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Indexing Indexing LLanguagesanguages ––DDevelopmentevelopment and and MMaintenanceaintenance

Meeting of the Pilot Group of the Ad hoc Group of the Meeting of the Pilot Group of the Ad hoc Group of the LocarnoLocarno UnionUnion

1010thth MarchMarch 2009, 2009, PraPraguegue, C, Czechzech RepublicRepublic

Peter Pálka Peter Pálka andand Linda Linda SkolkováSkolkováInstitute Institute ofof InformationInformation StudiesStudies andand LibrarianshipLibrarianship, , FacultyFaculty

ofof ArtsArts, Charles University, , Charles University, PraguePraguehttp:http://uisk.ff.cuni.cz///uisk.ff.cuni.cz/

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IntroductionIntroductionItIt isis necessarynecessary to to considerconsider design (design (especiallyespeciallyindustrialindustrial design) a design) a veryvery importantimportant fieldfield ofof humanhumanactivityactivity..

Design Design isis beneficialbeneficial bothboth for for thethe manufacturermanufacturerandand thethe useruser..

So So thethe contributionscontributions ofof itsits authorsauthors mustmust bebeprotectedprotected (no (no mattermatter whowho ownsowns thethecontributionscontributions).).

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DefiningDefining industrialindustrial designdesignThereThere isis a a numbernumber ofof industrialindustrial design design definitionsdefinitionswhichwhich focusfocus primarilyprimarily on on thethe authorauthor approach approach rather than covering a whole range of issuesrather than covering a whole range of issues..

Let us use the following Let us use the following definiciondefinicion (by prof. ing. (by prof. ing. arch. Jaromíra arch. Jaromíra ŠimoníkováŠimoníková, , PhD.,PhD., fromfrom MendelMendelUniversity University ofof AgricultureAgriculture andand ForestryForestry in Brno):in Brno):

IndustrialIndustrial design design isis a a creativecreative fieldfield attemptingattempting atatreachingreaching thethe optimaloptimal utility utility andand estheticesthetic featuresfeatures ofofproductsproducts whilewhile respectingrespecting thethe technologicaltechnological andandeconomiceconomic possibilitiespossibilities ofof thethe society. society.

Source: ŠIMONÍKOVÁ, Jarmila. Počátek uplatnění zásad moderního designu v oboru nábytku : vývoj základních tvarů Thonetova nábytku z ohýbaného dřeva 1830-1930. Praha, 1979. 2 vol. Dissertation. Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences. Institute for Theory and History of Arts.

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Technology Technology oror art?art?

TheThe discussiondiscussion aboutabout whetherwhether industrialindustrialdesign design isis more a more a technologicaltechnological oror artisticartisticfieldfield isis not not –– fromfrom thethe point point ofof viewview ofof ourourinterestinterest –– productiveproductive..

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ProtectionProtection ofof authorauthors’ rightss’ rights

Approaches to the protection of authors’ rights are not Approaches to the protection of authors’ rights are not identical in all countries.identical in all countries.

The protection is based on The protection is based on Berne Convention for the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic WorksProtection of Literary and Artistic Works fromfrom 1886 1886 whichwhichwaswas subsequentlysubsequently revisedrevised a a numbernumber ofof timestimes((http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/berne/trtdocs_wo001.hhttp://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/berne/trtdocs_wo001.htmltml).).

In many In many countriescountries ((especiallyespecially developingdeveloping coucntriescoucntries) ) thetherightsrights are not are not rigorouslyrigorously respectedrespected oror respectedrespected atat allall. .

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WorldWorld IntellectualIntellectual PropertyProperty OrganizationOrganization

WorldWorld IntellectualIntellectual PropertyProperty OrganizationOrganization (WIPO), (WIPO), nownow basedbased in in GenevaGeneva, , SwitzerlandSwitzerland, , waswas set set upupin Stockholm, in Stockholm, SwedenSweden, in , in JulyJuly 1967 1967 andandoperatesoperates fromfrom AprilApril 1970.1970.

WIPOWIPO’s predecessor was the United ’s predecessor was the United International International BureauxBureaux for the Protection of for the Protection of Intellectual Property.Intellectual Property.

URL: URL: http://wipo.int/http://wipo.int/

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WIPOWIPO’s ’s purposepurpose

WIPO’sWIPO’s purposepurpose is to support worldwide is to support worldwide intellectual intellectual propertproperty y protectionprotection andand ensureensurecooperationcooperation amongamong secretariatssecretariats createdcreatedon on thethe basis basis ofof variousvarious agreementsagreements..

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IndustrialIndustrial propertyproperty

PropertyProperty relatedrelated to to thethe productproduct

PropertyProperty relatedrelated to to thethe markmark

PropertyProperty relatedrelated to to industrialindustrial designsdesigns

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IndustrialIndustrial designdesign

IndustrialIndustrial design design isis typicallytypically a a resultresult ofofsystematicsystematic creativecreative effortsefforts to to createcreate ananobjectobject withwith a a distinctivedistinctive shapeshape ((andandfeaturesfeatures).).

DefinitionsDefinitions andand rightsrights maymay vary vary countrycountryfromfrom countrycountry..

