2009 AAG Meeting
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