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India United States relations

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Indo-American relations

India United States

President Barack Obamawith Prime MinisterManmohan Singh at the White House.

Indo-American relations refers to thebilateralrelationsbetween the Republic of India andthe United States of America.

Despite being one of the pioneers and founding members of theNon-Aligned Movement,India developed a closer relationship with theSoviet Unionduring the Cold War. India'sstrategic and military relations with Moscow and strong socialist policies had an adverseimpact on its relations with the United States. After thecollapse of the Soviet Union, India

began to review its foreign policy in a unipolar world following which, it took steps todevelop closer ties with the European Unionand the United States. Today, India and the U.S.share an extensive cultural, strategic, military and economic relationship.[1][2]

During the tenure of the Clintonand Bush administration, relations between India and theUnited States blossomed primarily over common concerns regarding growing Islamicextremism, energy security and climate change.[3]
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According to some foreign policy experts, there was a slight downturn in India-U.S. relationsfollowing the election ofBarack Obama as thePresident of the United Statesin 2009. Thiswas primarily due to Obama administration's desire to increase relations with China,[4] andBarack Obama'sprotectionist views on dealing with the economic crisis.[5] However, theleaders of the two countries have repeatedly dismissed these concerns.[6]

Contents

[hide]

1 Country comparison 2 History

o 2.1 Military relations

o 2.2 Economic relations

2.2.1 Trade relations

3 Ties under Obama administrationo 3.1 Foreign policy issues


o 3.3 Strategic and military relations

o 3.4 2010 visit by President Obama

4 See also 5 Notes 6 Sources

7 External links

[edit] Country comparison

India United States

Population 1,190,340,000 310,729,000

Area 3,287,240 km2 (1,269,210 sq mi) 9,629,091 km (3,721,904 sq mi)

Population

Density356/km (922/sq mi) 31/km (80/sq mi)

Capital New Delhi Washington, D.C.

Largest CityMumbai 13,922,125 (21,347,412

Metro)

New York City 8,363,710

(19,006,798 Metro)Government

Federalparliamentaryconstitutionalrepublic

Federalpresidentialconstitutionalrepublic

Official

languages

HindiandEnglish, 21 otherconstitutionally recognized languages

English (de facto)

Main religions

80% Hinduism, 13.4% Islam, 2.3%Christianity, 1.9%Sikhism, 0.8%Buddhism, 0.4% Jainism

75% Christianity, 20% non-Religious,2% Judaism,1%Buddhism, 0.6%Islam. 0.4% Hinduism

Ethnic groups See Ethnic Groups of India 74% White American, 14.8% Hispanicand Latino Americans (of any race),13.4% African American,6.5% Some other race, 4.4% AsianAmerican, 2.0%Two or more races,
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0.68% American Indian or AlaskaNative, 0.14%Native Hawaiian orPacific Islander

GDP (nominal) $1.367 trillion ($1,124 per capita) $14.256 trillion ($46,381 per capita)

GDP (PPP) $3.526 trillion ($2,941 per capita) $14.256 trillion ($46,381 per capita)

Indian

Americans

60,000 American born people livingin India

2,765,815 People of Indian originliving in the USA

Military

expenditures$32.7 billion (FY 2009-10)[7] $663.7 billion (FY 2010) [8]

[edit] History

Swami Vivekananda in Chicago, 1893.

The historic relationship between India and the United States was very strong. One event isthe visit ofSwami Vivekananda who introduced Yoga andVedanta to America. Vivekanandawas the first known Hindu Sage to come to the West, where he introduced Eastern thought atthe World's Parliament of Religions, in connection with the World's Fair in Chicago, in1893]. Here, his first lecture, which started with this line "Sisters and Brothers of America,"

[7] made the audience clap for two minutes just to the address, for prior to this seminalspeech, the audience was always used to this opening address: "Ladies and Gentlemen". Itwas this speech that catapulted him to fame by his wide audiences in Chicago and then latereverywhere else in America, including far-flung places such as Memphis,Boston,SanFrancisco,New York, Los Angeles, and St. Louis.

