indian space programme & some reflections on collective security in space indian space research...
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Indian Space Programme
&
Some Reflections On Collective Security In Space
Indian Space Research Organisation
April 23, 2007
1947 : The Independence of India Developmental Issues Vast resources running to waste
In short, Rich country inherited by developing society
Formidable challenge to the builders of NationNo wonder, Socio-economic concerns form the nucleus
of the Indian Space endeavour
THE BIRTH OF INDIAN SPACE PROGRAMME
" ….. we must be second to none in the application of advanced technologies to the real problems of man and society, which we find in our country. …
- Dr. Vikram A. Sarabhai Frank Admission : Existence of abundant
down-to-earth problems of development. Prudent assertion : Science &Technology
being crucial apparatus for development. Commitment : Science &Technology for
socio-economic benefits in preference to display of grandeur.
• Military Superiority• Technological Dominance• Display of Grandeur
Indian Space Program is very different. Very deeply rooted to the society
SPACE POLICY
Space for Development– Abundance of Problems of Development
Shaped the Indian Approach to Space
– Two Crucial Sectors of Space Applications• Remote Sensing• Telecommunications & Meteorology
Self Reliance
Against a possible alternative of reliance on foreign cooperative or commercial arrangements, self reliance was targeted since " ···· large scale benefits can accrue to a large country like India only when we have our own space segment specifically tailored to meet our requirements"
Commercial Procurement Quick & Effective
Self Reliance• Huge Investments• High Risk• Large Gestation Periods
INDIAN APPROACH TO SPACE
India is now self-reliant in space even though it does not mean producing all technological systems
Most technologies are mastered and absorbed though not all of them are put in mass production.
Immunity against "Technology Denials"
Remarkable benefits to common man in timely & Cost- effective manner
DID IT WORK ?
INDIAN SPACE ENDEAVOUR
BUDGETRs 3,200 Crore
US $ 700 m
SPACE COMMERCE
IRS
LAUNCHERSINS
AT
LARGE USER BASE
ACADEMIA & INDUSTRY
HUMAN RESOURCES16,500 strong
INTERNATIONALCOOPERATION
Space Assets -Remote sensing &
Telecom satelliteConstellations
STATE OF THE ART TECHNOLOGY
INFRASTRUCTUREEnd – to - end capability
November 21, 1963
SLV-3 ASLV
TODAY, 2007
PSLV GSLV
ARYABHATA19.04.75
GSAT-208.05.03
KALPANA-112.09.02
INSAT-2E03.04.99
INSAT-3B22.03.00
INSAT-3A10.04.03
IRS-1D29.09.97
RESOURCESAT-117.10.03
INSAT-3E28.09.03
TES22.10.01
INSAT-3C24.01.02
IRS-P426.05.99
Self reliance in launching
Self reliance in building satellites
47+ 6 Spacecraft Missions 10 4L
AU
NC
H V
EH
ICLE
SA
TELLIT
EA
PP
LIC
ATIO
NS
22 Launch Vehicle Missions
EDUSAT20.09.04
HAMSAT05.05.05
CARTOSAT-105.05.05
FOUR DECADES OF INDIAN SPACE PROGRAMME
CARTOSAT-210.01.07
INSAT-4A22.12.05
ORGANISATION CHART
EE
Z -
2 M
km
2
Fis
her
ies
; C
oas
tal
: 2
.8 M
T
In
lan
d :
2.8
MT
EE
Z -
2 M
km
2
Fis
her
ies
; C
oas
tal
: 2
.8 M
T
In
lan
d :
2.8
MT
700 M. Indians depend on Natural Resources for their Livelihood and Marketable SurplusLoss to 4.5% of the GDP due to Degradation of Natural Resources
India's Annual Soil Loss 5334 Mt
1
2
3
4
5
6
1947 1967 1987 2007 2027 2047
*000 m3
Declining availability of water per capita
Space Perspectives:• Efficient Land and Water
Resources Management• Empowering People for
Sustainable Development
Productivity (1635 kg/ha) Land Degradation (182 M ha)
Productivity (1635 kg/ha) Land Degradation (182 M ha)
Net sown / G. Irrigated area : 143 / 75 M ha Food grains : 211 MT (2003-04)
Net sown / G. Irrigated area : 143 / 75 M ha Food grains : 211 MT (2003-04)
Long Term Average Rainfall : 88 cm (+/- 85 mm)
Glaciers : 8500 km3
