indigenous peoples and climate change in latin america and the caribbean

8/9/2019 Indigenous Peoples and Climate Change in Latin America and the Caribbean

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@oc`ghodus Uhdpbhs ioc Ab`jith Aliogh

ò Bitò Ijhrài ioc tlh Air`kkhio


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@oc`ghodus Uhdpbhs ioc

Ab`jith Aliogh ò BitòIjhrài ioc tlh Air`kkhio

Mindk Nrdo`n ioc Cdrth Vhrohr


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v

Fdrhwdrc x`

Ianodwbhcgjhots x```

Ikkrhvìt`dos xv

Alipthr 9 @otrdcuat`do 9

@oc`ghodus Uhdpbhs df BIA ;

Ab`jith Aliogh ioc Ab`jità Virìk`b`ty ò BIA 3

Chthrjòiots df Vubohrik`b`ty tlh

thrjs df hxaliogh khtwhho c`ffhrhot typhs df isshts> ioc tlh rhturos

(hadodjà ioc dtlhrw`sh) do ioy g`vho b`vhb`lddc strithgy.

B`vhb`lddc strithg`hs= Slh Qustiòikbh B`vhb`lddcs Frijhwdrn (QBF)

prdv`chs òs`glt òtd ldw vubohrik`b`ty, isshts, struaturhs, ioc prdahsshsòfbuhoah b`vhb`lddc strithg`hs ioc ldw tlhsh strithg`hs jiy kh jprdvhc.

B`vhb`lddc dutadjhs= Slh QBF hxijòhs ldw b`vhb`lddc strithg`hs,

g`vho tlh dtlhr fiatdrs, rhsubt ò c`ffhrhot b`vhb`lddc dutadjhs ioc

ldw tlh b`vhb`lddc dutadjhs fhhc kian òtd ivi`bikbh isshts, arhitòg

h`tlhr i v`rtudus dr và`dus a`rabh.

[`sn dr vubohrik`b`ty fiatdrs òarhish tlh b`nhb`lddc tlit i phrsdo dr

adjjuo`ty w`bb suffhr ohgit`vh dutadjhs. Hxphr`hoah sldws tlit tlh r`snsissdaìthc w`tl ab`jith aliogh òarhish wlho adjkòhc w`tl pdvhrty,

pddr gdvhroioah, ioc pddrby jiòtiòhc òfristruaturh. Vubohrik`b`ty td

tlhsh r`sns dftho chphocs strdogby do bdaib sdaìb, pdb`tàib, ioc hadodjà

rhib`t`hs ioc gdvhrojhot pdbà`hs.

Urdthat`vh fiatdrs òarhish tlh b`nhb`lddc tlit i phrsdo dr adjjuo`ty

w`bb trios`t`do suaahssfubby. @jpdrtiot prdthat`vh fiatdrs igiòst tlh ohgit`vh

`jpiats df ab`jith aliogh hx`st it tlh ldushldbc, adjjuo`ty, ioc sda`htib

bhvhb. Urdthat`vh fiatdrs òabuch gddc pukbà pdbà`hs, sual is prdv`s`do dfpukbà lhibtl shrvàhs, hcuait`do, dr sdaìb prdthat`do salhjhs> sdaìb ado-

ohathcohss, wlhtlhr td rhbit`vhs, oh`glkdrs, a`v`b sda`hty drgio`zit`dos, dr

gdvhrojhot ighoa`hs> sdb`c ioc whbb-jiòtiòhc òfristruaturh> gddc gdv-

hroioah> ioc lhibtly pukbà fòioahs. Dvhr ghohrit`dos, òc`ghodus adj-

juo`t`hs livh chvhbdphc ioc iat`vhby jiòtiòhc shts df rhgubir`zhc

priatàhs, ijduotòg td aubturib òst`tut`dos, wlàl sliph tlh`r jioigh-

jhot df oiturib rhsdurahs ioc lhbp tlhj icipt td sdaìb ioc dtlhr

alioghs. Slh iat`vh jiòthoioah ioc rhsphat fdr tlhsh òst`tut`dos `s i nhy

fhiturh df tlh whbb-khòg df sual adjjuo`t`hs.Ab`jith aliogh adjpduocs phdpbhs hx`stòg vubohrik`b`t`hs ky hrdcòg

b`vhb`lddc isshts. Fdr tlh pddr ioc fdr òc`ghodus phdpbh ò pirtàubir, tlh

chtr`jhotib hffhats df ab`jith aliogh do tlh hov`rdojhot hrdch i krdic sht

df b`vhb`lddc isshtsoiturib, plysàib, fòioaìb, lujio, sdaìb, ioc aubturib.

95 @oc`ghodus Uhdpbhs ioc Ab`jith Aliogh ò Bit o Ijhrài ioc tlh Air`kkhio


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Slh b`vhb`lddcs df jioy òc`ghodus adjjuo`t`hs irh ibrhicy frig`bh, khòg

kishc c`rhatby do oiturib rhsdurahs ò hov`rdojhotibby frig`bh irhis. Ioc

jioy oc`ghodus adjjuo`t`hs ibrhicy fiah tlrhits td tlh`r tric`t`doib b`vhb`-

lddcs ioc òchhc tlh`r thrr`tdr`hs frdj fiatdrs sual is tlh hoardialjhot df

igràubturh ioc jòòg iat`v`t`hs òtd fdrhst biocs, pdb`tàib uorhst, `bbhgib

adai aubt`vit`do, ioc prhssurh frdj tlh j`b`tiry ioc pdbàh.

Ipprdial ioc Dutbòh df Qtucy

Sd shbhat aishs fdr chti`bhc ioibys`s wh khgio ky c`stògu`slòg tlh jiò

typhs df ab`jitdbdgàib `jpiats tlit iffhat BIA.< Do tl`s kis`s, BitòIjhrài ioc tlh Air`kkhio irh sukc`v`chc òtd tlh adrrhspdocòg jimdr

hadghdgriplàib rhg`dos= tlh Ijizdo, tlh Iochs ioc suk-Iochs, ioc tlh

Air`kkhio ioc Jhsdijhrài.0 @o hial df tlhsh rhg`dos, irhis ioc phdpbhs

df pirtàubir òthrhst whrh shbhathc fdr furtlhr ioibys`s. Slh i`j wis td

uoadvhr wlhtlhr òc`ghodus phdpbhs irh hsphaìbby vubohrikbh sdaìbby td

tlh hffhats df ab`jith aliogh ioc virìk`b`ty, ioc `f tl`s `s tlh aish, tlho

wly, ldw, ioc uochr wlàl a`raujstioahs. Wh uochrtddn quib`tit`vh

ioibyshs df rhbit`dosl`ps ò BIA aduotr`hs khtwhho ab`jith aliogh ioctlh sda`dhadodjà s`tuit`do df òc`ghodus phdpbhs. Wh ibsd c`c hxthos`vh

f`hbc survhys ò òc`ghodus adjjuo`t`hs iardss tlh rhg`do (odtikby ò

Kdb`vì, Adbdjkì, Jhxàd, Oàirigui, ioc Uhru) td òvhst`gith ldw òc`-

v`cuibs ioc adjjuo`t`hs phrah`vh ioc rhspdoc td ab`jith aliogh ioc

virìk`b`ty. Fdr chti`bs df tlh f`hbcwdrn, shh ipphoc`x K.

Jdst df tlh alioghs ioc typhs df `jpiat c`sausshc ò tl`s kddn livh

hffhats iardss jioy pdpubit`do shgjhots ioc hov`rdojhotib ioc sdaìb

adoc`t`dos. Slhrhfdrh, tlh òfdrjit`do gitlhròg ioc citi ioibys`s sduglttd kh rhspdos`vh td fiatdrs sual is ghochr, igh, ioc tlh sdaìb ioc hadbdg-

àib s`tuit`do df òc`ghodus phdpbhs, òabucòg bioc ivi`bik`b`ty, chgrhh df

adotiat, ioc aubturib rhsdurahfubohss. Io hffdrt wis jich td uochrstioc

òc`ghodus phdpbhs phrahpt`dos ioc phrsphat`vhs frdj tlh`r wdrbcv`hws.

Kut khaiush df tlh c`vhrs`ty df phdpbhs ioc a`raujstioahs, i kddn b`nh

tl`s aio dffhr doby i pirtìb phrsphat`vh do tlh w`ch riogh df rhib`t`hs tlit

òc`ghodus phdpbhs hxphr`hoahioc tlh wiys tlhy òthrprht ab`jità

alioghs ioc tlh `jpiats tlhsh `jpdsh.

Slh vdbujh `s ò s`x alipthrs. Alipthrs ;, 1, ioc 3 irh rhg`doib aishstuc`hs df tlh sdaìb `jpiat df ab`jith aliogh do òc`ghodus phdpbhs df

tlh Ijizdo, tlh Iochio ioc suk-Iochio rhg`do, ioc tlh Air`kkhio ioc

tlh Ahotrib Ijhràio stljus, rhsphat`vhby. Alipthr 8 dffhrs i adjpirit`vh

ioibys`s iardss tlh tlrhh rhg`dos ioc òabuchs i odth do j`t`git`do ò io

@otrdcuat`do 99


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òc`ghodus-phdpbhs adothxt ibdog w`tl i chkith do [hcuaòg Hj`ss`dos

frdj Chfdrhstit`do ioc Chgricit`do uochr tlh Xo`thc Oit`dos (XO)

Frijhwdrn Adovhot`do do Ab`jith Aliogh. Alipthr 6 adoabuchs, dffhr-

òg dphrit`doib rhadjjhocit`dos ioc sugghst`dos fdr futurh rhshiral.

Odths

9. Ab`jith aliogh rhfhrs td bdog-thrj aliogh, tlit `s, sbdw alioghs ò h.g. jhio

ioouib thjphriturhs ioc prha`p`tit`do bhvhbs bhicòg td shi-bhvhb r`sh, jhbtòg

df gbia`hrs, hta. Aliogh o ab`jità virìk`b`ty rhfhrs td òarhishc uoprhcàtik`b-

`ty w`tl rhsphat td shisdos, riòfibb, lurràiohs, hta., ioc `s birghby rhbithc tdtlh Hb O`d Qdutlhro Dsa`bbit`do (HOQD).

;. Fdr BIA is i wldbh, adst hst`jiths df cijigh frdj ab`jith aliogh ioc ab`-

jità virìk`b`ty viry frdj 9.1 td 7 phrahot df GCU ky ;585 `f od iciptit`do

tinhs pbiah. Fdr ;55558, tlh ioouib ivhrigh adst df ab`jith-rhbithc cijigh

jiy kh 5.75.< phrahot df GCU (Oigy ioc dtlhr ;556).

1. Sl`s kddn iccrhsshs ab`jith-aliogh j`t`git`do ioc ioy pdthot ib issdaìthc

ohgit`vh sdaìb `jpiats doby td i b`j`thc chgrhh, chsp`th tlh dkv`dus `jpdr-

tioah df sual `jpiats. @t cdhs odt iccrhss ò chti`b `ssuhs df hohrgy, fdrhsts, dr

òfristruaturh khaiush tlhsh irh tlh sukmhats df dtlhr dogdòg wdrn.

3. Slhrh `s jual chkith ikdut tlh oujkhrs df òc`ghodus òc`v`cuibs ò Bitò

Ijhrài. Oit`doib stit`stàs hst`jith irduoc ;< j`bb`do, wl`bh dtlhr hst`jiths

riogh frdj 13 td 65 j`bb`do, rhfbhatòg tlh ush df vir`dus chfò`t`dos ioc aibau-

bit`do jhtldcs (Biytdo ioc Uitròds ;556). Slh pukbà pdbày rij`fàit`dos df

hst`jitòg pdpubit`do s`zh irh w`chby rhadgo`zhc is òfbuhoaòg tlh chgrhh td

wlàl iaahss td shrvàhs, rhsdurahs, ioc r`glts irh g`vho dr b`j`thc. @othroit`doib

Bikdur Drgio`zit`do (@BD) Adovhot`do 960 prdjdths tlh ush df shbf-

chot`fàit`do, wl`bh dtlhr kdc`hs fivdr tlh cdjòioah df bioguigh dr pirhotsbioguigh is tlh chthrjòòg fiatdr. Fdr furtlhr rhicòg, shh @BD Adovhot`do

(Od. 960) do @oc`ghodus ioc Sr`kib Uhdpbhs ò @ochphochot Aduotr`hs.

8. @UAAs Fdurtl Isshssjhot [hpdrt(;557) pdòts dut tlit tlhrh irh slirp c`f-

fhrhoahs iardss rhg`dos ioc tldsh ò tlh whinhst hadodjà pds`t`do irh dftho

tlh jdst vubohrikbh td ab`jith aliogh ioc irh frhquhotby tlh jdst susahpt`-

kbh td ab`jith-rhbithc cijighs, hsphaìbby wlho tlhy fiah jubt`pbh strhsshs.

Slhrh `s òarhisòg hv`choah df grhithr vubohrik`b`ty df spha`fà grdups...

@UAA (;557) jinhs spha`fà jhot`do df òc`ghodus phdpbhs ioc tric`t`doib

wiys df b`vòg doby ò tlh aishs df pdbir rhg`dos ioc sjibb `sbioc stiths.6. Sl`s `s s`j`bir td dkshrvit dos jich ky Sldjis ioc dtlhrs (;557) ò Qdutl

Ifrài.

7. Dur issujpt`dos do ab`jith aliogh ò tlh rhg`do irh chti`bhc ò ipphoc`x I,

wlàl sujjir`zhs hx`stòg nodwbhcgh ikdut rhahot ab`jith aliogh ioc vir`-

ik`b`ty ioc tlh jdst b`nhby futurh ab`jith aliogh ioc virìk`b`ty ò tlh BIA

9; @oc`ghodus Uhdpbhs ioc Ab`jith Aliogh ò Bit o Ijhrài ioc tlh Air`kkhio


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TTTTTTTT. ;557c. Fdrhstry. @o @UAA Fdurtl Isshssjhot [hpdrt, Wdrn`og Grdup @@@.

Ghohvi= @UAA. lttp=//www.`paa.al.

@WG@I (@othroit`doib Wdrn Grdup fdr @oc`ghodus Iffi`rs). ;55


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98

Slh hbchrs siy tlit tlh Fitlhr df Frìmh lis khho n`bbhc.

Sàuoi jio frdj tlh Ijizdo [`vhr

Qhvhrh ab`jità alioghs irh daaurròg ò tlh Ijizdo kisò, is cdaujhothcky oujhrdus ab`jith jdchbs (@UAA ;559, ;557). Vir`dus plhodjhoi irhò pbiy, òabucòg tlh Hb O`d Qdutlhro Dsa`bbit`do (HOQD), Bi Oì,wòcs frdj tlh Iotiratà, ioc wirjòg frdj tlh Air`kkhio. Slh

Adbdjkìo pirt df tlh Ijizdo `s tlh fdaus df tl`s alipthr, is tl`s irhihoadjpisshs i w`ch riogh df tlh aurrhot ioc pdthotìb typhs df ab`jithaliogh ioc virìk`b`ty plhodjhoi> typhs df òc`ghodus phdpbhs> ioc typhsdf sda`dhadodjà, aubturib, ioc hov`rdojhotib adoc`t`dos ò tlh BIArhg`do. Ghohribby, vhry b`ttbh òfdrjit`do `s ivi`bikbh do ldw òc`ghodusphdpbhs ò tlh Adbdjkìo Ijizdo phrah`vh ioc rhiat td ab`jith alioghioc virìk`b`ty. Slhrhfdrh, tl`s alipthr rhsts do aish stuc`hs df i fhw shbhathcgrdups, suppbhjhothc w`tl rhbhviot òfdrjit`do ivi`bikbh do dtlhr òc`gh-

odus grdups. Hxijpbhs frdj dtlhr Ijizdoìo aduotr`hs irh krduglt òtdtlh ioibys`s wlhrh rhbhviot.Slh Adbdjkìo Ijizdo advhrs io irhi df ikdut 355,555 nj;, dr

irduoc 6 phrahot df tlh 7 j`bb`do nj; df tlh Ijizdo, bdaithc ò tlhodrtlwhsthro shat`do df tlh Ijizdo kisò. Sl`s `s i rhg`do df l`gl oiturib

A L I U S H [ ;

@oc`ghodus Uhdpbhs df tlh Ijizdo


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ioc aubturib c`vhrs`ty. Sldugl luj`c`ty ioc prha`p`tit`do irh l`glhr tlhrh,ioc fdrhst adoshrvit`do s jual khtthr tlio o jdst df Ijizdoì, tlh trdp-àib fdrhsts df tlh Adbdjkìo Ijizdo irh ibrhicy prdfduocby jpiathc kyab`jità virìt`do aiushc ky tlh HOQD. Slhsh hffhats irh hxiahrkithc kychfdrhstit`do ioc fdrhst frigjhotit`do, tlh hxthot df wlàl vir`hs chphoc-òg do oiturib, aubturib, ioc sdaìb virìt`dos w`tlò tlh rhg`do. It prhshottlh icvioah df chfdrhstit`do `s abusthrhc ò tlh whsthro Iochio fddtl`bbsioc `s pr`jir`by tlh rhsubt df hxthos`vh aittbh rioalòg ioc `bbhgib adaipbiotit`dos. Swd c`ffhrhot prha`p`tit`do rhg`jhs aliriathr`zh tlh odrtlhroioc sdutlhro pirt df tlh Adbdjkìo Ijizdo.

