Indian AstronomyBy Arun Kumar Upadhyay, C/47, Palaspalli, Bhubaneswar-751020arunupadhyay@yahoo.in, 09437034172/ 09583492387

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

Units of length-8 modern units, 7 Yojanas Structures of Universe Reverse tree of space & image in man Concept & measures of time-9 scales for 9 stages of creation Yugas of 7 types Chronology of historic yuga in third cycle since 61902 BC Veda by Brahm in 29102 BC & 28 Vysa till 3102 BC Period before glacial flood of 10000 BC Srya vama from Ikvku in 8576 BC Chandra vama from Vaivasvata Manu period of 13900 BC 28 Buddhas, Mahvra, ankarchrya Kings of Magadha in Kali era Mlava-gaa (756 BC-456 CB) 4 branches till 1192 AD. Kings of Kashmir from 3450 BC (Rja-tarangi) Kings of Nepal from 4159 BC (Traditional) Modern cosmology-limitations Vedic cosmology in 3 parts-Purua, r, Yaja. Experimental proof in Homeopathy medicines

Contents

7 Yojana and 7 yugas ( , //) , Yujir verb = to add, This forms yuga and yojana-both unite in 7 ways.$ Two Yojanas by Bhskarchrya-II for 2 purposes1. Astronomy- Siddhnta-iromai -earth is standardEquator = 5000 yojanas, 1 yojana = 8 Kms. 2. Human use-Llvat-Angula (finger width) is standard. 1 Yojana = 32,000 hands = 16 Kms. ( ) ( /) Sun is at 100 Yojanas. Here, yojana is diameter of sun. It is at 108(about 100) yojanas. Jain astronomy-1 Prama yojana = 500 tm yojana =1000 Utsedha yojanas Gaja means elephant and measuring rod both, It indicates number 8. Modern Physics-(1) Definitions of Meter(a) 107 part of distance between equator and north pole along Paris. (b) Distance between 2 marks on a rod at zero degree at Paris. ( c) 16,50,763,73 times wave-length of a radiation of Krypton86. (d) linked with second by speed of light-Light travels 2,99,792.458 Kms in 1 second. (2) Foot = length of Human foot = 30.48 Cms. (3) Nautical Mile-1 minute arc on equator = 6076.115 feet or 1852 meter. Astronomical measures-(1) Astronomical unit (AU)-Semi major axis of earth orbit =distance of sun =1.496 x 1011 Meters. (2) Persec (Pc)-This is distance at which 1 AU makes angle of 1 second 1 Persec = 3.0856 x 1016 Meters = 3.26 Light years 6 Kilo-persec (Kpc) = 1000 Pc, Mega-persec (Mpc) = 10 Pc. 15 (3) Light year is distance travelled by light in 1 tropical year = 9.4605 x 10 Meter

Nara yojana = Human measureLarge measures-1 Angula (finger width) is standard. 12 angula = 1 Vitasti (palm spread). 2 Vitasti = 1 Hasta (hand) =45 Cm, 1 angula =1.875 Cm. 1 Daa = 4 hasta. It is also called Purua (man)- height with hands raised=fathom of 6 feet. 4000 Daa = 1 yojana = 32000 hands =16 kms. Small measures-Bhat-samhit (58/1-2) of Varhamihira 8 Paramu (atom) = 1 Raja or dust particle (Ratha-reu as per Mnasra) 8 Raja =1 Vlgra (hair end), 8 Vlgra = 1 Lik (lice) 8 Lik = 1 Yka, 8 Yka = 1 Yava (barley grain width) 8 Yava = 1 Angula (finger width) = 1.875 cm.

1.875 cm = 4.578 10 4 cm = 4.5micron 4 8 4.578 10 4 1 Paramu = = 7.153 10 6 cm. 2 8

rpati calls it the size of dust particles seen in sun-rays. This is Trasareu which has 60 Aus (atom) as per yurveda.Thus, 1 atom = 1.2 x10-7Cm.

This is actually radius of Hydrogen atom. Trasareu of Tiloya-pannati =1 Angula x 8-9

Lalita-vistara tells Paramu-raja = Angula x 7-10

= 0.6 x 10-7 Cm.

= 1.4 x 10-8 Cm

Any measure is in general called Angula. Purua skta-1 tells the whole world as angula. When measure is only 1 angula, it is called Anguha. Blakhilya planets are called of 1 Anguha. Here earth is Purua of 96 angulas.

Bh-Yojana with earth as StandardSrya-siddhnta (1/59)-Diameter = 1600 Yojana Pacha-siddhntik (1/18) Circumference = 3200 yojana ryabhaya (1/10) and Lalla- Diameter = 1050 Yojanas Siddhnta-iromai, Goldhyya, Bhuvana-koa 52Diameter =1582 1/24 yojanas, Circumference = 4967 Yojana

In space, earth has been called Padma (lotus) of 1000 petals-Padma-pura, Si khaa (40/2-3) or gveda (6/16/13-14). Counting atmosphere as part of earth, its 1000 part is equal to ryabhaa yojana.

Bhgavata pura, part 5 calls planetary orbit up to Neptune as Disc-shaped earth of 100 Crore yojana diameter. Middle age astronomers have multiplied it by 360 to make It Divya yojana as diameter of Brahma (galaxy). Half part of that is loka (lighted) part of 50 crore yojanas, in which 7 dvpa (continents) and samudra (ocean) are described as same names found on earth. Remaining part is Aloka (dark) region. Here, 1 yojana = 1000 part of earth diameter = 12.75628 Kms.

Dvpas Pur a Dvpas and Samudras of Bhgavata PurSerial Radius Breadth (in 1000 yojana) Name 1. 50 50 Jamb-dvpa 2. 150 100 Lavaa (salt) samudra 3. 350 200 Plaka-dvpa 4. 550 200 Iku-rasa (sugar cane juice) samudra 5. 950 400 lmali-dvpa 6. 1350 400 Madya (liquor) samudra 7. 2150 800 Kua-dvpa 8. 2950 800 Ghta (butter) samudra 9. 4550 1600 Kraucha-dvpa 10. 6150 1600 Kra (milk) sgara 11. 9350 3200 aka-dvpa 12. 12,550 3200 Dadhi (curd) samudra 13. 15,750 3200 Mnasottara-parvata 14. 18,950 3200 Pukara-dvpa 15. 25,350 6400 Madhura-jala (sweet water) samudra 16. 41,100 15,750 Loka-vara (bright zone) 17. 1,25,000 83,900 Hiraya-vara 18. 2,50,000 1,25,000 Aloka-vara (dark zone) Mercury Apparent rotation of a planet around earth or its orbit forms Dvpa Inner radius= radius of earth orbit-planet Outer radius=sum of radiiEarth

Sun

Dvpa

Comparison of Dv Dvpa pa and Samudras with planetary orbits

Name of region Serial-Planet Point Radius(1000 yojana) Radius of Dvpa Error% 1.Mercury Near 5976.0 6,150 2.1 Kra-sgara 2.Mercury Far 15,701.1 15,750 0.3 Mnasottara parvata 3. Venus Near 2851.0 2,950 3.5 Ghta-sgara 4. Venus Far 18,813.0 18,950 0.7 Pukara-Dvpa 5. Mars Near 4,090.0 4,550 11.2 Kraucha-Dvpa 6.Mars Far 25,736.5 25,350 -1.5 Jala-samudra 7. Jupiter Near 43,422.8 41,100 -5.3 Jana-sthna 8. Saturn Far 1,21,599.6 1,25,000 2.8 Hiraya-vara 9. Sun (mean) 10,840.4 10,950 1.0 Mean of Dadhi samudra 10. Ceres* Near 16, 312.8 15,750 -3.4 Mnasottara parvata 11. Ceres* Far 42,683.2 41,100 -3.7 Jana-sthna 12.Urans Far 2,29,811.0 2,50,000 8.8 Aloka-vara Note-1.* Ceres is the main body in the asteroid belt between mars and Jupiter. Its orbit is calculated for figures of 2000 AD. 2. Jamb-Dvpa of 50,000 yojana radius is extent of gravitational field of earth in which an object will be in orbit. Its axis in direction of earth rotation in Meru of 1,00,000 yojanas. 3. Dadhi-samdra is solid planet zone. Its mean circle is orbit of earth-largest solid planet.

Bha Yojana = Star measureIn astronomy texts, value of yojana is determined by comparing the standard measure of earth in diameter or circumference with modern measure in Kms. Without any reason, we assume that the same measure is used for distance of sun or star planets-which look like stars. There measure needs to be found by comparing sun diameter with current measures.

Srya-siddhnta (1/59)-Diameter of earth = 1600 YojanaIt is 12,756.28 Km. (equator) in modern measure. So, this yojana = 12,756.28/ 1600 =7.9727 Km. Sun diameter = 6500 Yojana (Srya-siddhnta 4/17) It is 13,92,000 Km. in modern measures. So, this yojana = 13,92,000/ 6500 = 214.1538 Km.

Solar yojana/earth yojana =214.1538/7.9727 = 26.86 or 27 approximately. Bha means star and indicates number 27. So, measure of sun (a star) and star-like planets can be called Bha-yojana which means star-measure or 27 (Bha) yojanas. (1) Sun orbit=43,31,500 Yojana (Srya-siddhnta 12/86) Diameter = 1.47 x 10 8 Kms., Modern value = 1.50 x 10 8 Kms. (2) Nakatra Kak = Sun orbit x 60 (Srya-siddhnta 12/80) This is obviously within solar system as size of Brahma is much larger. This is small planets called Blakhilyas, 60,000 in number rotating round sun. Their size in Anguha = 1 angula (Bhgavata pura 5/21/17) Earth can be taken as a purua of 96 angula = 12,756.28 Km. So, Blakhilya size is 12,756.28/96 = 135 km. NASA estimate of 2005 is that there are 70,000 Plutonic bodies of more than 100 Km Diameter at 44-65AU distance (60 AU average in Bhgavata) (3) Brahma circumference = 1.87 x 10 16 Bha-yojana (Srya-siddhnta 12/90) Diameter = 1.3 x 10 5 Light year , Modern measure 105 LY.

Measure of solar system is given in k veda (10/189/3)

Dhma yojana

- ( , //)For 30 Dhma brightness is more, which is understood as Vk =field of Patanga =sun. Each Vasta (location) of Dyu (sky) is measured in Ahar. Ahar and vasta both mean day. Dhma and yojana both words have been used in gveda (1/123/8) for measure of U (twilight)

( , //)They (U) are same today and will be same tomorrow. They spread towards place of Varua, one by one. Dhma of Varua are 30 without break. They are ahead of Kratu =sun by 30 Yojanas. 1. Meaning in space-Zone of Varua is galaxy. Within that, there are 30 zones one after other where light of sun is more than the background of galaxy. Light of each zone is more than darkness and less Sun itself and is called U (twilight) of 30 levels in 30 zones called Dhma. Measure of Dhma here is not defined. Here measuring rod is earth itself as in Srya-siddhnta-

, .. ( , //, , /)Measure of loka has started in Taittirya upaniad (2/8) from Earth-called Manuya-loka. Bhadrayaka upaniad (3/3/2)-

... ..... ( //)

= 32 ahar (Plural is ahani) is measure of Deva-ratha, its double in all directions is Pthiv (enclosure of solar system), that is surrounded all around by Samudra (ocean) of twice size. Thus all measure starts from earth as measuring rod. But there are 3 Dhmas within earth, so Dhma 3 = earth. Distance from center of measure is equal to radius of earth. Radius of Dhma 4 =2 x earth radius, Radius of Dhma 5 = 4 x earth radius, and so on.

Ahargaa Scalen-3 D=rx2 r 3 2 1

Earth

4 ahargaa = 2r

4r

8r

Kara DhmaMeaning of Dhma on earth-Varua is lord of west direction. U (twilight) goes up to 30 dhmas in that direction ahead of place of sun rise. In India, it is taken as 15 degree west of sun-rise. This is called Sandhy (joint) period and in Kali-yuga of 1200 years, 2 sandhy are of 100 years each. Thus in a day of 24 hours, it will be of 1 hour each equal to 15 degree rotation of earth. In west, it is taken as 18 degree which is more correct for European latitudes. Thus 1 Dhma = degree longitude. longitude This will differ for each latitude circle, will decrease as we move away from equator. On equator, it is fixed and can be called a Dhma-yojana, equal to half degree arc. Thus, 1 Dhma40,000/ 000/720 = 55. 55.5 kms. kms. Dhma-yojana = 40,

Kaha upaniad 1/3/1) gives measure of galaxy in that measure-

( //)

= Persons doing good finally enter the largest cave of size (circumference) of parardha yojana (0.5 x 1017 x 55.5 kms.). Knowers of Brahma call it a combination of light and shadow having 5 Agnis (condensations) called (1) Svayambhu (universe as collection of 1011 galaxies), (2) Parameh maala (galaxy with stars), (3) solar system of 30 dhamas (230 x earth size), (4) Chandra maala (sphere containing orbit of moon), and (5) earth. Out of these, the last 3 are jointly influencing uscalled 3 eyes of iva. Chiketa = distinct, Nchiketa =indistinct, mixed. Here diameter of galaxy comes to 97000 LY, between 100000 and 95000 LY estimates of NASA in 1990 and 2005. Same measure is used in gveda (1/164/12) etc. where Brahma has always been called Pura (structure) of Parrdha size. Yojaana has been used only once in gveda, so it can have only this meaning.