AfterIndian independence until the end of the cold war, the relationship between the twonations has often been thorny. Dwight Eisenhowerwas the first U.S. President to visit Indiain 1959. He was so supportive of India that theNew York Timesremarked "It did not seem tomatter much whether Nehru had actually requested or been given a guarantee that the U.S.would help India to meet further Chinese communist aggression. What mattered was the

obvious strengthening of Indian-American friendship to a point where no such guarantee wasnecessary."
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During John F. Kennedy's period as President, he saw India as a strategic partner against therise of communist China. He said "Chinese Communists have been moving ahead the last 10years. India has been making some progress, but if India does not succeed with her 450million people, if she can't make freedom work, then people around the world are going todetermine, particularly in the underdeveloped world, that the only way they can develop their

resources is through the Communist system."

Kennedy's ambassador was the noted Canadian-American economist John KennethGalbraith. While in India, he also helped establish one of the first computer sciencedepartments, at the Indian Institute of Technology in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh. As an economisthe also presided over the largest (to that date) US-Foreign Aid program to any country.

From 1961 to 1963 there was a promise to help set up a large steel mill in Bokaro that waswithdrawn by the U.S. The 1965 and1971 Indo-Pakistani wars did not help their relations.During the Cold War, the U.S. asked for Pakistan's help because India was seen to leantowards the Soviet Union. Later, when India would not agree to support the anti-Soviet

operation in Afghanistan, it was left with few allies. Not until 1997 was there any effort toimprove relations with the United States.

Embassy of India in Washington, D.C.

Soon afterAtal Bihari Vajpayee became Indian Prime Minister, he authorized anuclearweapons test in Pokhran, which got the immediate attention of the US. The United States andJapanresponded by imposing temporaryeconomic sanctions on India. These sanctionshowever, were not as effective as hoped and made little difference in the wake of India'sstrong economic rise and were soon lifted. The Clinton administration and Vajpayeeexchanged representatives to help build relations. In March 2000, President Bill Clintonvisited India. He had bilateral and economic discussions with Prime Minister Vajpayee. Overthe course of improved diplomatic relations with the Bush administration, India has agreed toallow close international monitoring of its nuclear weapons development while refusing togive up its current nuclear arsenal. India and the U.S. have also greatly enhanced theireconomic ties.

After the September 11 attacks in 2001, President George W. Bush collaborated with India tocontrol and police the extremely crucial Indian Oceansea-lanes from the Suez to Singapore.The December2004 tsunami saw the U.S. and Indian navies cooperating in search and rescueoperations and reconstruction of affected areas. An Open Skies Agreementwas made in April2005. This helped enhance trade, tourism, and business by the increased number of flights.

Air India purchased 68 U.S. Boeingaircraft, which cost $8 billion.
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Former U.S. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeldand U.S. Secretary of State CondoleezzaRice have made recent visits to India as well. AfterHurricane Katrina, India donated $5million to the American Red Cross and sent two plane loads of relief supplies and materialsto help. And on 1 March 2006, President Bush made another diplomatic visit to expandrelations between India and the United States.

[edit] Military relations

President of the United States of America Richard Nixon and Prime Minister of India IndiraGandhi in 1971. They had a deep personal antipathy that colored bilateral relations.

The U.S.-India defense relationship derives from a common belief in freedom, democracy,and the rule of law, and seeks to advance shared security interests. These interests includemaintaining security and stability, defeating terrorism and violent religious extremism,

preventing the spread of weapons of mass destruction and associated materials, data, andtechnologies and protecting the free flow of commerce via land, air and sea lanes.

In recent years India has conducted joint military exercises with the U.S. in the Indian Ocean.