Slh c`vhrsh òc`ghodus pdpubit`do df tlh Adbdjkìo Ijizdo ouj-khrs irduoc 955,555, ados`stòg df 8; htloà grdups frdj 91 bògu`stàstdans ioc 95 `sdbithc bioguighs (tikbh ;.9).9 Slh odrtlhro prha`p`tit`dorhg`jh `s ldjh td jdst df tlh òc`ghodus phdpbhs df tlh AdbdjkìoIjizdo ioc tlh oh`glkdròg pirts df tlh Kriz`bìo ioc VhohzuhbioIjizdo> tlh sdutlhro rhg`jh hoadjpisshs tlh sdutlhrojdst òc`ghodusphdpbhs df Adbdjkì. Slhrh `s ibsd i abhir adotrist khtwhho òc`ghodusphdpbhs ò tlh whsthro pirt df tlh Adbdjkìo Ijizdo, wlhrh adbdo`zi-

t`do, irjhc adofbàt, `bbhgib ardps, ioc chfdrhstit`do livh lic i grhit`jpiat, ioc òc`ghodus phdpbhs ò tlh histhro pirt, wlhrh tlh pdpubi-t`dos jiòtiò grhithr thrr`tdrìb ioc aubturib iutdodjy.

Adjkòhc, tlhsh bdaib c`ffhrhoahs jhio tlit tlhrh `s grhit virìt`do òòc`ghodus phdpbhs adotrdb dvhr, iaahss td, ioc chphochoah updo oiturib,sdaìb, aubturib, lujio, ioc hadodjà rhsdurahs. Sl`s virìt`do `s b`nhby td


Sikbh ;.9 Fiats do tlh @oc`ghodus Uhdpbhs df Ijizdo Aduotr`hs

Aduotry Oujkhr df phdpbhs

Ipprdx`jith oujkhr

df òc`ghodus

òc`v`cuibs (9,555)

Uhrahot df tdtib

pdpubit`do

Kdb`vìi 16 8,;55 6;.5*

Kriz`bk ;;8c 755 5.3

Adbdjkìi 0;h 9,355 1.3

Hauicdri 93


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adoc`t`do tlh `jpiats hxphr`hoahc ioc fdrhshho frdj ab`jità aliogh, iswhbb is òc`ghodus phdpbhs aipia`ty td hogigh ò hffhat`vh iciptit`do.Wl`bh tlh ikdvh-jhot`dohc virìt`do w`bb adotr`kuth òs`glts òtd tlhhffhat df ab`jith aliogh do vir`dus b`vhb`lddc strithg`hs, chphocòg doc`ffhrhot adjkòit`dos df rhsdurahs, adoc`t`dos, ioc dppdrtuo`t`hs, `t `sodt b`nhby tlit ibb virìt`do `s aipturhc.

Slh f`rst shat`do df tl`s alipthr chsar`khs òc`ghodus phdpbhs phrahp-t`dos ioc òthrprhtit`dos df alioghs ò thjphriturh ioc shisdoib`ty, adj-piròg tlhsh w`tl jhthdrdbdgàib citi. Slh shadoc shat`do ioibyzhs tlhc`rhat hffhats df tlhsh alioghs do b`vhb`lddcs. Qhat`do 1 chsar`khs tlh

krdichr sdaìb adothxt iffhatòg òc`ghodus phdpbhs ò tlh rhg`do, òabucògtlh icvioah df adbdo`zit`do ioc chfdrhstit`do, ioc shat`do 3 rhv`hws tlhòst`tut`doskdtl òc`ghodus ioc ò jiòstrhij sda`htytlit iffhat tlh`rb`vhb`lddcs. Slh f`ftl shat`do cdaujhots òc`ghodus phdpbhs aurrhot icip-tit`do ioc surv`vib strithg`hs td adph w`tl tlhsh alioghs, l`glb`gltòg icip-tit`dos df ldrtàubturib systhjs. Slh adoabucòg shat`do hjplis`zhs tlit tlhhffhats df gbdkib ab`jith aliogh ioc virìk`b`ty o tlh Ijizdo rhg`do sldubckh isshsshc tdghtlhr w`tl tldsh df dtlhr sdaìb alioghs iffhatòg tlh rhg`do.

Slrhits ioc Uhrahpt`dos df Ab`jith Aliogh

ShjphriturhNhy òfdrjiots òthrv`hwhc frdj shvhrib irhis df tlh AdbdjkìoIjizdo odth tlit thjphriturhs ò Ijizdoì livh io ioouib ayabh dfvirìt`do, w`tl bdwhr thjphriturhs ò tlh j`ccbh df tlh yhir (wòthr òtlh iustrib lhj`splhrh), kut tlhy igrhh tlit sòah tlh yhir ;555, tlh

whitlhr lis ò ghohrib khadjh odtàhikby ldtthr.;

Is stithc ky dohòthrv`hwhh frdj tlh Aiquht [`vhr kisò, doh òcàit`do `s tlit prhv`-dusby, tlh lhit df tlh ciy wdubc gricuibby chabòh frdj 6 p.j. uot`b095 p.j., ifthr wlàl pdòt tlh o`glt wdubc kh addb. Odwiciys, tlhlhit cdhs odt c`ss`pith hvho ifthr j`co`glt.

Slhsh phrahpt`dos adrrhbith whbb w`tl bdaib ab`jitdbdgàib citi.F`gurh ;.9 sldws tlh l`stdràib jdotlby thjphriturhs fdr Bhtàì (do tlhIjizdo [`vhr) ioc Uuhrtd Bhgu`zijd (do tlh Uutujiyd [`vhr) is adj-pirhc w`tl ivhrigh jdotlby thjphriturhs fdr tlh jdrh rhahot phr`dc

;555;557. Qhisdoib thjphriturhs khlivh c`ffhrhotby ò tlh twd r`vhrkisòs, wlàl khbdog td twd c`ffhrhot shisdoib rhg`jhs, is hxpbiòhc khbdw>kdtl rhg`jhs shh chabòhs ò tlh j`ccbh jdotls, kut ò tlh Ijizdo [`vhrirhi tlh l`glhst thjphriturhs irh ò Datdkhr, wl`bh tlh irhi ky tlhUutujiyd [`vhr `s wirjhst ò Miouiry. @o tlh Ijizdo [`vhr irhi, ivhrigh

@oc`ghodus Uhdpbhs df tlh Ijizdo 97


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ioouib thjphriturh ò ;555;557 wis l`glhr curòg tlh fòib jdotls dftlh yhir adjpirhc w`tl 9075;557, ioc ;558 (i crduglt yhir) siw ioòarhish df ibjdst 9A tlrdugldut tlh yhir. @o tlh Uutujiyd [`vhr irhi,tlh ivhrigh ioouib thjphriturh wis ikdut 5.8A l`glhr ò ;555;557tlio ò 9076;557.

Qhisdoib`tyC`ffhrhot shisdoib rhg`jhs hx`st ò tlh odrtl ioc sdutl df tlh Adbdjkìo

Ijizdotlh c`v`còg bòh `s bdaithc sdutl df tlh hquitdr, ibdog tlh ;Qpiribbhb (f`gurh ;.;). F`gurh ;.1 sldws l`stdràib citi fdr prha`p`tit`do iocr`vhr bhvhbs fdr kdtl rhg`jhs. Slh c`ffhrhotìthc rhg`jhs jhio tlit ab`-jith alioghs ioc virìt`dos irh odt uo`fdrj fdr ibb irhis> fdr hxijpbh, tlh;558 crduglt tlit aiushc hxthos`vh f`rhs ò tlh Uhruvìo, Kriz`bìo, iocsdutlhro Adbdjkìo Ijizdo wis odt fhbt is strdogby ò tlh odrtlhroAdbdjkìo Ijizdo.1

B`vhb`lddcs ò tlh Adbdjkìo Ijizdo irh iffhathc jdrh ky alioghsò prha`p`tit`do ioc shisdoib`ty tlio ky tlh `jpiat df òarhisòg thjphr-iturh (Kuoyirc ;55 Qibàn ioc Kyg, ;557). @oc`ghodus phdpbh phrah`vhtlit tric`t`doib shisdoib virìt`dos ò ab`jith irh odw ijpb`f`hc.

Slh ioouib suaahss`do df shisdos `s df utjdst `jpdrtioah fdr òc`gh-odus phdpbhs. Sl`s rlytlj drchrs tlh t`jòg df tlh ldrtàubturib ayabhioc tlh r`tuib priatàhs tlit irh khb`hvhc td lhbp prhvhot `bbohsshs iocprdjdth lujio whbb-khòg, ioc `t `s aruaìb fdr tlh rhprdcuat`do df

9< @oc`ghodus Uhdpbhs ioc Ab`jith Aliogh ò Bit o Ijhrài ioc tlh Air`kkhio

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; tlh grhit

sujjhr df tlh phial pibj Kiatr`s gis`pihs, ò Miouiry, wlho tlh r`vhr s it ts bdw-

hst bhvhb> ioc tlh sujjhr df Jiadukhi w`tdtdruj, bithr ò Miouiry. Sl s `s tlh cry

shisdo, wlho tlh jiò girchos, sbislhc ò jiturh fdrhst, irh kurot, i`chc ky tlh

lhit ioc tlh strdog wòcs tlit kbdw adostiotby frdj tlh hist. Must is tlh wòcs

df frìmh irh aibbhc tlh @jprhgoitdr Fitlhr, tlh wòcs df tlh grhit sujjhr irh

tlduglt df is i Jdtlhr wld adjhs td prhpirh tlh ohw girchos.

@o Jiral, tlh grhit riòy shisdo adjjhoahs, wlho ohw girchos irh pbiothc

ioc tlh r`vhr khgòs `ts sthicy r`sh. @t riòs tlrdugl Ipr`b ioc Jiy, wlho tlh r`vhr

fbddcs tlh bdwhr ioc l`glhr ibbuvìb pbithius ioc òuociths hxthos`vh irhis df tlh

fdrhst. Curòg tl`s t`jh, jdst w`bc fru`ts, fhc ky tlh withr, r`pho ioc fibb òtd tlh r`sòg

r`vhr. Slhy ittriat f`sl tlit adjh td tlh surfiah ioc c`sphrsh ibb ibdog tlh fbddchc

fdrhst fbddr td fhhc do tlh pbhot`fub fddc ioc td biy tlh`r hggs. Slh r`sh df tlh r`vhr

stigoiths w`tl tlh irr`vib df tlh t`jh df frìmh, ioc i ohw ayabh khgòs. Slh r`vhrwithrs igiò khgò td rhahch, fbuslòg iwiy tlh adotijòit`do df tlh wdrbc.

Qdurah= Oirrithc ky Lhroio ioc Hbic`d Jdrhod, Odouyi @ocìos frdj tlh Aiquht [`vhr kisò.


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Adbc shisdo= Fdr òc`ghodus phdpbhs, i cha`s`vh jirnhr df tlh v`tib-`ty df tlh wldbh hadbdgàib systhj `s tlh ipphirioah df tlh adbcwòcs ioc cr`zzbh df frìmh (adbc shisdo). Slh wòcs irh tlduglt tdkbdw iwiy `bbohsshs frdj tlh fdrhst, hxphb tlh adotijòit`do df oiturh,ioc fhrt`b`zh ioc `jprhgoith fbdri ioc fiuoi (kdx ;.9). Slhfrìmh shhjstd daaur hirb`hr tlio usuib ioc s bhss strdog dr s vhry sldrt. @f tlh wòcsdffrìmh cd odt kbdw strdogby hodugl, tlhy cd odt pur`fy tlh trhhs,wldsh fru`ts tlhrhfdrh aioodt r`pho. Is doh Sàuoi jio frdj tlhIjizdo [`vhr put `t, Slh hbchrs siy tlit tlh Fitlhr df Frìmh liskhho n`bbhc.

Urha`p`tit`do= Slh riòy shisdo `s ò c`sirriy= tlhrh irh od c`stòat crydr riòy shisdos. @t riòs wlho `t sldubc odt, `t `s ldt wlho `t sldubcodt kh, doh jio frdj Iririauiri tdbc us. Sldugl tlh t`jh df dur òthr-v`hw (Ipr`b ;55


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[`vhr bhvhbs= Sl`s prdjòhot shisdoib jirnhr lis sldwo ibb sdrts df ibthr-it`dos, w`tl c`ffhrhoahs khtwhho tlh odrtlhro ioc sdutlhro rhg`jhs. @otlh odrtlhro rhg`do, ò ;558, tlh r`vhr fbddchc ioc f`sl litalhc is odr-jib, kut tlho tlh r`vhr succhoby rhahchc khfdrh tlh f`sl whrh suff`-a`hotby jiturh, tlus n`bbòg tlhj (f`gurh ;.8).

Crduglt ioc f`rhs= ;558 wis io hxahpt`doibby cry yhir ò sdutlhroioc whsthro Ijizdoì. @oc`ghodus phdpbhs ibdog tlh AdbdjkìoIjizdo [`vhr whrh iffhathc ky sjdnh adjòg frdj hxthos`vh f`rhstlit daaurrhc ò sdutlwhsthro Kriz`b ioc histhro Kdb`vì ioc rhialhc

up td tlh Ijizdo [`vhr.3 Is sldwo ò f`gurh ;.6, tl`s crduglt wisodt fhbt ò tlh rhg`dos uochr tlh odrtlhro rhg`jh, kut `t c`c prhvhottlh r`vhr frdj fbddcòg tlit yhir. @o Uuhrtd Bhgu`zijd (i) ioc Bhtàì(a), tlh prha`p`tit`do rhg`jhs whrh òvhrthc. It tlh Uuhrtd Irài sti-t`do (k), bdaithc hxiatby do tlh c`v`còg bòh khtwhho tlh twd rhg`jhs,tlh crduglt wis st`bb strdogby fhbt.

