INDIA

Babur – Founder of The Mughal Empire in India 1526-1530 Aurangzeb – Revived the persecution of the Hindus and inspired civil war

Prince Henry the Navigator’s determination to find an eastern route to the spice markets of the Indies was realized in 1498 when Vasco da

Gama landed in India.

The Portuguese were later joined by the English, Dutch, Danes and French. England’s victory in the Seven Years’ War 1756-1763 led to dominance in India which continued until 1947. India was the crown jewel in England’s

Imperial Empire.

British India included present day Pakistan and Bangladesh

Suttee or Sati – The Indian custom of a widow burning herself, either on the funeral pyre of her dead husband or in some other fashion, soon after his death. Although never widely practiced, suttee was the

ideal of certain Brahman and royal castes. It is sometimes linked to the myth of the Hindu goddess Sati who burned herself to death in a fire that she created through her yogic powers after her father insulted her

husband, the god Shiva.

The Sepoy Rebellion/Indian Mutiny (GB) or The First War of Independence (India) of 1857 was the defining event in British Imperial History. It was more of a shock than the loss off the American colonies 74 years earlier. The rebellion was crushed within a year but the legacy of

the rebellion was the growth of a “free India” movement which came to fruition 90 years later.

The Sepoy Rebellion was characterized by bloody massacres. Many British women and children were killed. The British took fierce revenge with massacres of their own. Thousands

of blameless Indians were whipped, blown from cannons, forced to clean bloodied streets with their tongues and then hanged. Source: Smithsonian article “Pass It On” 05/24/2012

Rumor and Suspicion contributed to the Sepoy Rebellion of 1857. Britain relied on 100,000 men, half of whom were soldiers, to “control” and administer a land of 250 million people. Few British serving in India spoke Indian languages or understood

the religious cultures. India’s people encountered prejudice based on race, color and religion.

A wild fable that took firm hold of the popular mind was the East India Company’s officers had collected all the newly-manufactured salt, had divided it into two great heaps, and over one had sprinkled the blood of hogs, and over the other the blood of cows; that they had then sent it to be sold throughout the country of the pollution and desecration of the Mahommedans and Hindoos, that all might be brought to one caste and to one religion like the English.

• One popular story, widely believed, suggested that the British were attempting the mass conversion of their subjects to Christianity by adulterating their flour with bone meal from cows and pigs, which was forbidden to Hindus and Moslems, respectively. Once defiled, the theory went, men who had consumed the forbidden meal would be shunned by their co-religionists and would be easier to bring into the Christian fold, or could be sent as soldiers overseas (crossing the “black water” being forbidden to Hindus of high caste).

Adulterated Bullet Cartridges?

• A rumor that spread like wildfire among the sepoys (Indian soldiers) stationed at cantonments throughout the north of the country was that the British had come up with yet another diabolical contrivance for breaking their caste and defiling their bodies: the greased cartridge.

• It was no secret that the Company’s armies had been making preparations for the introduction of a new sort of ammunition for a new model of Enfield rifle. To be loaded, this cartridge had to be torn open so that the powder it contained could be poured down the barrel of the muzzle-loading gun; because the soldier’s hands were full, this was done with the teeth. Then the bullet had to be rammed down the rifled barrel. To facilitate its passage, the cartridges were greased with tallow, which, in the U.K., was made of beef and pork fat. The greased cartridges thus posed precisely the same threat to observant sepoys as would flour adulterated with the blood of pigs and cows, and though the British recognized the problem early on, and never issued a single greased cartridge to any Indian troops, fear that the Company was plotting to defile them took hold among the men of many Indian regiments and resulted in the outbreak of rebellion in the cantonment of Meerut in April 1857.

INDIAN NATIONALISM GROWS

• British promised self rule as reward for serving in WWI

• Britain reneged on promise. Radicals used violence to show hatred

• 1919 ROWLATT ACTS – protestors were jailed with no trial ….for up to 2 years

Paternalism on the Left and “Justice” on the Right

April 13, 1919 – Amritsar Massacre

•10,000 Hindus & Muslims gathered in a walled garden, Jallianwala Bagh, to protest the extension of WWI detention and deportation laws. • The protests were nonviolent: they were there to fast, pray & listen to political speeches. • They were UNAWARE that British had banned such gatherings. • Commander Dyer ordered his men to opened fire for 10 minutes •The British acknowledged killing 379 people and wounding 1,100 more. India National Congress representatives said more than 1,000 died.

