indigenous health knowledge
TRANSCRIPT
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Indigenous Health Knowledge
Systems in the Philippines
A Literature Survey
byAlana Gorospe Ramos and Pedrito dela Cruz
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THREATS to IK
Socio-economic and political changes and globalprocesses of rapid change
Socialization of indigenous peoples into themainstream culture dominated by western scienceand symbols, rather than their own indigenouscultures, wherein they stand to lose an invaluable
part of their heritage and knowledge systems(Castro-Palaganas 2001)
Capacity and facilities needed to document,evaluate, validate, protect and disseminate suchknowledge are lacking (SciDev 2005)
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Value of Indigenous Health Knowledge
Systems in the Philippines
Diversity of IK cultural practices that includes
indigenous health knowledge systems.
- 110 ethnolinguistic groups with more
than 12 million people
- 12,000 species of plants, from which
1,500 species are used by traditionalherbalists
Low access to the formal health care system by
people in remote areas
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OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
To identify important indigenous or traditional
health systems studies and researches, with focus on
traditional medicine, existing in pre-selected
libraries and information centers in Metro ManilaTo provide an overview of indigenous or
traditional medicine documentation in the
Philippines;
To document and organize IK information
resources
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METHODOLOGY
1.Key informant interviews
2. Documents search in libraries, information
centers and thru the internet
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Historical Milestones of TradMed in the
Philippines
Spanish Period- Earliest document is an unpublished treatise
on indigenous medicinal pants written by a
Franciscan around 1611- Fr. Blancos Flora de Filipinas (1737, 1845,
1877)
- Dr. Pardo de Taveras Plantas Medicinales
de Filipinas (1892
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Historical Milestones of TradMed in the
Philippines
American Period- characterized by scientific vigor
- establishment of the GovernmentLaboratories (Bureau of Science)
- intensive research on chemical
constituents, pharmacology andtherapeutics of medicinal plants by UP
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Historical Milestones of TradMed in the
Philippines
Commonwealth Period
- extension of surveys to regions not
previously explored
- clinical and chemical investigations
were made though in a limited scale
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Historical Milestones of TradMed in the
Philippines
Japanese Occupation
- Impetus given to the cultivation of
medicinal plants
- E.O. 14 creating a committee on
medicinal plants for the purpose of
local production and manufacture ofmedicines from herbs
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Historical Milestones of TradMed in the
Philippines
Immediate Post World War II Period
- First major exhaustive work on medicinal
plants by a Filipino - Quisumbings
Medicinal Plants of the Philippines,1951
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Historical Milestones of TradMed in the
Philippines
Contemporary Period (1970 present)
- establishment of Community-Based HealthPrograms (CBHPs) in the early 70s which
promoted the use of indigenous knowledgeand resources for primary health care
- creation of the National Integrated Research
Program on Medicinal Plants (NIRPROMP)in 1977
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Historical Milestones of TradMed in the
Philippines
Technology transfer from NIRPROMP to theprivate sector for the production of 7 herbs intocommercial form
Creation of TradMed Unit at DOH in 1992RA 8423 creating the Philippine Institute ofTraditional and Alternative Health Care
(PITAHC)Inclusion of survey questions on KAP towardsTradMed in the 1998 and 2003 National
Demographic and Health Surveys of NSO
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SURVEY OF LITERATURE
A. Socio-Cultural Aspects of IndigenousMedicine
1. F.L. JocanosFolk Medicine in a Philippine
Municipality (1973)- an ethnographic account of folk medicineamong peasants in Bay, Laguna
2. M. L.Tans Usog, Kulam, Pasma (1987)- formulated theoretical typologies of illness
causation based on the literature
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SURVEY OF LITERATURE: Socio-
Cultural Aspects of Indigenous Medicine
3. Department of Health (DOH)-Community Medicine
Foundation (COMMED),Filipino TraditionalMedicine Comprehensive Database Project, 1995
- included an annotated bibliography consisting of
ethnographic, historical and pharmacologicalliteratures
- derived six major themes in traditional medicine in
the Philippines based on literature and results of themapping of 191 TradMed practitioners, theirdemographics, healing practices and philosophy, aswell as their distribution and networking
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SURVEY OF LITERATURE: Socio-
Cultural Aspects of Indigenous Medicine
4. Isidro Sia and NIH Study Group
Documentation of 15 Ethnolinguistic Groups
and their Traditional Medicine Practices
- focused on 15 ethnolinguistic groups in theCordilleras, Palawan, other parts of Luzon,
and Mindanao
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SURVEY OF LITERATURE: Socio-
Cultural Aspects of Indigenous Medicine
5. Intl. Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR),