@oc`ghodus @othrprhtit`do df Ab`jith Aliogh

Qda`hty, odt oiturh, `s it tlh lhirt df Ijizdoìo òc`ghodus phdpbhs òthr-prhtit`do df tlh aurrhot s`tuit`dowhitlhr òabuchc. @oc`ghodus phdpbhsdf tlh Ijizdo thoc td ittr`kuth dogdòg ab`jità ibthrit`do td lujiorhspdos`k`b`ty ioc òipprdprìth khliv`dr. Sldugl tlhy livh lhirc, ò tlh

@oc`ghodus Uhdpbhs df tlh Ijizdo ;1

5

;55

355

655


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ohws ioc tlrdugl v`s`tdrs, ikdut gbdkib ab`jith aliogh ioc virìk`b`ty, tlhyjiòby kbijh tlhjshbvhs fdr tlh alioghs tlit iffhat tlh`r b`vhb`lddc iocwhbb-khòg. Slhy siy tlit ibtldugl t jiy kh truh tlit wl`th phdpbh livhpdbbuthc tlh Hirtl, òc`ghodus phdpbhs livh i slirh df rhspdos`k`b`tytlrdugl tlh`r ohgb`ghoah ò b`vòg ioc jioigòg b`fh òipprdprìthby.Iaadrcòg td jytlà l`stdry tlhy oirrith, fdrjhrby, lujios jioighc tlhwhitlhr ioc tlh bioc iaadrcòg td tlh plishs df tlh ioouib ayabh. It tlhkhgòoòg df tlh yhircuròg tlh t`jh dffrìmhtlh hbchrs tibnhc ikduttlh pròa`pbh df b`fh ioc grdwtl ioc rhmhathc ibb hv`b> tl`s wis cdohtlrdugl r`tuib iat`v`t`hs dr cioah fhst`vibs (Nrdo`n ;559). @o tlh ohxtplish, tlhy hvibuithc tlh prhv`dus shisdo ioc prhpirhc fdr tlh ohxt, ioc

;3 @oc`ghodus Uhdpbhs ioc Ab`jith Aliogh ò Bit o Ijhrài ioc tlh Air`kkhio

Mio

5

955

;55

155

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90


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tl`s adotòuhc uot`b tlh fubb ayabh wis adjpbhthcibwiys tlrdugl r`tuibiat`v`t`hs tlit rhqu`rhc ikuociot ioc c`vhrsh ldrtàubturib prdcuats.Wlho tlhy fhbbhc tlh fdrhst, tlhy aibbhc td tlh Jdtlhr df Qujjhr> ifthrkuroòg tlhy aibbhc td tlh Griocfitlhr df [iò> ioc ò tlh`r cìbdguh tlhyspdnh ikdut tlh prdahsshs df ghstit`do td jinh tlh shhcs sprdut. Sl`skhliv`dr lhbphc tlh suaahss`do df shisdos td kh rhgubir ioc tlh ardps tdkh ikuociot. Qphinòg b`nh tl`s, oiturh wis lhibtly. @f pbiots irh whbb,tlho al`bcrho ioc wdjho irh whbb ioc lhibtly. Odwiciys `t `s od bdoghrpriatàhc, ibtldugl tlh nodwbhcgh `s tlhrh, tlhy sthroby ivdw. C`sdrchrò oiturh `s i rhfbhat`do df c`sdrchr ò sda`hty.

Fdr òc`ghodus phdpbhs, sda`hty `s iffhathc odt doby ky tlh òstik`b`tydf oiturib adoc`t`dos kut ibsd ky dtlhr `jpdrtiot alioghs tlit irh tin-òg pbiah ò tlh`r wiy df b`fhkrduglt ikdut, ò grhit jhisurh, ky ado-tiat w`tl tlh jirnht hadodjy, salddb hcuait`do, jiss jhcì, ioc iriogh df dtlhr hxthroib ighots. Slhsh ohw adoc`t`dos livh hrdchc tlh`rtric`t`doib jioighjhot df b`fh tlrdugl r`tuib cìbdguh ioc priatàh.Igiò, tlh kbijh `s shho td b`h odt w`tl odoòc`ghodus phdpbh, wld ado-quhrhc ioc òarhisògby iss`j`bithc tlhj òtd i gbdkib sda`hty, kut w`tl

òc`ghodus phdpbhs dwo fi`burh td rhs`st dr icipt td tlhsh alioghs òòodvit`vh wiys. Slus ab`jith aliogh ioc virìk`b`ty ioc sda`htibaliogh irh shho td kh òthrrhbithc> tlhy irh pbiahc o io htlàib phrspha-t`vh tlit òadrpdriths tric`t`doib wiys df sphinòg td ioc rhbitòg tdoiturh ibdog w`tl ohw wiys df chibòg w`tl jiòstrhij sda`hty. Sl`sphrsphat`vh lis `jpdrtiot hffhats do tlh rhsdurahs ioc isshts tlitòc`ghodus phdpbh alddsh is tlhy shiral fdr wiys td j`t`gith ioc icipttd tlh `jpiat df ab`jith aliogh. Slh`r bdaib òst`tut`dos ioc tlh birghr

struaturhs ioc prdahsshs tlit prdv`ch tlh frijhwdrn df tlh`r b`vhb`lddcstrithg`hs ibsd iffhat tlh`r iciptit`do strithg`hs.

Hffhats df Ab`jith Aliogh do @oc`ghodus Uhdpbhs B`vhb`lddcs

Alioghs ò thjphriturh ioc shisdoib`ty livh c`rhat, `jjhcìth hffhats dofbdri ioc fiuoi is whbb is do lujio iat`v`t`hs ioc lhibtl.

Hffhats do Fbdri ioc Fiuoi

Slh vhry c`vhrsh f`sl pdpubit`do ò tlh Ijizdo kisò, hsphaìbby ò tlhr`vhrs tlit irh abdshr td tlh Iochs, typàibby prdv`chs io `jpdrtiot fddcrhsdurah fdr òc`ghodus adjjuo`t`hs. Slh b`fh ayabhs df f`sl ioc r`vhrturtbhs irh abdshby adoohathc td tlh shisdoib ayabh df r`vhr fbddcòg (fdrf`sl) ioc `ts t`jhby hkkòg (fdr turtbhs). Slh r`vhr jdvhjhot ohhcs td



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kh syoalrdo`zhc w`tl prha`p`tit`do, wlàl lhbps tlh r`phoòg df w`bcfru`ts do wlàl f`sl fhhc ò fbddchc irhis. @o ;557, i l`gl fbddc ò tlhAiquht ioc dtlhr odrtlhro r`vhrs ibbdwhc f`sl td rhprdcuah suaahss-fubby ifthr tlhy lic fi`bhc td cd sd tlh prhv`dus f`vh yhirs. Do tlhIjizdo [`vhr (sdutlhro rhg`jh), fbddcòg lis odt khho suffà`hot sòah9000, ioc tl`s lis c`rhatby iffhathc f`sl rhprdcuat`do. Slh ikodrjibkhliv`dr df r`vhr bhvhbs lis ibsd c`rhatby iffhathc tlh rhprdcuat`do dfturtbhs, wlàl rhqu`rh i t`jhby charhish ò tlh r`vhr bhvhb fdr khialhs tdipphir fdr tlhj td biy tlh`r hggs do (kdx ;.;).

Io hirby, sldrt, dr whinfrìmh adupbhc w`tl io hrrità suaahss`do df cry

ioc riòy shisdos c`rhatby iffhats tlh lirvhsts df w`bc fru`ts.8 Fi`bhc fru`t-trhh ardps irh dkshrvhc ijdog jioy òc`ghodus phdpbhs o tlh Ijizdoìoioc ibsd tlh suk-Iochio rhg`do, frdj tlh Iyjiri, Ifrd-Kdb`vìo, iocPuogis df Kdb`vì, td tlh Ialuir ioc Qluir df Hauicdr ioc Uhru, td tlh

;6 @oc`ghodus Uhdpbhs ioc Ab`jith Aliogh ò Bit o Ijhrài ioc tlh Air`kkhio

Kdx ;.;

Slh Hffhats df Qhisdoib Aliogh do tlh Gìot Surtbh,io Hocioghrhc Qpha`hs

Slh t`jhby chsahot df withr bhvhbs `s rhqu`rhc fdr tlh rhprdcuat`do df turtbhs, pir-

tàubirby df tlh gìot turtbh, Udcdaohj`s hxpiosi, io hocioghrhc spha`hs. Is tlh

r`vhr rhahchs ioc tlh khialhs ipphir, turtbhs pbiah i f`rst abutal df hggs do tlh

khialhs ò Odvhjkhr (odrtlhro rhg`jh)> odrjibby, tl`s f`rst abutal `s wislhc iwiy

ky i fòib r`sh df tlh withrs. Slho, tlh turtbhs pbiah i shadoc abutal df hggs, wlàl

`s suaahssfub, is tlh r`vhr fòibby cr`hs up ioc tlh cry shisdo shts ò. @o ;558, ò tlh

Aiquht [`vhr, tlh shadoc abutal df hggs wis ibsd wislhc iwiy ky io ikodrjibr`sh df tlh r`vhr.

Slh gìot turtbh lis khho tdtibby dr ohirby hxtòat frdj jdst wl`th withr

Adbdjkìo ioc Kriz`bìo Ijizdo r`vhrs is i rhsubt df dvhrhxpbd`tit`do. Slh Odouyi

ioc J`rii @ocìos livh khho wdrnòg w`tl Adbdjkìo hov`rdojhotib iutldr`-

t`hs ò adoshrvit`do prdgrijs fdr tl`s spha`hs ò tlh Aiquht [`vhr, wlhrh tlh

spha`hs st`bb hx`sts. Slhy wital tlh khialhs wlhrh tlh turtbhs rhgubirby pbiah tlh`r

hggs ioc prhvhot trichrs dr strioghrs frdj pbuochròg tlh ohsts. Slhy livh ibsd

itthjpthc td krhhc tlh turtbhs o irt`fàìb rhshrvd`rs. @t s pdss`kbh td sibvigh turtbh

ohsts frdj fbisl fbddcs ky jdvòg tlhj td l`glhr grduoc. I Adbdjkìo odo-

gdvhrojhotib drgio`zit`do (OGD) airr`hc dut ò`tìt`vhs df tl`s oiturh ò tlh

90


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w`tl adostiot wòcs, wlàl guiriothh i adjpbhth kurodut df tlh pbdts.Slh uoprhcàtik`b`ty df sual i shisdo lis aiushc sbislhc pbdts td kh kurotòadjpbhthby dr odt it ibb. @o tlh fdrjhr aish, @ocìos livh td aut ioc stianwddc td ku`bc f`rhs ioc adjpbhth tlh kuroòg prdahss, grhitby iccòg tdtlh wdrn ohhchc. Sl`s typh df gircho s jdstby wdrnhc ky oc`ghodus phd-pbhs df tlh odrtlhisthro Adbdjkìo Ijizdo, wld livh iaahss td pbhoty dfjiturh fdrhst> òc`ghodus phdpbhs abdshr td urkio dr adbdo`zit`do irhis odbdoghr wdrn tl`s typh df ldrtàubturib pbdt, is tlh`r iaahss td l`gl fdrhst `sshvhrhby rhstràthc. C`vhrs`ty-ràl girchos ò jiturh fdrhst irh `jpdrtiotodt doby is i sdurah df fddc kut ibsd fdr r`tuib ioc ahrhjdoìb b`fh. Slus ab`-

jith aliogh ioc virìk`b`ty c`rhatby iffhat kdtl aubt`vithc c`vhrs`ty iocahrhjdoìb v`tib`ty ò tlh jdrh tric`t`doib irhis.

Slh jdrh prdcuat`vh kut bhss c`vhrsh girchos do ibbuvìb sd`bs irhtlrhithohc ky uoprhcàtikbh alioghs ò r`vhr bhvhbs. Fbisl dr hirby fbddcsaio chstrdy wldbh ardps. Sl`s typh df gircho, ushc fdr kdtl aisl iocsuks`sthoah ardps, `s jdstby aubt`vithc ky r`khrhd phdpbhs wld b`vhibdog tlh jimdr wl`th-withr r`vhrs (Ijizdo, Uutujiyd) ioc ibsd prd-v`chs io ibthroit`vh fdr tric`t`doib grdups b`vòg ibdog tlh Aiquht

[`vhr. Slh bdog-thrj òstik`b`ty df tl`s fdrj df girchoòg aiushc kyuoprhcàtikbh r`vhr bhvhbs tlus iffhats tlh suks`sthoah ioc jirnhthadodj`hs df bhss tric`t`doib grdups is whbb is tlh ibthroit`vh fdrjs dfldrtàubturh df tric`t`doib grdups.

Slh sbisl-ioc-kuroòg df ldrtàubturib pbdts ò shadociry fdrhstwlàl irh bhss c`vhrsh tlio tldsh ò jiturh fdrhst ioc bhss prdcuat`vhtlio tldsh do ibbuvìb sd`bstlus rhjiòs tlh jdst chphocikbh girchoògdpt`do. Sl`s typh df girchoòg lis khadjh lik`tuib fdr grdups w`tl

rhstràthc thrr`tdr`hs, ioc `t `s io ibthroit`vh fdr kdtl r`khrhd phdpbhs ioctric`t`doib grdups df thrri f`rjh. Slh rhphithc sbislòg df shadociry fdrhstbhics td sd`b chgricit`do ioc òarhisòg whhc òvis`do.

Hffhats do LhibtlJdst òthrv`hwhhs strhsshc dutr`glt tlh òarhishc òa`choah df rhsp`ritdryioc òthstòib (jdst b`nhby v`rib) c`shishs ò rhahot yhirs, dkshrvòg tlittlh c`shishs whrh odt doby strdoghr tlio khfdrh kut ibsd df fdrjhrbyuonodwo nòcs. Vhatdr-kdroh c`shishs b`nh jibirì dr choguh fhvhr ippir-

hotby livh odt òarhishc, kut aliogòg pitthros df r`vhr fbuatuit`do jiy`jprdvh tlh krhhcòg adoc`t`dos fdr vhatdrs ò st`bb uoprhcàtikbh wiys.

@oc`ghodus phdpbhs irh fij`bìr w`tl tlh shisdoib ipphirioah dfv`rib c`shishs, wlàl `s abdshby rhbithc td r`vhr fbuatuit`dos, prha`p`ti-t`do, ioc thjphriturh, ioc tlhy ush kdtl jithrìb ioc sp`r`tuib priatàhs

;< @oc`ghodus Uhdpbhs ioc Ab`jith Aliogh ò Bit o Ijhrài ioc tlh Air`kkhio


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td prhvhot tlhj. @bbohss ioc c`shishs, ò òc`ghodus phdpbhs v`hw, b`vh òtlh trhhs ioc ò withr. Slh r`sòg withrs ioc tlh wòcs df frìmh irh shhotd c`sbdcgh c`shishs ioc fbusl tlhj iwiy. Fi`burh df fbddcòg ioc frìmhwòcs `s khb`hvhc td aiush adotijòit`do td iaaujubith ò tlh itjds-plhrh ioc ò tlh withrs, wl`bh r`sòg thjphriturhs irh shho td wdrsho tlhiaaujubithc adotijòit`do, aiusòg rhsp`ritdry ioc òthstòib c`shishs tdbòghr ioc chvhbdp òtd ohw, jdrh-v`rubhot nòcs. @othrv`hwhhs hxpbà`tbystithc td us tlit r`tuib priatàhs ioc prhvhot`vh jhisurhs jhiot tdaduothr tlh icvhrsh hffhats ioc cioghrs df hial shisdo livh òarhisògbyfi`bhc td livh tlh chs`rhc hffhat.

Lhit, tdd, iffhats lujio lhibtl. L`gl thjphriturhs o dpho irhis, sualis gircho pbdts, aiush fit`guh ioc lhicialhs, òarhisòg wlit @ocìosuochrstioc is tlh a`raubit`do df `bbohss ò oiturh.

Dtlhr hffhats do lujio lhibtlodt odthc ky òthrv`hwhhs, kutprhcàtikbhlivh td cd w`tl tlh pdthotìb c`jòut`do df fddc sup-pb`hs. F`sl `s tlh jiò sdurah df prdthò ioc `s doh df tlh rhsdurahsjdrh c`rhatby l`t ky ibthrhc shisdoib`ty. Sldugl jio`da, tlh jiòsdurah df airkdlycriths, `s i vhry rhs`stiot ioc iciptikbh ardp, dtlhr

ardps tlit horàl ioc adjpbhjhot tlh c`ht irh iffhathc ky tlh aliog-òg ab`jith, is irh ibthroit`vh sdurahs df prdthò, jòhribs, ioc v`tijòssual is w`bc ioc aubt`vithc fru`ts ioc io`jibs.

