indian and world

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Monday, December 8, 2014

Structure of Answers of the TEST SERIES -TEST 4: India and World (Paper 2 SectionB).

a) Bangladesh is not just another neighbor of India.

Special relation from India’s view as India helped in its liberation. A kind of umbilical cord between India and

Bangladesh.

Bangladesh is crucial for India’s connectivity to North-East India and its economic development.

Relations have gone through various ups and downs very cordial in initial years, however went low due to

military dictators keeping close relations to Pakistan.

Bangladesh-important from internal security point of view, because its cooperation is required for

controlling insurgency across the border on the north-east and West Bengal region. Also, for checking

illegal activities across the border.

In 2008 elections, Awami League came to power with two-third majority, so relations between India and

Bangladesh are improvising.

Further, Bangladesh is significant for implementation of BCIM corridor, Bangladesh has gas reserves, also

very close to Siliguri corridor (important for external security).

However, certain issues still exist like Teesta river agreement, exchange of enclaves issues, China factor,

trade problem etc.

What is required-promote industries, cultural diplomacy, facilitation of trade etc.

b) Myanmar is most underrated neighbor of India.

Myanmar is important for our look east policy. So it’s crucial to strengthen ties with Myanmar.

North-East provides connectivity to Myanmar (Kaladan Multimodel project). Also, Myanmar provides the

shortest land route to China (Southern Silk Route), BCIM corridor.

Myanmar has huge reserves of gas and oil, fastest growing economy of the world.

China is the biggest partner of Myanmar, building economic zone at Sittwe port. So, Myanmar becomes

crucial from external security point of view as well.

Present India’s policy requires the use of smart power against Myanmar, there also need to have more

economic diplomacy, cultural diplomacy, more sea and air connectivity required.

c) Influence of Nehru on India’s Foreign policy.

Nehru-architect of India’s foreign policy. There are lots of elements of Nehru’s foreign policy are still

continuing even today.

The policy of non-alignment is still followed by India in the form of strategic autonomy.

Also the ideas of Nehru like international peace and disarmament still relevant as India till today goes for

peaceful settlement of disputes.

http://www.politicalscienceforias.com/2014/12/structure-of-answers-of-test-series.html





Nehru’s vision of Pan-Asianism. Even today, lot of importance is given to neighbours in India’s foreign

policy and extended neighbourhood through Look-East and Look-West policy.

Nehru’s doctrine of panchsheel- provided the basis for relationship among neighbours not only influencing

IFP at present, but in the entire world based on principles like respect for territorial integrity and sovereignty.

d) India Bhutan relationship is exemplary.

Buffer state between India and Pakistan.

Relations have always very good. Recently, strengthened through ‘B2B’ call i.e. “Bharat to Bhutan” and

‘Bhutan to Bharat”.

India played a major role in economic development of Bhutan by financing its five year plans. The major area

of cooperation have been hydro power generation.

Recently, both have agreed to promote tourism and cultural relations.

Indian PM signed a framework agreement for joint venture to produce hydro electric power for around

2KMW.

e) Tibet is a key factor in Indo-China relations.

China does not accept the border agreement British government and Dalai Lama’s representative and claims

Tibet as China’s part.

India accepted Chinese sovereignty over Tibet but border dispute over McMohan line continued. China

constructed an all weather road in Aksai Chin area, which surprised India. India gave asylum to Dalai Lama,

which led to Indo-China war. China occupied most of the Arunachal Pradesh and claimed it as south Tibet.

China is not willing to demarcate and authenticate the boundary because it feels that it has restraining effect

on India. It is believed that so long China gets complete strategic advantage with India and Tibet completely

comes under China, China will not be ready to solve its border dispute with India.





2. a) New Delhi’s Middle East Policy seemed to have been trapped in ideology, inhibition and hostage to

domestic politics – comment.

Ans.

Ideology: The conflict between Israel and other Arab States over Palestine has affected India’s Middle East Policy

in a sense that IFP based itself on ideological considerations of peaceful and cooperative relations.

Inhibition

Trapped in inhibition because Middle East has been a very volatile region, with important states involve due

to the oil wealth. This has led to various conflicts and interference by Western powers, India, thus, has

chosen not to take side in such a volatile scenario.

