1. Energy Alternate Solutions for Indias Needs IOC R&D Centre Conference on India R&D 2005 Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi, India Potential Alternate Fuels& Energy sources for India 8 thNov, 2005 Dr. R.P.Verma

2. Sustainability Generally avoiding human activities that negatively impact natural environment But to sustain human growth & progressmeeting their needs R&D scientists & engineers to keep sustainability aspect in mindWhile developing new technology/ alternate energy sources etc. 3. SOURCE:International Energy Agency, Renewables inGlobal Energy Supply (2003) Renewables Nuclear Coal Natural Gas Oil World Total Primary Energy Share 4. SOURCE:International Energy Agency, Renewables in Global Energy Supply (2003) Share of Renewables in Total TPES (%) 14.0% 13.3% 13.5% 13.8% 13.3% 12.9% 12.5% 12 World Total Primary Energy Supply 5. Energy Sources Indian Scenario 6. Challenges

Continuous growth in energy requirement

Stringent environmental regulations

Soaring crude oil prices and

reduced availability (?)

Energy security for our country

Alternate fuels/ energy sources could be a solution 7. Alternative fuels/ energy sources

Presently in use

Gaseous fuels(LPG, CNG/LNG, Bio/ Gober (cow dung) gas

Nuclear energy

Ethanol

Wind energy

Emerging fuels/ energy sources & technologies

Bio-diesel

Gasification (Biomass/ coal/ Petcoke/ residue) & GTL

Solar/ Solar- thermal energy

Wave energy

Hydrogen energy

Fuel cells

DFR preparation under progress (alongwith EPRI,USA) 8.

Biofuels will ensure energy security of the country

Biofuels production will generate employment opportunities for rural masses

Greening of waste lands by plantation

Biofuels will promote integrated Holistic rural development

Biofuels in Indian Perspective 9.

Ethanol Molasses, Beet, Sorghum, sugar

Transesterified vegetable oils

In India: Likely candidates

• Non edible oils

• • Jatropha curcas

• • Karanjia (Pongamia-Pinneta)

Biofuels - Sources 10. Ethanol 11.

Cold / hot startability and driveability studies

Emission testing using alcohol blends

Controlled field trials - fuel system compatability and engine durability

R&D Studies Conducted at IOC usingEthanol Gasoline Blends 12.

Pilot Projects have been launched in;

• Maharashtra

• • - Miraj (Hazarwadi) on 15.4.2001

• • - Manmad (Panewadi) on 24.6.2001

• Uttar Pradesh

• • - Bareilly (Anola) on 22.6.2001

5% Ethanol-gasoline Pilot Projects 13.

Ethanol blending in Gasoline beyond 5% is yet to be approved by vehicle manufacturers.

Ethanol in diesel is not acceptable to fuel injection equipment manufacturers.

Ethanol is diesel also raises concern about safety on account of lower Flash point.

Sustained availability of Ethanol at reasonable price is another issue of concern.

Issues related to Ethanol use in India 14.

Oil Companies commissioned Pilot projectsin sugarcane growing states as per the directives of MoP&NG

IOC R&D undertaken detailed studies on a fleet of vehicles using ethanol blends.

Based on the success of 3 Pilot projects, Govt. made ethanol blend mandatory in 9 states and 4 UTs .

OMCs extended the supply of 5% ethanol gasoline blend in various states during 2003 05.

Adequate supply of ethanol is not available in the country for

last two years

Status of Ethanol use in India 15. Biodiesel 16.

Renewable source from vegetable seeds/ oils

Non-toxic and biodegradable

Lower greenhouse gas emissions than diesel

Lower exhaust emissions from engines

Better fuel properties than diesel like cetane number, sulphur content, lubricity, flash point etc.

Biodiesel An Emerging Renewable Option 17. Jatropha & Karanjia,Vegitable plants of Choice for India 18.

Developed process for esterification of vegetable oils and already produced several batches of bio-diesel from various vegetable oils

Physico-chemical testing of HSD and Biodiesel blends

Storage Stability and Material Compatibility Studies

Startability, Driveability, power and Mass emission tests on vehicles

Chemical Speciation of Particulate Matter (Pm) collected during emission testing

Biodiesel Studies at IOC R&D 19.

Trans-esterification process optimization, patentingand commercialization, Know How Transferred toM/s Venus Ethoxyethers, Goaon Technology Fee and Royalty basis

Testing of LOCO engine with Biodiesel and diesel blends jointly withRDSO

Vehicle performance and Emission studies jointly withEscorts, Tata motors and Mahindra & Mahindra

Field trials on buses jointly withHaryana Roadways, Gujarat Roadways & Tata Motors

IOC Initiatives on Biodiesel 20.

Jatropha plantation on 70 Ha of Railway land.

Studies on 16 Cylinder ALCO Engine (3100 HP) on B5, B10 and B20.

Shatabdi & Jan Shatabadi Train Trial Runs conducted earlier & 5 Trains through Lucknow to run on 10% Bio-diesel from June, 06.

IOC Indian Railways MoU 21.

Evaluation of neat diesel and upto B20 on 4 passenger cars and 2 Light Commercial vehicles

Engine oil condition monitoring, Material compatibility and durability of engine to be assessed by Tata Motors

Tata Motors Employee buses 43 Nos. already running on B10 in Pune.

Tata Motors IOC Joint Project 22.