Adbbithrib Khohf`tsSlh uoprhcàtik`b`ty df shisdos lis bhsshohc tlh òa`choah df phst òfhs-tit`dos. Slh jdotls df Qhpthjkhr ioc Datdkhr (odrtlhro rhg`jh) irhnodwo is tlh t`jh df wdrjs, i shisdo df fbuatuitòg withr bhvhbs ioc

tluochrstdrjs, wlho tlh fdrhst f`bbs w`tl wdrjs tlit fhhc do fru`t. @orhahot yhirs, tlh wdrj òfhstit`do lis fi`bhc td jithrìb`zh.Slh grhit sujjhr phr`dc `s aliriathr`zhc ò sdjh rhg`dos (Aiquht

ioc Uutujiyd kisòs) ky tlh ipphirioah df swirjs df kbddc-suanòggoits. Slhsh irh odt nodwo c`shish vhatdrs, kut tlhy ioody phdpbh iocaiush òfhat`dos do sjibb al`bcrhos snò ioc ibbhrgà rhiat`dos ò sdjhòc`v`cuibs. Slh fi`burh df abhirby c`stògu`slikbh sujjhr phr`dcs td daaurlis c`jò`slhc tlh òa`choah df tl`s pbiguh.7

Ghochr, Igh, ioc Qdaìb C`ffhrhotìb HffhatsJdst df tlh ikdvh-jhot`dohc alioghs livh hffhats iardss ghochrs iocighs, kut sdjh grdups irh hsphaìbby vubohrikbh.

Pduog al`bcrho irh tlh grdup jdst vubohrikbh td v`rib c`shishs, wlàl,is sldwo ikdvh, irh doh df tlh hffhats df ab`jith aliogh jdst strdogby fhbt



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ky òc`ghodus phdpbhs. Ibsd, ardp fi`burhs ioc tlh sl`ftòg ivi`bik`b`ty dfprdthò aio kh hxphathc td c`rhatby ioc `rrhvhrs`kby iffhat tlh grdwtl ioclhibtly chvhbdpjhot df yduog al`bcrho.

Hbchrs ioc r`tuib jisthrs grdw ioc ush i birgh oujkhr df pbiot spha`hsfdr lhibòg ioc r`tuib priatàhs, kut tlh`r ik`b`ty td airry dut tlhsh pria-tàhs `s adjprdj`shc wlho tlhy aioodt suaahssfubby grdw tlh pbiots tlhyohhc. Ibsd, ohw ioc jdrh-v`rubhot c`shishs adofduoc tlh`r lhibòg iocprhvhot`do ik`b`t`hs.

Wdjho airry i lhivy kurcho df `jpiat, is tlhy tric`t`doibby khir tlhrhspdos`k`b`ty fdr rdutòh bikdr ò ldrtàubturh. Wdrn ò dpho f`hbcs uochr

r`sòg thjphriturhs, ardp fi`burh, ioc tlh ohhc td rhpbiot fi`bhc ardps,tdghtlhr w`tl bdwhr y`hbcs, iffhat kdtl wdjhos plysàib lhibtl ioc tlh`rpsyaldbdgàib whbb-khòg. Girchos ò shadociry fdrhst dr libf-kurot gir-chos ò jiturh fdrhst tinh jdrh wdrn td hricàith whhcs ioc jiouibbyadjpbhth tlh kuroòg prdahss. Al`bcrhos `bb lhibtl ioc jiboutr`t`do`jpdsh io icc`t`doib kurcho do wdjho is airhg`vhrs.

Pduog jibhs, wld khir tlh jiò rhspdos`k`b`ty fdr luotòg ioc f`slòg(ioc lhoah fdr tlh suppby df prdthò) ioc tlh abhiròg df fdrhst fdr ohw

gircho pbdts, irh iffhathc ky tlh fibbòg ivi`bik`b`ty df f`sl. Slh hffdrtohhchc fdr luotòg ioc f`slòg òarhishs, ioc `t khadjhs jdrh c`ffàubt tdmucgh tlh r`glt t`jòg fdr tlh sbisl-ioc-kuroòg df ohw pbdts.

Slh òc`ghodus phdpbhs wld livh grhithr thrr`tdrìb iutdodjywldchr`vh tlh`r b`vhb`lddc jdstby frdj fdrhst ioc withr rhsdurahs ioc jiò-tiò io iat`vh ioc hogighc r`tuib b`fhshh tlh`r b`vhb`lddc jdst strdogbyiffhathc. Slhy pbiah grhit vibuh do girchos sbislhc ò jiturh fdrhst,pbiothc w`tl i l`gl vir`hty df spha`hs> chphoc lhiv`by do f`sl ioc gijh

fdr prdthò> ioc tinh airh df tlh`r lhibtl w`tl tlh`r dwo jhios iocnodwbhcgh. Slh`r b`vhb`lddc rhsts do tlh`r ik`b`ty td òthrprht rhgubir oit-urib ayabhs ioc iat ò iaadrcioah w`tl tlhj. Sldugl tlhy ahrtiòby livhadotiat w`tl jiòstrhij sda`hty, irh òadrpdrithc td sdjh chgrhh ò tlhjirnht hadodjy, ioc livh iaahss td pukbà lhibtl ioc hcuait`do shrvàhs,i birgh prdpdrt`do df tlh`r b`vhb`lddc chphocs do tlh`r nodwbhcgh, ush,ioc jioighjhot df fdrhst ioc withr rhsdurahs. Dur òthrv`hws sldwhctlhsh td kh tlh òc`ghodus phdpbhs jdst iwirh df ioc jdst vubohrikbh tdtlh hffhats df ab`jith aliogh ioc virìk`b`ty. @o tl`s aithgdry irh tlh

òc`ghodus grdups df tlh Viuphs irhi (Histhro Suniod, Jinu-Uuòivh,ioc Iriwin bògu`stà stdans), tlh Aiquhti-Uutujiyd rhg`do (W`tdcd,Kdri-J`rii, ioc Iocdnh stdans), tlh Guiòì rhg`do (Jinu-Uuòivh iocIriwin stdans) ioc sdjh grdups df tlh Ijizdo Sriphzh (S`nuoi, Uhki-Pigui, ioc Sup` stdans) (f`gurh ;.7).



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I c`ffhrhot sahoir`d pbiys dut fdr oc`ghodus phdpbhs wld livh rhstràthcthrr`tdrìb iutdodjy ioc b`ttbh dr od iaahss td jiturh fdrhst ioc wldchphoc do ldrtàubturh ò shadociry fdrhst, aisl ardps frdj ibbuvìb sd`bs,adjjhraìb f`slòg, wigh bikdr, tdur`sj, ioc sibhs df liocàrifts fdr tlh`r

b`vhb`lddc. Slhy fhhb tlh hffhats df ab`jith alioghs td tlh hxthot tlhy ushr`vhr ioc fdrhst rhsdurahs, ioc tlhy irh hquibby iffhathc ky c`shishs ioc r`s-òg thjphriturhs. Slhsh òc`ghodus phdpbhs irh bhss ò tuoh w`tl tlh shi-sdoib aibhocir (dr tlh`r iwirhohss `s rhstràthc td tldsh isphats tlit c`rhatbyiffhat tlh`r iat`v`t`hs), tlh`r tric`t`doib nodwbhcgh `s jdrh b`j`thc, ioc gho-hribby, r`tuib sphaìb`sts pbiy i bhsshr rdbh o tlh`r b`vhs. Slh`r grhithr iaahss tdtlh jirnht ioc td pukbà lhibtl ioc hcuait`do shrvàhs prdv`chs tlhj w`tlrhsdurahs td kuffhr tlh `jpiats do tlh`r b`vhb`lddc tlit rhsubt frdj alioghsò tlh rhbìk`b`ty df oiturib rhsdurahs. Slhy irh bhss iwirh df ab`jith alioghioc virìk`b`ty ioc bhss vubohrikbh tlio jdrh tric`t`doib grdups, kut tlhadjkòhc hffhats df ab`jith aliogh ioc virìk`b`ty thoc td prdjpt dr iaahb-hrith tlh`r rhbìoah do wigh mdks, jirnht othgrit`do, ioc j`grit`do td urkioirhis, aiusòg òarhishc pdvhrty. @o tl`s aithgdry irh òc`ghodus phdpbhs dotlh fròghs df tlh adbdo`zit`do irhis it tlh fddtl`bbs df tlh Iochs ioc ibdog


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tlh Guivìrh [`vhr, ioc òc`ghodus phdpbhs df dtlhr rhg`dos b`vòg ohirurkio irhis (f`gurh ;.7). Srum`bbd (;55


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iat`v`t`hs. Slh whsthro Adbdjkìo Ijizdo `s io l`stdràib strdogldbcioc livho df tlh Adbdjkìo guhrr`bbis, nhpt it kiy frdj tlh jiò r`vhrsioc pdpubit`do ahothrs doby ky tlh òarhisòg prhshoah df tlhAdbdjkìo j`b`tiry. Slh hffhats df bbhgib adai aubt`vit`do, guhrr`bbis, iocgdvhrojhotib j`b`tiry dphrit`dos irh fhbt jdrh strdogby ò tlh whst,wlhrh @ocìos livh frhquhotby khho n`bbhc dr c`spbiahc frdj tlh`r thr-r`tdr`hs. @oc`ghodus phdpbhs ò tlh birghr histhro rhg`dos irh odw sifhris tlh rhsubt df io òarhishc j`b`tiry prhshoah, kut ibb tlhsh sdaìb iocpdb`tàib prdahsshs irh is uoprhcàtikbh is thjphriturh, prha`p`tit`do,ioc shisdoib sl`fts.

@o tlh hist, tlh jdrh tric`t`doib òc`ghodus phdpbhs livh thrr`tdrìbiutdodjy ò tlh birgh hxpioshs df @ocìo prhshrvhs, kut tlh stith dffhrstlhj doby b`j`thc prdthat`do frdj tlh sò`sthr fdrahs c`sausshc ikdvh.

@ocìos livh, ky biw, tlh stitus df bioc iutldr`t`hs ioc aio rubh tlh`r thr-r`tdr`hs iaadrcòg td tlh`r dwo aubturib jdchs, kut tlhy bian tlh aipia`tytd hofdrah dr chthr tlh uowiothc prhshoah df dtlhr iatdrs dr td adotiòsdaìb c`sòthgrit`do, wlàl lipphos, fdr hxijpbh, tlrdugl tlh`r ydutlsmdòòg guhrr`bbi fdrahs dr gdòg td wdrn ò adai pbiotit`dos. Aurrhotby, tlh


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òc`ghodus fhchrit`dos pbiy i b`j`thc rdbh ò prdthatòg tlh`r biocs. @oAdbdjkì is ò Kriz`b, tlhy livh hstikb`slhc ibbìoahs w`tl hov`rdojhotibgrdups, wlàl jiy kh holioahc ò tlh futurh ioc tlus hoikbh tlhj td

prdthat tlh`r biocs jdrh hffhat`vhby.Ohw sdaìb fiatdrs iffhat tlh s`tuit`do, tdd. @ocìos chphoc odt mustdo oiturib rhsdurahs fdr tlh`r b`vhb`lddc> tlhy ibsd ohhc hcuait`do ioclhibtl shrvàhs ioc jdohy td kuy adjjdc`t`hs (abdtlòg, tddbs, ioc sdfdrtl) frdj tlh jirnht. Jdohy `s sairah, ioc tlh ohhc fdr `t vir`hsijdog grdupsjdrh òthosh ijdog tldsh wld b`vh do tlh fròghs dfadbdo`zit`do dr urkio irhis, ioc bhss òthosh ijdog grdups w`tlgrhithr thrr`tdrìb iutdodjy. Khs`chs daais`doib wigh mdks dr aisl i`cfrdj tlh gdvhrojhot dr OGDs, tlh jiò sdurah df jdohy `s tlhhxpbd`tit`do df oiturib rhsdurahs= adjjhraìb f`slòg, t`jkhr hxtria-t`do, prdcuat`do df liocàrifts, gdbc jòòg, sibh df w`bc fru`ts iocgijh, ioc aisl ardps. Slhsh iat`v`t`hs iffhat rhsdurah jioighjhotioc irh shho td kh ijdog tlh aiushs df oiturib c`sdrchr= rhsdurahs irhhxtriathc ò hxahss> gdbc jòòg krògs adotijòithc jithrìbs frdjtlh suksd`b td tlh surfiah> ioc girchos irh pbiothc w`tl i fhw ardps


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òthochc fdr sibh, ritlhr tlio tlh c`vhrsh riogh df ardps ohhchc fdr r`t-uib hxaliogh ioc rhprdcuat`do.

@oc`ghodus phdpbh irh òarhisògby òthgrithc ò tlh jdoht`zhc hado-djy. Wh irh kbòchc ky jdohy> tlh prdcuats df tlh fdrhst irh odwturohc òtd kusòhss, si`c i W`tdtd jio frdj tlh Ijizdo [`vhr rhg`do.Jdohy `s ohhchc fdr salddbògi nhy adoahro fdr òc`ghodus phdpbhs.Pduog phdpbh, dftho jho, j`grith dut df tlh rhg`do td wdrn ò adai f`hbcsdr ò t`jkhr aijps, td jinh i suffà`hot òadjh td ri`sh i fij`by. Ab`jithaliogh ioc virìk`b`ty iffhats tlh y`hbc df girchos, ioc tlh ivi`bik`b`ty dfprdthò chabòhs, prdjptòg phdpbh td j`grith. Khfdrh, `t wis òc`v`cuibs

wld j`grithc> odw `t `s hot`rh fij`b`hs wld jdvh dut df tlh rhsguircdirhis, i Odouyi jio frdj tlh Aiquht [`vhr chabirhc.

@ost`tut`doib Frijhwdrn

Slh òst`tut`dos jdst trusthc ky òc`ghodus phdpbhs irh tlh`r dwo aub-turib òst`tut`dosodt tlh fdrjib dr pdb`tàib òc`ghodus drgio`zit`dos,kut tlh tric`t`doib jdchs df drgio`zit`do ioc addrcòit`do ijdog phdpbh

ioc w`tl tlh oiturib hbhjhots. Ahrhjdo`hs ioc r`tuibs viry ijdoggrdups, kut ibb slirh tlh purpdsh df lhibòg ioc jiòtiòòg oiturh iocsda`hty. Hxijpbhs df sual r`tuibs òabuch tlh ahrhjdoy df iyiluisai(Kio`sthr`dps`s aiip`, io hotlhdghoà vòh) ijdog phdpbhs df tlh Iochiofddtl`bbs ò tlh whsthro pirt (Qalubths ioc [iffiuff 9003)> r`tuibhxalioghs ioc cioah fhst`vibs ijdog jibdais (bdogldushs)99 ioc tlh r`t-uib adosujpt`do df tdkiaad ioc adai ò tlh Viuphs ioc Aiquht-Uutujiyd rhg`dos (Halhvhrr` 9007> Nrdo`n ;559)> ioc tlh hxaliogh df

jio`da khhr td airry dut adjjuoib wdrns ijdog tlh phdpbhs df tlhIjizdo Sriphzh. Ibb tlhsh priatàhs chphoc f`rjby do thrr`tdrìb iutdo-djy ioc do tlh ik`b`ty td prdcuah ioc hxaliogh ikuociot fddc. Slh s`t-uit`dos df tlh bhichrs ioc jiòtiòhrs df tlhsh òst`tut`dos irh vhryc`vhrsh. Qdjh òc`ghodus pdb`tàib drgio`zit`dos wdrn whbb fdr tlh òc`gh-odus phdpbhs, kut sdjh cd odt adòa`ch w`tl tlh fdrjibby rhadgo`zhcòc`ghodus iutldr`t`hs ioc pdb`tàib drgio`zit`dos. @o jioy aishs, fòio-aìb suppdrt ioc i`c tlit `s jhiot fdr òc`ghodus grdups rhialhs doby tlhfdrjibby rhadgo`zhc iutldr`t`hs.

@oc`ghodus phdpbhs ò rhsguircds livh fdrjib iutldr`t`hs ioc drgio`-zit`dos, wlàl livh jiòby rhprhshotit`vh fuoat`dos khfdrh tlh stith.Slhy ibsd livh tlh`r oiturib, tric`t`doib iutldr`t`hs, wldsh pdb`tàibaipia`ty `s rddthc ò r`tuib iat`v`t`hs ioc abdshby bònhc td tlh`r ik`b`ty tdjiòtiò ioc rhprdcuah b`fh. Slh`r jiò hogighjhot `s tlrdugl adostiotcìbdguh w`tl oiturh ioc tlrdugl cìbdguh ioc hxaliogh ijdog phdpbh.



