Indicators for the 2nd

World Water Development Report

(WWDR-II)

World Water Assessment Programme(WWAP)

WWAP Mandate

By coordinating the inputs from 24 UN agencies

Describe the State of Water Resources:

– Assess needs, uses and demands on the resource.

– Define critical problems.

– Assess the coping capacity of societies.

– Assess the effectiveness of policies.

Enhance capacities of countries to make national assessments.

Develop indicators to monitor and report progress against targets.

The WWAP Challenge Areas

Meeting Basic Needs (Health)

Water for FoodWater and Ecosystems

Water and Industry

Water and Energy

Valuing Water

Managing Risks

Sharing Water

Governing Water Wisely

Human Settlements

World Water Development Report IIContents: (to be published 22 March 2006)

• Section 1: Setting the Scene

• Section 2: Challenges to Life and Well-being 

• Section 3: Management Responses

• Section 4: Case Studies

• Section 5: Conclusions and recommendations

for action

Section 1: Setting the Scene

• Chapter 1: Global change UNESCO

• Chapter 2: The Challenges of Governance UNDP, FAO/UNEP/UNCBD/ Regional

Commissions

• Chapter 3: Water and Human Settlements UN-HABITAT, WHO/UNDESA

• Chapter 4: The State of the Water Resource WMO/UNESCO

Water and GovernanceWWDR-I No indicatorsWWDR-II- Global Survey: Freedom in the World - Political

Rights and Civil Liberties- Access to information, participation and justice in

water decisions (water quality related)- Baseline Survey: Assessing the Progress of

Countries towards Achieving the WSSD 2005 Implementation Plan target on WRM/IWRM Planning

Nature of Water Resources in WWDR-II

Water Resource Assessment Index - Status of WRA by country - Adequacy of current national assessments; - Effort for documentation about the changes of water resources; - Effort for gathering and accessibility to water resources data

TARWR (Total annual renewable water resources) - Climate zones - Surface annual runoff (SWAR) % of TARWR - GW (Ground water) Annual recharge (GAR) as % of TARWR - Interaction - SW/GW as % TARWR - Inflow from other nations - Outflow to other nations - GW Aquifer Type (links to GW stored)

Precipitation - Amount (mm/year) comparing current annual precipitation with historical precipitation values as % of normal precipitation

Water Use Characteristics - Categories-all sources for 3 uses as % of TARWR - GW use sustainability as % of TARWR - GW use (%) in agriculture, municipalities, industry - SW use (%) in agriculture, municipalities, industry - SW use sustainability as % of TARWR

Section 2: Challenges to Life and Well-being - for equity and environmental sustainability 

• Chapter 5: Water and Health WHO/UNICEF

• Chapter 6: Water and Ecosystems UNEP,

UNECE/WHO/UNCBD/UNESCO/UNDESA/UNU

• Chapter 7: Water and Food FAO, WHO/UNEP/IAEA

• Chapter 8: Water and Industry UNDP, WHO/UNDESA

• Chapter 9: Water and Energy UNDP, WHO/UNEP/Regional Commissions

Water and HealthWWDR-I- Distribution of unserved people – water supply- Distribution of unserved people – sanitation- Actual and total water supply coverage, global, urban and rural

breakdown- Actual and total sanitation coverage, global, urban and rural breakdown- Incidence of Cholera in the world

WWDR-II

- The Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY)- Prevalence of underweight children under 5 years of age - Prevalence of stunting among children under 5 years of age- Mortality rate of children under 5 years of age

- Access to safe drinking water- Access to basic sanitation

Water and EcosystemWWDR-I- Emissions of water pollutants by sector- Biological quality of rivers- Relative naturalness of land in major river basins- Water quality indicator values in selected countries- Number of threatened freshwater fish in selected countries- Proportion of species at risk- Living planet index: inland freshwater species - Changes in lake condition

WWDR-II- Freshwater ecosystem degradation: Fragmentation and Flow Regulation

of Rivers and Ecosystem Impact- Trend in freshwater habitat protection: Freshwater ecosystem, biomes

and habitats protection - Protected areas and Ramsar site establishment - Trend in Freshwater species: Basic needs for ecosystem integrity or

health - Ecosystem stress: Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Dissolved Nitrogen