Recognizing India as a key to strategic U.S. interests, the United States has sought tostrengthen its relationship with India. The two countries are the world's largest democracies,both committed to political freedom protected by representative government. India is alsomoving gradually toward greater economic freedom. The U.S. and India have a commoninterest in the free flow of commerce and resources, including through the vital sea lanes ofthe Indian Ocean. They also share an interest in fighting terrorism and in creating astrategically stable Asia.

There were some differences, however, including over India's nuclear weapons programs andthe pace of India's economic reforms. In the past, these concerns may have dominated U.S.thinking about India, but today the U.S. views India as a growing world power with which it

shares common strategic interests. A strong partnership between the two countries willcontinue to address differences and shape a dynamic and collaborative future.
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In late September 2001, President Bush lifted sanctions imposed under the terms of the 1994Nuclear Proliferation Prevention Act following India's nuclear tests in May 1998. Thenonproliferation dialogue initiated after the 1998 nuclear tests has bridged many of the gapsin understanding between the countries. In a meeting between President Bush and PrimeMinister Vajpayee in November 2001, the two leaders expressed a strong interest in

transforming the U.S.-India bilateral relationship. High-level meetings and concretecooperation between the two countries increased during 2002 and 2003. In January 2004, theU.S. and India launched the Next Steps in Strategic Partnership (NSSP), which was both amilestone in the transformation of the bilateral relationship and a blueprint for its further

progress.

In July 2005, President Bush hosted Prime Minister Singh in Washington, DC. The twoleaders announced the successful completion of the NSSP, as well as other agreements whichfurther enhance cooperation in the areas of civil nuclear, civil space, and high-technologycommerce. Other initiatives announced at this meeting include: an U.S.-India EconomicDialogue, Fight Against HIV/AIDS, Disaster Relief, Technology Cooperation, Democracy

Initiative, an Agriculture Knowledge Initiative, a Trade Policy Forum, Energy Dialogue andCEO Forum. President Bush made a reciprocal visit to India in March 2006, during which the

progress of these initiatives were reviewed, and new initiatives were launched.

In December 2006, Congress passed the historicHenry J. Hyde United States-India PeacefulAtomic Cooperation Act, which allows direct civilian nuclear commerce with India for thefirst time in 30 years. U.S. policy had opposed nuclear cooperation with India because thecountry had developed nuclear weapons in contravention of international conventions andnever signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. The legislation clears the way for India to

buy U.S. nuclear reactors and fuel for civilian use.

In July 2007, the United States and India reached a historic milestone in their strategicpartnership by completing negotiations on the bilateral agreement for peaceful nuclearcooperation, also known as the "123 agreement." This agreement, signed by Secretary ofState Rice and External Affairs Minister Mukherjee on October 10, 2008, governs civilnuclear trade between the two countries and opens the door for American and Indian firms to

participate in each other's civil nuclear energy sector. The U.S. and India seek to elevate thestrategic partnership further to include cooperation in counter-terrorism, defense cooperation,education, and joint democracy promotion.

[edit] Economic relations

The United States is also one of India's largest direct investors. From 1991 to 2004, the stockof FDI inflow has increased from USD $11.3 million to $344.4 million, totaling $4.13 billion.This is a compound rate increase of 57.5% annually. Indian direct investments abroad werestarted in 1992. Indian corporations and registered partnership firms are allowed to invest in

businesses up to 100% of their net worth. India's largest outgoing investments aremanufacturing, which account for 54.8% of the country's foreign investments. The secondlargest are non-financial services (software development), which accounts for 35.4% ofinvestments.

[edit] Trade relations
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movement and positioning of people in developing industries and assigning jobs to thosepeople, continuation of talks in how India's citizens can gain access into the market forfinancial servicing, and discussing the limitation of equities.

The two countries have had talks about the restriction of investments in industries such as

financial services, insurance, and retail. Also, to take advantage of any initiatives in jointinvestments such as agricultural processing and the transportation industries. Both countrieshave decided to promote small business initiatives in both countries by allowing trade

between them.