Earth to 17 ahargaa

17 ahargaa Mars 15 9 3 EarthMoon Venus

Mercury

Sun

Solar system33 ahargaa 27 Maitreya 21 Rathantara sma 17 ahargaa Saturn Earth

Sun

Solar System-Steps of Viu

Bright

Light

U

Sun as point

Sun

Heat Zone 100 diameter Step 1

1000 D Step 2

5 10 D Step 3

7 10 D

Brahma

Parama pada

Zones of Solar systemVaakra akra-Vk (field of Sun) is a (6), so it is called Vaakra. These are zones of 3 to 1. Va akra 33 at intervals of 6 ahargaa each. (a) 3 ahargaa = Earth itself. (b) 9 ahargaa = earth x 26 = earth x 64. Moon is at 61 radius distance. (c) 15 ahargaa = earth x 212 = earth radius x 2.6125 x 107 = Varha zone.

Difference between radii of Earth and venus orbits = (150-108) x 106 Km. Thus, Varha zone = (26.125/42) x 100 = 62.2%. (d) 21 ahargaa = earth x 218 = Radius of 1672 x 106 Km. Chakra of Ratha of sun has1000 yojana radius. Here, yojana =diameter of sun. So, radius is 13,92,000 x 1000 = 1392 x 106 Km. This is also called Sahasrka zone, where aka = sun. Thus 21 crosses ratha and is called Rathantara-sma. (e) 27 ahargaa = earth x 224 = Radius of 1.07 x 1011 Km. This is called Maitreya-maala. In Viu pura (2/7) etc. it is stated of 105 yojana. Here, yojana is sun diameter. This is also called Svitr = creative. It is 224 times earth and chhanda of 24 letters is called Gyatr . Gyatr also means Svitr . (f) 33 ahargaa = earth x 230= Radius of 6.848 x 1012 Km. Latest estimate of farthest objects is Oort cloud at distance between 75 to 150 thousand AU. Larger limit =1.5 x 108 x 1.5 x105 Km = 2.25 x1013 Km (g) 34 ahargaa is of double size called Prajpati. 2. Sun centric Triup chhanda - Triup chhanda has 4 parts of 11 letters each. 3 parts are 3 zones of solar system called 3 steps of Viu. Complete Chhanda is of 44 letters. That is measure of Maharloka. It is taken 43 only as Chhanda can be of 2 letters more or less. It is equal to width of spiral arm of galaxy, called ea-nga. It has about 1000 stars called 1000 heads of ea. The 3 zones or steps of Viu are zones of heat, brightness and light. 3. Two parts-Planetary zone is called Bhaspati, the largest planet. Outer zone is after 1000 Sun-diameters = Sahasrka or Indra-

Galaxy and its spiral arm

Solar yojanaFor measure of solar system, diameter of sun itself has been taken as a yojana. It can be also called tm-yojana, as sun is tm (soul) of universe (Yajurveda 7/42 etc.) It is seen from Vyu pura (6/12) where Varha is stated 100 yojana high and 10 yojana wide. As it is description of solar system, height of from sun is 100 yojana and in its body of 10 yojana, earth is like a dot on its tooth. Thus earth is between 100 and110 yojanas from sun. Taking sun-diameter as unit, it is 108-109 diameters. Examples(1)Heat zone (Tpa-ketra)-Up to 100 yojanas from sun ( ) ( /) ( ) ( ///) (2) Bright zone (Rami-ketra)-Up to 1000 yojanas from sun- ( ) ( = ) //) (../) (3) Maitreya Maala -1 lakh yojanas-Viu pura (2/8) Wheel of ratha -1000 yojana = zone of Indra (Sahasrka, aka or chaku = eye which is sun, Sahasra =1000)-This is grand cycle of planetary motions up to Saturn, so it is wheel. That Is basis of yugas in which revolution of planets are stated (Bhagaopapatti) Ratha = Diameter 9000 yojana. Radius = 4500 yojana, up to orbit of Pluto. -daa (axle rod)-Extent of solar wind up to 9000 yojana. Its middle zone is at 6750, Which is Nakatra-kak (orbit of small bodies, Blakhilya = small planets at end) at 60 AU i.e. 60 times distance of sun (Srya-siddhnta 12/80) Spread of Solar Ratha (=body)-157 lakh yojanas x 1392000 kms.= 2 LY diameter

Praka Yojana-Length by Speed of LightBut this is not a definition of unit-hardness and width of rose-petal, sharpness of needle and force applied to it are unspecified. Bhgavata pura (3/11/5) defines it as time taken by light to cross 3 Trasareu or 3 units larger than it which are missing ( //) Both can be explained by the fact that earth is called a big lotus in space - , (/) Last step of creation is earth, so it is foot. It is base (foot, pada) of life, so it is padma (lotus). This is the lotus coming from navel of Sun as Viu. Seen from earth, it is at focus of the apparent orbit of sun. That focus is navel (nbhi). Trui is 33750 parts of 1 second. It is time taken by light to cross a yojana, which may be 1000 or 1600 parts of its diameter. Examples(1) Radius of solar system is distance travelled by light in 1 year. That was the region whose material started creation of sun, so it is ditya. Thus is called samvatsara (year) (= ) - ( ///) (= ) ( //) Within this region, devas are created- ( ///, ///, /, ,,/, / ) ( ///) After samvatsara is Varua region- ( /// ) (2) Tapah loka of Brahm is the region which receives light (or heated) from other parts. It is Called visible universe in modern physics. ( ) /, /), ( ///) (3) Vijna tm in heart region is connected up to Brahma-randhra by lanes in individual bodies. (Bhadrayaka upaniad 4/4/8,9; Chhndogya upaniad 8/6/1,2,5; Brahma-stra 4/2/17-20) From that it goes to Sun at speed of light. gveda (3/53/8) tells that this link goes and returns 6 times in a muhrtta (48 minutes). Light travels 3 lakh kms. In 1 second. It will take 500 seconds or 8 minutes to reach. It will go and return 3 times in 8 x 6= 48 minutes. ( //-) ( //)

Trui has been defined as time taken by a sharp needle to pierce a petal of rose. -Vaevara-siddhnta, madhyamdhikra,7; Siddhnta-iromai, madhyamdhikra, 26

Pram a Yojana PramJain Astronomy By S.S. Lishk-Vidyasagar Publication, Delhi-53, Pages 28,291 Prama yojana = 500 tm yojana = 1000 Utsedha Yojana. Here Sun is tm of universe, so its diameter is tm-yojana. ( /) Each start of measure is earth, next loka is Pram measured in Prama yojana . Lower divisions of standard earth are utsedha yojana divided into 1000 parts. , , ( //, /) Bhgavata pura, part 5, Viu pura 2/7 etc give the following measures of 7 lokas(1)Bh-loka (Earth) 1000 yojana. In utsedha yojana = 1000 parts of earth. (2) Bhuvar loka -1 lakh yojana. In earth yojanas, it is Varha of 1000 times bigger spread. (3)Svar loka-It is solar system whose ratha size is 157 lakh yojans = 157,00,000 x 1392000 kms = about 2 light years diameter. (4) Mahar loka is 1 crore yojana. It looks smaller than solar system of 1.57 crore size, but it is in Prama yojana = sun diameter x 500) Thus, radius of mahar-loka =1 crore yojana = 107 x 500 sun diameters =6.96 x 1015 Kms. = 735 Light years. This is a sphere of width of spiral arm of galaxy near sun. (5) Janah loka -Radius is 2 crore yojanas in unit again bigger by 500 times. Thus it is 6.96 x 1018 Kms. =73,500 LY. (6) Tapah loka radius is 4 times bigger in unit 500 times bigger than that of mahar-loka. Radius is 14.7 crore LY, i.e. 45.1 Mpc which is distance of local super-clusture. (7) Satya-loka is 12 crore yojanas in still 500 times bigger unit. I.e. its radius = 98 billion LY. Visible world (called Bhmi) is of 1/10 size of Purua, as per in Purua-skta, 1 Visible world = 9.8 billion LY. Modern estimates range from 8 to 18 billion LY.

Ma Maala alaSvyambhuva MaalaUniverse 1011 galaxies

Reverse tree of World Figure God ElementBrahmSky

SymbolSpace Human body

Chakra in spinal cordhViuddhi

= Biggest

A

Parameh Maala Galaxy, ka-gang Brahma,1011 stars

Viu =

enclosing

Air

I

y

Anhata

Solar system

Saura-Maala

Indra

= radiation

Teja

U

v

Svdhihna

Chndra-Maala Bh-MaalaEarth

Sphere of moon orbit

Soma Agni

= Cool, rare = Dense

Water Earth

r l

Maipra Mldhra

Here order of Svdhihna and Maipra is reversed in order of creation, called si-krama. That is in order of Mhevara-stras- . It is in Saundarya-lahar -9. , ,

Lokas and VivaHigher Lokas-- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

(Earth)

Bh

(Varha) (Solar system)

Bhuvar

Svar

Mahar

Janah

Tapah

SatyaInfinite Universe

Parama Dhma Trilok (Dhma) Rodas (Avama) Krandas (Madhyama) (of Rudra = weeping, lower) (Viu, tears, middle) Ocean Svitr Sarasvat Water Mara Ambha

sphere of spiral (Galaxy) Visible arm width Universe

Sanyat (Uttama)(Static, higher)

Niyat Ap= Rasa

Higher spheres are 4, successively bigger than man by 107 . Chndra-maala is affecting us, so that too is a world. Thus higher world are 5, given in World-tree1. Svyambhuva-maala (universe), 2. Parameh-maala (galaxy), 3. Saura-maala, (Solar system), 4. Chndra-maala (sphere of moon orbit), 5. Bh-maala (Earth) Man is world no. 6-Average of length-width-height=1.28 Meters= 107 parts of earth diameter. Lower Worlds are 7, successively smaller than man by 105 . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (Cell) (Atom) (Nucleus) (Moving particles) (Quarks ?) (Proto-type) (Strings) -5 -10 10-25 Meter 10-30 Meter 10-35 Meter Size 10 Meter 10 Meter 10-15 Meter 10-20 Meter Total worlds are 13, so Viva means 13. Viva is any system which is closed, complete and independent.

Kalila

Jva

Kualin

Jagat

Deva-dnava

Pitara

i

Lower worlds () - , In womb, cell starts collecting all materials, so it is called kalila.

( ) , (/)

( ) ( , /)A cell also is a Viva, which is enclosed (pariveita).

() ()

Starting from man, hair-end is first smaller Viva 100 thousand times smaller. There are 6 more levels smaller by same ratio. Smallest is Nirajana (not perceived by any instrument, or mind) From is, pitars were born; then Deva-dnava. All jagat was from Deva only. Devas are 33, Asuras are 99, so created universe is one-fourth only (Purua-skta 3,4). Jagat= moving particles are of 3 types-Chara =lepton, Sthu =Baryon, Anu-prva = Mesonic link particles. Assume 100 parts of 100th part of hair end (micron size)= 10-10 Meter. That is Jva, not destroyed in any chemical change-all Kalpa =or creation is recombination of atoms only.

( , )

( , /)

() ( , /) () , - - .. - - () - - ( , ///)

Central nerve is 107 parts of hair-end. Kualin is still 100 times smaller, equal to nucleus of atom = 10-15 meters

In beginning, it was Asat (invisible, beyond perception) only. That was i. They pulled with force and energy, so they were called i = Rassi in Hindi (String).