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@oc`ghodus pdb`tàib drgio`zit`dos irh dftho ibb`hc td ioc ò jutuibchphochoay w`tl OGDs. Slh f`rst dkb`git`do df òc`ghodus pdb`tàibdrgio`zit`dos `s td kh tlh c`rhat rhprhshotit`vhs df adjjuo`t`hs it tlhgrissrddts bhvhb, wlàl `s odt io hisy tisn, pirtàubirby ados`chròg tlh pir-tìb j`b`tir`zit`do df tlh rhg`do.

OGDs prdv`ch vibuikbh duts`ch suppdrt. Slh`r wdrn `s ipprhaìthckhaiush tlhy irh w`bbòg td rhial dut td òc`ghodus phdpbhs ioc fbhx`kbh òtinòg iat`do ioc jinòg cha`s`dos. Ldwhvhr, ò jioy aishs tlh`r iat`do `shplhjhrib khaiush tlh`r rhsdurahs thoc td kh t`hc td prdmhats. Jdrhdvhr,tlhy jiy ghohrith adofbàts ioc mhibdusy w`tl gdvhrojhot dffàìbs fdr prd-

v`còg shrvàhs tlit sldubc livh khho hxthochc ky stith òst`tut`dos. I fhwOGDs (fòioahc ky òthroit`doib ighoa`hs) livh jiòtiòhc abdsh iocadotòuhc suppdrt fdr oc`ghodus ò`tìt`vhs, wlàl lis lhbphc td rhòfdrahòc`ghodus tric`t`doib òst`tut`dos.

Oit`doib ioc hvho rhg`doib òst`tut`dos ghohribby livh i b`j`thc prhs-hoah ò òc`ghodus thrr`tdr`hs. Slh C`rhatdrith df Htloà Iffi`rs df tlhJò`stry df tlh @othr`dr `s jiocithc ky biw td adocuat adosubtit`dojhhtògs w`tl òc`ghodus phdpbhs fdr tlh hxhaut`do df prdmhats ò tlh`r

thrr`tdr`hs. Slh C`rhaa`do ch Htodaubturi df tlh Jò`stry df Aubturh ado-cuats i prdgrij tlit g`vhs fòioaìb suppdrt fdr tlh adostruat`do df jib-dais. Kut òsuffà`hot uochrstiocòg df òc`ghodus phdpbhs ioc tlh`raubturhs ioc tlh ahotrib`zhc jioighjhot frdj Kdgdt jiy, o fiat, prd-cuah uochs`rhc hffhats wlho fuocs irh òmhathc w`tldut òabucòg tlhsdaìb ioc rhb`g`dus jhioògs df tlh jibdai òst`tut`do. Iodtlhr prd-grij, tlh Guircikdsquhs (fdrhst nhhphrs) df tlh Urhs`choay, `s i strithgyò tlh wir igiòst crugs> `t dffhrs aisl khohf`ts td fij`b`hs tlit adjj`t

odt td grdw adai ioc td jiouibby hricàith hx`stòg pbiotit`dos. Pht, tlhprdgrij adubc pdthotìbby adjprdj`sh tlh aubturib priatàhs df phdpbhswld grdw ioc ush adai is pirt df tlh`r tric`t`doib b`fh.9; @o tlh IjizdoSriphzh, ldwhvhr, wh bhirohc df i c`spbiahc W`tdtd adjjuo`ty tlit lisjioighc td ohgdtìth w`tl tlh prdgrij td jiòtiò `ts tric`t`doib adaif`hbcs ioc td hjpbdy prdgrij rhsdurahs td fuoc òodvit`vh sdbut`dos.91

Slh Xo`t df Oit`doib Uirns df tlh Jò`stry df tlh Hov`rdojhot, wlàl`s ò alirgh df tlh austdcy ioc jioighjhot df oit`doib oiturib pirns,lis l`stdràibby khho ò adofbàt w`tl òc`ghodus phdpbhs, pirtàubirby ò

pirns tlit dvhrbip w`tl òc`ghodus thrr`tdr`hs. Ldwhvhr, ò rhahotyhirs, tlh uo`t lis jich hffdrts td `jprdvh rhbit`dos w`tl òc`ghodusphdpbhs ioc wdrn do adoahrthc jioighjhot pbios. Fòibby, @ost`tutd ch@ovhst`gia`dohs ch bi Ijizdoì (Q@OAL@), tlh dffàìb Ijizdoìorhshiral òst`tuth w`tl lhicquirthrs ò Bhtàì, airr`hs dut prdgrijs do



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ibthroit`vh ardps ioc prdjdths tlh ush df ohw aubt`vit`do jhtldcs,ibtldugl w`tl b`j`thc suaahss tlus fir.

Jdst rhg`doib òst`tut`dosfrdj tlh chpirtijhotds (icjò`strit`vhthrr`tdrìb uo`ts) ioc juoà`pib iutldr`t`hs, lhibtl ioc hcuait`do shrv-àhs, td tlh dffàìb adrpdrit`dos o alirgh df tlh adotrdb ioc jioighjhotdf tlh oiturib rhsdurahs df tlh rhg`dodftho livh òsuffà`hot nodwb-hcgh df @ocìo b`fh, aubturh, ioc ohhcs, `jpi`ròg tlh`r rhbit`dosl`p w`tlòc`ghodus phdpbhs.

Iciptit`do ioc Qurv`vib Qtrithg`hs@oc`ghodus phdpbhs irh iaaustdjhc td ab`jità alioghs ioc virìt`dos.Doh df tlh`r jiò iciptit`do strithg`hs s jubtìat`v`tyippbyòg i vir-`hc irriy df sn`bbs td cd jioy c`ffhrhot tlògs ò c`ffhrhot hadbdgàibhov`rdojhots. Uhdpbh irh f`slhrs, pbiothrs, luothrs, nodw tlh r`vhr iocfdrhst, ioc ibsd bhiro ohw thalo`quhs frdj odoòc`ghodus phdpbh iocush tlhj td tlh`r khohf`t. Sl`s jubtìat`vh aipia`ty `s i grhit aubturibissht, adjjdo td ibb oc`ghodus grdups, tlit ibbdws tlhj td icipt td ioc

adph w`tl alioghs. Is doh Adaiji jio frdj tlh Ijizdo [`vhr put `t,Wh ohhc td bhiro td cd hvhrytlòg ò drchr td surv`vh. Ohvhrtlhbhss,strhssfub ab`jità hxtrhjhs put tlhsh ik`b`t`hs td tlh thst, ioc òc`ghodusphdpbhs irh odw shiralòg fdr sdbut`dos td `jjòhot tlrhitskdtl ab`-jità ioc sdaìbtd tlh`r b`vhb`lddc.

LdrtàubturhDoh df tlh jdst fuocijhotib b`vhb`lddc systhjs odw it r`sn s ldrtàubturh,

pirtàubirby ò girchos dphohc ò jiturh fdrhst. Wh od bdoghr hxphat tlhcry shisdo, stithc i jio frdj tlh Aiquht [`vhr. Slh bian df i abhirby c`s-tògu`slikbh cry shisdo lis bhc phdpbh td hxpbdrh shvhrib ibthroit`vhs= (9) tdsbisl tlh fdrhst ioc kuro is sddo is i fhw cry ciys tinh pbiah> (;) f tl`s cdhsodt lippho, td jiouibby ku`bc f`rhs ioc prdahhc td kuro tlh gircho irhip`hahjhib> (1) td adovhrt td dpho girchos ò shadociry fdrhst, wlàlrhqu`rhs sldrthr cry phr`dcs> ioc (3) td dpho sbisl-ioc-jubal (w`tl odkuroòg) girchos do ibbuvìb sd`bs, w`tl tlh r`sn df bdsòg tlh ardps `f tlhr`vhr r`shs khfdrh pbiots irh rhicy td kh lirvhsthc. Slh bitthr systhjs

suppdrt fhwhr spha`hs, is odthc ikdvh, ioc tlhy irh khst su`thc fdr tlh swhhtvir`ht`hs df jio`da, wlàl grdw fisthr tlio tlh k`tthr dohs. Fdr tlh jdrhtric`t`doib òc`ghodus grdups df tlh odrtlhisthro Adbdjkìo Ijizdo,tlhsh iciptit`dos rhsubt ò bdss df ardp c`vhrs`ty ioc iffhat ahrhjdoìbb`fh. Ijdog r`khrhd òc`ghodus grdups ioc tldsh w`tl bhss thrr`tdrìb iaahss,



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tlhsh alioghs livh khho gdòg do fdr sdjh yhirs. @t wdubc ipphir tlittric`t`doib sbisl-ioc-kuro Ijizdoìo ldrtàubturib systhjs ò jiturh fdr-hst, is rhpdrthc ky htlodgriplhrs, w`bb sddo c`sipphir ioc tlit jioy grdupsw`bb icdpt bhss hadbdgàibby chphochot, ioc bhss spha`hs-c`vhrsh, systhjs.

Iodtlhr aliogh ò ldrtàubturib priatàhs `s tlit df prdbdogòg tlh b`fhdf gircho f`hbcs. Sric`t`doib òc`ghodus phdpbhs girchos cd odt bist jdrhtlio i fhw yhirs ioc irh tlho ikiocdohc td fibbdw. Ijizdoìo phdpbhscd odt austdjir`by priatàh sd`b horàljhot. Q@OAL@ lis khho prdjdt-òg ohw thalo`quhs ò tlh Ijizdo Sriphzh ioc ò tlh @giripirioi [`vhr(Aiquht-Uutujiyd rhg`do)= òsthic df kuroòg, `t icvdaiths jiòtiòòg

tlh prdcuat`v`ty df hx`stòg f`hbcs ky iccòg oiturib fhrt`b`zhrs (islhs, rdt-thc wddc, ioc sd fdrtl). Sl`s systhj `s must khòg òtrdcuahc, ioc `tsrhsubts irh st`bb td kh shho. @t rhqu`rhs i jual jdrh òthos`vh chcàit`dotd ldrtàubturh, wlàl rhcuahs tlh t`jh tlit phdpbh livh fdr dtlhr suks`s-thoah iat`v`t`hs.

@oc`ghodus Adjjuo`t`hs Uhrah`vhc Ohhcs fdr LhbpSldugl jdst df tlh chstruat`vh trhocs dr`gòith duts`ch tlh òc`ghodus

adjjuo`t`hs, wlit jdst adoahros òc`ghodus phdpbhs `s ldw tlhy tlhj-shbvhs khadjh òvdbvhc ioc triosfdrjhc ky tlhj. I rhahot jhhtògijdog hbchrs df tlh Juòioh ioc Odouyi tr`khs ò tlh Aiquht [`vhrirhi iccrhsshc twd adomdòòg trhocs `jpògòg do tlh`r b`vhs= prdkbhjsw`tl prdcuat`do (ldrtàubturh, f`slòg, gijh) ioc sdaìb prdkbhjs (guhr-r`bbis, `bbà`t trich, rhsdurah hxpbd`tit`do, dutj`grit`do, òarhisòg lhibtlprdkbhjs). Slh`r isshssjhot df aiushs ioc tlh`r prdpdsibs fdr iat`doabhirby `bbustrith òc`ghodus phdpbhs aurrhot quiocir`hs.

Slh hbchrs odthc tlit tlhy irh odt priatàòg tlh r`tuib adotrdb df oiturhioc sda`hty tlit wis drciòhc ky tlh Arhitdr td j`t`gith ioc rhvhrsh tlhhffhats tlhy odw w`tohss. Oiturib c`sirriy `s i rhfbhat`do df sdaìb c`sirriy.[hvhrsòg tl`s chvhbdpjhot `s odt tlh tisn df i sògbh phrsdo> `t rhqu`rhsaddrcòit`do ijdog r`tuib sphaìb`sts df c`ffhrhot tr`khs. Slh fdrjib oc`gh-odus iutldr`t`hs tlit livh khho put o pbiah (hbhathc adjjuoib al`hfs iocòc`ghodus pdb`tàib bhichrs) cd odt livh ichquith nodwbhcgh ioc aipia-`ty td chib w`tl tl`s s`tuit`do, khaiush tlhy irh fdbbdwòg wlit tlh hbchrsrhfhr td is tlh wl`th phdpbhs ighoci ioc jdch df tlònòg. @t tlhrhfdrh

fibbs updo hbchrs ioc ldushldbc lhics td rhsujh tlh`r jdrib rhspdos`-k`b`t`hs. Slh ighoci ioc adoahros df jiòstrhij sda`hty irh ibsd òarhis-ògby cdjòitòg oc`ghodus phdpbhs t`jh ioc spiah tlit wdubc dtlhrw`shkh chvdthc td r`tuib cìbdguh ioc priatàh ioc td tlh tric`t`doib hcuait`dodf yduoghr ghohrit`dos. Hffdrts ohhc td kh jich td adotrdb ioc aurti`b



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tlhsh lirjfub òthrfhrhoahs. Slh grhithst cioghr adjhs frdj wlit sdjhòc`ghodus phdpbhs df tlh Ijizdo rhfhr td is tlh Ldt ioc Ud`sdodusWdrbc tlit adjhs frdj tlh suksd b, wlhrh t sldubc kh nhpt. [hbhishc kyhxtriatòg d`b dvhr tlh pist chaichs, `t odw rhialhs òc`ghodus phdpbhs òtlh fdrj df jdohy, whipdos, buxur`hs, ibadldb, jhcì, ioc c`shishsioclis ibsd rhsubthc ò adotijòit`do df tlh i`r tlit surrduocs tlhj iocduglt td suppdrt shisdoib rlytljs. @f ibb tlhsh alioghs irh tlh rhsubt df ipbiohtiry c`sdrchr, wlit aio wh, i b`ttbh grdup df phdpbh, iaadjpb`sl4 tlhgrdup df hbchrs wdochrhc.

Slh hbchrs pdshc i slirhc-rhspdos`k`b`ty prdpdsib. Slhy ohhc duts`ch

suppdrt ioc jhcìt`do td pukbà`zh tlh`r dwo cìgods`s ioc prdpdsibs,kishc do bhssdos frdj tlh`r dwo systhjs df oiturib jioighjhot. Kut tl`srhbit`dosl`p w`tl duts`ch òst`tut`dos ohhcs td ush i ohw ipprdial= odtiaahptòg ioc rhah`vòg prdpdsibs adoah`vhc ky duts`chrs, is lis khho tlhrubh, kut shiralòg fdr lhbp ioc suppdrt fdr tlh`r dwo ighoci ioc iccrhss-òg tlh`r dwo adoahros.

Qujjiry

Ab`jith aliogh ioc virìk`b`ty òarhish prhssurh do oiturib rhsdurahsis phdpbh shiral fdr sdurahs df òadjh. @t ibsd uochrjòhs tlh ik`b`ty dftric`t`doib bhichrs td hxhra`sh hffhat`vh sdaìb adotrdb khaiush `t alib-bhoghs tlh`r ik`b`ty td prhcàt ioc adotrdb oiturib ayabhs ioc, lhoah,lujio whbb-khòg.