The majority of exports from the United States to India include: aviation equipment,engineering materials and machinery, instruments used in optical and medical sectors,fertilizers, and stones and metals.

Below are the percentages of traded items India to U.S. increased by 21.12% to $6.94 billion.

1. Diamonds &precious stones (25%)2. Textiles (29.01%)3. Iron & Steel (5.81%)4. Organic chemicals (4.3%)5. Machinery (4.6%)6. Electrical Machinery (4.28%)

Major items of export from U.S. to India: For the year 2006, figures are available up to themonth of April. Merchandise exports from U.S. to India increased by 20.09.26% to U.S.$2.95 billion. Select major items with their percentage shares are given below

1. Engineering goods & machinery(including electrical) (31.2%)2. Precious stones & metals (8.01%)3. Organic chemicals (4.98%)4. Optical instruments & equipment(7.33%)5. Aviation & aircraft ( 16.8%)

[edit] Ties under Obama administration

President Barack Obamawith Prime MinisterManmohan Singh during their bilateral meetingin the Oval Office.

Despite much gains in Indo-American relations during the tenure of the Bush administration,

India was not one of the Asian countries U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clintonvisited inFebruary 2009. TheForeign Policymagazine reported that even though Foreign Policy Staff
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of the previous administration had recommended India as a "key stop" during any suchofficial tour of Asia, Hillary Clinton had struckNew Delhi from her itinerary.[12][13] Theexclusion of India from the Asian tour was regarded as a "mistake" by some analysts.[14] Indiawas not even mentioned once in the Obama administration's official foreign policy agenda. [15]

Former U.S. ambassadorRobert D. Blackwillwarned that Indo-U.S. relations faced a

"downgrade" in the short term, as the Obama administration places China "on a substantiallyhigher plane in U.S. diplomacy than India". However, he remained optimistic about the long-term prospect for Indo-U.S. relationship.[16][17] TheForbes magazine alerted U.S. PresidentBarack Obama on the need to prevent United States' new-found alliance with India fromerosion.[18] President Obama is scheduled tovisitIndia in November 2010.[19]

The initial approach of the Obama administration towards ties with India raised concerns of adownturn in Indo-American relations.[20] In an editorial, the National Interestsuggested thatthe Obama administration could possibly damage "the foundations underlying thegeostrategic partnership" between India and the United States.[21] Another editorial published

by the Taipei Times highlighted the importance of India-U.S. relations and urged Barack

Obama to give "India the attention it deserves".[22]Terming India to be United States'"indispensable ally", the Christian Science Monitorargued that the Obama administrationneeds India's cooperation on several issues, including climate change, Afghanistan war andenergy security and therefore, Obama cannot risk putting ties with India on "back-burner". [23]

In an attempt to bolster relations between the two countries, U.S. Secretary of State HillaryClinton visited India in the second half of July 2009.[24]Calling India a "key partner" of theUnited States, Clinton said that the United States wants India "to succeed as an anchor forregional and global security". She also mentioned four platforms for building future U.S.-India relationship "global security, human development, economic activity, science andtechnology".[20]

[edit] Foreign policy issues

According to some analysts, India-U.S. relations have strained over Obama administration'sapproach in handling the Taliban insurgencyin Afghanistan and Pakistan.[25][26] India's

National Security Adviser,M.K. Narayanan, criticized the Obama administration for linkingthe Kashmir dispute to the instability in Pakistan and Afghanistan and said that by doing so,President Obama was "barking up the wrong tree".[27]The Foreign Policy too criticizedObama's approach towards South Asia saying that "India can be a part of the solution ratherthan part of the problem" in South Asia and suggested India to take a more proactive role in

rebuildingAfghanistan irrespective of the attitude of the Obama administration.[28]