Indigenous Knowledge and Practices on Motherand Child Care: Experiences from Southeast Asiaand China (2000)
- contains extensive discussions of maternaland child care in different cultural settings inthe Philippines as well as other parts of Asia
- chapter on retrieval, documentation and useof IK, with most of the cases based oncommunity level initiatives in the Philippines
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SURVEY OF LITERATURE: Socio-
Cultural Aspects of Indigenous Medicine
6. Plantasmasters thesis on the development of
traditional medicine and pharmacopoeia in the
16thto the 19thcenturies (1999)
- attempts to portray Filipino culture andsociety through its traditional medical and
healing practices
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SURVEY OF LITERATURE Medicinal
Plants Inventory
B. Medicinal Plants Inventory
1. E. Quisumbings Medicinal Plants of thePhilippines, 1951
- regarded as one of the earliest and mostauthoritative texts on medicinal plants
2. UP Botanical SocietysManual on Some
Philippine Medicinal Plants (1977)- sought to enlighten people of the potential healingproperties of local medicinal plants, with sectionsdivided according to medicinal properties of plants
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SURVEY OF LITERATURE Medicinal
Plants Inventory
2. M. L. TansPhilippine Medicinal Plants in
Common Use: Their Phytochemistry and
Pharmacology (1977)
- discusssed more than 200 plants; each plantentry is accompanied by its scientific and local
name, a brief description of the plant and
suggested preparations and uses
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SURVEY OF LITERATURE Medicinal
Plants Inventory
3. Leonardo Cos Common Medicinal Plants of
the Cordillera Region (1984)
- covers 122 species of common medicinal
plants found in the Cordillera region
4. Quintanas Philippine Medicinal Plant:
Abstract and Bibliography (1989)
- collated and organized references on
medicinal plants resources from the UPLB
campus libraries as well as other private llibraries
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SURVEY OF LITERATURE Medicinal
Plants Inventory
5. Ludivina de PaduasMedicinal Plants (1996)
- conceived to be a series of several booklets
that approaches plant science from the ecological
perspective rather than purely taxonomic
SURVEY OF LITERATURE
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Pharmacological Studies of Philippine
Medicinal Plants
1. Jaime Zaguirres Some Emergency Bedside
Preparations of Most Common Local MedicinalPlants (1955)
- written in 1944 and re-circulated in 1949
primarily among the Medical Field Service
of the AFP
2.Dr. Jocelyn Cruz, Herbal Medicine-A ViableAlternative for the Filipino People (1985)
- documents early pharmacologic tests
undertaken by Dr. Alfredo C. Santos in1927
SURVEY OF LITERATURE
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Pharmacological Studies of Philippine
Medicinal Plants
3. NIRPROMP-led pharmacologic research
- documentation of rapid screening process to study
the efficacy and safety of medicinal plants, then the
agricultural, pharmaceutical and clinical trials of
plants that have passed initial screening
4. Departments of Pharmacology of the University of
the East and UP Manila, Pharmacologic studies done
by students
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SURVEY OF LITERATURE
Mainstreaming Traditional Medicine
1. SegismundosFilipino Traditional Medicine and the
Development of a Relevant Health Care System(1994)
- critiqued the weaknesses of the health care
system and cited efforts through NGOs and the
CBHPs for the integration of TradMed
2. Castro-Palaganas, et. al., MainstreamingIndegenous Health Knowledge and Practices (2001)
- specific focus on indigenous notions of health or
kasalun-alan and the womens life cycle
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SURVEY OF LITERATURE
Mainstreaming Traditional Medicine
3. M. L. Tans Traditional Medical Practitioners
(1992)- showed the different types of traditional
medical practitioners, their socio-geographic
characteristics, skills acquisition, methods ofdiagnosis and healing
4. NSOsNational Demographic and HealthSurveys (1998, 2003)
- included questions on the knowledge,attitude and practices of Filipinos towardstraditional medicine
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SURVEY OF LITERATURE
Mainstreaming Traditional Medicine
5. Various handbooks on medicinal plants
produced by government, NGOs and
academic institutions
- information on medicinal plants andtheir therapeutic uses aimed at re-
educating health workers, trainors andcommunity members
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CONCLUSIONSGood number of ethnographic and pharmacologic
literatures exist
Theoretical and more inter-disciplinary studies
that link traditional medicine to discourses inculture theory or social theory are few
Lack of literature or policy documents on the
workings of the folkloric-commercial sector andtheir implications to health and safety
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RECOMMENDATIONSDevelop and finance a research agenda on
traditional medicine that taps on the core
competencies of various agencies and
stakeholders
Harness the results of bio-medical or pharmacological
research for PHC
Encourage discourses towards the development of acognitive framework for understanding the social-
anthropological context of traditional medical practices
and beliefs
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RECOMMENDATIONS
Establish a strong medical anthropology
program that will rationalize and
invigorate the generation, processing and
management of indigenous healthknowledge