Domestic Politics

Middle East is home to large number of Muslim population. Also, it is the global centre of pilgrimage to

world Muslims. Indian Muslims also go to these countries. This has led to a scenario where many politicalparties in India call for strong relations with Arab States, with an eye on Muslim vote bank in the country.

Thus, India needs to pursue an active Middle East Policy.

b) An active pursuit of economic diplomacy can help India its lost geo-strategic position – Comment.

Ans:

The above statement holds true in Indian context as economic diplomacy is most important today. As in





1947, India was a backward economy, so had to sought help from US & USSR both. Thus, pursued NAM.

However, priorities have changed today. There is removal of poverty, unemployment at a much faster

pace. Innovation and skill development is there. To maintain national security Peace and communal

harmony has become important.

The guiding principles of IFP are Panchsheel, pragmatism and pursuit of national interest. Foreign policy

has to be an internal part of larger efforts of building capability through economic development,

strengthening social fabric, well-being of people and protecting sovereignty and integrity of people.

India being the largest country among SAARC countries can become large market to producers of SAARC

countries.

Further, large domestic market can be important source of profits to the co-operations of US & EU.

Also, increasing needs to secure fuel is facing India to reach to hitherto neglected regions, Central Asian

Republic countries, Latin American Countries, East Asian countries like Vietnam provide an opportunity for

India to increase its strategic position in these regions.

Thus, an active pursuit of economic diplomacy is required for India to regain its last geo-strategic position.

3 a) Discuss the challenges India faces in building a stable and prosperous neighbourhood.

Ans:

India’s relations with its neighbours are crucial in realizing its aspirations as an emerging global economic

and strategic power.

Challenges: There is an ‘identity crisis’ faced by most of the countries in the region because of shared

history, close civilizational links, geographical proximity. These countries seek to project themselves s

distinct from sub-continental ‘South Asian’ identity, thus hampering regional integration inspite of presenceof SAARC.

India’s neighbours tend to suffer from ‘big country, small country syndrome’ where India is viewed as a

powerful regional hegemony. Steps taken by India to bolster its own security are perceived as threats in a

classic case of ‘security dilemma.

India’s ending of IPKF to Sri Lanka annexation of Sikkim, trade blockade of Nepal are often cited as

examples which show the presence of trust deficit.

Attempts to acquire ‘observer status’ for USA, Japan in SAARC are views as India’s tendency to enhance its

bargaining power in regional organizations.

Pakistan’s support to militancy in India.

Illegal immigration from Bangladesh.

River sharing disputes.

Tibet issue with China

Also, to have strong naval power in order to build stable and prosperous neighbourhood.





b) Do you agree that USA is in a state of decline as a great power and is of less consequence for India?

Ans:

With the disintegration of USSAR, some scholars advocated the emergence of unipolar world order,

borderless world, global village, ‘end of ideology’ etc. However, it was only after 9/11 attacks that the whole

world recognized US as super power.

In the recent times, a decline in the status of US has been observed. There have been various instances

where USA unable to take unilateral action. For e.g. China’s assertiveness in South China Sea; Russia’s

invasion of Georgio & Crimea; issue of Syria etc.

The emergence of other powers like China, Russia, India etc. has been one of the factors of decline the

status of USA.

USA’s unilateral action in Iraq, Libya, Egypt etc. has disappointed other countries which further led to

decline of US as a great power.

However, USA is not less significant for India, rather USA is very important for peaceful rise of China. USA

is very important for India in terms of trade, investment, education sector, nuclear cooperation etc.

Though some irritants in Indo-US relations like IPR issues, solar energy issue, opposing stances on

platforms of WTO & climate changes etc. At the same time, US needs India to counter China and is

important for its ‘Asia Pivot Policy’.

c) Foreign policy followed by India has been marked by enormous continuity rather than major upheavals -

Comment.

Ans:

Though the exact nature of policies of IFP has changed, the essential philosophy has been same.

Vasudhaiv Kutumbkam – The world is one family. Can be traced back to freedom struggle where Nehru

advocated for India’s independence at Brussels.

Gandhian philosophy – belief in the values of non-violence, dialogue, cooperation and pacifism.

Belief in UNO – India consistently supported the UNO and believed in UNO as a multilateral platform where

developing and developed nations can engage constructively, conducive to world peace.