In a clearindication of growing rift between India and the U.S., the former decided not to accept a U.S.invitation to attend a conference on Afghanistan.[29]Bloombergreported that since 2008Mumbai attacks, the public mood in India has been to pressure Pakistan more aggressively totake actions against the culprits behind the terrorist attack and this might reflect on theupcoming general elections in May 2009. Consequently, the Obama administration may finditself at odds with India's rigid stance against terrorism. [30]

Robert Blake, assistant secretary of United States' Bureau of South and Central Asian Affairs,dismissed any concerns over a rift with India regarding United States' AfPakpolicy. CallingIndia and the United States "natural allies",[6] Blake said that the United States cannot afford

to meet the strategic priorities in Pakistan and Afghanistan at "the expense of India". [31]
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.P.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Mumbai_attackshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Mumbai_attackshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_general_election,_2009http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-U.S._relations#cite_note-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AfPakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-U.S._relations#cite_note-blake1-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-U.S._relations#cite_note-blake2-30


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President George W. Bush shakes hands with India's Prime Minister Manmohan Singh duringhis visit to India in 2006, at the Hyderabad House in New Delhi.

India strongly criticized Obama administration's decision to limitH-1B visas and India'sExternal Affairs Minister, Pranab Mukherjee, said that his country would argue against U.S.

"protectionism" at various international forums.[32] The Vishwa Hindu Parishad, a close aideof India's main opposition party theBharatiya Janata Party (BJP), said that if the UnitedStates continues with its anti-outsourcing policies, then India will "have to take steps to hurtAmerican companies in India."[33] India's Commerce Minister, Kamal Nath, said that Indiamay move against Obama's outsourcing policies at the World Trade Organization.[34]

However, the outsourcing advisory head ofKPMG said that India had no reason to worrysince Obama's statements were directed against "outsourcing being carried out bymanufacturing companies" and not outsourcing ofIT-related services.[35]

In May 2009, U.S. PresidentBarack Obama reiterated his anti-outsourcing views andcriticized the current U.S. tax policy "that says you should pay lower taxes if you create a job

in Bangalore, India, than if you create one in Buffalo, New York."[36] However, during theU.S.-India Business Council meet in June 2009, U.S. Secretary of StateHillary Clintonadvocated for stronger economic ties between India and the United States. She also rebuked

protectionist policies saying that "[United States] will not use the global financial crisis as anexcuse to fall back on protectionism. We hope India will work with us to create a more open,equitable set of opportunities for trade between our nations."[37]

In June 2009, United States provided diplomatic help in successfully pushing through aUS$2.9 billion loan sponsored by the Asian Development Bank, despite considerableopposition from the People's Republic of China.[38]

[edit] Strategic and military relations

U.S Army and Indian Army soldiers during opening ceremony ofYudh Abhyas 2010 inAlaska.
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"As part of thatstrategy, we[India and U.S.]should expand our

broader securityrelationship andincreasecooperation oncounterterrorismand intelligencesharing."

Hillary Clinton, United States

Secretary of State[37]

In March 2009, the Obama administration cleared the US$2.1 billion sale of eightP-8Poseidons to India, the largest military deal between the two countries.[39]

India expressed its concerns that Obama administration's non-military aid to Pakistan will notbe used for counter-insurgency, but for building up its military against India. [40] However,Robert Blake, assistant secretary of Bureau of South and Central Asian Affairs, said that thePakistani Government was increasingly focused at fighting the Taliban insurgency andexpressed hope that the people of India would "support and agree with what we are trying todo".[31]

Concerns were raised in India that the Obama administration was delaying the full

implementation of the Indo-U.S. Nuclear Deal.[41] The Obama administration has alsostrongly advocated for the strengthening of theComprehensive Test Ban Treatyand has

pressurized India to sign the agreement. India's special envoy,Shyam Saran, "warned" theUnited States that India would continue to oppose any such treaty as it was "discriminatory".[42] In June 2009, U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton said that the Obama administrationwas "fully committed" to the Indo-U.S. civil nuclear agreement.[43]