Higher Worlds ( , //,)(3) The zone lighted by sun and moon is Pthiv (earth) and in all the earths-ocean, rivers and mountains are stated as on planet earth. (a) Planet earth-It is lighted by sun and moon both and it has all-ocean, rivers and mountains. (b) Maitreya-maala -It is the zone exclusively lighted by sun. Zones formed by planetary orbits are described as continents and oceans of same name as on earth. (c) Galaxy-This is the last limit up to which sun can be seen as a point- Definition of Brahma in Srya-siddhnta (12/90). In this earth also, central rotating disc is called a river-ka-gang. (4) Whatever is the size of earth by diameter and circumference, the same is diameter and circumference of its sky, starting from earth.. Stated by Maitreya to Parara, addressed as Dvija (Brhmaa). (a) Planet earth-Its measure should start from human size, which is implied but not stated. Earth is limit (Koi) of world for man and its size is 107 times, so Koi = 107 . For earth also, its Koi of world is solar system which is its sky and is 107 times bigger. (b) For Maitreya-maala, its sky or Koi is galaxy and is 107 times bigger. ( c) For the largest earth galaxy, its sky is universe. This is infinite, but is taken in same ratio of Koi = 107 . Thus the 5 levels of Viva starting with man are successively 107 times bigger. 107 = 224 and 24 is number of letters in Gyatr chhanda, so it is said that is measure of all the Lokas. x 107 = 224 x 107 = 224 x 107 = 224 x 107 = 224 Man Earth Solar system Galaxy Universe

() - , //, , ///, //) ( , //)

,

Time is perception of change of world. Change is of 3 types defining 3 types of time = Kla. (1) Nitya Kla (Eternal time)-All physical bodies are always decaying. Changes are irreversible. Whatever has gone can not come back. So, it is also called Death (Mtyu). (2) Janya Kla (Creative time)-This is related to Yaja which is creation of useful things in a cycle. Measure of that cycle is unit of time. There are 9 cycles of creation called 9 sargas. In Bhgavata Pura, 10 sargas are stated including Avyakta (abstract, formless). Time of that is Partpara.

Concept of Time

( /)

(3) Akaya-kla (conserved time)-This is time of a system which follows 5 types of conservation laws In physics-mass, momentum, energy, angular momentum, and parity or charge.

. (, ) (, /)

(, /)

(4) Partpara Kla-This is time of abstract source of Universe, and is beyond any perception. It is described in Bhgavata Pura (3/16). From this abstract 9 levels are created, when forms and changes are perceived. It is called Day of Brahm.

Purua also is of 4 types-(1) All bodies with form (boundary is called Chhanda) are constantly decaying. That is called Kara. Despite decay, the functions of the body remain the same, called Akara. It is known by same identity, which is invisible (Kastha). As a part of surrounding, it is constant, called Avyaya. At ultimate source, there is no difference-it is Partpara. Purua Time Purua 1. Kara Nitya 2. Akara Janya 3. Avyaya Akaya 4. Partpara Partpara 9 scales of time for 9 Sargas (stages of creation). Bhgavata pura counts 10 including abstract source. Source matter spread like ocean of water is Rasa (ultimate), Ap (creative), Ambha (galaxy), Salila (fluctuation), Mara (Solar system). Created structure within boundary is Earth of 3 levels-planet earth, solar field, galaxy. Initial stages for 3 Dhma are 3 ditya-Aryam (Universe), Varua (Galaxy), Mitra (Solar system) Intermediate stages are Varha (cloud = water +air, or boar = animal of land+water). For 9 stages-9 clouds. 5 Varha in space-di, Yaja (of galaxy), veta (light from sun), Bh (matter of which cindensed into earth), Ema-atmosphere

Time and Puru Purua a

(, /)

Measures of Timerya-siddhnta (14/ Time-Srya 14/1)(1) Brhma-His day is time period of creation of 9 stages from formless stage. 1 Yuga = 12, 000 Divya-year. In astronomy, Divya year = 360 solar year 1 day of Brahm =1000 yugas =1000 x 12000 x 360 = 4,32,00,00,000 years.

Same period is night, when all merge in same formless source. In modern terms, 1 day-night of 8.64 billion LY is radius of visible universe and also cycle of creation. (2) Prjpatya-Prajpati is Creator. His work started with creation of galaxy. Axial rotation period of galaxy is called Manvantara. Galaxy element is called Manu. It has 1011 stars which is equal to number of cells in human brain. So Brain element is called mana (mind). 1 Manvantara = 71 yugas =30.68 crore years (3) Divya-1 Divya year =360 solar years. It can have 3 meanings(a) Rotation period of imaginary planet at distance of 60 AU(called Nakatra-kak in Srya-siddhnta (12/80) (b) In 1 day-night cycle, sun makes a circle at horizon. Similarly cycle of north-south motion is taken as 1 Divya day, and 360 such days make divya-year. ( c) This is cycle of historic changes called Parivarta-yuga in Vyu-pura in list of 28 Vysas. It includes current generation with past and next =120 x3 years. (4) Jupiter year-It is period of 361.0486 days taken by jupiter with mean motion in 1 sign. In north India, this is actual time in 1 sign (Srya-siddhnta) . In south India, solar year is taken as Jupiter year (Pitmaha-siddhnta) (5) Solar year-1rotation of sun (apparent) is 1 year. 12 part is 1 month. 30 part f month is day. (6) Lunar-Month is synodic rotation of moon in 29.5 days of 2 equal parts-new moon to full is bright half. (7) Pitara-They live on opposite side of moon. So, lunar month is 1 day of Pitaras. 30 days are 1 month and 12 such months are year. (8) Svana (Civil)-Sunrise to next sunrise is day. 30 days = 1 month. 12 months = 1 year. (9) Nkatra (sidereal)-Axial rotation period of about 23 hrs 56 minutes is 1 day. Sunrise to next rise period is bigger by 4 minutes as earth has to move 1 degree more covered by sun in annual motion. 30 days = 1 month. 12 months = 1 year.

7 Yugas -Smaller(1) Sanskra-yugas-This is period taken by a man in completing his education. This is of 5 types(a) Gopada-yuga-Like 4 feet of a cow, it has 4 years. It starts with Go-dhli, i.e. sun set when dust Is raised due to cows returning after grazing. Year 1 is Kali (start of count) which will end at midnight after 365 days-hence Kali is called sleeping. Year 2 is Dvpara (dv = 2), which will end after 366 Days at sunrise. Thus is called awaken. Year 3 is Tret (tri =3), which ends after 365 days at noon when people are standing. Cycle is completed in year 4, called Kta (=completed) again at sun-set.

(b) 5 year yuga- Yjua- jyotia gives 5 year yuga. 5 such yugas have 6 omitted years, making a bigger yuga of 19 years. ( c) 12 year yuga-It is rotation period of Jupiter and is taken as standard for teaching of Vedas. (d) 19 year yuga -k-jyotia gives 19 year yuga with 7 extra lunar months which tallies with solar year within 2 hours (See Vednga jyotia by P.V. Holay, Nagpur, 1985) (e) Eclipse yuga- this is by joint motion of sun and Rhu in 18 years 10.5 days. Its half period of 3339 tithis is also cycle of eclipse indicated in k (3/9/9, 10/52/6). (2) Human yuga-(a) Normal working period of life is 60 years. This is cycle of Jupiter years in which Jupiter and Saturn make 5 and 2 revolutions. This is called Angir period in Vedas.

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Here, ditya =12, Pacha-hot = 5 x 12 = 60 years. (b) Century year-It is indicated by Saptari, who remain 100 years in one star. The line joining 2 eastern stars joins zodiac in point whose location is star of Saptari . It moves back @1 star (13020) in 100 years. This is also obtained by combining yugas of k of 5 x 19 =95 years when moon comes in same nakatra. Adding 5 year yuga ofYjua moon will be 1 more. Rjatarangi has called it Laukika era. (c) 120 years cycle is taken in cycle of periods of planets in astrology. (3) Parivarta Yuga-It is Divya year of 360 years. Vyu pura (23/114-226) or Krma (chapter 52) has called it parts of Dvpara or Parivarta. Brahma pura (1/2/29/19) tells Yuga of 2600 years and at (1/2/9/36,37) Calls the same as manvantara of 71 yugas where 1 yuga = 360 years.

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.. ( ,///) ( ,/ //,)71 x 360 =25,560 or about 26,000 years.

Historic yuga(4) Sahasra yuga-(a) Bhgavata pura (1/1/4) tells a session(satra) of 1000 years by aunaka. Human life is only of 100 years, but standards of moral remain for thousand years, which is a satra of that period. 3000 years after that, Vikramditya re-edited Puras which is continuing now for 2000 years. (Bhaviya pura, 3/3/1/2-4) (b) Saptari-vatsara is of 2700 divya (solar year) or 3030 Mnua years (12 revolutions of moon in 327 days)

Here , 2700 Divya years = 2700 x 365,25 days, 3030 Mnua years = 3030 x 327 days. Both are equal. (c) Romaka siddhnta has used a yuga of 2850 years which is 150 times k yuga of 19 years. (5) Dhruva or Kraucha yuga-(a)Dhruva samvatsara is of 9090 Mnua years or 8100 solar years. (Brahma pura, 1/2/29/18). Vyu pura, (57/18) has called it Kraucha-samvatsara. (b) Jupiter Yuga-Jupiter years in north India follow Srya-siddhnta, chapter 4, where 361.0486 days is time taken by Jupiter in 1 sign by mean motion. In 85 solar years, there are 1 more i.e. 86 Jupiter years. In south India by Pitmaha siddhnta, solar year is taken as Jupiter year. 60 years cycles in both systems will join in 60 x 85 =5100 solar years which makes 1 Jupiter Yuga. Rma was born on 11-2-4433 BC at 10-47-48 LMT. Then it was Prabhava year in both systems (Viu-dharmottara pura, 82/7,8). 5100 years prior to that, Prabhava year was at time of Matsya incarnation in 9533 BC. As per Iliad of Homer last island of Atlantis had submerged in 9564 BC. Persian tales tell it in 9844 BC. Glacial floods lasted about 1000 years. (6) Ayana-yuga-Manvantara of 26000 years is the precession cycle of earths axis in reverse direction. But historic cycle follows cycle of Glacial floods and ice eras. That is joint effect of rotation of Apogee in 1,00,000 years and precession in reverse direction in 26000 years (Milankovich Theory, 1923). When north pole is inclined away from sun, it gets less heat. Heat is further reduced when sun is farthest at apogee (mandoccha). That is period of glacial ice. At perigee, when north pole is towards sun, it gets maximum heat 1 1 1 and is Glacial floods. That is cycle of 21,600 years= + 21,600 26,000 1,00,000 Middle value of 24,000 years is taken in India with 12000 years period of Avasarpi in order of Satya, Tret, Dvpara, Kali of 4,3,2,1 parts. Second half is Ustasrpi in reverse order of yugas. This is cycle of correction Taken from tradition by Brahmagupta (Brhma-sphua-siddhnta, Madhyamdhikra, 60-61) and Bhskara-2 (Siddhnta-iromai, Bh-paridhi, 7-8) (7) Astronomical era is of 12000 Divya years each equal to 360 solar years, i.e. of 43,20,000 years. It has 3 meanings-(d) Combined cycle of planets within wheel of solar Ratha, up to Saturn (b) Cycle of change in eccentricity of earth orbit, (c) Cycle of magnetic pole reversal. These depend on (a).

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Yuga CycleGlacial cycle (modern value) Cycle Order BC years of start Yuga 61,902 Satya Glacial ice 69,200 (Tret of previous cycle) Avasarpi 57,102 Tret Glacial flood 58,100-Maij era, some sktas in (descending) 53,502 Dvpara that period-Veda-kla-niraya-Dinanath Chulet, 1925. Kali Dark era (first) 51,102 49,902 Kali Utsarpi 48,702 Dvpara (ascending) 46,302 Tret Glacial ice 45,500 42,702 Satya 37,902 Satya Avasarpi 33,102 Tret Glacial floods 31,200 29,502 Dvpara dya Tret-Brahm-Varha Kalpa dya-yuga 27,102 Kali 29,102 (Svyambhuva) 25,102 Kali 27,376-Dhruva-0 (Brahma-dina 2) 24,702 Dvpara 43 x 360 = 16,000 Utsarpi 22,302 Tret Glacial Ice-20,000 19,276-Dhruva-1 18,702 Satya 13,902 Satya 13,102-Vaivasvata Manu Avasarpi 9,102 Tret Glacial floods 9,200 11,176-Dhruva-2 5,502 Dvpara 28 x 360 = 10,000 8,476-Ikvku-1 Vaivasvata 3,102 Kali 3,102-Kali 5,776-Saptari-2 (Current,day-3) 1,902 Kali Mahvra birth 1905, Buddha (18886-1805) 3076-Laukika-3 702 Dvpara 756-draka, kambhar aka -612, r-Hara-456 Utsarpi 1,699 AD Tret 1700AD-Industrial revolution 5,299 AD Satya 2000 AD-End of Tret-sandhy-Information era.