MOHANDAS GANDHI’S TACTICS OF NONVIOLENCE

• 1920 : Congress Party endorsed Civil Disobedience • Non-violence came from religious beliefs of not only

Hinduism, but also Islam & Christianity • Came to be called Mahatma (“great soul”) • Launched campaign of Non-Cooperation • Boycotted British goods, gov’t schools, payment of

British taxes, British cloth (instead weaved own) • Strikes & Demonstrations (hampered productivity /

sometimes led to riots)

1930 SALT MARCH

• Gandhi did to defy Salt Acts (only buy British salt + pay a tax on it!)

• Walked 240 miles to the sea

• Processing plant: journalists saw British violence.

• Nation-wide, 60,000 arrested

• QUESTION: Why was civil disobedience a popular solution?

• QUESTION: How did the media influence the Indian independence movement?

BRITAIN GRANTS LIMITED SELF-RULE

• 1935: Britain passed the Government of India Act. It provided local self-government and limited democratic elections

• QUESTION: In what ways was civil disobedience a more successful method that violence?

• However, this fueled tensions between Muslims and Hindus

• QUESTION: What were sources of tension between Hindus and Muslims?

India in WW2 • Britain committed India’s military to Allies

– w/o consulting India! – Gandhi led more non-cooperation

• Indian National Congress v. Muslim League – Jinnah urges Muslims to abandon INC – “The only thing the Muslim has in common with the

Hindu is slavery to the British.”

Independence Achieved? • After World War II: British exhausted …they wanted to be free

of the costs and problems of ruling India • Key Problem: New Independent India

– Who would rule Hindus (Indian Nat’l Congress) or Muslims (Muslim League)?

– Muhammad Ali Jinnah – ‘Father of Pakistan’ • Came to prominence through the pursuit of a unified

Hindu-Muslim resistance to British imperialism • “The only thing the Muslim has in common with the

Hindu is his slavery to the British” • Ethnic massacres • [August 1946] Calcutta -4 days of clashes – 5,000+ dead &

more than 15,000 injured

The British official responsible for the partition lines establishing Pakistan and India, Cyril Radcliffe, never visited the border areas to inform himself about rivers, forests, agriculture or industry. He simply took a pencil and drew. 30 years after his work was done he said he would never return to India because he was certain he would be shot by both Indians and Pakistanis.

Partition • July 16, 1947 – Act was passed to form India & Pakistan

in one month – Muslims: NW & East areas of India - Pakistan – Hindus: India sub continent - India

• 10 million migrate. One million die – Muslims slaughter Sikhs headed to India – Sikhs and Hindus slaughter Muslims

August 15, 1947 • India – Nehru is first prime minister • Pakistan – Jinnah first Governor General

Gandhi did not want partition • “What is there to celebrate…I see nothing but

rivers of blood?” • Tried to protect Muslim refugees

Gandhi was assassinated in January, 1948 only months after India was granted independence and partitioned in August, 1947

The Flag of India – Population 1.2 billion (July, 2014)

The Battle for Kashmir • Ruler was Hindu / but it had a Muslim majority population • India & Pakistan began fighting for the region almost immediately after

independence • 1949 – cease fire: 1/3 to Pakistan and 2/3 to India • The region is still being fought over

Significance of Kashmir

• 1) Geography; Control of the Indus River

• 2) Religious sites • 3) Buffer zone

India vs. Pakistan • 1947 1st Kashmir War

– UN intervenes 12/1948 – Unresolved

• 1965 Jammu and Kashmir – Pakistan invades – US and USSR impose truce

• 1971 Bangladesh ind. – 10 million flee to India

• 1999 Kargali War – Kashmir again

Soldier in the Siachen Glacier

Nehru – India’s First Prime Minister – 1947 to 1964.