Long Term Average Rainfall : 88 cm (+/- 85 mm)
Glaciers : 8500 km3
Depletion of ground water tableGlacier retreat >10 meters/ year Depletion of ground water tableGlacier retreat >10 meters/ year
Flora / Fauna : 46000 (7.0%) 81000 (6.5%)
Flora / Fauna : 46000 (7.0%) 81000 (6.5%)C
oast line : 7500 km
(Coral reefs / M
angroves)
Wetlands
: 7.6 M ha
Coast line : 7500 km
(Coral reefs / M
angroves)
Wetlands
: 7.6 M ha
Y
P
C
L(ha)
0.28
0.14
1950 2000
P
C
L(ha)
0.28
0.14
1950 2000
De
mo
gra
ph
icp
res
su
reD
em
og
rap
hic
pre
ss
ure
Disaster VulnerabilityDisaster Vulnerability
NATIONAL PRIORITIES
Forest: 64 M haForest: 64 M ha
Closed forest : 11%Closed forest : 11%
EARTH OBSERVATION – APPLICATIONS
WATERWATER Potential Drinking Potential Drinking
Water ZonesWater Zones Command Area Command Area
ManagementManagement Reservoir Reservoir
SedimentationSedimentation
OCEANOCEAN Potential Fishing Potential Fishing
Zone (PFZ)Zone (PFZ) Coastal Zone Coastal Zone
MappingMapping
DISASTER SUPPORTDISASTER SUPPORT Flood Damage Flood Damage
AssessmentAssessment Drought MonitoringDrought Monitoring Land Slide Hazard Land Slide Hazard
ZonationZonation
FOREST, ENVIRONMENT, BIO Forest Cover & Type
Mapping Forest Fire and Risk
Mapping Biodiversity
Characterisation Environmental Impact
Studies
AGRICULTURE & SOILAGRICULTURE & SOIL Crop Acreage & Crop Acreage &
Production Production EstimationEstimation
Soil & Land DegradationSoil & Land Degradation MappingMapping
Watershed DevelopmentWatershed Development Horticulture Mission for Horticulture Mission for
North-EastNorth-East
LAND Landuse/Land Cover
Mapping Wasteland Mapping Urban Sprawl
Studies Large Scale
MappingWEATHER & CLIMATEWEATHER & CLIMATEExtended Range Extended Range
Monsoon ForecastingMonsoon ForecastingOcean State ForecastingOcean State ForecastingRegional Climate ModelRegional Climate Model
Development of spatial information system on ground water covering problem states
More than 90% success rate in drilled sources (more than 2,00,000 in 7 states)
Ground Water Prospect Mapwith Sites for Recharge
Implementation and Feedback status
A milestone application towardsbuilding social infrastructure
Wells Drilled Success Rate (%)
Kerala 7,730
92
KAR 34,688 93
AP 35,139 93
MP 22,006 90
RAJ 67,775 90
CHG 34,413 93
RAJIV GANDHI NATIONAL DRINKING WATER MISSION
WASTELAND INVENTORY
February 1996February 1996
February 2002February 2002
1986-2000 2003 Reclaimed
Ecologically Degraded Land - 64 Mha - 55 Mha 9 Mha Culturable with interventions - 45 Mha - 41 Mha
Categorisation for development� A: Sands, Barren…(High capital investment)� B: Marginal Agril. (Intervention needed)� C: Saline, Aklaline.. (Second Generation Issues)
Village & Watershed overlayNatural Resources Census (NRC)
to monitor the changes
B2 Category
Wastelands
National perspective
plan
Districts having more than 30%
Districts having 5% to 30%
• Watershed Development Programme
• Creation of Rural Employment/Assets
• Targeting Poverty & Eco-degradation
POTENTIAL FISHINGZONE – PFZ (IRS P4 OCM
DERIVED)
OFF GOA COAST
0.1 mg/m3 5.03.0
POTENTIAL FISHING ZONES
Fish catch (Kg/operation) increased by 1.5 to 2 times
in West & East coast
OPERATIONAL COMMUNICATION SATELLITES
48
74
GSAT-2
93.5
83
KA
LP
AN
A
INS
AT-
3C
INSA
T 4A
INSAT-
2E
INSAT-
3B
55
INS
AT
-3E
GS
AT
-3
INSA
T-3A
Transponder Capacity
C Band 95Ex C Band
42
S Band 04
Ku Band 29
MSS 04
Total 174
BROADCAST Television Broadcasting Direct To Home (DTH) TV & Radio Networking
METEOROLOGICAL Meteorological Imaging Data Collection Platform Disaster Warning
OTHERS Mobile Satellite Service Search and Rescue Satellite Navigation
Speech Circuits On Trunk Routes
VSAT Connectivity
COMMUNICATION
INSAT SYSTEM APPLICATIONS
Tele-health Tele-education Emergency
Communication
DEVELOPMENTAL
Video+
Audio
Teaching-End Class Room-2
Class Room-1
Audio
TELE EDUCATION
EduSat