Brahma pura (1/2/6/6-8) tells that the current kalpa or day of Brahm is called Varha-kalpa. Parts of yuga are counted only for this kalpa. In list of 28 Vysas, each part of a yuga has been called parivarta. 1 parivarta = 360 years (Paridhi = circumference divided into 3600, parivartana = change). 1 Tret = 3600 years = 10 Parivarta Yuga. Start of Tret was in 22,302 and in 9,102 BC. These had 10 +10 = 20 parivarta or parts. Even after second Tret ended in 5,502 BC, this counting continued till age of Rma (birth on 11-2-4433 BC as per horoscope in Vlmki Rmyaa) as era of advancement continued. Vyu pura, chapters (70, 86, 98) mentions these partsAsura king Bali-3rd Tret This count should start from 22,302 BC, but this yuga-system itself started after Vaivasvata Manu, hence it should more properly be counted 3600 years before 13,902 BC, i.e. from 17,502 BC. Second Tret will be completed in 16,802 BC and the third will continue till 16,442 BC. In this period of Bali, Vmana had achieved supremacy of 3 lokas for Indra. But Asuras thought that they could have defeated Devas in war and continued attacks. Finally Krttikeya defeated them convincingly. In his period, pole star had shifted from Abhijit to Dhanih and in consultation with Brahm, he started year with entry of sun in Dhanih (Mahbhrata udyoga parva, 230/8-10). That should be in 16,000 BC. Bali period is 1 saptari = 2700 years after completion of Dhruva cycle in 19,276 BC, i.e. after 16,576 BC when Asura empire based in Kraucha Dvpa (north America) was most powerful.. Year started with south ward motion of sun, or var (rains), so year itself was called vara. Datttreya -10thTret,-It appears to be in 9102 BC when second Tret started after end of glacial floods. Mndht - 15th Tret-started in 9102-4 x 360 =7,662 BC and continued till 7,302 BC. 18 generation after him was Bhu, who had been defeated by Yavanas with help of Haihaya, Tlajangha, aka, Prada, Kmboja, and Pahlavas (Brahma pura, 2/3/63/119-120). Megasthenes, Arian, Solin and other Greek authors have given the date of this first Yavana attack by Dionysus (Bacchus) as 6451 years 3 months before Alexander, i.e. in 6,777 BC. Paraurma-19th Tret - It started in 5502 + 2 x 360 = 7222 BC. After his death, Kalamba (Kollam) samvat started in 6,177 BC which still continues in Kerala. As incarnation of Viu, he has been called Hercules (as sun or Viu, heholds the earth). He was 15 generations after Dionysus as per Greek writers. He destroyed kings (kingdoms) 21 times, which has been called republic era for 120 years by the Greeks. This should start 120 years before the death of Paraurma in 6297 BC, when he must have been about 30-35 years. Thus, he lived up to at least 155 years of age, so he is famous as long lived. Rma-24th Tret- This actually started 3 parivartas after end of Tret, i.e. 5502-3 x 360 = 4422 BC, i.e. when he was 11 years of age. Thus his life was mostly in 24th Tret.

Parts of Yuga

in kali year 25, i.e. in 3076 BC when Saptaris left Magh after 100 years stay in that star. 3 Saptari cycles i.e. 8100 years are cycle of Dhruva starting after death of King Dhruva, grandson of Svyambhuva Manu as per Bhgavata pura. It was called Kraucha year, when Asura kings up to Bali were supreme in that continent. Brahm-There were 7 human Brahm as per Mahbhrata, nti parva (chapters 348, 349)1. Mukhya From mukha (mouth) of Nryaa) or main Brahm-He taught Vaikhnasa. 2. From eyes-He was taught by Soma and himself taught Blakhilyas. 3. From V He has been called Apantaratam, son of V in Mahbhrata, nti parva (349/39). He taught Trisupara i. As per puras, he lived on banks of Gautam (Godvar). The supara, is stated to have entered sea-tending coastal land has been called Rehi (gveda 10/114/4), so farmers in Andhra are still called Reddi. Brhm script of 64 letters still continues as Telugu and Kannada having vowels of 1, 2, 3 meters. 4. In di kta yuga (37902-33102 BC)- Brahm was from ears. He taught Vedas with rayaka, Rahasya, and Sangraha to Svrochia Manu, ankhapada, dikpla Suvarbha. 5. In di kta yuga -From nose of Nryaa-He taught Vraa, Raibhya Muni, and Kuki (Dik-pla = Ruler of a region). 6. Aaja Brahm-taught Barhiad Muni, Jyeha Smavrat, king Avikampana. 7. Padmanbha Brahm taught Daka, Vivasvna, Ikvu-This could not have been a single man from Vivasvn in 14000 BC to Ikvku in 8576 BC. This appears to be institution of Brahm who was first consulted by Krttikeya for new calendar. His tradition appears to have continued till 9,500 BC at time of abhdevaj after glacial floods. He might have been in east Himalayas. Catchment of Brahmaputra river is called Brahmaviapa in Triviapa (Tibet), or at Maipura which means navel (of Nryaa) giving birth to Brahm, adjacent country.

Saptari era-As per, Rjatarangi,1/50-52), Laukikbda started with death of Yudhihira era

Saptari era and 7 Brahms

Kayapa, and ManusIn astronomy, 7th Manu period is running and 7 more are yet to come. These are periods of geological changes which has been also described in puras and Vedas. But in historic era, all 14 Manus have passed. There were 7 main Manus and their 7 cousins, called Svari in same periodsSl. No. Main Manu Svari Manu 1. Svyambhuva Meru Svari 2. Svrochia Daka Svari 3. Uttama Brahma Svari(Kayapa) 4. Tmasa Dharma Svari 5. Raivata Rudra Svari 6. Chkua Rauchya 7. Vaivasvata Bhautya Brahma pura (1/2/36/65) tells that 4 Manus- Svrochia, Uttama, Tmas, Raivata were descendants of Priyavrata, elder son of Svyambhuva Manu. Mother of Svrochia was kti who was daughter of Svyambhuva Manu and was married to Ruchi Prajpati, father of Rauchya Manu. The other 3 were sons of Priyavrata. Brahma pura (3/4/1/23-24) tells that the other 5 Svari Manus were sons of Priy (Kriy), daughter of Daka Prajpati. Harivama pura (2/15) tells that Chkua Manu was son of Ripu, grandson of King Dhruva. Almost same exists in Vyu pura (4/100, 58/30). Prior to Vaivasvata Manu, list of kings is scanty. That gives 52 kings from Svyambhuva to Chkua and then 12 kings up to Vaivasvata Manu. Kayapa influence is for 5 generations from Chkua Manu to Pthu, between them came V, Anga, Vena.

Svyambhuva.. Chkua . Vaivasvata

40 generations 12 generations 52 generations (incomplete list) = 15,120 years. 1 generation = 15,120 52 = 290 years. Period of Kayapa and Chkua = 29102(Svyambhuva) - 40 x 290 = 17,500 BC. Pthu period = 17,500 5 x 290 = 16,050 BC. Thus, Kayapa period is from 17,500 to 16,050 BC. It may be noted that Institute of Brahm from Svyambhuva Manu continued till glacial ice period in 20,000 BC. Then, it was revived by Kayapa. After that, period of each Vysa till abhadeva can be taken as 2 parivarta = 720 years. Period of 6thVaivasvata-Yama is taken as 4 parivarta = 1440 years as there was deluge in his period. After abhadeva , period of all Vysa is taken as 1 parivarta = 360 years.

Mahvra, Mahvra , Buddha etcJain scriptures are unanimous that Mahvra was at the end of avasarpi , thus he has to be before 1902 BC. The horoscope given in astrology book tallies with the date 11-3-1905 BC which was Chaitra ukla 13th. . Date of Siddhrtha Buddha is known more accurately-Birth 31-3-1886 BC, Vaikha ukla 15th, i.e. prim till 5-24 gha. Departure for Kapilavastu-29-5-1859 BC, Sunday, ha ukla 15. Achieving Buddha stage-3-4-1851 BC, Vaikha prim till 11 gha before sunrise. Death of his fatheruddhodana 25-6-1848, rvaa prim, Saturday. Nirva (death) of Buddha-27-3-1807, Tuesday, Vaikha prim, slightly before sunrise. Rma birth at Ayodhy at 81024 east, 26048 north, on 11-2-4433 BC at local time 10-47-48 h/m/s. lagna-90001, sun-9000, moon-90001, mars-298000, mercury-21000, Jupiter- 90001, venus-357000, Saturn-200000, Rhu-1200426, balance in period of Jupiter-4 years. Ka birth at Mathur 27025 north, 77041 east, on 17-7-3228 BC at midnight. Sun-139048, moon-47042, mars-9106, mercury-152048, Jupiter-148054, venus-102054, Saturn-224042, rhu 106024, lagna-500. ankarchrya at Kla 10040 north, 760 east, on 4-4-509 BC, Tuesday, 2252 hrs LMT, vaikha ukla 5 till 1132 hrs, punarvasu star from 4-4-509 BC -0139 hrs till 5-4-509, 0406 hrs. Lagna-261024, sun-25038, moon-90068, mars-305019, mercury-44034, Jupiter-247045, venus-67053, Saturn-343022, rhu-31047.

Mlavagaa756-456 BC Mlava -gaa -756draka was born as Indrgupta in Brhmaa family and was king of Mlav (Ujjain). He united 4 main royal families in a yaja at Abu (Arbuda parvata) performed by Viu incarnation Buddha born as son of Ajina in Kkaa (Magadha). draka-aka was started in 756 BC on that occasion indicated in Jyotia-darpaa of Yallaya. For uniting 4 kings, he was called draka as honour and his era was called Kta (satya) yuga. These 4 families-Pratihra, Paramra (Pramara), Chlukya, Chhamna (Chauhna)-took lead in protecting the country against attack by Asuras (Assyria),so they were called of Agni-kula. Agni normally means fire, but atapatha Brhmaa (2/2/4/2) defines it as agni (agr) =agra =leader. Pratihra, and Paramra stopped Asuras and Chlukya continued to block, but decisive victory was by king Chhamna who completely routed Asura capital Nineve in 612 BC. This has been indicated in Bible as final destruction of Asura empire by king of Medes east of Indus river (= Madhya-dea between Gang and Himlaya). Chhamna were devotees of kambhar whose blessing for destroying Asuras in Kali era is indicated in Durg-saptaat (11/49). Era was started on that occasion has been indicated by Varhamihira in Bhat-samhit (13/3). After Chhamna, there was temporary incursion by akas of central Asia who were trounced by r-Hara of Mlav, in 456 BC and set up a pillar (Viu-dhvaja = Kutub-minar), called pillar of Hercules by Megasthenes. It has also been indicated by Ibn-Batuta, traveler from Morocco in 13th century. This samvat has been mentioned by Al-Biruni and Abul-Fazal. The 300 year period of Mlava-gaa has been stated by Greek writers like Megasthenes as 300 years of democracy.

28 Buddhas28 Buddhas are listed in Bauddha text-Stpa (Thpa) vama. Viu incarnation Buddha was born as son of Ajina in Kkaa (Magadha) slightly before drala-aka i.e. in about 800 BC. He was not among 28 Buddhas. Majur Buddha was born in China-he might be among 7 Brahm, and was called Fan. Kayapa Buddha was in 17,500 BC. Praa Kayapa was in Kasap (Rohtas district in west Bihar) in time of Siddhrtha Buddha. Amitbha Buddha was in China at time of Rma whose teaching to Rvaa is called Lankvatra stra. In Yoga-Vsiha, Nirva khaa, chapters 14-17, he has been called Kkabhuu, who was north east from Meru, i.e. in China. Vasiha had gone to him for learning. His views have been criticised in Vlmki Rmyaa, Ayodhy ka, chapters 108-109. In verse (109/34) he has been called Budha, Buddha, Tathgata, akyatama (kya). Sumedh Buddha taught Paraurma after Dhanua yaja at Mithil when Rma was married. He lived at Mahendragiri where a place named Baudha still exists which is a district. His teaching to Paraurm is called Tripur-Rahasya. He is the same i who taught Durg Mhtmya to king Suratha. His explanation of akti as 10 Mahvidy is called 10 Praj-pramit in Baddha texts. kya sinmha Buddha had gone to Nepal just before Mahbhrata in time of king Jitedasti. Fahien has described times and places of 3 Buddhas just before Siddhrtha Budda. Krakucchanda, Kanakamuni and Kayapa. Stpa of Kanakamuni had been doubled by king Ashok in14th year of his rule. After Siddhrtha, there were 3 Lokadhtu Buddhas, out of which 2 were in Kashmir-at time of Ashoka, 48 th king of Gonanda vama (1400 BC), and in time of 53 rd king Kanika (1505 BC). Maitreya Buddha was in Dhnya-Kaaka which is Cuttack in Orissa, a region of dhnya (paddy) with places as Chauliaganja, Dhnamaal, Salepur, etc. As per Fahien, he was about 300 years after death of Siddhrtha Budda (1807 BC) i.e in1500 BC. Dpankara Buddha was after Sumedh. Orissa king Indrabhti was his disciple. His son Padmasambhava started Lama tradition in Tibet. Siddhrtha has named 3 more Buddhas whose teachings did not survive in absence of written textVipay, ikhi, Vivabh.