U.S. Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of StaffMike Mullenencouraged stronger military tiesbetween India and the United States and said that "India has emerged as an increasinglyimportant strategic partner [of the U.S.]".[44] U.S. Undersecretary of StateWilliam JosephBurns said, "Never has there been a moment when India and America mattered more to each

other."[45]

[edit] 2010 visit by President Obama

Main article: Barack Obama's visit to India

In November 2010 Obama became the second U.S. President after Richard Nixon (in 1969)to undertake a visit to India in his first term in office. On November 8 Obama became the 2ndU.S. President ever to address ajoint session of theParliament of India. In a major policyshift Obama declared U.S. support for India'spermanent membership ofUnited Nations

Security Council.[46]

Calling India-U.S. relationship a defining partnership of 21st century healso announced removal of export control restrictions on several Indian companies and
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concluded trade deals worth $10 billion which are expected to create 50,000 jobs in the U.S.during this visit.[47]

IndiaRussia relations

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation,search

This article needs additional citationsforverification.Please help improve this articleby adding reliable references. Unsourced material may bechallenged

and removed. (February 2009)India-Russian relations
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India Russia

Indian Prime MinisterManmohan Singh with Russian President Dmitry Medvedev at the2008 G8 Summit in Hokkaido.

India-Russian relations refers to thebilateral relations between the Republic of Indiaandthe Russian Federation. During theCold War, India and the Soviet Union enjoyed a strong

strategic, military, economic and diplomatic relationship. After the collapse of the USSR,India improved its relations with the West but it continued its close relations with Russia.India is the second largest market for the Russian arms industry. In 2004, more than 70% ofthe Indian Military's hardware came from Russia, making Russia the chief supplier of arms.[1]

India has an embassy in Moscow and 2 Consulates-General (in Saint PetersburgandVladivostok). Russia has an embassy inNew Delhi and 4 Consulates-General (in Chennai,Hyderabad, Kolkata, Mumbai). Since 2000 and the visit ofVladimir Putinin India there have

been an Indo-Russian Strategic Partnership.

Contents

[hide]

1 Country comparison 2 Soviet Union and India 3 Soviet active measures in India 4 Russia and India

o 4.1 Military relations


o 4.3 Cooperation in the Energy sector

o 4.4 Space Cooperation

o 4.5 Science and Technologyo 4.6 North-South Transport Corridor
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o 4.7 Cooperation in the sphere of Culture

o 4.8 Terrorism

5 Nuclear Deals 6 See also 7 External links

8 References

[edit] Country comparison

India Russian Federation

Population 1,171,000,000 142,008,838

Area 3,287,240 km (1,269,210 sq mi) 17,075,400 km (6,592,800 sq mi)

Population

Density356/km (922/sq mi) 8.3/km (21.5/sq mi)

Capital New Delhi Moscow

Largest CityMumbai - 13,922,125(21,347,412 Metro)

Moscow - 10,524,400 (14,837,510 Metro)

GovernmentFederalparliamentaryconstitutional republic

Federalsemi-presidentialrepublic

Official

languages

22 official languages includingHindi andEnglish[2]

[3]

Russian

Main religions

80% Hinduism, 13.4% Islam,

2.3% Christianity, 1.9%Sikhism, 0.8% Buddhism, 0.4%Jainism

63% Russian Orthodox, 16% non-

Religious, 12% Agnostic, 6% Islam, 1%Buddhism, 1%Roman Catholic, 1%Protestant, 1% Judaism,

GDP (nominal)$1.236 trillion ($1,016percapita)

$1.229 trillion ($8,693 per capita)

Military

expenditures$32.7 billion (FY 2009-10)[4] $39.6 billion (FY 2009)[5]

[edit] Soviet Union and India

A cordial relationship with India that began in the 1950s represented the most successful ofthe Soviet attempts to foster closer relations with Third World countries. The relationship

began with a visit by Indian prime ministerJawaharlal Nehruto the Soviet Union in June1955 and Khrushchev's return trip to India in the fall of 1955. While in India, Khrushchevannounced that the Soviet Union supported Indian sovereignty over the disputed territory ofthe Kashmir region and over Portuguese coastal enclaves.

