india after the fall of the gupta dynasty invasion of white huns from central asia beginning 451 ad...
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India after the Fall of The Gupta Dynasty
• Invasion of White Huns from Central Asia beginning 451 AD
• Gupta State collapsed mid-6th c.
• Chaos in northern India– Local power struggles– Invasions of Turkish nomads, absorbed into
Indian society
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King Harsha (r. 606-648 AD)
• Temporary restoration of unified rule in north India
• Religiously tolerant– Buddhist by faith
• Generous support for poor
• Patron of the arts– Wrote three plays
• Assassinated, no successor able to retain control
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Harsha's empire at its greatest extent.
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Introduction of Islam to Northern India
• Arabs conquer Sind (north-west India), 711
• Sind stood at the fringe of the Islamic world
• Heterodox population, but held by Abbasid dynasty to 1258
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Merchants and Islam
• Arabic trade with India predates Islam
• Dominated trade between India and the west to 15th century
• Established local communities in India– Port city of Cambay
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Mahmud of Ghazni
• Leader of the Turks in Afghanistan
• Raids into India, 1001-1027
• Plunders, destroys Hindu and Buddhist temples– Often builds mosques
atop ruins
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The Sultanate of Delhi
• Consolidation of Mahmud’s raiding territory
• Capital: Delhi
• Ruled northern India 1206-1526
• Weak administrative structure– Reliance on cooperation of Hindu kings
• 19 out of 35 Sultans assassinated
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Historical map of the Delhi sultanate
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Hindu Kingdoms of Southern India
• Chola Kingdom, 850-1267– Maritime power– Not highly centralized
• Kingdom of Vijayanagar– Mid-fourteenth century -
1565– Northern Deccan– Originally supported by
Sultanate of Delhi– Leaders renounce Islam in
1336– Yet maintain relations with
Sultantate
Major states of Postclassical India 600-1600 AD
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Agriculture in the Monsoon World
• Spring/summer: rains, wind from south-west
• Fall/winter: dry season, wind from north-east
• Seasonal irrigation crucial to avoid drought, famine– Especially southern India
• Massive construction of reservoirs, canals, tunnels
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The trading world of the Indian Ocean basin, 600-1600 AD
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Population Growth in India
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
600 AD 800 AD 1000 AD 1500 AD
Millions
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Trade and Economic Development in Southern India
• Indian regional economies largely self-sufficient
• Certain products traded throughout subcontinent– Iron, copper, salt, pepper
• Southern India profits from political instability in north
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Temples and Indian Society
• More than religious centers
• Center of coordination of irrigation, other agricultural work– Some Temples had large landholdings
• Education providers
• Banking services
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Cross-Cultural Trade in the Indian Ocean Basin
• Trade increases in post-classical period• Larger ships
– Dhows, junks
• Improved organization of agricultural efforts• Establishment of Emporia
– Cosmopolitan port cities serve as warehouses for trade
• Specialized products developed (cotton, high-carbon steel)
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The Kingdom of Axum
• Example of trade-driven development
• Founded in the highlands of northern Ethiopia about 1st c. AD– Adopted Christianity
• Displaces Kush as Egyptian link to the south– Axum destroys Kushan capital Meroë c. 360
AD– Major territorial expansion to late 6th c.
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The Kingdom of Axum (Aksum)
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Obelisk at Axum
Stone obelisk towers served to mark graves or represent a magnificent building.
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Challenges to Caste and Society
• Migrations• Growth of Islam• Urbanization• Economic development
– Development of Jati (subcastes)– Similar to worker’s guilds
• Caste system expands from north to south• Promoted by Temples, educational system
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Decline of Buddhism
• Buddhism displaced as Turkish invasions destroy holy sites, temples
• 1196 Muslim forces destroy library of Nalanda– Thousands of monks exiled
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Development of Hinduism
• Growth of devotional cults– Esp. Vishnu, Shiva
• Promise of salvation
• Especially popular in southern India, spreads to north
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Images of Vishnu From Around the World
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Images of Shiva From Around the World
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Devotional Philosophers
• Shankara, Brahmin philosopher of 9th c. AD– Devotee of Shiva– Synthesized Hindu writings in Platonic form– Preferred rigorous logical analysis to
emotional devotion• Ramanuja, Brahmin philosopher 11th-early
12th c.– Challenges Shankara’s emphasis on intellect– Laid philosophical foundations of
contemporary Hinduism
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Conversion to Islam
• 25 million converts by 1500 (1/4 of total population)
• Possibilities of social advancement for lower-caste Hindus– Rarely achieved: whole castes or jatis
convert, social status remains consistent
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Sufis
• Personal, emotional, devotional approaches to Islam
• Important missionaries of Islam to India
• Some flexibility regarding local customs
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The Bhakti Movement
• Attempt to bring Hinduism and Islam closer together
• 12th c. southern Hindu movement, spread to north
• Guru Kabir (1440-1518)– Taught that Shiva, Vishnu, Allah all
manifestations of one Deity– Largely unsuccessful
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Indian Influence in Southeast Asia
• Influence dates from 500 BC
• Evidence of Indian ideas and traditions– Kingship– Religions (Hinduism, Buddhism)– Literature
• Caste system not as influential
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Early States of Southeast Asia
• Funan– Lower Mekong River,
1st-6th c. AD
• Kingdom of Srivijaya– Centered in Sumatra,
670-1025 AD
• Kingdom of Angkor– Cambodia, 889-1431
AD– Magnificent religious
city complexes
Early states of southeast Asia: Funan and
Srivijaya, 100-1025 AD
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. Later states of Southeast Asia: Angkor, Singosari, and Majapahit, 889 – 1520 AD
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Islam in Southeast Asia
• Early populations of Muslim traders
• Increasing popularity with Sufi activity
• Many convert, retain some Hindu or Buddhist traditions
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State of Melaka
• Founded late 14th c. AD by rebellious prince of Sumatra
• Dominated maritime trade routes
• Mid-15th c. converts to Islam