28 VysaSri Kunvar Lal Jain Vysa-iya books (Puron men Vamnukramika Kla-krama, and Puron men Aitihsika Parivarta Yuga-Itihas Vidya Prakashan, Delhi, 1990) has indicated period of 28 Vysas given in many puras (Vyu, Brahma, Krma etc). This is quoted by 18 Vol. Indian History by Sripad Kulkarni from BHISHMA, Thane, Mumbai-in vol. 4). 1. Svyambhuva Manu (Brahm)-(29,102-17,500 BC)-Svrochia, Tmasa, Raivata also were in this period. 2. Kayapa (Brahma-Svari Manu)-(17,500-16,050 BC)-Chkua, and other Svari Manus. Pthu (17,050 BC) was most important king who did extensive mining all over the world-so earth was called Pthv. Deva and Asuras joined for samudra-manthana which was world-wide joint exploration of minerals. Vena was father of Pthu and possibly a jaina Trthankara as he has been blamed as Jaina in many Puras. 3 an Kvya or ukrchrya (16,050-15,330 BC)-Son of Bhgu. Atharva-veda was by Bhgu-Angir. Guru (Preceptor) of Asura, Daitya, Dnava. Treatises on Rjanti (politics+ economics), Dhanurveda, yurveda, Puras were written. Krttikeya starts new calendar in 15,800 BC with year from entry of sun in Dhanih star. 4. Bhaspati -(15,330-14,610 BC)-Complete form of Vedas. He explained grammar for each word separately is still used in China- where there is separate sign for each word. 5. Vivasvna (Savit)- (14,610-13,900 BC)-New calendar and yuga-system as per Srya-siddhnta. Year started from vina month with entry of sun in mea sign and crossing of equator in north motion of sun. Avasarpi yuga started with Satya yuga. Then Tret, Dvpara came and ended after (4800 +3600 +2400 years) in 3102 BC. 6. VaivasvataVaivasvata-Yama (13,900-12,460 BC)-He was Ahur-Mazda (Asura-Mahdeva) of Zend-Avesta. Deluge in his period. He had explained the secrets of death to Nachiket (Kahopaniad), so he is called rddha-Deva also. He is called younger brother of Vaivasvata-Manu, but in action only.. His place was called Yama-loka, place of dead with capital at Sanyaman Pur. These are now called Yaman, Amman, Sana, Dead sea etc. 7. IndraIndra-atakratu (12,460-11,740 BC)-ata =100, Kratu = yaja = science of producing desired objects in cycles. There were many Indras in 3600 years supremacy of Devas, but 14 among them were important who ruled for 100 years each-and were called atakratu . Most of the sktas of Vedas were written at time of 7th IndraVaikunha. Indra was Lokapla (ruler) of east direction (from center of India). With assistance of Marut (Lokapla of north-west) who was expert in science of sound-he made Deva-ngar script with 49 letters for 49Maruts-still used in north India from east (Indra) to West (Marut). Vasih (11,740-11,020 BC)-He was son of Mitra (Sun-Iran)) and Varua (Ahur-Mazda in Arab) both-may be 8.Vasiha link between two regions. 8th maala of k-veda is by him. 9.Apntaratam or Srasvata (11,020-10,300 BC)-Son of Sarasvat-Alambu in gotra (family) of DadhyaAtharvaa. He lived on banks of Gautam (Godvar) where Brhm script is still current as Telugu and Kannaa. 10.Tridhm or Mrkaeya (10,300-9,580 BC)-Datttreya taught Yoga-tantra and Mrkaeya taught pura.

Vysa after Floods11. abhaabha-deva ji (9,580-8,860 BC)-After deluge he brought back supremacy of Bhrata as its Chakravart . Incarnation of of Viu). He was the first jaina-Trthankara of the current avasarpi. In name of his son Bharata, was called Bhrata. Earlier, it was named Ajanbha-vara. In his period, Maya-Asura of Mexico revised Srya-siddhnta of Vivasvn which developed errors due to slowing down of axial rotation of earth in deluge. The international conference was at Romakapattana, 900 west of Ujjain (Rabat in Morocco). abha-deva ji restored the civilization started by Svyambhuva Manu, so he is called his descendant. As teacher (abha = source of knowledge), he was 9th iva (Krma-pura). 12. Atri (8,860-8,500 BC)-Bhauma-Atri (of India, Bhmi or Bhloka among 3 lokas of Indra) was chrya (propounder) of yurveda. He also made shorter method of solar eclipse. Snkhya-Atri went to north-west direction where his Roman script has 25 (or 26 with extra-x) letters is still used, for 25 elements of Snkhya. 13.Dharma or Nara-Nryaa (8,500-8,140 BC) - He taught Vedas in Badarikrama. Guru tradition of ankarchrya starts with this Nryaa. This is period of Kva-Medhtithi i and king Duyanta and his son Bharata. 14. Suchkaa or Suchku (8,140-7,780 BC)-Period of Marutta, Avikita, Karandhama and is Gautama, Vmadeva. 15. Tryrua (7,780-7,420 BC)-Period of king Mndht in line of Ikvku, and king Angra of Gndhra. 16.Dhanajaya (7,420-7,060 BC) i Bharadvja was contemporary-Da-rja war in about 7,200 BC. Attack by 17. Ktajaya (7,060-6,700 BC) Gaysura or Asita-Dhanv on India in 6,777 BC- Dionysus, or Bacchus) as per 18. tajaya (6,700-6,340 BC) Megasthenes. 19. Bharadvja (6,340-5,980 BC)-Purohita (advisor) of emperor Chyamna (of Persia) and Divodsa (of K)-both. 20.Gautama (5,980-5,620 BC)-He resided on banks of Gautam (Godvar)-wrote stras of Nyya-darana. Period of Jamadagni, Harichandra. Paraurma, Krttavrya Arjuna. 21. Vchaspati or Niryantara (5,620-5,260 BC)-Yavanas were expelled by king Sagara, supremacy on oceans. His grandson Bhagratha brought down Gang (some glaciers of Himlaya merged with it. 22. Sukalya or Somaua (5,260-4,900 BC)-is Pulastya and Virav. Institute of Paraurma ends with tret. 23. Tavindu (4,900-4,540 BC)-He was emperor. His daughter married to Pulastya, father of Rvaa, Kubera. 24.Vlmki (4,540-4,180 BC)-Period of Rma, son of Daaratha (4433-4262 BC). Also of Rvaa, Hanumn. 25. aktiakti-Vsiha (4,180-3,820 BC)-Method of Veda-pha (recitation). 26. Jtkarya (3,820-3,460 BC)-Student of Parara, but period is before him. Kada wrote Vaieika-stras. 27. Parara (3,460-3,100 BC)-Teacher of Viu-pura. Divided Pura-samhit in 100 crore verses into 18 puras of 4 lakh verses. 2 streams of astronomy-of ryabhaa (Svyambhuva or Pitmaha) and Parara (Srya SryaSrya siddhnta or Maitreya mentioned in Viu-pura). 28. VedaVeda-Vysa (from 3,100 BC till today)-Son of Satyavat (later on married to king antanu) and PararaKa-Dvaipyana. Wrote Bhgavata pura, Brahma-stra, commentary on Yoga-stra of Patajali. Divided Vedas into many branches to preserve the knowledge. There was no further Vysa , so it is still called 28th kali.

Srya-vana SryaSryaSrya-vana started with rule of Ikvku on 1-11-8576 BC. He has been called son of Vaivasvata Manu (13902 BC)but could have been descendant, or he re-established his system of calendar and polity. In Kish-chronicle of Iraq, his son or descendant Vikuki has been called Ukusi in 8,320 BC. (1) Vaivasvata Manu (13902 BC), (2) Ikvku (1-11-8576 BC), (3) Vikuki (Ukusi in 8320 BC), (4)Purajaya or Kakutstha also called baka =hump of bull)-He defeated Sujambha, second son of Prahlda in sixth Deva-asura war. (5) Anen, (6) Pthu-not the earlier king of Kayapa period, (7) Vivagava, (8) rdra, (9) Yuvanva-1, (10) rvasta (set up rvast town), (11) Bhadava, attacked by Dhundu Asura. (12) Kuvalayva did the job, so he was called Dhundhumra. Firdausi (Persian poet) has called him Keraspa in his Shhanm. (13) Dhva, (14) Pramoda, (15) Haryava-1, (16) Nikumbha, (17) Samhatva, (18) Kva, (19) Prasenajita, (20) Yuvanva-2, (21) Mndht-About his kingdom saying was famous that sun always sets and rises in his kingdom (Vyu pura 88/68, Viu pura 4/2/65, Mahbhrata, Droa parva 62/11). Subordinate kings were-Angra (Gndhra), Marutta, Asita (Asita-Dhanv in atapatha brhmaa 13/4/3/12 was an Asura king-not Dionysus but his predecessor), Gaya, Anga-Bhadratha, Janamejaya, Sudhanv, Nga. His 3 sons ruled different states, and main line continued at Ayodhy. (22) Purukutsa (23) Trasadasyu (24) Sambhta (25) Anaraya (26) Trasadava, (27) Haryava-2, (28) Vasumna, (29) Tridhanv, (30) Tryrua, (31) Satyavrata or Trianku-He was being set by yaja of Vivmitra to Svarga, but was stopped midway by Indra. (32) Harichandra-He donated entire kingdom to Vivmitra and worked as chla at K. (33) Rohitva, (34) Harita, (35) Chachu, (36) Vijaya, (37) Ruruka, (38) Vka, (39) Bhu-He was defeated and killed in combined attack of Yavana, Kmboja, etc in 6,777 BC. (40) Sagara-He took back the whole empire and spread influence over seas due to which they were called sgara. He punished Persians by making their beard goat-shaped and expelled Yavanas from Arab when the settled in Greece which was called Ionia (Herodotus). His 60,000 sons were burnt by sage Kapila, who might have been author of Snkhya-stras. In Gt, he has been named as foremost Siddha and Srya-siddhnta, chapter 12 tells Siddhapura at 1800 east of Ujjain, so many persons take his place at California (assumed to be Kapilraya). (41) Asamajasa was expelled. (42) Anumna-grandson of Sagara became king. (43) Dilpa, (44) Bhagratha succeeded in bringing Gang from Himlaya which was called Bhgrath. (45) ruta, (46) Nbhga-was a relation, not son. (47) Ambara-2, (48) Sindhu, (49) Ayutyu, (50) tupara, (51) Sarvakma, (52) Sudsa, (53) Kalmapda (His feet became black due to curse of akti, son of Vasiha), (54) Amaka, (55) Urukma, (56) Mlaka-He was at time of Paraurma and was hidden among women for saving him, so he was named Nr-kavacha. (57) ataratha, (58) Iavia, (59) Kakarma, (60) Sarvakma, (61) Anarya (or Anaraya), (62) Nighna, (63) Anamitra or Raghu-1, (64) Duluha, (65) Vivamahat, (66) Dilpa. (67) Raghu-2-He is the hero of Raghuvama, epic of Klidsa. On his name, the clan was called Raghuvama. Whole of ancient India was under him. (68) Aja, (69) Daaratha, (70) Rma was his most famous son (4433-4372 BC) who killed Rvaa and set up world empire. His rule is still considered standard for propriety.

ryaSrya -Vama after Rma(71) Kua, (72) Atithi, (73) Niadha, (74) Nala (different from famous Nala of Niadha), (75) Nabha, (76) Puarka, (77) Kemadhanv, (78) Devnka, (79) Ahinagu, (80) Ruru, (81) Pariytra, (82) ala, (83) Dala, (84) Bala, (85) Uktha, (86) Sahasrva, (87) Chandrvaloka, (88) Trpa, (89) Chandragiri, (90) Bhnuchandra, or, Bhnumitra, (91) rutyu, (92) Ulka, (93) Unnbha, (94) Vajranbha, (95) ankhana, (96) Vyuitva, (98) Hiraya-nbha-He learnt yoga from Yjavalkya and spread it. (99) Kaualya, (100) Brahmiha, (101) Putra, (102) Puya, (103) Arthasiddhi, (104) Sudarana, (105) Agnivara, (106) ghraga, (107) Maru, (108) Prasuruta, (109) Sandhi, (110) Pramaraa, (111) Mahasvn, (112) Sahasvn, (113) Vivabhava, (114) Vivasva, (115) Prasenajita, (116) Takaka, (117) Bhadbala-He was killed in Mahbhrata war (3139 BC) by Abhimanyu, son of Arjuna. After Mahbhrata-(1) Bhatkaa, (2) Uruyaka, (3) Vatsavyha, (4) Prativyoma, (5) Divkara, (6) Sahadeva, (7) Bhadva, (8) Bhnuratha, (9) Pratitasva, (10) Supratka, (11) Marudeva, (12) Sunakatra, (13) Kinnara, (14) Antarika, (15) Supara, (16) Amitrajita, (17) Bhadbhja, (18) Dharm, (19) Ktajaya, (20) Raajaya, (21) Sajaya, (22) kya, (23) uddhodana, (24) Siddhrtha -Buddha (1887-1806 BC), (25) Rhula, (26) Prasenajita, (27) Kudraka, (28) Kundaka, (29) Suratha, (30) Sumitra-ended in 1634 BC.