India raised its voice for the exploited and oppressed nations of the world in the form of NAM.

In the immediate neighbourhood India tries to be the dominant player and prevent any direct influence by

any other pore. In the extended neighbourhood, India tries to balance the actions of other great powers,

whereas in the world, India strives to be a key player in global security and world peace.

4 a) India’s relation with Sri Lanka is in large measure determined by deep ethnic divide and unresolved

conflict in the country – Explain.

Ans:





The Tamil minorities are the ones which either migrated in the past and are located in the North of Sri Lanka,

whereas the others, are the cues which were taken there by British as the labourers and are mainly

concentrated around Colombo.

The Tamils in the North linking in Jaffna Peninsula and surrendering areas allege discrimination by Sri

Lankan State. The Govt. refused them full citizenship rights, which led to the rise of insurgency led by

groups such as LTTE that was marked by decades of violence and bloodshed.

India initially intervened in the situation, however, in 1986, Rajiv Gandhi – Jayawardene accord was signed

whereby Indian Peacekeeping forces were sent to Sri Lanka but were unsuccessful in containing the

violence.

The conflict culminated in the 4th LTTE war in 2009 where LTTE Chief was killed. Elections to the Northern

Provincial Council were held in 2013.

Today India is understanding massive reconstruction in Sri Lanka such as building homes, power plans,

railway line connecting Jaffna and is giving soft loans and credit to the Sri Lanka government.

b) Chinese interests in island space of Indian Ocean are relatively new but of great consequences – Comment.

Ans: As has been pointed out by C.Rajamohan in his book Sagarmala, the Indian Ocean will be the new concern

of engagement as well as conflicted between India and China.

Buoyed by its economy and having already modernized its army, the Chinese are now focusing on the PLA’s

navy upgradation and building its blue navy capacity. They are also building a series of posts in Indian

Ocean, which American analysts refer to as ‘string of pearls’ – Sonadia in Bangladesh, Qwadar in Pakistan,

Hambantonta in Sri Lanka.

Chinese President invited island states like Maldives, Sri Lanka to be a part of the Maritime Silk Route.

China imports huge amounts of oil from Middle East, raw materials from Africa and exports finished goods

to Europe via this route. The initiative to build port infrastructure, trade facilities should be seen as an

attempt to tap into market in these countries.

Reports also talk about Chinese attempts to build an Airport on Myanmar’s Coco islands. These are in

close proximity to Andaman and Nicobar.

c) India – Pakistan peace processes has produced a lot of process but no peace. Who so? What should be

India’s strategy to deal with its most difficult neighbour?

Ans: Pakistan – most difficult challenge of IFP. India tried bus diplomacy, cricket diplomacy, economic diplomacy

etc. but nothing seems to be working.

Main reasons for no peace are:

Two countries – found on basis of different ideas. India rejected two-nation theory. This theory get a big

blow when Bangladesh became independent. But idea of India survives.

Pakistan military developed vested interests in enmity with India. This has done great harm to India.





US gave large amounts of military and economic aid to Pakistan. China supported Pakistan in its efforts to

contain India.

Stephen Cohan – both countries cannot improve their relations even in next 100 years because both are

engaged in ‘paired minority conflict’ an extreme distrust where one country sees other as biggest enemy and

itself as victim.

Solutions are limited:

Helping its civilian establishments to strengthen democracy and weaken army’s position.

Engage in multilateral and regional initiatives to create counter terrorism architecture.

Engage with US & China to pressurize Pakistan.

Enhance economic relations and trade (interdependence).

5 a) Indian Ocean is vital to India’s security. Discuss India’s maritime policy. Do you think Indian Navy

has to play a new strategic role as a tool of foreign policy.

Ans: India has a long coastline with most of South Pakistan having access to seas.

Indian’s maritime policy is to strengthen the defence capabilities. Navy has inducted aircraft carriers,

nuclear submarines, under sea missiles with nuclear capabilities.

Joint naval exercises like Malabar with Asian nations, India-US-Japan trilateral, India-China naval exercises,

Indo-Russia, Singapore, Malaysia etc.

Increased technology transfer and Inter-operability among fleets,.

India upholds that areas are global commons’ and Supports ‘freedom of navigation’ in Indian Ocean and

across Pacific.