Fdr òc`ghodus pdpubit`dos df tlh Adbdjkìo Ijizdo, alioghs ò tlht`jòg df tlh cry ioc riòy shisdos is whbb is ibthrit`dos o tlh fbddc pubshs

df r`vhrs, wòcs, ioc lhit livh khadjh ippirhot sòah ;555 ioc òarhis-ògby sòah ;558. @oc`ghodus phdpbhs irh nhho dkshrvhrs df oiturib rlytljsioc livh iaaujubithc i birgh ioc sdpl`stàithc nodwbhcgh df ioouib shi-sdoib ayabhs. Slh`r tric`t`doib b`vhb`lddc systhjs (sbisl-ioc-kuro ldrtàub-turh, f`slòg, luotòg, ioc gitlhròg df w`bc rhsdurahs) irh abdshby t`hc tdprhcàtikbh ioc whbb-hstikb`slhc shisdos. @ocìos nodw ioc irh ikbh tdòthrprht adjpbhx hadbdgàib òchxhs df tlh t`jòg df shisdos, wlàlwhrhup uot`b i chaich igdabhirby hstikb`slhc ioc whbb nodwo tdtlhj. Slhsh oiturib rlytljs drciò tlh òthrrhbit`do df withr, wòc,

lhit, f`sl, io`jibs, òshats, w`bc fru`ts, ioc lujio prdcuat`vh ioc r`tuibiat`v`t`hs ioc shrvh td rhgubith, chfhoc, ioc jiòtiò b`fh. Iaadrcòg td nhyphdpbh òthrv`hwhc ò c`ffhrhot irhis, tlh oiturib s`gos ioc òchxhs tlhyodw phrah`vh irh ibirjòg= fdr hxijpbh, shisdos irh daaurròg duts`chtlh`r odrjib t`jh, tlh rhgubir fbddc ioc hkk df r`vhrs `s dut df syoalrdoy



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w`tl tlh fibb df w`bc fru`ts do wlàl f`sl chphoc fdr fddc, ioc lhit `sòarhisòg. Slhsh alioghs livh c`rhat jpiats do b`vhb`lddcs, jiòby do ldr-tàubturib iat`v`t`hs, ardps, ioc rhprdcuat`do df f`sl, ioc do lujio lhibtl.

Slh grhithst aurrhot adoahro df òc`ghodus phdpbhs ò tlh AdbdjkìoIjizdo rhg`do, ldwhvhr, `s tlh`r sdaìb s`tuit`do. Slh tric`t`doib lir-jdoy df tlh`r b`vhs w`tl oiturh `s c`sturkhc ky ab`jith aliogh ioc vir`-ik`b`ty, kut ibsd ky tlh hffhats df icvioaòg adbdo`zit`do, chstruat`do dftlh fdrhst, pdb`tàib uorhst, `bbhgib adai aubt`vit`do, hxahss`vh rhsdurahhxpbd`tit`do, gdbc jòòg, ioc trich. @o adjkòit`do, tlhsh alioghs bhictd òarhisòg sdaìb c`sirriy.

Slh hffhats df gbdkib ab`jith aliogh ioc virìk`b`ty sldubc kh isshsshctdghtlhr w`tl tlh hffhats df tlhsh dtlhr trhocs ioc prdahsshs. Quppdrt tdadotiò chfdrhstit`do ioc td upldbc tric`t`doib òc`ghodus phdpbhs òst`-tut`dos sldubc kh jdk`b`zhc. Sric`t`doib òc`ghodus phdpbhs òst`tut`doschphoc l`glby updo tlh v`tib`ty df tlh`r nodwbhcgh systhjs ioc, tlhrh-fdrh, updo tlh ush ioc c`sshjòit`do df tlh`r bioguighs. @o irhis w`tlstrdog urkio ioc jirnht òfbuhoah, ioc hbshwlhrh wlhrh òc`ghodus bio-guighs irh it pirtàubir r`sn, prdgrijs tlit rhtiò tlhsh bioguighs livh

grhit vibuh, is jual nodwbhcgh `s adotiòhc ò i phdpbhs bioguigh.

Odths

9. Io dvhrv`hw df òc`ghodus c`vhrs`ty ò tlh Adbdjkìo Ijizdo aio kh fduoc ò@ost`tutd Adbdjkìod ch Iotrdpdbdgi (90 odr irh tlhy othochc td cd sd.

1. Slh c`ffhrhoah ò fbuatuit`do rhfbhats tlh c`ffhrhoah odt doby ò shisdoibrhg`jhs kut ibsd ò tlh dvhribb itjdsplhrà-dahiodgriplà prdahsshs. Furtlhrsdutl, tlhrh `s i strdog òfbuhoah df Hb O`d ioc tlh Uia`fà Dahio> furtlhr

odrtl, tlh òfbuhoah `s whinhr, ioc dtlhr prdahsshs (bònhc ò pirt td tlhItbiotà) cdjòith.

3. Jirhogd ioc dtlhrs (;55


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8. Uidb , Aurrio, ioc ]in (;556), ijdog dtlhr stuc`hs, cdaujhot tlh wiy tlittlh virìt`do ò tlh fru`tòg df trdpàib trhhs aio iotà`pith whitlhr alioghs.

6. Dtlhr fiatdrs ibsd òfbuhoah igràubturhfdr hxijpbh, sldrthoòg df fibbdwt`jhs khaiush df grhithr pdpubit`do prhssurh dr grhithr jirnht chjioc.Uhdpbh j`glt ghouòhby khb`hvh tlit `t `s doby tlh ab`jith tlit `s aliogòg, drtlhy j`glt odth tlh òarhish ò tlh phrahotigh df dpho irhis (ioc tlhcharhish df fdrhst) ioc tlh issdaìthc grhithr phrah`vhc wirjtl, dr sdjh bdaibchabòh ò prha`p`tit`do cuh td rhcuat`do ò vhghtit`do advhr. Slhsh pdss`k`b`-t`hs irh odt jutuibby hxabus`vh> tlhy s`jpby hjplis`zh tlit ab`jith alioghioc dtlhr fiatdrs aio adòa`ch.

7. Iochrsho, Ghiry, Urtohr, ioc Vhrohr o Vhrohr (;595) iccrhsshs lhibtl jpb`-ait`dos df ab`jith aliogh ò BIA.

tlh ahothr df tlh bdogldush `s tlh jdst `jpdrtiot irhi wlhrh tlh cioah tinhspbiah (Nrdo`n ;559).

9;. Aiquht-Uutujiyd ioc Viuphs rhg`dos.

91. Sl`s adjjuo`ty wis dr`gòibby frdj tlh Aiquht-Uutujiyd rhg`do.

[hfhrhoahs

Iochrsho, Bynnh, Mdlo Ghiry, Abius Urtohr, ioc Cdrth Vhrohr. ;595. @o [hcuaògUdvhrty, Urdthatòg B`vhb`lddcs ioc Ku`bcòg Isshts ò i Aliogòg Ab`jith=

Qdaìb @jpbàit`dos df Ab`jith Aliogh ò Bitò Ijhrài ioc tlh Air`kkhio, hc.Cdrth Vhrohr. Wislògtdo, CA= Wdrbc Kion.

Kuoyirc, Uhthr. ;55


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Adrrhi, Friod`s, hc. 9001. Hoarua`micis ch Adbdjkì Ijhròcì. Kdgdt= @ost`tutdAdbdjkìod ch Iotrdpdbdgi, Adbaubturi.

Halhvhrr`, M. I. 9007. Slh Uhdpbh df tlh Ahothr df tlh WdrbcI Qtucy òAubturh, L`stdry, ioc Jdrib`ty ò tlh Adbdjkìo Ijizdo. Xopukb`slhc c`s-shrtit`do, Gricuith Fiaubty df Udb`tàib ioc Qdaìb Qa`hoah, Ohw Qalddb fdrQdaìb [hshiral, Ohw Pdrn.

Hb Hsphaticdr. 90


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Nrdo`n, Mindk. ;559. B`vòg Nodwbhcgh@ost`tut`doib`zòg Bhiroòg Uriatàhsikdut K`dc`vhrs`ty ijdog tlh Juòioh ioc tlh X`tdtd ò tlh Adbdjkìo

Ijizdo. UlC c`sshrtit`do, [dsn`bch Xo`vhrs`ty Ahothr, [dsn`bch, Chojirn.

Biytdo, Lhitlhr Jir`h, ioc L. I. Uitròds. ;556. Hst`jitòg tlh Oujkhr df@oc`ghodus Uhdpbh ò Bitò Ijhrài. @o @oc`ghodus Uhdpbhs, Udvhrty, iocLujio Chvhbdpjhot ò Bitò Ijhrài, hcs. G`bbhtth Libb ioc L. I. Uitròds.Ohw Pdrn= Uibgrivh.

Jirhogd, M. I., A. I. Odkrh, M. Sdjishbbi, J. F. Aircdsd, ioc J. C. Dyiji. ;55


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38

Slh `jpiats tlit ab`jith aliogh ioc virìk`b`ty jiy livh do tlh jdotioh

hadsysthjs df BIA ioc tlh òc`ghodus phdpbhs wld òlik`t tlhj livh

khho b`ttbh stuc`hc. Ibthrit`dos o tlh ab`jith jiy iffhat phdpbhs jhios df

suks`sthoah, sual is irikbh firjòg ioc b`vhstdan rhiròg, kdtl pds`t`vhby

ioc ohgit`vhby. Ohw tlrhits ioc pdss`k`b`t`hs jiy fdrah dr urgh phdpbh td

aliogh tlh`r austdjs ioc tric`t`doib fdrjs df prdcuat`do is whbb is tlh`r

adjjuo`ty rhbit`dosl`ps. @o tlh bdoghr ruo, tlhsh alioghc fdrjs df prd-

cuat`do jiy mhdpirc`zh tlh phdpbhs fddc shaur`ty ioc iffhat tlh`r lhibtl.@oc`ghodus phdpbhs irh l`glby vubohrikbh td sual alioghs, g`vho tlh`r l`gl

chphochoah do tlh`r tric`t`doib nodwbhcgh fdr jioigòg tlh hov`rdojhot.

Jdrhdvhr, tlh`r l`glby bdait`do-kishc `chot`t`hs jinh tlh prdsphat df

j`grit`do pirtàubirby tlrhithoòg td tlhj. Slh`r drib triosj`ss`do df

nodwbhcgh arhiths i chhp l`stdràib aubturib jhjdry, kut tlh`r bdait`do-

kishc khb`hfs ioc r`tuibs arhith i strdog ittialjhot td biocsaiph fhiturhs

fdr aubturib ioc rhb`g`dus rhisdos. Xoprhcàtikbh alioghs ò ab`jità ado-

c`t`dos jiy rhochr òc`ghodus nodwbhcgh ushbhss dr uosu`tikbh, wlàljiy ò turo tlrhitho odt doby sdurahs df susthoioah kut ibsd tlh chvhb-

dpjhot ioc jiòthoioah df tlh`r aubturh. Slhsh adoahros, is whbb is

wlhtlhr ioc ldw òc`ghodus phdpbhs ò tlh Iochs rhg`dos irh iciptòg

td tlhsh alioghs, irh tlh sukmhat df tl`s alipthr. Oituribby, iciptit`do `s

A L I U S H [ 1

@oc`ghodus Uhdpbhs df tlh Iochs


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rhbithc td typhs df `jpiats ioc vubohrik`b`ty, wlàl viry chphocòg do

aubturib fhiturhs, sdaìb aip`tib, prdcuat`vh priatàhs, ioc sda`dhadodjà

ioc pdb`tàib s`tuit`dosibb df wlàl òfbuhoah phdpbhs rhs`b`hoah ioc

icipt`vh aipia`ty (Vhrohr ;595).

Df tlh Iochio aduotr`hs, Kdb`vì lis tlh l`glhst prdpdrt`do df òc`gh-

odus phdpbhs (tikbh 1.9). Fdausòg do Kdb`vì, w`tl shadociry òfdrjit`do

frdj dtlhr Iochio aduotr`hs, pirtàubirby Uhru, tl`s alipthr ioibyzhs tlh

sdaìb `jpiat df ab`jith aliogh ioc virìk`b`ty do òc`ghodus phdpbhs

b`vhb`lddcs ioc sdaìb whbb-khòg. @o Kdb`vì, ibb df tlh Iochio hadzdohs

ioc systhjs irh prhshot. @o icc`t`do td `ts ràl aubturib virìt`do, Kdb`vì

`s ibsd nodwo fdr `ts rhahot òc`gho`st- ioc wdrnhrs-uo`dos-bhc gdvhro-jhot. Alddsòg Kdb`vì is tlh jiò hotry pdòt `s jhiot td adotr`kuth

òs`glts adjpirikbh w`tl aurrhot prdahsshs ioc adoc`t`dos ò dtlhr

Iochio aduotr`hs. Slh f`rst shat`do dutbòhs tlh tlrhits frdj ab`jith

aliogh ò tlh Iochio rhg`dos, odtòg ldw tlhsh tlrhits livh khguo td

iffhat òc`ghodus phdpbh. Slh shadoc ioc tl`rc shat`dos prhshot aish stuc-

`hs frdj twd irhis df Kdb`vìtlh odrtlhro Ibt`pbiod ioc tlh odrtlhro

Puogis.9 Slh fdurtl shat`do adoabuchs.

Slrhits frdj Ab`jith Aliogh

@o tlh Iochio rhg`dos, tlh hffhats df ab`jith aliogh ioc virìk`b`ty irh

jiòby jio`fhsthc tlrdugl tlh rip`c rhtrhit df gbia`hrs> òarhisòg frh-

quhoay df tlh plhodjhodo df Hb O`d ioc Bi Oì, dftho aiusòg w`ch-

sprhic cijigh>; òarhishs ò jhio thjphriturhs> io òarhish ò tlh

tlhrjib ci`by ijpb`tuch> ioc jdrh òthosh ioc frhquhot iodjib`hs ò shi-

surfiah thjphriturh ò tlh Uia`fà Dahio.1


Sikbh 1.9 Fiats do tlh @oc`ghodus Uhdpbhs df tlh Iochio ioc Quk-Iochio

Aduotr`hs

Aduotry Oujkhr df phdpbhs

Ipprdx`jith oujkhr

df òc`ghodus

òc`v`cuibs (9555)

Uhrahot df tdtib

pdpubit`do

Kdb`vìi 16 8,;55 6;.5*

Al`bhi < 9,565 6.8

Adbdjkìi 0;c 9,355 1.3Hauicdri 93 ioc (h) @OHA ;559.

Odth= (*) Dbchr tlio 98 yhirs df igh.


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Wirjòg ò l`gl jduotiò rhg`dos df tlh Qdutl Ijhràio adotòhot

jhbts gbia`hrs, sodw, ioc àh, iffhatòg firjòg ioc tlh ivi`bik`b`ty df

withr td adistib a`t`hs, pdwhr ghohrit`do, ioc tdur`st iat`v`t`hs.

Dutkursts df gbiaìb binhs ibsd pdsh i tlrhit td b`vhs ioc b`vhb`lddcs.

Hxahpt fdr kr`hf phr`dcs, ibb trdpàib gbia`hrs bdst ados`chrikbh jiss

dvhr tlh pist ahotury (Ghdrghs ;553> G`b ;55 Nishr 9000), ioc tlh

surfiah irhi advhrhc ky gbia`hrs ò Kdb`vì ioc Uhru slrion ky ohirby

15 phrahot khtwhho 9075 ioc ;556. Bddnòg ilhic, tlh ivhrigh

gbdkib wirjòg fdr 9005;955 `s prdmhathc td kh khtwhho 9.3 ioc

8. hrds`do df

hadsysthj ioc oiturib rhsdurahs, fdr hxijpbh, tlrdugl sibò`zit`do df

sd`bs> alioghs ò k`dc`vhrs`ty is i adoshquhoah df tlh sprhic df ib`ho

spha`hs> pbiot c`shishs iffhatòg ardps> i l`glhr chitl tdbb ijdog b`vh-

stdan> l`glhr r`sns df òfhat`dus c`shishs> ioc ardp bdsshs.

Slhsh hffhats bhic td jithrìb ioc lujio bdsshschitls ioc bdss dfprdphrtyioc tlrhitho fddc shaur`ty, kdtl w`tlò òc`ghodus v`bbighs ioc

ijdog tlh pdpubit`dos wld chphoc do tlh fddc prdcuahc ky tlhsh v`b-

bighs. B`nhw`sh, tlhsh bdsshs òcuah j`grit`do tdwirc tlh a`t`hs, wlhrh

phdpbh ardwc òtd pddr, adofbàt-r`ccho oh`glkdrlddcs do urkio fròghs,

arhitòg tlh ohhc fdr gdvhrojhot sdbut`dos. I jual-birghr-saibh piribbhb

@oc`ghodus Uhdpbhs df tlh Iochs 37


66/208


Kdx 1.9

Gbiaìb [htrhit Grivhby Iffhats L`glbioc Lhrchrs

Cdzhos df v`bbighs df Yuhalui-sphinòg ibpiai lhrchrs irh bdaithc abdsh td gbi-

a`hrs ò tlh sdutlhro l`glbiocs df Uhru. Wddb ioc jhit frdj ibpiais livh khho

tlh kis`s df tlh lhrchrs hadodjy fdr ahotur`hs, wlhtlhr kirthrhc fdr dtlhr fddc-

stuffs dr sdbc fdr aisl. Uisturh `s ikuociot ò tl`s rhg`do curòg tlh riòy shisdo,

kut cry-shisdo pisturh `s b`j`thc td tlh irhis tlit aio kh `rr`githc frdj strhijs

tlit rhah`vh gbiaìb jhbtwithr.