Chandra-Vama Chandra(1) Soma (=Chandra) was son of Atri, (2) Budha was son of Soma, (Tya-mah-brhmaa 24/18/6, Mahbhrata, udyoga parva 147/3). (2) Budha was married to I, daughter of Vaivasvata-Manu. Son of I was (3) Aila Pururav, first emperor in this line. His basic name was Puru. As son of I, he was Aila. He started institution of yaja (3 agnis for that). He was like vabha (bull) of yaja and was making rava (vibration). So, he was called rav. This means that he was capable of production, hence rav is still used as word for respect around Kashi. (4) yu, (5) Nahua had held the post of Indra also for some period when Indra had to leave after Brahma-haty by killing of Vtra. Later on, had to become serpent (a tribe of men where he ruled) by curse of a i. First son of Nahua was Yati who became sanys (renunciate), so second son Yayti became the king. 6. Yayti -His first wife Devayn was daughter of ukrchrya (Kvya in Kaaba, Arab) who had 2 sons- Yadu, Turvasu. Second wife armih was daughter of Asura (Dnava) king Va-parv (va = Taurus, parvata = mountain-in Turkey). She had 3 sons-Druhyu, Anu, Puru. Due to fraudulent second marriage, ukrchrya cursed Yayti to become old. Then the youngest son Puru only agreed to take his old state, so he was given main kingdom, and in his name the clan was called Puru-vama. Yadu got north east part-in that line Ka (3228-3102 BC) was born. Druhyu got west part, Anu north (nava = yavana) and Turvasu in south -east. One branch of Yadu clan is stated to have gone under Ezypt rule where they were called Yid =Yahud (Jew)escaped to Israel. (7) Puru, (8) Janamejaya-He did 3 Avamedha-yaja. (9) Prchnavn or Aviddha, (10) Pravra, (11) Manasyu or Namasyu-He rules from Sindhu river to east ocean and Vindhya mountain to Himlaya. (12) Abhayada or Subhr, (13) Subvanta or Dhundhu, (14) Yavuyna or Bahugva, (15) Samyti, (16) Ahamyati, (17) Raudrva, (18) Rucheyu-One of his 10 sisters was married to Atri whose son was Svasti. He had 3 sonsSoma (different from the first of Chandra line), Datta (Datttreya), and Durvs. His daughter Apl also was seer of mantra of gveda. (19) Matinra, in time of Mndht in about 7,300 BC (20) Apratrtha-His son i Kva Medhtithi was seer of many mantras. Her sister Gaurs son was Mndht-famous world emperor of Srya-vama. (21) Tamsu or Sumati, (22) lina, or Sudyumna , (23) Duyanta-from his wife akuntal was born famous emperor (24) Bharatahero of Abhijna-kuntalam-famous play of Klidsa. is of his time were-chka, Jamadagni, Vivmitra, and Bharadvja. Bharata was married to Sunand, daughter of Sarvasena, king of K. From her, a son (25)Bhmanyu was born by niyoga (artificial birth) by Bharadvja. (26) Bhatktra (27) Suhotra (28) Hasti made a town in his nameHastinpura, As this became capital of kings of India, Chinese called this country as elephant (hasti) kingdom. East and south parts of India adjacent to China are in shape of elephant head, whose trunk (ua) has gone to the end of Indonesia after which there is strait of u.. After Hasti, his son (29) Vikuhana became king. All his 3 sonsAjamha, Purumha, Dvimha-were brhmaas, but on order of sage Bharadvja, eldest son (30) Ajamha became king. He was contemporary to Srya-vama king Tridhanv. After that, the list is in-complete.

Chandra-vam vama a after Samvara Samvara a ChandraList after Ajamha is incomplete and different names are found in Puras. This line regained power with Samvaraa wife Tapat (4159-4071 BC). Their son was Kuru-wife ubhng (4071-3999 BC). His descendants were in two lines(1) Hastinpura line- Abhisvn-9 kings as per Bhgavata pura- Parkita-Janamejaya-Bhmasena-Their periods are not known. Pratpa (3370-3310 BC) was the first important king. His second son ntanu (3310-3251 BC) became king. Eldest son Devpi went to Himalaya for Tapa and will re-start civilization after destuction by Kalki. Bhlka became king of west part-Balkha of Iran. ntanu had 2 wives-From first wife was Devavrata, who took terrible oath of remaining unmarried and was given long life as per wish, so he was called Bhma (3238-3218 BC). Second wife Satyavat had a son before marriage with sage Parara, called Ka-Dvaipyana Vysa. After marriage Chitrngada (3248 BC) and Vichitravrya (up to 3238 BC) were born. His elder son was blind, so second son Pu (3218-3213 BC) ruled. After his death, again blind son Dhtarra (3213-3174 BC) ruled and made his son Duryodhana (3174-3138 BC) a king. After Mahhbhrata war, Dharmarja Yudhihira (3138-3102 BC), son of Pu became king. Kings after Dharmarja Yudhihira in kali- All sons of Pavas were killed in Mahhbhrata war. His younger brother Arjuna had a son Abhimanyu from wife Subhadr, sister of Ka. Abhimanyu also was killed, but his son in womb of Uttar was miraculously made alive by Ka after he was killed by brahmstra used by Avatthm after war. He became first king after Ka left the world at start of kali. (1) Parkita (3102-3041 BC)-he was son of Abhimanyu, He was killed by Takaka, Nga king, probably from Takkail. (2)Janamejaya retaliated against Ngas, called (nga-yaja) and their region turned into mass-graveyard, now called Moin-jo-daro (place of dead) and Harapp (place of bones) After that he gave land grants on 27-11-3014 BC on occasion of solar eclipse as repentence of mass deaths. (3) atnka, and his son (4) Avamedhadatta arranged revision of puras at institute (mahl) of aunaka at Naimiraya. (5) Adhismaka, (6) Nichaku-In his period there was a great natural upheaval which submerged Hastinpura in Gang due to which capital had to be shifted to Kaumb. Probably this was at same time as drying up the great river Sarasvat in west India. The kingdom remained for name sake only and King of K had to take charge of managing the country. Probably, he was also named Yudhihira, but after 5 years of rule, he took sanysa as Prvantha (23rd Jaina Trthankara) in 2634 BC, when Jainas take start of Yudhihira aka. (7) a (Bhri), (8) Chitraratha, (9) uchidratha, (10) Vimna, (11) Suea, (12) Suntha, (13) Nichaku-2, (14) Rucha, (15) Sukhabala, (16) Pariplava,(17) Sunaya, (18) Medhv, (19) Npa (Ripu-)jaya, (20) Durva, (21) Tigmtm, (22) Bhadratha, (23) Vasudna, (24) atnka, (25) Udayana (Hero of plays by Bhsa, in time of Pradyoota, mentioned in epic Meghadta of Klidsa), (26) Vanara, (27) Daapi, (28) Niramitra,(29) Kemaka -ended in 1634 BC by Magadha king Mahpadmananda. (2) Magadha line- Sudhanv (3999-3919 BC) Suhotra (3919-3826 BC) Chyavana (3826-3788 BC) Kmi or Kti (3788-3751 BC) Uparichara Vasu (3751-3709 BC) (Pratpa or Chaidya) Bhadratha (3709-3637 BC)-capital at Girivraja (Rjagha =Rajgir now)Kugra (3637-3567 BC) abha (3567-3497 BC) Satyahita (3497-3437 BC) Puya or Pupavanta (3427-3394 BC) Satyadhi (3394-3351 BC) Sudhanv (3351-3308 BC) Sarva (3308-3265 BC) Jarsandha (3222-3180 BC) Sahadeva (3180-3138 BC).

Magadha kings in Kali1.Brhadratha vama-Started with Sompi, son of Sahadeva killed in Mahbhrata war. (1) Sompi (Mrjri)-(3138-3080 BC), (2) rutarav (3080-3016 BC), (3) Apratpa (3016-2980 BC), (4) Niramitra (2980-2940 BC), (5) Sukta (2940-2882 BC), (6) Bhatkarman (2882-2859 BC), (7) Senajita (2859-2809 BC), (8) rutajaya (2809-2769 BC), (9) Mahbala (2769-2734 BC), (10) uchi (2734-2676 BC), (11) Kema (2676-2648 BC), (12) Auvrata (2648-2584 BC), (13), Dharmanetra (2584-2549 BC), (14) Nirvtti (2549-2491 BC), (15) Suvrata (2491-2453 BC), (16) Dhasena (2453-2395 BC), (17) Sumati (2395-2362 BC), (18) Suchala (2362-2340BC), (19) Sunetra (2340-2300 BC), (20) Satyajita (2300-2217 BC), (21) Vrajita (2217-2182 BC), (22) Ripujaya (2182-2132 BC)-Sl. Nos. 12 to 15 look like disciples of Prvantha. Total-22 kings for 1006 years (Brahma pura 2/3/74/121, Viu pura 4/23/12 etc) 2. Pradyota vama-Last Brhadratha king was Ripujaya killed by his minister unaka (or Pulaka) and made his son-in-law Pradyota, as king (Brahma pura 2/3/74/122, Skanda pura 12/2 etc). (1) Pradyota (2132-2109 BC), (2) Plaka (2109-2085 BC), (3) Vikhaypa (2085-2035 BC), (4) Janaka (2035-2014 BC), (5) Nandivardhana (2014-1994 BC)-Total 5 kings for 138 years. 3. iunga vama- (Kaliyuga Rja Vttnta 2/2, Bhgavata pura 12/2/8 etc.)-(1)iunga (1994-1954 BC), (2) Kkavara or akavara (1954-1918 BC), (3) Kemadhanv (1918-1892 BC), (4) Katrauja (1892-1852 BC), (5) Vidhisra (Bimbisra) or reika (1852-1814 BC), (6) Ajtaatru (1814-1787 BC), (7) Daraka (17871752 BC), (8) Udyi (1752-1719 BC), (9) Nandivardhana (1719-1677 BC), (10) Mahnandi (1677-1634 BC). In this period Siddhrtha, son of uddhodana became Buddha, who was incarnation of my and moha, not of Viu (Viu pura 4/23 etc). He was 5 years younger to Bimbisra and died in 8th year of Ajtaatrus rule in 1806 BC. Udyi in 4 year of his rule established Paliputra on confluence of Son and Gang (Vyu pura 119/318). Ten kings of this dynasty ruled for 360 years. 4. Nanda vama- Mah-Padma-Nanda was the son of last iunga king Mahnandi by his dr wife. After death of his father he became king 1500 years (more accurately 1534 years after birth of Parkita in 3138 BC) stated in all pura as a landmark of history. He won most of India by exterminating all katriya kings like second Paraurma. (Viu pura 4/24/104, Bhgavata pura 12/1/10). He ruled for 88 years followed by 8 sons for 12 years (Matsya pura 270/20, 273/23)-a total of 100 years from 1634 to 1534 BC.

Maurya and unga vamaMaurya vama-Kaulya Chakya destyoed and made Chandragupta as king. His family belonged to Mur town (in Sambalpur of Orissa, now submerged in Hirakud reservoir) which was center of iron ore called mura (murrum). So the family was called Maurya. 12 Maurya kings ruled for a total of 316 years (Kaliyuga Rja Vttnta 3/2, Matsya pura 270/32, Vyu pura etc.)- (1) Chandragupta (1534-1500 BC), (2) Bindusra (1500-1472 BC), (3) Aoka (1472-1436 BC), (4) Suprva (Suyaa, or Kula)- (1436-1428 BC), (5) Daaratha (Bandhuplita) -(1428-1420 BC), (6) Indraplita (1420-1350 BC), (7) Haravardhana (1350-1342 BC), (8) Sangata (1342-1333 BC), (9) lika (1333-1320 BC), (10) Soma (Deva-) arm (1320-1313 BC), (11) atadhanv (1313-1305), (12) Bhadratha (Bhadava)-(1305-1218 BC). There was another Aoka in Gonanda-vama (43rd king) in (1448-1400 BC) who had become Bauddha due to which Bauddhas from central Asia destroyed the kingdom. Many of the inscriptions in name of Aoka are by him (Rjatarangi , 1/101-102). No inscriptionincluding one at Hathi-gumpha mentions that had become Buddhist. Only mention is in Bauddha text Divyvadna (chapter Aokvadna) that Aoka was a good Bauddha because he had killed 12,000 Jaina monks on victory over Kalinga. This is too high a figure for a normal war. There is nobasis of figure of 1,50,000 killed, 350,000 injured and 550, 000 arrested. This exceeds the population of the then Kalinga and more than current strength of Indian army. Alexander Army was only 120,000 with 20,000 horses, which was afraid of Magadha army of 600,000. Only possibility maybe that Jainas might be powerful in Kalinga administration which was lost after war. Another fallacy is spread that Magadha empire was destroyed due to adoption of non-violence by Aoka. Actually, non-violence is feature of Yoga-stra and more stressed in Jainism. Rather, Bauddha themselves including Siddhrtha Buddha himself were strongly opposed to vegetarian food even for Bhikus. It is surprising as to how Buddha was moved by sacrifice of animals in yaja, which is for food, not for God. Maurya kings were never against Brhmaas, minister of Last king Puyamitra was himself a Brhmaa who killed king and became king himself. ungaunga-Vama-10 unga kings ruled for 300 years (Kaliyuga Rja Vttnta, Matsya, Vyu pura). (1) Puyamitra (1218-1158 BC), (2) Agnimitra (1158-1108 BC), (3) Vasumitra (1108-1072 BC), (4) Sujyeha (2) (1072-1055 BC), (5) Bhadraka (1055-1025 BC), (6) Pulindaka (1025-992 BC), (7) Ghoavasu (992-989 BC), (8) Vajramitra (989-960 BC), (9) Bhgavata (960-928 BC), (10) Devabhti (928-918 BC).