India’s look East supports the maritime engagement with all ASEAN national and major links are established

through seas.

The ‘Sting of Pearls’ strategy to make Chinese naval presence across countries surrounding India, the

Gwadar Port of Pakistan, and ports infrastructure by China in Sri Lanka and Maldives demand that India

should have a strong navy capable to defending its territories.

b) What are the determinants of India’s Africa policy? Discuss India Africa relations across the times.

Ans: Africa is a large network of least developed and developing colonies which were once under imperialist

regimes. The untapped resources of Africa make it an attractive foreign investment destination.

Africa’s mineral wealth, Hydrocarbon potential of North West Africa are yet to benefit India.

China already has its increasing presence in Africa and its economic politics make it India’s biggest

competition.

Africa has a huge demand and supply gap, technological and IT services demands, which can boost the





already booming services sector.

African union, like India, also wants a voice and atleast two seats in UNSC. Both India – Africa support each

other on the issue.

India has actively participated in African Affairs:

UN peacekeeping forces in Africa (Mali, Libya) have had Indian soldiers.

Power plants, railway projects in Rivanda, Ethopia.

Doctors without borders working for Ebola has had Indian specialists in the past.

The trade between India and Africa is not satisfactory. It is even more disappointing. However outward FD in

Africa is on the rise and needs to be maintained.

c) Give Indian options in Afghanistan post 2014 scenario. What structural’s India faces in Afghanistan?

Ans: Past 2014, most of the forces have to leave Afghanistan.

India has in past contributed to train Afghan domestic forces. India has various choices with constraints.

Indian companies have invested in copper and mineral projects in Afghanistan.

With no ground troops presence, India has been training Afghan military to correlate Talibans. Pakistan ISI

has collaborations with insurgents to meet its ends over Kashmir.

TAPI pipeline faces a security challenge. Therefore, India has been on the development route via Iran

Chabahar Port to link Central Asia and Afghanistan.

India’s lack of activity will give rise to Pakistan influence on political field and China’s assertion in Economic

drainage of Afghanistan resources.

Peaceful Afghanistan is inevitable for peace and stability in the region as a whole. Hence India should

engage its constructive efforts towards Afghan infrastructure, investment, military and defence.

7 a) How India and Latin America can go for meaningful engagement with each other? Give suggestions.

Ans: Latin America – most distant frontier from the perspective of IFP.

Since distance – biggest barrier, the two regions should take steps to overcome the barrier with the

involvement of shipping companies in reducing the transportation cost.

They should speed up the Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement and take steps to promote investment.

Enhance people to people contact through visa liberalization.

They should go for greater consultations at WTO due to their common trade interest in global context.

Govt. of India needs to understand the region and its potential area of interest.





Need to encourage Latin American studies in all Universities.

Like China, India should joint Inter-American Development Bank and should work closely with ECLA

(Economic Commission for Latin American Countries) under UN which acts as a major think tank of the

region.

8 a) Why India needs a look West policy? What should be the pillars of India’s LWP?

Ans: India started look West Policy in 2005 aiming at closer relations with West Asia and Central Asia. India

considers this region as extended neighbourhood.

India has major interests in this region. They are:

Energy Security – India depends on most of its energy needs on Middle East countries, Saudi Arabia, Iraq,

UAE, Kuwait, Qatar are major exporters of Crude oil to India. India needs to cooperate with these countries

for assured supplies of oil at stable prices.

India wants connectivity to Central Asia for its energy security.

This region is most volatile regions of the world. There is resurgence of terrorism and ethnic conflicts. India

signed Defence Cooperation Partnerships with Saudi Arabia, UAE, Oman and Qatar.

India has large trade with UAE. India is looking enter into FTA with the region. These countries have large

reserves of sovereign wealth funds. They offer attractive scope for investments into India.

As many as 6 million Indian people are working in India, they are source of foreign exchange earnings. It

has given lot of good will to India. India is also entering into Labour Cooperation agreements with these

countries.

b) Discuss the potential of India – Japan relations in recent times. How India can balance its relations withJapan and China?

Ans: Indo-Japan relations get a boost after the end of Cold war. India offered a major attractive market for

Japanese investments and goods, the two countries started coming together.

Rise of China and USA’s ‘Asia Pivot Policy’ has given a strategic dimension to India-Japan relationship.