20 buses running on 5% Biodiesel blend for almost one year

Driveability performance observed satisfactoryand smoke found lower

Based on the success of trials so far Haryana Roadways agreed to convert entire Gurgaon and Nuh depot to 5% Biodiesel

Biodiesel blending facility created at Rewari terminal of IOC

Haryana roadways IOC Joint Project 23. Biodiesel Emission Life Cycle 24.

Biodiesel policy has been announced by MoP&NG on 9 thOctober, 2005 at IOC R&D Centre for the purchase of Biodiesel.

The Biodiesel policy will involve the PRIs for Jatropha plantations and oil extractions by establishing Rural business hubs (RBHs).

Under this policy OMCs will set up purchase centre at a price of Rs. 25 /lt for Biodiesel at 20 locations for 5% blending of biodiesel in diesel.

Assistance will be provided to PRIs by institutes like NOVOD, Ministry of Bio-technology, PCRA and NBRI for Jatropha plantation and oil extraction.

IOC R&D will conduct further emission studies and field trials for developing data on increasing biodiesel content in asystematic manner i.e. from 5% to 20%.

Biodiesel Purchase policy 25. Gasification & GTL 26. Gasification and production of liquid fuels

Exploitation of vast coal reserves in India

Co-generation of steam, power& hydrogen and production

of liquid fuels from synthesis gas

(technology cost reduced from $60/bbl in 1970 to $ 35/bbl)

Collaborative R&D efforts for cogasification of coal,

residue and petcoke

Bio mass gasification

• Overall potential assessed to be 19500 MW (India)

• From bagasse alone 3500 MW (India)

• Current installed capacity : 425 MW (India)

• (addl. 480 MW under construction)

• Swiss grass crop higher Syngas and Hydrogen

Cogasification of biomass, coal etc. for low NOx and

hydrogen production

27. GTL

GTL Process

• Group of technologies to produce liquid hydrocarbons from variety of feedstock

• Involves two major process steps

• • Conversion of feedstock into Syngas (mixture of H 2& CO)

• • Syngas conversion to liquid fuels through Fischer Tropsch

• Expected worldwide capacity of1.5 2.0 Mbbl/day (~75-100MMTPA) by 2015

28. HYDROGEN 29. CHALLENGE(Process Reverse of Nature) 30.

Potentially an inexhaustible supply of energy

Can be produced from several primary energy sources

Reduced dependence on petroleum imports if produced from coal or renewable

Potential environmental benefits

High energy conversion efficiency by use ofH 2in Fuel Cells (up to 80% in case of co-generation) in place of I.C. engines (30-35%)

Need for Hydrogen 31. Hydrogen Some recent trends

Conversion of Natural gas to Hydrogen

Water electrolysis

• Employing high efficiency electrolysers

Biological process

• Employing extremophiles

• (Themotoga-Neapolitana)

Exploiting Sulfur-Iodine Chemical cycle

• Employing sulfuric acid and HI

Nuclear Hydrogen production

32.

Planning Commission constituted a committee to address issues related to Hydrogen Energy

Four sub-groups were setup on different aspects of hydrogen forproduction; storage & distribution; applications; safety standards, security and related policy issues.

Initiatives by Planning Commission 33.

• Focus to be primarily on production of hydrogen, storage and distribution, beginning with use of hydrogen directly in I.C. Engines and examining feasibility & economics of use of metal hydrides and fuel cells from a long-term perspective.

• Corpus fund created with oil companies pooling resources for hydrogen research.

• IOC-R&D to be the nodal agency for hydrogen research where a dedicated group will work, including experts from other organisations on deputation/ otherwise

MoP&NG Initiatives on Hydrogen 34.

Hydrocarbon Liquid Fuels (Reforming/ Partial oxidation)

Natural Gas (Reforming/ Partial oxidation/ Dissociation)

Coal (partial oxidation/ Gasification)

Bio-mass (Gasification/ Fermentation)

By product from Chlor-Alkali &Dehydrogenation units

Water electrolysis using electricity (also from Nuclear/ renewable energy sources e.g., solar, wind etc.)

Water splitting using direct Nuclear energy

H2 Production Options for India 35.

International Workshop on Hydrogenorganized by IOC R&D under the aegis of MoP & NG and in association with ONGC, BPCL, HPCL & GAIL

Electrolyser based Hydrogen generation system at IOC, R&D Commissioned(5 NM3/HR)

HCNG dispensing system commissionedat IOC, R&D

Portable gensets using Hydrogen with technical support from IIT, Delhi

MoC signed with MINDA Industries Ltd for Development of Hydrogen and H 2/ CNG mixed Fuelling System for IC Engines

MoC signed with MAHINDRA & MAHINDRA for development of Hydrogen run 3 Wheelers and Buses.

Initiatives taken by IOC-R&D 36. H2 CNG Station at IOC R&D Inauguration of H2 CNG Dispensing Station by HonbleMinister MoP&NG and PR 37.

Sustainability aspect to be kept in mind by R&D scientists/ engineers

Alternate fuels/ energy sources could be a solution for Indias energy and environmental needs

Ethanol, Bio-diesel & H 2 could be promising alternate fuels for India and IOC-R&D already initiated activities in these areas

Gasification of Biomass/ Coal/ Petcoke/ Residue and GTL processes have good prospects for India

Summary 38. Thank You