5 Spot Beams in Ku Band1 National Beam in Ku Band 1 National Beam in Ext C Band (6 Channels)
Video+
Audio
180 Hospitals 146 Dist/ Rural Hospitals 34 Super Specialty Hospitals
Reaching the un-reached
A M B U L A N C E
Panel of Doctors
Video Conferencing
Health Specialist Centre
Pathology
Cardiology
Video Conferencing
TELE MEDICINE VIA SATELLITE
Referral Hospitals
Panchayat Panchayat PlanningPlanning
Watershed
Tele-Tele-medicinemedicine
TrainingTraining
Tele-Tele-educationeducation
WeatherWeather
Drinking Drinking WaterWater
InformatioInformationn
VILLAGE RESOURCE CENTRE (VRC)
Space-based Services for CommunityCommunity Outreach
SPACE SCIENCE
ASTROSAT
Chandrayaan-1India’s First Lunar Mission
PSLVPSLV GSLVGSLV GSLV GSLV MkIIIMkIII
Weight (T) 294 400 629
Payload (Kgs) 1,500 SSO 2,250 GTO 4,000 to 4,500 GTO
Flights 9 (1993-07) 4 (2001-06) --
ISRO LAUNCHERS
Pre 1992 ScenarioIntense Technology
GenerationEnormous AdvancementFair Share of failures
By 1992IRS-1AIRS-1BINSAT-2ASLVASLV
Commercialization of Space : A new dimension to Space Policy
ANTRIX was born
OPERATIONALIZATION OF INDIGENOUS INSAT-2A
&
ASLV LAUNCH SUCCESS
SPACE COMMERCE
An Instrument for Socio-Economic Benefit Enhancements
Customer ProfileHUGHES SPACE COMMUNICATIONS,
MATRA MARCONI SPACE, CNES, DLR, BRASILIAN INDUSTRY etc., SPACE IMAGING, MDA, ALENIA, RESTEC….
Korea : KITSATGermany : TUBSAT & BIRDBelgium : PROBAIndonesia : LAPAN-TUBSATArgentina : PEHUENSAT
International Launch Service Customers
ANTRIX CORPORATION
Reaching Indian Space Excellence to the Global Markets…...
EARTH OBSERVATIONS
DATA & SERVICES
REMOTE SENSING SATELLITES
TELECOMMUNICATIONS SATELLITE
LAUNCH SERVICES
MISSION SUPPORT
CONSULTANCY & TRAINING
SATELLITE COMPONENTS AND
GROUND SYSTEMS AND OTHER SERVICES
Antrix Portfolio
ISRO SPENT AROUND $ 700 M in 2005-2006
Billions of $Source : World Market Prospects for Public Space Programs by Euroconsult 2002
Comparison with other Space Faring Nations (2001)
Space Health Care Education
Comparison within India
8 cent out of $ 100 GNP
Space Agencies Spend world over spend over $23b in a year.Indian Spending : Around 2 Cents in a dollar• A fleet of 10 Geostationary Satellites
(INSAT- 2E; 3A; 3B; 3C; 3E; Kalpana-1; GSAT-2; Edusat; 4A & 4B)
• A fleet of 7 Remote Sensing Satellites (IRS – 1C; 1D; P4; TES, Resourcesat-1, Cartosat 1&2)
• Two operational Launchers – PSLV & GSLV• End-to-end capability in Remote Sensing &
Telecommunication arena• A wide spectrum of applications benefiting the
society• A reasonable success in commercialisation efforts
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
US
ES
A
JAP
AN
FR
AN
CE
ITA
LY
GE
RM
AN
Y
IND
IA
CA
NA
DA
CH
INA
BR
AZ
IL
AT WHAT COST ?
57% on access to space and 56.4% on bringing down benefits of space to earth
INTERNATIONAL DIMENSIONS
AUSTRALIA
BRAZIL
BRUNEI DARUSSALAM
CANADA
CHINA
ESA
EUMETSAT
FRANCE
GERMANY
HUNGARY
INDONESIA
ISRAEL
ITALY
MAURITIUS
MONGOLIA
NORWAY
PERU
RUSSIA
SWEDEN
SYRIA
THAILAND
NETHERLANDS
UK
UKRAINE
USAVENEZUELA
BILATERAL
SPACE SCIENCE
Satellite Aided Search & Rescue System
Some Reflections On Collective Security In Space
Some Reflections on Collective Security in Space
All the opinions expressed herein belong to the author and do not represent
those of the employer or the country.
Security of this infrastructure, their renewal and expansion as needed, and the continuity of the operational services form the core of the Indian concern about security of space.
What Space Security Means to India?
Space Security
“Secure, sustainable and denial-free access to and use of space for peaceful purposes for one and all”.
Space Power
“The term ‘spacepower’ is used normally with the meaning of might. However, here it is appropriate to describe it as the demonstrated ability to use the power of space for human welfare.”
What Space Security Means to India?