India is looking for greater investments from Japan. During recent Indian PM visit to Japan, Japan

announced 35 bn USD worth investments and loans in the next 5 years.

Japan offered US-2 amphibian aircraft to India. India is at present the only country to have that

privilege. India is looking for joint defence production with Japan.

While this relationship offers an enormous potential, it is also a potential threat if it alienates China, India

has to have a closer cooperation with China for a stable and secure Asia. For this, India is actively engaging

with China. India has shown its willingness not to allow border dispute in the way of closer relation with

other spheres.

India should actively engage with China in forums like East Asia Summit, BRICS, SCO towards a stable

security architecture in Asia.




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c) Make an assessment of the current State of India Russia relations. What are the weak elements in this

relationship?

Ans: Both countries signed ‘Treaty of friendship’ peace and cooperation’ in 1971. USSR allowed trade in defence

goods on favourable terms. Helped India to set up its basic industries.

After USSR disintegration, this relationship was revived by President Putin. At present, India – Russia has

“special and strategic partnership”. Annual summits between leaders and 2 +2 dialogue are institutionalized.

At present, dialogue occurs in 2 platforms:

1.

Indo Russian Inter Governmental Commission – Defence Military Cooperation

2.

Indo Russian Inter Governmental Commission – Technical Economic and Cultural Cooperation.

The major weak elements in this relationship have been economic and cultural cooperation. Any strategic

cooperation to be sustainable, its needs a push from Civil society and business community.

Trade remained much below the potential. India and Russia are exploring options to extend natural gas

pipelines to India through China from Russia.

There is need for more cultural initiatives and visa liberalization for people to people links.

2 (c) India’s LEP has now acquired substantial economic and strategic weight illustrate.

-

LEP came with more focus on geo-economic i.e. ASEAN

-

LEP 2.0 focused on strategy.

-

Under LEP 3.0 focus is on both geo economics and strategy.

Economic dimensions:

i)

India ASEAN went for FTA

ii)

Bilateral trade jumped to 70 billion $

iii)

India is present in RCEP negotiations. This will result into largest FTA.

Strategic dimensions:

i)

ASEAN and other countries like Japan, Australia view India as a balancer against China.

ii)

India has established defence partnership with many ASEAN countries.

iii)

India conducts Milan exercises with ASEAN Navy.

iv)

East Asia Summits

v)

ASEAN regional forum





vi)

Recently announced India’s Look Act Policy which focus on speed and connectivity – Digital & People to

People.

5 (a) Milestone in India ASEAN relations

-

In 1992, India became sectoral level partner. In 1995 full dialogue partner and in 2002 summit level

partner. In 2012, partnership has been elevated to the level of strategic partnership.

- India became the member of ASEAN regional forum in 1996, original member of East Asia Summit in 2005.

-

India also participate in ASEAN defence Minister’s meet that addresses non traditional security threats.

-

By 2012, bilateral trade reached to around 76 billion $. The target is to elevate the trade to 200 billion # by

2020.

-

ASEAN has emerged the fourth largest leading trading partner of India.

-

India recently signed FTA in services.

-

Centre for English Language and Training to be aimed at CLMV countries.

-

India will be completing Tamu-Kalava-Kalemyo Sector of India - Myanmar Thailand Highway by 2016.

5 (b) Connect Central Asia Policy -

-

Policy focus on – Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.

-

Mantra is 4’Cs – commerce, Connectivity, Consular and Connectivity.

-

Policy calls for setting up universities, hospitals, IT centers, e-network in tele-education and tele-health

services, joint commercial ventures, improving air connectivity to boost trade & tourism, Joint Scientific

Research and Strategic Partnerships in defence and security

-

The main policy is to promote India’s soft power in the region.

-

To improve connectivity to the region, India is working on international North South Transport Corridor and

also TAPI pipeline.

-

The region is very important for India’s security and hence India plans to further strengthen its strategic

and security cooperation with all nations in the region with a focus on military training, joint research,

counter-terrorism coordination.

5 (c) Relevance of Panchsheel

-

Panchsheel is set of principles followed in bilateral relations based on Westphalian notion of world order. It

is a good way in dealing with neighbours.

-

Panchsheel addresses – Mutual respect for sovereignty, non-aggression, non-interference in other’s

internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit, peaceful coexistence.

