india part ii 1500-500bce the mixing of indo-european aryans with native dravidian indians
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India part II 1500-500bce
The mixing of Indo-European Aryans with native Dravidian
Indians
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Indo-Europeans (Aryans)
• Central Asian tribes• Nomadic people• Great warriors• Domesticated the
horse• Early iron workers
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Aryan (Indo European) Migration 1800BCE from Turkinistan through
Kyber pass to India
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Kyber Pass
• Only land route between middle east and India for trade and invasion
• Still important today – India and Pakistan both trying to control it
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Aryan Political System• Ruled by a king and
local rulers• Many City states• Brought Horses and
advanced weapons to India (conquered India)
• duty of the king was the protection of his subjects, property, defense and maintenance of peace
• culture spreads from the Indus to the Ganges River
• Spoke Sanskrit
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Economy – Iron Age begins
• Small self-sufficient agricultural communities
• Iron Technology used for– farm tools– increased food production
(rice)– Weapons
• Barter system common
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Religion
• Indian gods continue to be worshipped
• Aryans bring new gods and Scriptures called Vedas
• Combine to create Hinduism
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Ayran/Hindu Social Structure•Social Structure used by Aryans to control native Indians since warriors and priests are top
•Brahmins – warriors, priests
•Kshatriyas – rulers, warriors
•Vaishyas – farmers, merchants, artisans
•Sudras – laborers
•Dalits (untouchables) – unpleasant, polluted jobs; not directly owned by others.
•Strict segregation among castes.
•All based on the tribal concept of the Ayrans that people are NOT equal
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Aryan/Vedic Civilization 1500-500BCE
Hindu Vedic Philosophy
oldest written texts in India
Veda means “Knowledge” in Sanskrit.
Vedas inform and guide Hindus like the Bible guides Christians and the Koran guides Muslims
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Upanishads: literally means sitting in front of
• later Hindu Vedas (often poetic) that teach the metaphysical foundations of the Hindu faith
• Hare (ha-ray) Krishna’s war poem is the most important of the Upanishads
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The Ancient Vedic Hymns• Rig Veda - Knowledge of Hymns, almost 11,000 verses• “There is only one truth, only men describe it in different ways.“
• Ayur Veda - Knowledge of Medicine, over 100,000 verses• Yajur Veda - Knowledge of Liturgy, 3,988 verses • Sama Veda - Knowledge of Classical Music, 1,549 verses
• Upanishads• Jyotisha – Astrology and Astronomy.• Kalpa – Rituals and Legal matters.• Siksha – Phonetics.• Aitareya – Creation of the Universe, Man and Evolution.• Kama Sutra - Knowledge of Love and Sex• Chandogya – Reincarnation, Soul.• Kaushitaki – Karma.• Kena – Austerity, Work, and Restraint.• Dharnur Veda – Science of Archery and War.• Mundaka – Discipline, Faith and warning of Ignorance.• Sulba Sutra – Knowledge of Mathematics• Yoga Sutra - Knowledge of Meditation
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Vedic Age ends with Invasions of Darius and
Alexander
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Alexander