International consensus based approach
Space Debris
Sharing of dataSharing of information on threats
Mitigation Guidelines•voluntary measures through national mechanisms”
•a practical demonstration of the rules based approach
A Few Positive Developments
US Space Policy (October 31, 2006)
Recognises the risks posed by orbital debrisSeeks to minimise its creationPromises exchange of information Improved debris mitigation practices
Threat of Asteroid Strike on Earth & of Near Earth Object Impact
A Few Positive Developments
Global Exploration Strategy
• Innovation in approaches• Open mindedness• Willingness to learn from the past
experiences
Whether these participating space faring nations would be able to see
beyond their own interests and address the interests of the less space capable nations and in fact the entire
humanity?
A Few Positive Developments
Elements of Indian Space Security Architecture
1. Self Reliance
Self reliance is an instrument to harden national technological capability and space systems against the perils of “shutter control” to serve foreign policy objectives or vested commercial interests under the guise of “security” concerns.
Elements of Indian Space Security Architecture
“technology denial” and “control of export” to state actors is viewed as intentional threat against access to and use of space for peaceful purposes and also against the spirit of international cooperation embedded in the Outer Space Treaty
Elements of Indian Space Security Architecture
2. Sustained National ConsensusSustained support of the society for the space policy and programmes is a prerequisite for a meaningful long term security in space.
On the contrary, the fragility of or the narrowness of the public support for the space activities and its policies, irrespective of the technological dominance & economic prosperity of a state, might shake the very foundations of its security architecture
Elements of Indian Space Security Architecture
3. International Cooperation
India recognises IC a crucial apparatus in enhancing national, regional and global security and utilises this tool effectively.
• Collaborating with other space faring nations for enhancing scientific knowledge of our planet earth and of the universe
• Sharing this knowledge and experience towards capacity building in less space-capable nations,“Access to and use of space for peaceful
purposes for one and all” is implemented.
Elements of Indian Space Security Architecture
4. The Rule of Law
“… Indian delegation considers that the development of Space Law is crucial to the orderly and organised exploration of space for the peaceful purposes. … We reaffirm that the five UN Space treaties – evolved through consensus and accepted by a large number of countries – constitute the cornerstones of the international space law.”
Elements of Indian Space Security Architecture
“We would like to reiterate the Indian commitment to the use of Outer Space for peaceful purposes in the common interest of mankind. We support development and continuous evolution of rule of law for the peaceful use and exploration of outer space so as to ensure benefits to all countries, in particular to the developing countries.”
Elements of Indian Space Security Architecture
Indian delegation urges all countries to respect the sovereign right of every country to have access to Space and opportunity to utilize Space for developmental programmes. The respect for safety and security of Space assets and capabilities of all countries, without any denial or threat of denial of access to Space, is inevitable necessity for all of us to preserve and prosper together.”
Elements of Indian Space Security Architecture
5. National Commitment to Security
India recognises the vitality of space systems, ground segments, and the supporting link for the civil, commercial and other peaceful uses of outer space. The protection of these systems and unhindered uninterrupted continued operation of and services derived from these is its prime responsibility towards its own people and the entire humanity.
Elements of Indian Space Security Architecture
“Any nation that possesses medium range ballistic missiles, space tracking capabilities and the means to precisely insert a satellite into orbit also has the ability to destroy a satellite.”
Elements of Indian Space Security Architecture
Some Recent Disturbing Trends
1. Change in Security LandscapeUS President Eisenhower to Soviet Premier Nikolai Bulganin on Jan 13 1958“I propose that we agree that outer space should be used only for peaceful purposes. We face a decisive moment in history in relation to this matter. Both the Soviet Union and the United States are now using outer space for the testing of missiles designed for military purposes. The time to stop is now.”
Some Recent Disturbing Trends
“Test Ban Treaty” in August 1963“Outer Space Treaty” in 1967Other Space Treaties
These are manifestations of the human faith in the rule of law and collective
approach to global security.
Some Recent Disturbing Trends
• The abrogation of Anti Ballistic Missile (ABM) treaty. 2002
• UN First Committee - November 2005 - historical vote against PAROS
• The linking of “Freedom of action in space” to “air power and sea power”
• “Policy of negation”• Opposition to the development of new
legal regimes • The recent test of a ground based anti
satellite weapon
Some Recent Disturbing Trends
These constitute a potent volatile mix, which has potential to tear apart the basic fabric of collective security. This decadence in the faith in rule based approach to the global security is truly deplorable.
Some Recent Disturbing Trends
It is unfortunate that noble intentions of non-weaponisation of
space require shoulders of violence.
Some Recent Disturbing Trends
• There is no alternative to international collective approach to space security. The Outer Space Treaty of 1967 leaves no room for unilateralism of any kind.
The outer space is the next frontier. Together, let us make it a pleasant experience for the entire humanity
• A “judicious bouquet” of proposed solution