-

Panchsheel is a formula to peace. It also inherits principles of Buddhism.

-

It is Indo China contribution to the theory of international politics.





-

It has been adopted in ASEAN way, in NAM after modification.

-

It is challenged in context of ‘Responsibility to Protect’.

-

But stressing the importance of peaceful existence scholars argue that, “under the pretext of

humanitarianism or terrorism we are seeing interference in other countries internal affairs, and even

direct attack leading to chaos, Iraq being the live example.

5 (d) Sticking points in India – USA nuclear cooperation.

-

India became the only nuclear weapon power outside five nuclear power to be allowed to access to global

nuclear commerce without signing either NPT or CTBT.

-

Deal allows India to get nuclear technology, keep its nuclear programmes and carry out nuclear trade.

-

India will sign specific safeguards with IAEA.

-

India will continue with its voluntary moratorium on further tests.

- US promised full civil nuclear cooperation including right to reprocess the fuel uninterrupted supply,India’s entry into major commercial groups like NSG, MTCR.

-

The biggest problem from the perspective of supplier’s community is Section 17(b) of Civil Nuclear Liability

Act. It is considered not as the international norms. As per the provision after compensation has been

paid by the operator, operator can have legal recourse to supplier upto 80 years after the plan starts up. In

case of nuclear accident due to act of supplier or his employee which includes supply of equipment or

martial with patent or latent defects or substandard services. It is contrary to international convention.

5 (e) Relevance of BIMSTEC

-

India’s Look East Policy

-

Because of failure of SAARC,BIMSTEC is important

-

It is linked to Economic vibrant region

-

Here, India has partner like Thailand instead of Pakistan and Afghanistan.

-

Major initiative in development of India’s most neglected North – East region.

-

Enhances India’s Soft power in the region.

7 (c) What are India’s priorities and concerned at UN incurrent India?

-

India never found any conflict between national interest & international peace India has been active

participant in UN conventions. India is one of the highest UN Peacekeeping Force provider. India has

faith in global governance and cosmopolitan.

-

Priorities & Concerns

i)

India wants strengthening of UN. There are challenges in global governance.




ii)

UN should be more representative and efficient

iii)

Reforms in UNSC

iv)

Reforms in UN Peacekeeping operations. In recent times, Peacekeeping has become more challenging as

developed countries are not willing to give their forces. Hence, resources of UN should be

increased. There should be strict Dos and Don’ts for peacekeepers.

-

Countries in general

i)

Throughout Cold war, UNSC remained paralysed and to date this paralysis remains. UNSC remain a

divided platform.

ii)

P-5 countries have used UN for their national interest.

7 (b) Explain India’s evolving positions on nuclear question and the present approach to achieve nuclear

weapon free world.

-

India is neither signatory to NPT nor to CTBT.

- Initially, India discarded signing NPT by accusing it as discriminatory treaty which don’t address the goal of

nuclear disarmament and stops only horizontal proliferation, not vertical proliferation.

-

India rejected CTBT on the grounds that it is neither comprehensive nor test ban Treaty – only bans

atmospheric and underground tests and also India finds ‘Entry into Force’ clause as intrusive in its

sovereignty.

-

India’s stand was nothing except comprehensive, verifiable and time bound disarmament.

-

After Indo US civil nuclear deal, India has practically integrated with NPT system partially. India has

separated its nuclear facilities entered into India Specific safeguards agreements with IAEA and opening

its 14 facilities for its inspections.

-

At present also, India has a strict no to CTB.

-

India’s own plan of nuclear disarmament is based on Rajeev Gandhi acton plan of nuclear

disarmament. Govt. of India clarifies that nuclear weapon tests were for security reasons. India suggests

following measures –

i)

A comprehensive global ‘ no first use’ convention

ii)

Reducing the dependence on nuclear weapons on security policy.

iii) Gradual reduction of nuclear weapons and final elimination.

iv)

It has to be a verifiable process.

v)

There should be tangible progress in each step

vi)

Establish a comprehensive global security systems under UN.

-

Though India supports complete disarmament but India continues with its objective of safe and secure

expansion of civil nuclear energy. India recently entered into nuclear commerce with Australia. India

aims to produce 62000 MW energy by the year 2030

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