@o rhahot chaichs, tlh gbia`hrs livh khho slrònòg v`s`kby, tlh strhijs livh bhssfbdw tlio khfdrh, ioc jioy pisturhs livh cr`hc up ibtdghtlhr. Slh lhrchrs irh

chhpby adoahrohc it tlh rip`c piah ioc tlh ippirhot rrhvhrs`k`b`ty df tlhsh alioghs.

Slhy fhir tlit tlhy w`bb livh od aldàh kut td bhivh tlh`r v`bbighs phrjiohotby

ioc tlit tlh`r adjjuo`t`hs w`bb c`sipphir ibtdghtlhr. Sldugl tlhy frhquhotby triv-

hb td kirthr ioc shbb tlh`r wddb ioc jhit, ioc sdjht`jhs wdrn fdr jdotls dr yhirs

duts`ch tlh v`bbighs td iaaujubith aip`tib td puralish io`jibs, tlhy ibwiys livh

rhtiòhc t`hs td tlh v`bbighs wlhrh tlh`r nò b`vh. Slh ikiocdojhot df tlhsh v`bbighs

`s chhpby c`strhssòg td tlhj. I jòdr`ty df tlhj ldph tlit s`jpbh prdmhats`jprdvhc vhthròiry airh fdr tlh`r io`jibs, suppdrt df `rr`git`do prdmhatsw`bb

chbiy tlh chabòh df tlh lhrcs, kut gbia`dbdg`sts prdmhat`dos adof`rj tlh phs-

s`j`sj df tlh jimdr`ty= cry-shisdo strhij fbdw w`bb chabòh td i thotl, dr bhss, df

rhahot bhvhbs. Jdrhdvhr, tlh lhrchrs v`hw tlh jduotiòs is tlh ldjh df sp`r`ts

w`tl wldj tlhy othriat rhgubirby o priyhr ioc tlrdugl siar`fàhs (wlàl ados`st

al`hfby df kuroòg sjibb quiot`t`hs df io`jib fit ioc pbiot jitthr). Slhy adjjhot

tlit tlh jduotiòs irh sicchohc ky tlh rip`c rhtrhit df tlh gbia`hrs ioc rhaibb dbc

jytls tlit tlh wdrbc w`bb hoc wlho tlh tibbhst jduotiòs bdsh tlh`r àh.

Qdurah= Drbdvh ;550.

prdahss df pirtby pbioohc hxthos`vh j`grit`do td tlh bdwbiocs ibsd lis

adoshquhoahs fdr vubohrik`b`ty td ab`jith aliogh ioc virìk`b`ty. Slhrh

jiy kh jdrh withr ò tlh bdwbiocs, kut phdpbh irh jdrh chphochot do

tlh jirnht hadodjy tlhrh.

Kishc do shadociry ioc f`hbc òfdrjit`do ikdut phrahpt`dos, ò tlh

twd aish stuc`hs tlit fdbbdw wh ioibyzh tlh hffhats df ab`jith aliogh

ioc virìk`b`ty do òc`ghodus pdpubit`dos ò twd pirts df Kdb`vì. Df

Kdb`vìs pdpubit`do df ohirby 95 j`bb`do, 6; phrahot `s òc`ghodus

(tikbh 1.9), ioc jdrh tlio libf df tlhj b`vh ò rurib irhis. Kdb`vìs


67/208

grhit c`vhrs`ty df aubturhs `s c`str`kuthc ijdog 10 c`ffhrhot òc`ghodus

phdpbhs, df wldj 19 b`vh ò Ijizdoì, 1 ò tlh Aliad, ioc 8 ò tlh

Iochs (f`gurh 1.9). Slh Iochio òc`ghodus pdpubit`dos irh jual

birghr tlio tldsh df tlh bdwbiocs.

Slh aish stuc`hs fdaus do òc`ghodus phdpbh b`vòg ò c`ffhrhot rhg`dos

df tlh Kdb`vìo chpirtjhot df Bi Uiz. Slh f`rst df tlhsh `s tlh Iochio

rhg`do df tlh Ibt`pbiod khtwhho 1, `t `s ldjh td tlh Iyjiri òc`ghodus phdpbh. Slh

shadoc rhg`do `s tlh suk-Iochio rhg`do chsahocòg frdj tlh sujj`t it

3,665 jhthrs td tlh Puogis it 9,;35 ioc 9,765 jhthrs> tl`s s ldjh td tlh

Iyjiri chsahociots df j`griot Ibt`pbiod Iyjiri ioc Ifrd-Kdb`vìo adj-juo`t`hs.3 Slh òc`ghodus phdpbh wld b`vh ò tlh twd rhg`dos stuc`hc rhby


Qdurah= A@CDK ;557.

F`gurh 1.9 Jimdr @oc`ghodus Uhdpbhs ò Kdb`vì

Adk`mi

Srò`cic

Bi Uiz

Adalikijki

Drurd

Quarh

Udtds

Sir`mi

Qioti Aruz

K [ I ] @ B

K [ I ] @ B

U I [ I G X IP

I[GHOS@OI

A L @ B H

UH[X

Binh

S`tàiai

PIJ@OILXIJIAL@OH[@

I[IDOI

UIAILXI[I

HQH HMMIALIADKD

AIV@OHD

JD[

SDOIBBIAIPXKIKI

AIO@ALIOIMDIYX@O@IOD

JDV@JISIAIOI

[HPHQIOD KIX[H

YXHALXIAL@JO

BHAD

JDQHSO

JD\HD GXI[IPD

Q@[@DO

AL@YX@SIOD

UI@ADOHAI

IPD[HD

GXI[IO

IF[DKDB@V@IOD

IPJI[I

IPJI[I

YXHALXI

YXHALXI

YXHALXI YXHALXI

X[X

PXYX@PX[IAI[

SIU@HSH

WHHOLIPHN

Uiocd

Kho`

Qioti Aruz

Aluqu`siaiUdtds

Drurd

Adalikijki

Sir`mi

Bi Uiz

@oc`ghodus phdpbh grdups

Chpirtjhot aip`tibs

Oit`doib aip`tib

Chpirtjhot kduocir`hs@othroit`doib kduocir`hs

5 955 ;55 155

N@BDJHSH[Q

6


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do irikbh firjòg ioc b`vhstdan prdcuat`do fdr tlh`r b`vhb`lddc. [iòfibb ò

tlh twd rhg`dos `s adoahotrithc khtwhho Chahjkhr ioc Jiral, ioc tlh

cry phr`dc `s frdj Jiy td Muby.

Iochio [hg`doKdb`vìs Odrtlhro Ibt`pbiod

Slh Ibt`pbiod `s i pbiò bdaithc khtwhho tlh Adrc`bbhri Dr`hotib ioc

Adrc`bbhri Daa`chotib jduotiò rioghs. @t sbdphs gricuibby cdwowirc

frdj odrtl td sdutl, viryòg ò ibt`tuch frdj 3,998 td 1,668 jhthrs. @t

prhshots i gricuib charhish ò jd`sturh frdj odrtl td sdutl. Slh suklu-

j`c zdoh ò tlh odrtl lis h`glt luj`c jdotls i yhir, ioc tlh ir`c zdohò tlh sdutl lis twd td fdur luj`c jdotls.

Slh aish stucy irhi `s tlh jdst choshby òlik`thc zdoh ò tlh

Ibt`pbiod, wlhrh prh-L`spioà aubturhs sual is tlh phdpbh df S`wioinu

ioc tlh @oais chvhbdphc. @t `s bdaithc ò tlh Uuoi Odrthi hadrhg`do

ioc tlh Uuoi Ljhci suk-hadrhg`do df tlh odrtlhro Ibt`pbiod, ò tlh

birghst sukkisò df tlh S`tàiai Binh (f`gurh 1.;). Slh biocsaiph `s

jdstby pbiòs w`tl sdjh l`bbs, ioc tlh vhghtit`vh advhr ados`sts df

tdugl phrhooìb kuoal grisshs, bdw ioc rhsòdus kuslhs, ioc tlhrhjiòs df fdrhst. Whtbiocs irh fduoc izdoibby. Bioc `s jiòby ushc

fdr igràubturh ioc b`vhstdan, kut tlhrh s ibsd jòhrib hxpbd`tit`do ioc

sdjh tdur`sj.


F`gurh 1.; Iochio [hg`do df tlh Odrtlhro Ibt`pbiod (jhthrs ikdvh shi bhvhb)

1


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70/208

tric`t`doib aubturh. @o pbiahs wlhrh tlh tric`t`doib iutldr`t`hs surv`vh,

tlh rdtit`do df dffàh `s dftho i jiocitdry stituth df austdjiry biw, ioc

`t fdbbdws tlh igràubturib ayabh.

Urdahsshs. Slh Kdb`vìo Igrirìo [hfdrj df 908; frhhc tlh oit`vhs ò tlh

Ibt`pbiod frdj tlh dkb`git`do td prdv`ch frhh shrvàhs do tlh bioc df tlh

hstith dwohrs, ioc ibbdaithc up td 85 lhatirhs df bioc td hial oit`vh fij-

`by. Sl`s aiushc i frigjhotit`do df igràubturib prdphrty, sd tlit tdciy,

tlhrh irh adjjuo`ty jhjkhrs wld dwo vhry oirrdw str`ps df bioc tlit

ibbdw prdcuat`do do doby i vhry sjibb saibh.

Sd adjphosith fdr tlh`r sldrtigh df bioc ioc c`vhrs`fy òadjh-hiroògdppdrtuo`t`hs, phdpbh j`grith h`tlhr thjpdrir`by dr phrjiohotby.

Shjpdriry j`grit`do, jiòby td a`t`hs sual is Bi Uiz ioc Hb Ibtd, s cr`vho

ky tlh ohhc fdr hadodjà surv`vib. Jdrh phrjiohot j`grit`do tinhs pbiah

jiòby ijdog yduog phdpbh, wld bhivh td stucy dr td wdrn ioc lhoah

`jprdvh tlh`r b`vòg stiocirc ioc sdaìb stitus. Qdjh df tlhj rhturo do i

shisdoib kis`s td lhbp tlh`r pirhots curòg tlh lirvhst. Slhrh irh ibsd aishs

df pirhots w`tl cdukbh rhs`choay, kdtl ò tlh adjjuo`ty ioc ò Hb Ibtd

dr Bi Uiz.Qòah ;557, sdjh juoà`pib`t`hs (fdr hxijpbh, Ioadri`jhs) livh prh-

pirhc cdaujhots uochr Kdb`vìs Oit`doib Ab`jith Aliogh Iciptit`do

Urdgrij, wlàl chsar`khs i Qtrithgy df Iciptit`do td Ab`jith Aliogh.0

Slh cdaujhots òabuch adjpdohots df thrr`tdrìb pbiooòg, withr sifhty,

rhòfdrahjhot df tlh prdcuat`vh systhj, drgio`zit`doib chvhbdpjhot,

prdiat`vh ò`tìt`vhs ò tlh lhibtl systhj, hov`rdojhotib prdthat`do, prd-

that`do df lhibtl, ioc a`v`b drgio`zit`do ioc pirtà`pit`do. Ldwhvhr, tlh

adjjuo`t`hs wh stuc`hc whrh odt iwirh df tlh hx`sthoah df tl`s strithgy.@oc`ghodus phdpbh ò tlh irhi stuc`hc chphoc td viryòg chgrhhs do

sdaìb òst`tut`dos ioc ohtwdrns. Slhy dftho jiòtiò sdaìb ioc had-

odjà t`hs khtwhho c`ffhrhot grdups, ioc ò jioy pbiahs tlhy st`bb suppdrt

systhjs df fddc ioc bikdr sliròg, òabucòg hxaliogh, rha`prda`ty, kirthr,

dr bdaib jirnhts. Qual sliròg systhjs livh i rdbh td pbiy is iciptit`do

strithg`hs td hov`rdojhotib virìk`b`ty ioc strhss. @o tlh futurh, tlhy

adubc giò `jpdrtioah `f icvhrsh `jpiats df ab`jith aliogh ioc virìk`b-

`ty òarhish phdpbhs chphochoah do rhsdurahs odt ivi`bikbh bdaibby. Slh

hxaliogh systhjs jiy kh tlrhithohc dr c`sipphir, ldwhvhr, is ahrtiò

grdups khadjh jdrh c`sicviotighc tlio dtlhrs (Qibàn ioc Kyg ;557).

Sd suppbhjhot bdaib dr rhg`doib hxaliogh priatàhs, òc`ghodus ioc

tric`t`doib phdpbhs j`glt khadjh jdrh rhbìot do i`c prdv`chc ky tlh

stith, OGDs, dr òthroit`doib drgio`zit`dos, hsphaìbby ò t`jhs df ar`s`s.

8; @oc`ghodus Uhdpbhs ioc Ab`jith Aliogh ò Bit o Ijhrài ioc tlh Air`kkhio


71/208

Jdrhdvhr, hxthos`dos df tlh`r sdaìb ohtwdrn iardss tlh aduotry tlhy

b`vh ò, dr hvho khydoc, adubc khadjh jdrh adjjdo is io icc`t`doib

iciptit`do strithgy td rhcuah sda`dhadodjà vubohrik`b`ty. Fdr hxijpbh,

fij`b`hs tlit aio aduot do jhjkhrs wld j`grith thjpdrir`by dr phrji-

ohotby td wdrn ikrdic jiy kh jdrh rhs`b`hot td icvhrsh ab`jità `jpiats

tlio fij`b`hs wldsh jhjkhrs ibb rhjiò w`tlò tlh adjjuo`ty.

Hffhats df Ab`jith Aliogh ò tlh Adjjuo`t`hs Qtuc`hc

Wlho isnhc ikdut ab`jith aliogh, jhjkhrs df tlh Iyjiri adjjuo`t`hs

ò tlh l`glbiocs chsar`khc jioy prdahsshs df aliogh ò tlh Ibt`pbiod tlit

livh daaurrhc sòah tlh stirt df tlh ahotury. @o pirtàubir, tlhy pdòthc tdtlh òarhish ò jhio thjphriturh, jhbtòg df tlh gbia`hrs, ioc tlh ikshoah

df withr (kdx 1.;). Slhy rhfhrrhc td tlh aliogh o shisdos, oarhishs o tlh

òthos`ty df riòs ioc thjphriturh, li`bstdrjs ioc frdsts curòg uousuib

t`jhs df tlh yhir, ioc crduglts. Qdjh ibsd odthc tlit tlh l`glhr-hbhvit`do

zdohs tlit whrh prhv`dusby tdd adbc fdr irikbh firjòg livh khadjh

prdcuat`vh ioc odw suppdrt tlh aubt`vit`do df lircy ardp vir`ht`hs.


Kdx 1.;

Yuhalui-Qphinòg Udpubit`dos ioc Withr [hsdurahsò tlh Adrc`bbhri

Ab`jith aliogh lis khguo td pbiah strhss do tlh Yuhalui-sphinòg adjjuo`-

t`hs df tlh j`ccbh sbdphs df tlh Adrc`bbhri Kbioai df odrtl-ahotrib Uhru, hvho

tldugl tlhsh adjjuo`t`hs irh ijdog tlh l`glbioc Iochio pdpubit`dos w`tl

tlh jdst shaurh ioc ikuociot iaahss td withr. Slh Adrc`bbhri Kbioai adotiòs odt

doby Uhrus l`glhst phin, Luisairo it 6,76< jhthrs, kut ibsd `ts birghst adot`gu-

dus thrr`tdry ikdvh 8,555 jhthrs, io irhi tlit rhah`vhs jjhosh chpds`ts df sodw

hial riòy shisdo. I oujkhr df phrjiohot strhijs fbdw cdwo frdj tl`s l`gl

aduotry td tlh [d Qioti, wlàl chsahocs frdj `ts upphr adursh it 1,755 jhthrs

td ;,755 jhthrs khfdrh hothròg i oirrdw gdrgh ioc fbdwòg cdwo tlrdugl tlh

adistib chshrt td tlh Uia`fà Dahio.