Kava and ndhra VamaKava-Vama-4 Kava kings ruled for 85 years ((Viu pura 4/24/39-42 etc). (1) Vsudeva (918-879 BC), (2) Bhmimitra (879-855 BC), (3) Nryaa (855-843 BC), (4) Suarm (843-833 BC). ndhra-Vama-33 ndhra kings ruled for 506 years. During that rule, saptari-cycle of 2700 years started in time of kingYudhihira (saptari in Magh from 3176 BC)-(Matsya pura chapter 270 etc.). Detailed list is in Kaliyuga Rja Vttnta, list in other puras miss some names. (1) imukha (Sindhuka or Sumukha)-(833-810 BC), (2) rka takar (810-792 BC), (3) rmalla takar (792-782 BC), (4) Protsanga (782-764 BC)-In his time Kalinga king Khrvela became independent from Magadha which was suffering under attack from west Asia. He repaired Prch canal in 5th year of his rule (Prch inscription) which was 803 (Tri-vasu-ata ) years after coronation of Nanda (1634 BC), thus his rule started in 1634-(803-4) = 835 BC. (5) r takar (764-708 BC), (6) Skandha-stambin (rvasvan)-(708-690 BC), (7) Lambodara (690-672 BC), (8) pilaka (672-660 BC), (9) Megha-Svti (660-642 BC), (10) ta-Svti (642-624 BC), (11) Skanda-Svti (624-617 BC), (12) Mgendra-Svti-Kara (617-614 BC), (13) Kuntala (614606 BC), (14) Saumya (606-594 BC), (15) ata-Svti-Kara (594-593 BC), (16) Pulomvi-1 (593-557 BC), (17) Megha (557-519 BC), (18) Aria (519-494 BC), (19) Hla (494-489 BC)-author of Gth-sapta-at, contemporary of ankarchrya. (20) Maalaka (489-484 BC), (21) Purandara-Sena (484-463 BC)- saptaricycle completed in 476 BC in his period. (22) Sundara- takar (463-462 BC), (23) Chakra-Vsih-Putra and Mahendra (462-461 BC), (24) iva-1 (461-433 BC),(25) Gautam-Putra- takar (433-408 BC), (26) Pulomvi-2 (408-376 BC), (27) iva-2 (376-369 BC), (28) ivako ( 369-362 BC), (29) Yajar (362-343 BC), (30) Vijayar (343-337 BC), (31) Chandrar (337-334 BC), (32) Pulomvi-3 (334-327 BC)-He was a child son of Chandrar whose queen had links with commander Chandragupta who killed the king and kept his infant son as namesake king. His father Ghaotkacha-Gupta was commander to 2 kings-(30) Vijayar and (31) Chandrar. Finally, Chandragupta killed the son also and became the king himself.

Gupta KingsGuptaGupta-VamaVama-They have been called ndhra-bhtya also, as they were serving as commander under them (Matsya pura 273/17). Their place is called r-Parvata which should be r-ailam of Andhra Pradesh asthe kings were from that area, not of Nepal as surmised. At start of this rule, Alexander attacked India in 326 BC. His historians have mentioned last kings of ndhra and first 2 kings of Gupta clan as well as strength of army of ndhra kings. Names as mentioned by Megasthenes areGhaotkacha (Ghaa = head, Utkacha = remover of hairs) - barber, Chandrar. (Chandra-Bja)Agrammas (Xandrammas)-31st. ndhra king Chandragupta-1-Sandrocottus, Samudragupta-Sandrocryptus, Chandragupta-2 was famous as conqueror or Amitrocchedas (= wiping out enemies)-Amitrochades. This was known to R.C Mazumdar, who quoted Megasthenes in Ancient India-page 135 to give strength of army of ndhra kings. But, he had to retract it in his later book in collaboration with K.K. Dutta and H.C. Raychaudhary. For obedience to British fraud, he was made General editor of 12 Vol. Indian History by Bharatiya Vidya Bhawan. Usmania university also keeps both contradictions-For culture of Andhra Pradesh, Megasthenese had come in Gupta period. For history purpose, he was in Maurya period. Gupta kings adopted titles of earlier great kings of Maurya periodChandragupta-1-Vijayditya. Samudragupta-Aokditya, Chandragupta-2-Vikramditya. This was only a title. Famous Paramra king of Ujjain of this name was later on. rgupta-Ghaotkacha-Chandragupta-1 (327-320 BC)-Founder

Kacha (320 BC) Rmagupta

Samudragupta (Aokditya (320-269 BC) Chandragupta-2 (Vikramditya) (269-233 BC) Kumragupta-1 (233-191 BC) Puragupta (guardian of Budhagupta) Budhagupta (172-166 BC)

Skandagupta (191-175 BC-Issueless)

Vainyagupta (175-174 BC) Kumragupta-2 (174-172 BC) Narasimhagupta (Blditya-1)- (166-126 BC) Kumragupta-3 (126-85 BC) Viugupta (85-82 BC)

Mlv KingsAfter Mahbhrata war, Pakita was killed by Nga Takaka of Takail in 3042 BC. His Son, king Janamejaya retaliated against Ngas in 3089 BC in his Nga-yaja. Many persons were killed, giving names of Moin-jo-daro (=place of dead) and Harappa (heap of bones). India became safe for 2200 years from invasion. But in 833 BC, Mauryan empire broke after fall of unga and Kava eras and attacks started from tyrants of Assyria, called Asura In India. Khrvel of Orissa (835 BC as per his inscription) checked their incursion up to Mathura. But that was in-sufficient and Viu-incarnation Buddha, son of Brhmaa Ajina of Magadha united 4 leading (Agri=Agni) kings of India-Paramra, Pratihra, Chhamna, Chlukya under Mlv king draka at mount Abu in756 BC (draka -aka). For uniting 4 clans, he was called udra as honour. Paramra, and Pratihra checked Asuras for a while, but they were routed by Chhamna of Delhi. Bible has stated that king of Medes of east of Indus wiped out Nineve, capital of Assyria in 612 BC (Era as per Bhat-samhit 13/3 of Varhamihira). His goddess kambhar is Indicated in Durg-saptaat (11/58). King Sudhanv was 6th from him who setup 4 Phas of ankarchrya in 483 BC. Last descendant was Prithviraj Chauhan, defeated in 1192 AD by Mohammad Ghori. Gardabhilla king Darpaa of Ujjain had kidnapped Sarasvat, sister of Jain muni Klakchrya (599-527 BC), who went for help to 96 chiefs of Hinduga (Hindukush). Those chiefs had to save themselves from Darius of Persia (550 BC) and with help of Balamitra, king of Saurra, captured Ujjain. aka king Nahpna or Nahasena was made ruler of Ujjain. The aka kings and descendants were wiped out by r-hara in 456 BC (Hara-aka). After that Paramra king captured Ujjain. As per Bhaviya pura, pratisarga (4/1), they were(1) Pramara (197-191 BC), (2) Mahmara (191-188 BC), (3) Devpi (188-185 BC), (4) Devadta (185-182 BC), (5) Gandharvasena (182-132 BC), (6) ankha (132-102 BC), (7) Gandharvasena (102-82 BC)-after sudden death of his son ankha. (8) Vikramditya (82 BC-19 AD)-He started Vikrama samvat in 57 BC at Paupatintha in Nepal from Chaitra and at Somantha from Krttika month. He ruled up to Arab in west and his astrologers certified Jesus as a great man.. He revised Puas and had 9 Jewels of men in his court. His son (9) Devabhakta (19-29 AD ) could not control the empire and it was divided into 18 parts. It was attacked from all directions by Tatars, Shakas, Hunas, Chinese etc who looted, raped and kidnapped in mass scale. Finally, grand son(10) livhana (29-89 AD) chased them west of Sindhu river. Jesus Christ took shelter after resurrection in his kingdom at Shrinagar in Kashmir. His 2 disciples also took shelter in south India. Then 10 kings ruled for 50 years each (11) lihotra (80-139), (12) livardhana (13) akahant (189-239), (14) Suhotra (239-289), (15) Havihotra (289-339), (16) Indrapla (Indrvat) (339-389), (17) Mlyavn (Mlyavat) (389-439), (18) ambhudatta (439-489), (19) Bhaumarja (489-539), (20) Vatsarja (539-589), (21) Bhojarja (589-639)-He had gone to Balkha with his army, and was contacted by Mohammad, who sought his help in establishing Islam. This is indicated in Islamic history also. Klidsa-3 was with him. 10 generations after him was the famous king Bhoja (1018-1060 AD)-Author of Samarngaa-stradhra etc.

Kings of KashmirKashmir-Taranga-1This is given in Rjatarangi. Taranga (chapter)-1, describes GonandaGonanda-vama from 3450 BC. Names of first 5 kings are not known. 6 Gonanda-1 (3238-3188 BC), (7) Dmodara-1 (3188-3140 BC)-He was killed just before Mahbhrata war, then his queen Yaomat ruled. (8) Gonanda-2 (3138-3083 BC)-He was killed by Pava king Parkita 20 Pava kings-( kings 9) Parkita who became 9th king and ruled from (3083-3041 BC), (10) Harnadeva was second son of Parkita , (11) Rmadeva, (12) Vysadeva, (13) Droadeva, (14) Simhadeva, (15) Gopladeva, (16) Vijaynanda, (17) Sukhadeva, (18) Ramaadeva, (19) Sindhimna, (20) Mahnadeva, (21) Kamandeva, (22) Chandradeva, (23) nandadeva, (24) Drupadadeva, (25) Haranmadeva,(26) Sulakhnadeva, (27) Senditya, (28) Mangalditya. Another Kashmir dynasty-(29) Kemendra, (30) Bhmasena, (31) Indrasena, (32) Sundarasena, (33) Galagendra, (34) Baladeva, (35) Nalasena, (36) Gokara, (37) Prahlda, (38) Bambru, (39) Pratpala, (40) Sangrmachandra, (41) Lorikachandra, (42) Bramachandra,(43) Babighena, (44) Bhagavant-with these 16 kings-a total of 36 Pava kings ruled for 1331 years (3083-1752 BC) GonandaGonanda-vama again-(45) Lava (1752-1713 BC), (46) Kua or Kueaya, (47) Khagendra, (48) Surendra (Issueless). One relation (44th in Gonanda line) became king named (44) Godhara in 1596 BC. (45) Suvara, (46) Janaka, (47) achnra died issueless in 1448 BC. (48) Aoka was grandson of Janakas brother. He became king in1448 BC. Under influence of Lokadhtu Buddha, he became Bauddha and was named Dharmoka. He made many vihras and stpas, many of which are thought to be by Maurya Aoka. Bauddhas of central Asia captured his kingdom. By grace of a aiva saint, he got back his kingdom and got a son named Jlauka. He ruled up to 1400 BC and established rnagara town. (49) Jlauka (1400-1344BC), (50) Dmodara-2 (1344-1294 BC), Again, Bauddhas of central Asia ruled the state for 60 years,3 kings- Huka, Juk,a Kanika (1294-1234 BC). GonandaGonanda-vama (52) Abhimanyu (1234-1182 BC), -52 Gonanda kings for 2268 years (3450-1182 years. (53) Gonanda-3, (54) Vibhaa, (55) Indrajita, (56) Rvaa, (57) Vibhaa-2, (58) Kinnara, or Nara, (59) Siddha, (60) Utpalka, (61) Hirayakula, (62) Vasukula, (63) Mihirakula (704-634 BC)-These 3 were kashmiri aivas, not foreigners. (64) Baka, (65) Kitinandana, (66) Vasunandana, (67) Nara, (68) Aka, (69) Gopditya (417-357 BC)-He built ankarchrya temple in 367 BC which is now called Takhta-e-Suleman. (70) Gokara, (71) Kinakhila, (72) Narendrditya, (73) Andha-Yudhihira-he was short-eyed not blind,-73+5=78 kings (3450-272 BC)