• Educated in Britain • Emphasized democracy, unity,

social reforms & economic modernization

• Tried to elevate the status of lower castes & expand the rights of women

• Led other newly independent countries in forming an alliance of neutral countries during the Cold War

Nehru’s only child, Indira Gandhi, has been the longest-serving Prime Minister 1966-1977 and 1980-1984.

• Faced many challenges – most notably: growing threat from Sikh extremists who wanted their own state

• Sikhism Holiest Place – The Golden Temple of Amritsar was used as a base for Sikhs to attack symbols of Indian Authority

• June 1984 - Indian Army overran temple ……. 500 killed & sacred property destroyed

• In retaliation, Indira Gandhi's Sikh bodyguards assassinate her • This causes retribution – 1,000’s of Sikhs murdered

Son of Indira Gandhi, Grandson of Nehru – Rajiv Gandhi India’s Prime Minister 1984-1989. Assassinated by a suicide bomber in 1991. The 24 year old assassin placed a garland of

sandalwood around Rajiv’s neck and bent down as if to touch his shoe. She triggered an explosive belt killing herself, the Prime Minister and 15 others. He had sent troops to Sri

Lanka to aid the government in defeating the insurgency.

• Indian P.M Vajpayee elected in 1998

• India is a vibrant, but unstable nation

• Due to topple China as world's most populous nation in 2035

• India still plagued by social inequality and religious strife

• Still has VERY tense relations with Pakistan….especially now that both have nuclear weapons

India’s Economic Development

Command Economy (1947 – 1990)

After independence, India tried to develop rapidly. “Permit Raj” all economic development planned by gov’t ………Up to 80 agencies to get a permit to open a private company

Protective tariffs Economy stagnates Too much regulation No foreign investment

India’s Economic Development (1991 - Present)

Free Market Capitalism

• India de-regulates econ. – Privatization

• Tax reform

• Foreign Direct Invest. – way up

• Gov. controls Inflation

India’s Gross Domestic Product (1950 - 2010)

Economic Development Developed World Under-Developed

World

India’s Growing Middle Class

Problems with Indian Economic Development

• Poverty – Unequal Income Distribution

• Child Labor – few labor laws

• Pollution – few environmental laws

• Lax Regulation - BBC ON THIS DAY | 3 | 1984:

Hundreds die in Bhopal chemical accident

How do you attract investors AND regulate working conditions, still pay your workers well & stop companies that pollute?

Problems with Indian Economic Development (for the US)

• Outsourcing • How can the US

compete with countries that have no labor or environmental laws & do not regulate their industries?

Pakistan’s Flag – 196 million

Muhammad Ali Jinnah – Pakistan’s Founder and first leader. He died in 1948 one year after independence at the age of 82.

Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto – Pakistani Prime Minister 1971-1977 Hanged in 1978 – charged with ordering the assassination of a rival in 1974

President Zia ul-Haq Pakistani President from 1977 to 1988. His rule was cut short when the plane he, the U.S ambassador and several Pakistani

generals were travelling in mysteriously exploded.

General Musharraf of Pakistan – Ruled from 1999 to 2008 when he resigned as he faced impeachment. He took power in a coup d’etat removing P.M Sharif who had

served as Pakistan’s leader from 1990-93 and then 1997-99.

Benazir Bhutto Was Killed By Al Qaeda in December, 2007. Her husband, President Zardari, nicknamed “Mr. 10%” for his corrupt reputation, leads

Pakistan today

Pakistani Civil War • E. Pakistan (larger population) routinely ignored by West

Pakistan (gov’t home) • 1970: cyclone & tidal wave killed 266,000 in East

Pakistan • Central Gov’t transferred little of int’l aid to East Pakistan • March 1971 – E. Pakistan declared itself the

independent nation of Bangladesh • Civil War!! • Indian troops assisted Bangladesh

Pakistan’s Dangerous Nuclear Scientist Abdul Qadeer Khan Is Suspected of Selling Nuclear Know-How To Dangerous Regimes

North Korean Leader Kim Jong-il

The Flag Ceremony At the India-Pakistan Border