(NO3 + NO2)

Water and FoodWWDR-I- Proportion of undernourished in total population- Irrigated land as % of cultivated land- Per capita food consumption- Water required equivalent of main products- Yields and water requirements of irrigated and non-irrigated

agriculture- Irrigated area as proportion of irrigation potential in developing

countries- Area equipped for irrigation as % of cultivated land by country- Irrigation and water resources actual and predicted withdrawals- Agricultural water withdrawal as % of total renewable water

resources- Water use efficiency in irrigation

Water and industryWWDR-I- Competing water uses for main income groups of countries (agricultural

vs. industrial vs. domestic) : renamed “Sectoral water use allocation”- Proportion of organic water pollution, by main industrial sector- Industrial water efficiency, by country: renamed “Industrial water

productivity”- Current levels of water withdrawal for industry, by river basin

WWDR-II- Trends in ISO 14001 certification from 1997 to 2002: conduct

water audit, improve anti-pollution measures, and evaluate environmental performance regularly

- Sectoral water use allocation - Water withdrawal by sectors as a percentage of total water withdrawal

- Organic water pollution (BOD) by industry- Industrial water productivity: Economic value added (in$) per cubic metre

of water withdrawal by industry- Trends of water use: Global and regional industrial water withdrawals and

consumption

Water and EnergyWWDR-I- Distribution of households with access to electricity- World’s electricity production- Deployment of hydropower and projections, by region- Proportion of hydropower electricity generation, by country- Installed hydro capacity (all schemes), by region

WWDR-II

- Volume of desalinated water for drinking quality water- Trends in energy consumption for water delivery/pumping - Capability of hydropower generation: Gross theoretical,

Technically exploitable, and Economically exploitable- Carbon intensity (dioxide emissions) by electricity production

- Access to electricity for domestic use - Evolution of electricity generation by fuel from 1971 to 2001- Share of electricity generation by hydropower as a proportion

of total electricity generation, and its evolution

Section 3: Management Responses

• Chapter 10: Managing risks WMO/UNESCO

• Chapter 11: Sharing water UNESCO

• Chapter 12: Valuing water UNDESA

• Chapter 13: Ensuring the knowledge base UNESCO/WMO

Managing risks

WWDR-I- List of severe natural disaster - Major drought events and their consequences in the last

century- Trends in causes of food emergencies- Trends in great natural catastrophes

WWDR-II- Disaster risk index,- Risk and Policy Assessment Indicator

proposed by PWRI (Tsukuba, Japan)- The Climate Vulnerability Index

by CVI, CEH Wallingford, UK

Sharing waterfrom Potential Conflict to Cooperation Potential

WWDR-I- Newly internationalized basins- Basins with unilateral projects and lack of institutional

capacity (treaties/bodies/positive relations)- International basins where non-water related hostility exist

between states

WWDR-II- Operational/administrative Interdependencies for Sharing

Water - Cooperation/conflict Index- Water Conflict Vulnerability Index- Sustainability/development Index

Valuing waterWWDR-I- Annual investment in water for agriculture, water supply and

sanitation, and environment & industry.- Sources of investment funds- Annual investment in urban and rural sanitation- Level of cost recovery for water supplies for agriculture- Price of water from municipal water supply systems- Comparison of the price of water from the public utilities and

informal water vendorsWWDR-II- Water sector share in total government spending vs Total

government spending in all economic sectors- Actual vs desired level of public investment in water sector

- Rate of recovery - actual collections as percent of collectable

charges on yearly basis - Actual water price vs supply costs - for improving water use

efficiency and securing financial sustainability of water utility- Water charges as percent of household income/expenditure

Ensuring the knowledge baseWWDR-I- Gross Primary School enrolment- Illiteracy Rate - Research and Development Expenditure for selected countries- Number of television sets and radio receivers per 1000 people- Number of telephone lines per head- Expenditure on ICT- Number of hydrological monitoring stations, by WMO regions- Density hydrological monitoring stations worldwide