Kings of KashmirKashmir-Taranga-2 Relations of Hara Hara-Vikramditya-(1) Pratpditya, (2) Jalaukasa, (3) Tujina, (4) Vijaya, (5) Jayendra, (6) Sandhimati-(272-80 BC) Gonanda-vama vama-Descendent of Andha-Yudhihira (80) Meghavhana (80-46 BC), Gonanda (81) Pravarasena, rehasena or Tujina (46-16 BC), (82) Hiraya-(His younger brother Torama made coins in his own name-died in jail)-He died issueless-(16 BC-14 AD), 83-Mtgupta (Sent by king Vikramditya of Ujjain)-(14-19 AD), (84) Pravarasena-2-Son of Torama (19-79 AD),(85) Yudhihira -2 (79-118 AD)-contemporary of king livhana, grandson of Vikramditya of Ujjain, (86) Lakmaa (Narendrditya) (118-131), (87) Tujina or Rditya, poet (131-173), (88) Vikramditya (173-215), (89) Blditya (215-252) - end of Gonanda-vama. Karkoaka-vama vama-(1) Durlabhavardhana (son-in-law of Blditya the last king of GonandaKarkoaka vama)-(252-288), (2) Durlabhaka or Pratpditya (288-338), (5) Lalitditya or poet Muktpa (431-467), (6) Kuvalayditya (467-468), (7) Vajrditya, Vpyyika or Lalitpa (468-525), (8) Pthivypa (525-569), (9) Sangrmapa (7 days), (10) Jaypa, scholar and poet (569-620), (11) Lalitpa (620-672)-Chinese traveler Huensang had come in this period, (12) Sangrmapa -2 (672-729), (13) Chipyata,or Jaypa (729-781), (14) Ajitpa (781-837), (15) Anangpa (837-840) (16) Utpalpa (840-845), (17) Sukhavarm (845-852) Utpala-vama-Avantivarman (town Avantipura in his name) and his son ruled in (852-936). Utpala Poets nandavardhana, and Ratnkara in that period. Grand-daughter of Bhma-h was Didd who ruled in name of her son Abhimanyu Gupta for (957-971) and countered attack of Mahmud of Gajani. Then Eka and tyrant Hara ruled in (1086-1110). Shahmir ruled in name of Shamsuddin in 1318. His family ruled till 1561 when Moghul king Akbar captured Kashmir.

Nepal KingsKings-1This is given because Nepal was always independent and its king list is not distorted. This has important links with other kings of India. Gopla-vama-(1) Bhuktamngata Gupta (4159-4071 BC), (2) Jayagupta (4071-3999 BC), Gopla (3) Paramagupta (3999-3919 BC), (4) Haragupta (3919-3826 BC), (5) Bhmagupta (38263788), (6) Maigupta (3788-3751 BC), (7) Viugupta (3751-3709 BC), (8) Yakagupta (3709-3637 BC). He died issueless. AhraAhra-vama-Three kings of India ruled for 200 years-(9) Varasimha, (10) Jayamatasimha, (11) Bhuvanasimha. Kirta-vama-(12) Yalambar, (13) Pavi, (14) Skandar, (15) Valamba, (16) Hti, (17) HumatiKirta he had accompanied Pavas in forest. (18) Jitedst-He died in Mahbhrata war on Pava side. This is also described in Kirta-parva under Vana-parva of Mahbhrata and famous epic Kirtrjunyam of Da. 7 kings ruled for 300 years (3437-3138 BC), (19) Gali (3138-3137 BC). Then 22 kings ruled for 782 years till 2319 BC. (20) Puka, (21) Suyarma, (22) Parbha, (23) Svnanda, (24) , (25) Stuvanka, (26) Giighri, (27) Nane, (28) Lka, (29) Thora (30) Thoko, (31) Varm, (32) Guja, (33) Pukara, (34) Keu. (35) Sunsa, (36) Sammu, (37) Guana, (38) Kimbu, (39) Pauka, (40) Gasti. SomaSoma-vama-(41) Nimia, (42) Mnka, (43) Kkavarman, (44-48)-Unknown, (49) Paupreka Deva-In his period many persons came from India in 1867 BC (period of Buddha and Mahvra in Bihar). These 9 kings ruled for 464 years (2319-1875 BC). (50-51)-Unknown, (52) Bhskaravarman-He conquered India (some adjacent parts) and without any son. He adopted Aramna of Srya vama who became king in 1712 BC in name of Bhmivarman.

Nepal KingsKings-2Srya vama-(53) Bhmivarman (1712-1645 BC), (54) Chandravarman (1645-1584 BC), (55) Jayavarman (1584-1502 BC), (56) Vavarman (1502-1441 BC), (57) Sarvavarman (1441-1363 BC), (58) Pthvvarman (1363-1287 BC), (59) Jyehavarman (1287-1212 BC), (60) Harivarman (1212-1136 BC), (61) Kuberavarman (1136-1048 BC), (62) Siddhivarman (1048-987 BC), (63) Haridattavarman (987-906 BC), (64) Vasudattavarman (906-843 BC), (65) Pativarman (843-790 BC), (66) ivavddhivarman (790-736 BC), (67) Vasantavarman (736-675 BC), (68) ivavarman (675-613 BC), (69 Rudravarman (613-547 BC), (70) Vadevavarman (547-486 BC)-In his period ankarchrya had come in 486 BC for debate with 12 Bodhisattvas. Due to his blessing the king got a son who was named after the saint. (71) ankaradeva (486-461 BC), (72) Dharmadeva (461-437 BC), (73) Mnadeva (437417 BC), (74) Mahideva (417-397 BC), (75) Vasantadeva (397-382 BC), (76) Udayadevavarman (382-377 BC),(77) Mnadevavarman ( 377-347 BC), (78) Guakmadevavarman (347-337 BC), (79) ivadevavarman (337-276 BC), (80) Narendradevavarman (276-234 BC), (81) Bhmadevavarman (234-198 BC), (82) Viudevavarman (198-151 BC), (83) Vivadevavarman (151-101 BC). After him

his son-in-law became king. hkurhkur-vamavama-(84) Amuvarman (101-33 BC)-Paramra king Vikramditya of Ujjain came in 57 BC and started his Vikrama-samvat at Paupatintha from Chaitra ukla 1st. His son Jiugupta was king for some months and later devoted his life to astronomy. His son Brahmagupta was famous author of Brhma-sphua-siddhnta later translated as Al-zabar-ul-muquabla (Algebra) (85) Ktavarman (33 BC-54 AD), (86) Bhmrjuna (54-147 AD), (87) Nandadeva (147-172 AD), (88-89)-Unknown (172-299), (90) Vradeva (299-394),(91) Chandraketudeva (394-450), (92) Narendradeva (450-516), (93) Varadeva (516-570)- Avalokitevara and one ankarchrya (of a Pha) came in 522 AD. (94) Naramudi (570-615), (95) ankaradeva (615-627), (96) Vardhamnadeva (627-640), (97) Balideva (640-653), (98) Jayadeva (653-668), (99) Balrjunadeva (668-685), (100) Vikramadeva (685-697), (101) Guakmadeva (696-748), (102) Bhojadeva (748-756), (103) Lakmkmadeva (756-778), (104) Jayakmadeva (778-798).

aka and SamvatsaraThese are two complementary systems of calendar(1)aka is mathematical calendar where calculation is done by calculating number of days from a particular point. (2) Samvatsara is followed by people for daily use, festivals as per lunar tithis and is matched with season cycles. Meaning of aka -This is derived from 2 root verbs- (a) ak aktau = to be able (Pini dhtu-pha 5/16), (b) acha or sacha sechane, sevane cha (1/97) . It is powerful form of Kua (reed) which is derived from 2 verbs-(a) Ka tankarae (41/117)=to become thin or fine, (b) Ka vilekhane (1/716, 6/6)= to plough or to draw a line. Thus, Kua is a thin rod and sign of number 1 in all languages (I). This becomes aka (powerful) in 2 ways(a) By being big in size-In north India sal tree is aka (Sakhua). Siddhrtha Buddha was born in region of sal tree, so he was called kya-muni. In south India, Teak tree is aka, so it is called Sgvn (aka-vana). Australia abounds in pillar shaped Eucalyptus trees, so it was called aka-dvpa-stated south east of Jamb-dvpa (Asia)Mahbhrata (12/14/21-5) and (6/11/4) Rmyaa (4/10/19-54) and (4/43/12) etc. (b) By joining many thin kuas-In central Asia including south Europe, many wandering small tribes joined in a Federation, so they were called aka. In mathematics (statistics) also, each item is counted by a sign of kua (I). After, they become 4, they are bound by the fifth- IIII, IIII, IIII, II .In any mathematical calculation in astronomy, we count the number of days from a particular reference, called Ahargaa (day-count). So, the calendar used for purpose of calculation is called aka. Meaning of Samvatsara- (1) This is the exclusive zone of sun where light of sun reaches in 1 year= sphere of 1 Light year radius. Like 6 seasons in 1 year, there are 6 zones (Vaakra) in solar system(atapatha Brhmaa (1/7/2/11,21) (2) This is the curved orbit of earth around sun (Tsara Chhadma gatau =to move in curve-1/373), time in orbit (1 year). (3) One of 5 type of lunar years in Vednga jyotia which matches most closely with solar year. They are Samparidnvita- i.e. pre-fixes sam, pari, id. Anu, it added to Vatsara. Vatsara is derived from Ut (out, up) + (to give birth). Thus, vatsa = son, vatsara means son and year born from sun-its zone or period of rotation. (4) System of lunar year which is equalized with solar year by adding extra months after intervals. (5) The year which is followed by people. Sam+ vat+ sarati = moves accordingly. Thus, Jaina tradition calls anniversary as Samavasaraa. All major social activities and festivals follow samvatsara-financial year, Educational session, agriculture cycle and all festivals. (6) Time measures of equal measure-Guru, Saptari, Dhruva or Kraucha-samvatsaras. Thus, all texts of astronomy use lvhana aka for calculation purpose, but all festivals are fixed as per Vikrama samvatsara.

Calendar of BrahmIt started in time of Svyambhuva Manu (29102 BC) after Glacial floods of 31,200 BC. There are 2 references in Vedas-(1) Taittirya Brhmaa (3/1/1/11,12) and Dev-bhgavata pura (9/12/47, 9/1/46-48). The Rsa in space is due to precession of earth axis in 26000 years. That period is called a manvantara in Brahma pura (2/29/19). It starts from Kttik (scissors) and ends with Vikh (2 branches). These stars are 2 points of intersection of equator and ecliptic-at first point they start like 2 branches of scissors and at opposite end 2 branches rejoin. In time of Svyambhuva and 26000 years later at start of Kali-spring equinox (Viuva sankrnti occurred in Kttik star. However, in all periods, calculation of spherical triangle has to be done from first point of intersection. So, Taittirya samhit (4/4/10) tells-Kttiktah gaan, here gaan does not mean counting as assumed by S.B. Dixit, it means calculation. (2) Madhusudan Ojha in Chhandah-samk has explained motion of sun from 24 degree north to south By chhandas. The same has been stated in varaa-vda quoting gveda 1/164/1-3,12,13, 1/115/3, 7/63/2 Explained in verses 123-132. Diagram at end is as per Atharva veda (8/5/19-20) gveda (10/130/4), Vyu (Chap 2), Brahma (part 1, chap. 22) Viu (2/8-10)

Karka rekh120S Anuup 200S Uik 240S Gyatr

240N Jagat 200N Triup 120N Pankti 00N Bhat

No. of letters in chhandaGyatr 6x4, Uik 7x4, Anuup 8x4, Bhat 9x4, Pankti 10x4, Triup 11x4 Jagat 12x4

Makara rekh

These are the lanes in which sun remains for 1 month each. The same calendar is described in Book of Enoch, chapter 4 in Ethipoean version of Old Testament. The lanes are further divided into 3 each, called Vthi and n used for Melpaka in astrology. This is followed in Vednga jyotia, also, where longest day length is double of night as letters in jagat are double of gyatr. This was the original system of Brahm in Taittirya samhit. Vivasvn revived Vedas which was called ditya sampradya, followed by Yjavalkya later on. Earlier form was called Brahma- sampradya. That was followed by Guru Nanak continued by his second son-rchanda ji (Uds