The Soviet relationship with India rankled the Chinese and contributed to Sino-Soviet enmityduring the Khrushchev period. The Soviet Union declared its neutrality during the 1959

border dispute and the Indo-China warof 1962, although the Chinese strongly objected. TheSoviet Union gave India substantial economic and military assistance during the Khrushchev

period, and by 1960 India had received more Soviet assistance than China had. This disparitybecame another point of contention in Sino-Soviet relations. In 1962 the Soviet Union agreed
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to transfer technology to coproduce the MiG-21 jet fighter in India, which the Soviet Unionhad earlier denied to China.

In 1965 the Soviet Union served successfully as peace broker between India and Pakistanafter an Indian-Pakistani border war. The Soviet chairman of the Council of Ministers, Alexei

Kosygin, met with representatives of India and Pakistan and helped them negotiate an end tothe military conflict overKashmir.

In 1971 the formerEast Pakistan region initiated an effort to secede from its political unionwith West Pakistan. India supported the secession and, as a guarantee against possibleChinese entrance into the conflict on the side of West Pakistan, signed a treaty of friendshipand cooperation with the Soviet Union in August 1971. In December, India entered theconflict and ensured the victory of the secessionists and the establishment of the new state ofBangladesh.

Relations between the Soviet Union and India did not suffer much during the rightist Janata

Party's coalition government in the late 1970s, although India did move to establish bettereconomic and military relations with Western countries. To counter these efforts by India todiversify its relations, the Soviet Union proffered additional weaponry and economicassistance.

During the 1980s, despite the 1984 assassination by Sikh extremists of Prime Minister IndiraGandhi, the mainstay of cordial Indian-Soviet relations, India maintained a close relationshipwith the Soviet Union. Indicating the high priority of relations with the Soviet Union inIndian foreign policy, the new Indian prime minister, Rajiv Gandhi, visited the Soviet Unionon his first state visit abroad in May 1985 and signed two long-term economic agreementswith the Soviet Union. In turn, Gorbachev's first visit to a Third World state was his meetingwith Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi in New Delhi in late 1986. Gorbachev unsuccessfullyurged Gandhi to help the Soviet Union set up an Asian collective security system.Gorbachev's advocacy of this proposal, which had also been made by Brezhnev, was anindication of continuing Soviet interest in using close relations with India as a means ofcontaining China. With the improvement of Sino-Soviet relations in the late 1980s,containing China had less of a priority, but close relations with India remained important asan example of Gorbachev's new Third World policy.

[edit] Soviet active measures in India

See also: Active measures and Russian influence operations

Defectors and smuggled documents have revealed how the KGB manipulated Indian society.

Active Measures (Russian: ) were a form of political warfareconducted by the Sovietsecurity services (Cheka, OGPU,NKVD,KGB) to influence thecourse of world events, "in addition to collecting intelligence and producing politicallycorrect assessment of it".[6]Active measures ranged "from media manipulations tospecialactions involving various degree of violence". They were used both abroad and domestically.They included disinformation,propaganda, counterfeiting official documents,assassinations,

andpolitical repression, such as penetration of churches, and persecution of politicaldissidents.[6] Active measures included the establishment and support of international front
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We are confident that India lives in the hearts of every Russian. In the same way, I can assureyou that Russia also lives in our souls as a Homeland, as people who share our emotions, ourfeelings of mutual respect and constant friendship. Long live our friendship!

Pratibha Patil, about relations with Russia[12]

[edit] Military relations

The Prime Minister of India, in collaboration with External Affairs Ministry, handles keyforeign policy decisions. Shown here is the current Prime Minister, Manmohan Singh withthe formerPresident of Russia, Vladimir Putin.