Yuhalui-sphinòg igràubturib`sts ri`sh ji`zh, wlhit, pdtitdhs, ioc dtlhr

ardps do tlh krdic thrriahs. @o icc`t`do, tlhy livh sjibb lhrcs df aittbh ioc slhhp.

Slhy ibsd jioigh ldushldbc ioc adjjuo`ty wddcbdts df huaibyptus ioc pòh.

Slhsh wddcbdts khohf`t frdj ab`jith aliogh, is trhhs irh odw pbiothc it l`glhr

hbhvit`dos tlio tlhy whrh ò rhahot chaichs.

(adotòuhc)


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Kdx 1.; (adotòuhc)

Withr `s qu`th ikuociot ò tl`s rhg`do. V`s`tdrs frdj dtlhr pirts df tlh Iochs

adjjhot do tlh buslohss df tlh vhghtit`do tlit grdws o tlh sthhp, uoaubt`vithc

pdrt`dos df tlh [d Qioti aioydo. Slh adjjuo`t`hs tip tlh phrjiohot strhijs

fdr `rr`git`do. Slh `rr`git`do withr ibbdws tlhj td jiòtiò ràl pisturhs it l`glhr

hbhvit`dos, sd ldushldbcs aio suppdrt sjibb lhrcs wl`bh nhhpòg tlh`r irikbh

biocsit i prhjùj ò tl`s sthhp biocsaiphuochr ardps. @t ibsd phrj`ts tlhj

td grdw twd ardps i yhir it bdwhr hbhvit`dos. Slhy aio rr`gith pdtitdhs ioc ji`zh

ò tlh cry shisdo, jdotls khfdrh tlh riòs stirt, ioc tlus tlhy lirvhst tlh`r ardps

jual hirb`hr tlio dtlhr grdwhrs, wl`bh pràhs irh l`gl.

@t `s w`tl withr rhsdurahs, tldugl, tlit tlh ohgit`vh `jpiats df ab`jith aliogh

irh jdst hv`chot. Adjpht`t`do fdr withr `s grdwòg> urkio chjioc `s doh sdurah.

Udpubit`dos irh grdwòg ò Qpio`sl-sphinòg jhst`zd tdwos ibdog tlh jiò l`gl-

wiy tlit fdbbdws tlh [d Qioti. [hahot chahotrib`zit`do prdgrijs o Uhru g`vh tlhsh

tdwos grhithr adotrdb df tlh rhvhouhs tlit tlhy rhah`vh. Qdjh livh ushc tlhsh

fuocs td ku`bc withr prdmhats tlit tip tlh phrjiohot strhijs l`gl ikdvh tlh adj-

juo`t`hs, airryòg tlh`r withr stri`glt cdwo td tlh tdwos pist tlh adjjuo`t`hs

tlit fdrjhrby ushc `t. Ohw hadodjà iat`v`t`hs ibsd rhqu`rh withr. Grhholdushs irh

saitthrhc iardss tlh vibbhy fbddr, f`bbhc w`tl withr-tl`rsty kuslhs wldsh rdshs irh aut,

sl`pphc o truans, cr`vho td tlh othroit`doib i`rpdrt duts`ch B`ji, ioc pbiahc o tlh

airgd viubts df truans ò i spio df bhss tlio 9; ldurs. Ldsthbs ioc bdcghs livh khho

ku`bt o tlh vibbhy td shrvh tlh grdwòg pdpubit`do df tdur`sts wld l`nh ioc ab`jk ò

tlh Adrc`bbhri Kbioai> tlhsh tdur`sts chjioc sldwhrs ioc fbusl td`bhts ioc prhfhr td

stiy o rhs`choahs w`tl whbb-withrhc girchos ioc sw`jjòg pddbs.

Slh rurib adjjuo t`hs tlhjshbvhs adotr`kuth td tlh oarhishc withr chjioc.

Qdjh livh hxpiochc tlh`r `rr`git`do fia`b`t`hs, adoahrohc tlit tlh`r bdwhr biocsohhc jdrh withr is thjphriturhs r`sh dr irh s`jpby iwirh tlit tlh tdwosdr

dtlhr adjjuo`t`hsj`glt tip tlh`r strhijs. Slh bdog l`stdry df withr ikuo-

cioah phrj`tthc tlh chvhbdpjhot df i systhj ò wlàl shvhrib adjjuo`t`hs

wdubc slirh i phrjiohot strhij, hial tippòg `t l`gl up td criw withr td tlh

thrriahs do h`tlhr s`ch df `t> od jhalio`sj fdr adofbàt rhsdbut`do wis ohhchc.

Is tlh chjioc grdws, tlh suppby charhishs. Slh gbia`hrs tlit pbuoghc chhp

òtd tlh [d Qioti aioydo livh rhtrhithc luocrhcs df jhthrs upsbdph, ioc tlhy od

bdoghr adotr`kuth sd jual jhbtwithr td tlh strhijs. Slh rhcuat`do df withr `spirtàubirby iauth bith ò tlh cry shisdo, tlh t`jh wlho tlh firjhrs pbiot tlh`r hir-

by ardps ioc wlho tlh vibbhy `s st`bb fubb df tdur`sts. Bdaib gdvhrojhot dffàìbs ioc

firjhrs kdtl adjjhot tlit adofbàts dvhr withr irh jdrh oujhrdus ioc shvhrh

tlio tlhy whrh ò tlh pisti trhoc tlit shhjs v`rtuibby ahrtiò td adotòuh.

Qdurah= Dwo f`hbcwdrn ioc adovhrsit`dos o Jiral ;550 w`tl Kho Drbdvh, Adbujkì Xo`vhrs`ty, XQI.


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Wlho isnhc ikdut tlh hffhats df ab`jith alioghs do tlh`r b`vhb`-

lddcs sòah tlh stirt df tl`s ahotury, adjjuo`ty jhjkhrs pdòthc td

tlh fdbbdwòg=

Charhish ò prdf`tik`b`ty df ardps.

Bdsshs ò prdcuat`do is i adoshquhoah df lhiv`hr riòs, frdsts,

crduglts, ioc li`bstdrjs.

Uhsts (wdrjs ioc k`rcs) dr c`shishs iffhatòg pdtitd, do`do, ioc dtlhr

ardps.

[hcuahc ik`b`ty td prdcuah alud (sldrthr shisdo ioc fhwhr vìkbh

bdait`dos).95 Uhdpbh hbshwlhrh ò tlh Iochs adjpbiò df tlh rhahotc`ffàubty df prhpiròg alud, wlàl `s io `jpdrtiot stipbh khaiush `t

stdrhs whbb.

Bdss df w`bcb`fh.

C`shishs ò b`vhstdan rhsubtòg frdj tlh òarhish ò ciyt`jh thjphri-

turh ioc charhish ò o`gltt`jh thjphriturh grichs.

Cry i`r ioc strdog suo aiusòg suokuro.

Qtrithg`hs ioc Iciptit`dos td Ab`jith AlioghFiaòg tl`s s`tuit`do df uoahrtiòty, sdjh òc`ghodus adjjuo`t`hs irh

hxphr`jhotòg w`tl icipt`vh strithg`hs tlit irh kishc do ohw nodwbhcgh,

òabucòg thaloàib icvàh frdj igràubturib hxthos`do ighots. It tlh sijh

t`jh, tlh òc`ghodus adjjuo`t`hs irh rhv`vòg dbchr priatàhs ioc aus-

tdjs (sual is tlh ush df aioibs ò tlh binhsldrh zdoh) ioc ioa`hot ahrh-

jdo`hs. Slhy ibsd rhsdrt td thjpdriry j`grit`do. Fdbbdwòg irh tlh

pròa`pib iciptit`do strithg`hs ushc ky tlhsh adjjuo`t`hs=

Hxpiocòg tlh aubt`vit`do df jdrh prdf`tikbh ohw ardps, sual is `rr`-

githc do`do, usòg withr pujps ioc pdoc adostruat`do fdr withr rh-

shrvhs.

Ql`ftòg tlh pdtitd vir`ht`hs grdwo, pròa`pibby ky grdwòg hstikb`slhc

vir`ht`hs it l`glhr hbhvit`dos, kut ibsd ky hxphr`jhotòg w`tl ohw

vir`ht`hs.

Xsòg phstà`chs fdr do`do ioc pdtitd ardps.

Aliogòg tlh t`jh ioc bdait`do fdr alud prdcuat`do ky bddnòg fdrl`glhr ioc adbchr irhis.

Sinòg icviotigh df `jprdvhc ab`jith adoc`t`dos ò l`glhr irhis td

grdw igràubturib prdcuah fdr sibh.

Xsòg tric`t`doib priatàhs td f`glt li bstdrjs, sual is kuroòg pisturh

td arhith sjdnh, hvho tldugl tlh adjjuo`ty `s odt ibwiys prhpirhc

wlho li`bstdrjs daaur.


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Xsòg dtlhr adjjuo`t`hs priatàhs td f`glt li bstdrjs, sual is f`ròg

dff rdanhts. Kut tl`s hffdrt lis odt prdcuahc gddc rhsubts khaiush, ò

tlh wdrcs df doh othrv`hwhh, ...guopdwchr ushc ky dur griocpirhots

wis c`ffhrhot ioc jich tlh li`bstdrjs ruo iwiy> odw.... `t cdhs odt

wdrn.

Xsòg thalo`quhs bhirohc tlrdugl triòòg adurshs, sual is prdthat`do

df ardps w`tl advhrs curòg li`bstdrjs ioc jprdvòg prdcuat`do w`tl

suo thots sual is s`jpbh pbistà grhholdushs.

[hv`vòg tlh tric`t`do df dffhròg g`fts td tric`t`doib gdcs it slròhs

bdaithc ò l`bbs, i austdj tlit lic dtlhrw`sh khho ikiocdohc.99

[hjhjkhròg griocpirhots icvàh ikdut tric`t`doib òcàitdrs td ch-thrjòh sdwòg ciths, oabucòg tlh pitthros df stdohs.

Iaahptòg tlh bdsshs ioc wi`tòg fdr ohxt yhir, td stirt ibb dvhr igiò.

Jho gdòg td wdrn thjpdrir`by o tlh a`t`hs dr tlh Puogis, ghttòg piy-

jhot ò aisl dr w`tl prdcuats, ioc wdjho gdòg td kuy prdcuats ò

dtlhr adjjuo`t`hs.

Uhdpbh siy tlhy irh rhs`gohc td tlh s`tuit`do ioc cd odt nodw wlit td cd

ohxt dr wldj td turo td fdr lhbp. Slhy fhir tl`s `s bhicòg td tlh hoc dflujio b`fh dr, ò dtlhr wdrcs, td tlh hoc df i wiy df b`fh tlit lis sus-

tiòhc tlhsh adjjuo`t`hs fdr ghohrit`dos.

Udthotìb @oc`rhat Qdaìb @jpiats

Ab`jith aliogh ioc virìk`b`ty ibsd livh pdthotìb òc`rhat sdaìb hffhats ò

tlh irhi. Slh c`jò`slhc withr suppby aiushc ky alioghs ò tlh lycrdbdg-

àib rhg`jh `s daaurròg is tlhrh `s io hjhrgòg ohhc fdr `rr`git`do df tric`-

t`doib ardps ioc fdr aubt`vit`do df ohw ardps tlit rhqu`rh `rr`git`do. Slhrhsubtòg fibb ò igràubturib dutput, tdghtlhr w`tl tlh dut-j`grit`do df

phdpbh wld ushc td firj, mhdpirc`zhs fddc shaur`ty. Sl`s bhics td jdrh

phdpbh khòg iffhathc ky uochr- dr jiboutr`t`do, wlàl hocioghrs tlh

chvhbdpjhotib lhibtl df yduog al`bcrho ioc adjprdj`shs phdpbhs

`jjuoh systhjs, jinòg tlhj jdrh susahpt`kbh td òfhat`dus c`shishs.

Slh rhbit`dosl`p khtwhho ab`jità alioghs ioc virìk`b`ty ioc

j`grit`do ohhcs furtlhr stucy. @o tlh òc`ghodus adjjuo`t`hs, yduog

phdpbh thoc td j`grith ò shiral df hjpbdyjhot dr dtlhr òadjh-gho-

hritòg iat`v`t`hs. J`grit`do jiy s`jpby rhfbhat yduog Iyjiris chs`rhtd `jprdvh tlh`r b`vòg adoc`t`dos ky firjòg ò dtlhr, jdrh prdsphr-

dus irhis dr ky shauròg khtthr-pi`c mdks ò dtlhr a`t`hs ioc prdvòahs,

kut j`grit`do ipphirs td kh iugjhothc ky tlh hffhats df ab`jith

aliogh ioc virìk`b`ty. Doby i fhw df tlh yduog j`griots rhturo td tlh`r



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adjjuo`t`hs td lhbp rhbit`vhs it lirvhst t`jh. Shjpdriry icubt j`gri-

t`do daaurs wlho tlh aliogòg ab`jità adoc`t`dos aiush bdsshs.

Shjpdriry j`grit`do ibbdws j`griots td hiro aisl, wlàl tlhy ush td

puralish igrdalhjàibs, tddbs, ioc `rr`git`do hqu`pjhot fdr tlh`r dwo

firjòg. Wlhtlhr futurh hxtrhjh ab`jith alioghs w`bb adjphb Iyjiri

adjjuo`t`hs td bhivh tlh`r thrr`tdr`hs ò shiral df khtthr b`vòg adoc`-

t`dos sldubc kh tlh dkmhat df furtlhr rhshiral.

I furtlhr tlrhit `s tlh bdss df tric`t`doib nodwbhcgh, wlàl mhdpirc-

`zhs iciptit`do td tlh ab`jith alioghs. Fdr hxijpbh, tdciy tlhrh irh fhw

firjhrs wld rhjhjkhr ioc ush òcàitdrs sual is tlh khliv`dr df k`rcs

ioc òshats, wlàl prdv`chc tlh`r prhchahssdrs w`tl gu`cioah fdr tlhigràubturib aibhocir.9;

Ahrtiò iciptit`do jhisurhs jiy turo dut td kh aduothrprdcuat`vh

is ò tlh aish df tlh hxpios`do òtd ohw ardps sual is `rr`githc do`dos

ioc w`bb iffhat tlh ush df sd`b ioc withr. Slh òarhisòg chjioc ioc

charhisòg suppby df withr w`bb iggrivith tlh squhhzh ibrhicy fhbt ky firj-

hrs ioc w`bb hxiahrkith tlh pdvhrty tlhy irh ibrhicy hxphr`hoaòg. Sl`s `s

i plhodjhodo nodwo ibb dvhr tlh Iochs ioc suk-Iochs (kdx 1.1).

Slh ipphirioah df ohw phsts lis khho kbijhc do ab`jith aliogh iocvirìk`b`ty, tldugl tlhrh `s sdjh uoahrtiòty wlhtlhr ab`jità adoc`t`dos

irh òchhc tlh aubpr`t. @t jiy kh tlit tlh puralish df shhcs it bdaib fi`rs,

td òtrdcuah ohw ardp vir`ht`hs òicvhrthotby ibsd òtrdcuahs phsts.

[hgircbhss df tlh aiush df tlhsh phsts, jdst df tlh adjjuo`t`hs irh usòg

phstà`chs td f`glt tlh òfhstit`dos> ò tlh irhi df stucy, l`glby tdxà prdc-

uats whrh khòg ushc, pdbbutòg tlh hov`rdojhot ioc hxpdsòg tlh firj-

hrs t

indigenous peoples and climate change in latin america and the caribbean

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