WWDR-II- Knowledge Index (KI): Index, multi variable- Knowledge Assessment Methodology: Index, multiple variable

- Number of water resource institutions- Number of water resource scientists - Water topics in school curriculum- Number of web sites with available water resources information

Indicator development

- For appropriate water resources management - Monitor and evaluate the progress toward targets - A complex and slow process- Require widespread consultation- Have to be tested - Have to be modified in the light of experience

WWAP UN and Working partners will continue efforts for indicator development

The State of The World’sFreshwater Resources

World Water Assessment Programme For Capacity-Building, Development and the Environment

WWAP

Global change

Global changes- Population growth, movement and age

structures- Climate change- Geo-political changes and realignments- Technological changes- Trade and subsidies

Water and City

WWDR-I- Water stress in regions around megacities- Distribution of urban population in more developed and

lee developed regions (to 2015)- Proportion of urban populations with access to

improved water supply and sanitation- Proportion of households in major cities connected to

piped water and sewers

WWDR-II Waiting for information

Nature of Water Resources

WWDR-I- Long term average water resources - Country data on water resources- Water availability versus population- Mean annual precipitation World maximum point

rainfalls for different durations- World’s largest groundwater systems Groundwater use

for agricultural irrigation Annual flows to the World Ocean

- Largest Rivers in the World by Mean Annual Discharge with their Loads

- Countries using the largest quantities of desalinated water and treated wastewater

Countries’ readiness to meet the Johannesburg implementation plan target on IWRM Plan preparation by 2005 (GWP Assessment)

WHITE: Countries made good progress GREY: Countries taken some steps DARK GREY: Countries at an initial stage

http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycle.html

Progress in drinking water coverage, 1990 - 2002

Source: Meeting the MDG Drinking Water & Sanitation Target, UNICEF/WHO

Progress in sanitation coverage, 1990 – 2002

Source: Meeting the MDG Drinking Water & Sanitation Target, UNICEF/WHO

Changes in Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) for Significant Major Watersheds, by Region

for the Periods 1979-1990 and 1991-2003

Coloured areas on the map indicate percentage change and histograms the mean concentration changes by region (UNEP-GEMS Water, 2004)

Changes in Nitrogen Concentrations for Significant Global Watersheds , by Region for the Periods 1979-1990 and 1991-2003

Coloured areas on the map indicate percentage change and histograms the mean concentration changes by region (UNEP-GEMS Water, 2004)

Fragmentation and Flow Regulation by Large River System

Unaffected, moderately affected, strongly affected Source: Umea University and WRI (2004)

Basins under stress

Definition

We define safe drinking water as:“water that is safe to drink and available in sufficient quantities for hygienic purposes.”

Our working definition of basic sanitation is: “the lowest-cost option for securing sustainable access to safe, hygienic, and convenient facilities and services for excreta and sullage disposal that provide privacy and dignity while ensuring a clean and healthful living environment both at home and in the neighborhood of users.”

DefinitionRenewable water resources: include all surface water and groundwater resources that are renewed on a yearly basis without consideration of the capacity to harvest and use this resource.

Exploitable water resources: refer to the surface water or groundwater that is available with an occurrence of 90 % of the time, are considerably less than renewable water resources, but no universal method exists to assess such exploitable water resources.

Agricultural water withdrawal: refers to the quantity of water withdrawn for agricultural purposes. It includes irrigation and livestock watering. Methods for computing agricultural water withdrawal vary from country to country.

2005 Environmental Sustainability Index Yale Center for Environmental Law and Policy and

Columbia University, Center for International Earth Science Information Network,in collaboration with World Economic Forum

Authors of ESI stated that In many areas, decision-making has become increasingly

data-driven, but the environmental domain has curiously lagged in this regard. Difficulty by widespread information gaps and uncertainties, environmental policy-making has often been based on generalized observations, best guesses, etc.

Ability of nations to protect the environment 76 datasets have been integrated into 21 indicators of Environmental sustainability: Biodiversity, Land use, Water quality, Air quality, Reducing air pollution, Environmental health, etc.