Defence relations between India and the Russian Federation have a historical perspective.Russia has been an important supplier of defence goods for several decades. Today, thecooperation is not limited to a buyer-seller relationship but includes joint research anddevelopment, training, service to service contacts, including joint exercises. The last jointnaval exercises took place in April 2007 in the Sea of Japan and joint airborne exercises wereheld in September 2007 in Russia.

There is an Inter-Governmental commission on military-technical cooperation co-chaired bythe two Defence Ministers. The Seventh session of this Inter-Governmental Commission washeld in October 2007 in Moscow. During the visit, an Agreement on joint development and

production of prospective multi role fighters was signed between the two countries.

IndiaRussia original co-operation agreement was signed in December 1988. It has seen thetrade of a multitude of defence equipment to India and also the emergence of that country asa development partner as opposed to purely a buyer. Two programmes that evidence thisapproach are the projects to form Indian-Russian joint ventures to develop and produce the

Fifth Generation Fighter Aircraft(FGFA) and the Multirole Transport Aircraft (MTA).

Deba R Mohanty, a senior fellow in security studies at the New Delhi-based ObserverResearch Foundation, told Jane's on 13 October that the original co-operation agreement haslaid a "very solid foundation" for India to develop further as a development partner.

He added: "The mutual benefits are clear: India can acquire modern platforms andtechnologies while Russia gains access to India's growing defence market." [13]

India and Russia have several major joint military programs such as those mentioned below:

BrahMos cruise missile program INS Vikramaditya aircraft carrier program
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5th generation fighter jet program Sukhoi Su-30MKIprogram (230+ to be built by Hindustan Aeronautics) Ilyushin/HAL Tactical Transport Aircraft

Additionally, India has purchased/leased several military hardware from Russia:

T-90S Bhishmaprogram. (1000+ to be built in India) Akula-II nuclear submarine (2 to be leased with an option to buy them when the lease

expires) Tu-22M3 bombers (4 ordered) US$900 million upgrade ofMiG-29 Mil Mi-17 (80 ordered) Ilyushin Il-76 Candid (6 ordered to fit IsraeliPhalcon radar)

Russia's MiG-35 is competing in the Indian MRCA Competition and is considered to be thefront-runner for the winning bid, given India's already, largely Russian-built air force. The

Farkhor Air Basein Tajikistan is currently jointly operated by India and Russia.


Indian and Russian diplomats holding talks at Hyderabad House inNew Delhi.

Bilateral trade turnover is modest and stood at US $ 3 bn in 2006-07, out of which IndianExports to Russia were valued at US $ 908 mn. Main Indian exports to Russia are

pharmaceuticals; tea, coffee & spices; apparel & clothing; edible preparations; andengineering goods. Main Indian imports from Russia are iron and steel; fertilizers; non-ferrous metals; paper products; coal, coke & briquettes; cereals; and rubber. Indo-Russiantrade is expected to reach US$10 billion by 2010.

The India-Russia Inter-Governmental Commission on Trade, Economic, Scientific,Technological and Cultural Cooperation (IRIGC) has had 13 sessions so far and is co-chaired

by the External Affairs Minister from the Indian side and a Deputy Prime Minister from theRussian side. There are six Joint Working Groups [WG] under the IRIGC, namely, WG onTrade and Economy [trade and financial matters], WG on Energy [oil and gas, thermal andhydel power, non-conventional energy], WG on Metallurgy and Mining [steel, non-ferrousmetal, coal], WG on Science & Technology; WG on Communication and InformationTechnology; and WG on Culture and Tourism. The 13th of the IRIGC was held in Moscowon 12 October 2007.

The two countries have set-up India-Russia Forum on Trade and Investment at the level of

the two Commerce Ministers to promote trade, investment and economic cooperation. Thefirst Forum was held inNew Delhion 1213 February 2007 which was attended by the
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india bilateral relation

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