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Example Example –– CzechCzech RepublicRepublic

„„[[II]]ndustrialndustrial design means the appearance of the design means the appearance of the whole or a part of a product resulting from the whole or a part of a product resulting from the features of, in particular, the lines, contours, features of, in particular, the lines, contours, colourscolours, shape, texture and/or materials of the , shape, texture and/or materials of the product itself and/or its ornamentation,product itself and/or its ornamentation,““„„[[P]roductP]roduct means any industrial of handicraft means any industrial of handicraft item, including parts intended to be assembled item, including parts intended to be assembled into a complex product, packaging, getinto a complex product, packaging, get--up, up, graphic symbol and typographic typefaces, graphic symbol and typographic typefaces, except computer programsexcept computer programs,“,“

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ExampleExample –– CzechCzech RepublicRepublic

„„An industrial design shall be protected, if An industrial design shall be protected, if it is new and has individual character.it is new and has individual character.““

SourceSource: : ACT No. 207/2000 ACT No. 207/2000 CollColl. . ofof 21 June 2000, on 21 June 2000, on thetheProtectionProtection ofof IndustrialIndustrial DesignsDesigns andand thethe AmendmentAmendment to to ActAct No. No. 527/1990 527/1990 CollColl., on ., on InventionsInventions, , IndustrialIndustrial DesignsDesigns andandRationalisationRationalisation ProposalsProposals, as , as amendedamended [online]. Prague [online]. Prague : : IndustrialIndustrial PropertyProperty OfficeOffice [cit. 2009[cit. 2009--0202--2323]]. . 17 p. 17 p. URL: URL: <<http://isdvapl.upv.cz/pls/portal30/docs/FOLDER/PDF_DOKUMEhttp://isdvapl.upv.cz/pls/portal30/docs/FOLDER/PDF_DOKUMENTY/ZAKONY/207_2000_A.PDFNTY/ZAKONY/207_2000_A.PDF>.>.

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ImitationsImitations

ImitationsImitations are:are:

consciousconscious ((casescases whenwhen peoplepeople are are awareaware ofofthethe factfact theythey imitateimitate andand actact illegallyillegally on on purposepurpose), ),

oror uncounsciousuncounscious ((casescases whenwhen peoplepeople are are not not awareaware ofof itit becausebecause ofof lacklack ofof informationinformation).).

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PlagiariusPlagiarius AwardAward

BesidesBesides legallegal actionaction, , somesome organizationsorganizationsalsoalso taketake otherother actionsactions –– awardaward prizesprizes --thethe exampleexample isis PlagiariusPlagiarius AwardAward in in GermanyGermany..

URL: URL: http://www.plagiarius.com/e_index.htmlhttp://www.plagiarius.com/e_index.html

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InformationInformation as a as a necessarynecessary prerequisiteprerequisite

In In orderorder to to protectprotect authorauthor andand industrialindustrial rightsrights to to industrialindustrial designsdesigns efficientlyefficiently informationinformation isisnecessarynecessary andand indispensableindispensable as as wellwell as as thethepossibilitypossibility to to searchsearch for for themthem in such a in such a wayway thatthatguaranteesguarantees completenesscompleteness (a 100(a 100% recall% recall) ) andanduse.use.

InformationInformation lossloss isis more more seriousserious thanthan informationinformationnoisenoise (more risky, (more risky, legallegal consequencesconsequences).).

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Precision vs. recall in an ideal worldPrecision vs. recall in an ideal world

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Precision vs. recall in practicePrecision vs. recall in practice

Source: PAPÍK, Richard. VYHLEDÁVÁNÍ INFORMACÍ I. UMĚNÍ ČI VĚDA?Národní knihovna [online]. 2001, č. 1, pp. 18-25 [2009-02-23]. URL: <http://full.nkp.cz/nkkr/NKKR0101/0101018.html>. ISSN 1214-0678.

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InformationInformation processingprocessing –– indexingindexing --researchresearch

IndustrialIndustrial propertyproperty applicationsapplications serve as a serve as a basicbasicsourcesource ofof informationinformation..

TheThe firstfirst obstacleobstacle isis encounteredencountered whenwhen theythey are are indexedindexed as as therethere isis a a highhigh risk risk ofof subjectivitysubjectivity on on thethe sideside ofof thethe indexerindexer andand thereforetherefore alsoalsounavoidableunavoidable informationinformation losseslosses whilewhile performingperformingsearchsearch ((conductingconducting researchresearch). ). TheThe subjectivitysubjectivity isisalsoalso presentpresent on on thethe userusers’ side.s’ side.

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Demands on Demands on thethe systemsystem andand itsits usersusers

DemandsDemands on on knowledgeknowledge organizationorganizationsystems:systems:

AnAn idealideal knowledgeknowledge organizationorganization systemsystemshould:should:

bebe easyeasy to to understandunderstand ((useruser--friendlyfriendly),),allowallow onlyonly thethe rightright indexingindexing ((optimallyoptimally fromfrommultiplemultiple pointspoints ofof viewview),),andand, , atat thethe samesame timetime, , bebe currentcurrent..

Don’t forget Don’t forget the users the users --> TARGET GROUPS > TARGET GROUPS ((professionalsprofessionals, , laymenlaymen, , bothboth?)?)

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ExistingExisting knowledgeknowledge organizationorganizationsystemssystems

CurrentlyCurrently, , severalseveral systemssystems are are availableavailablewhichwhich cancan bebe usedused to to organizeorganize industrialindustrialdesignsdesigns ((orderedordered fromfrom specializedspecialized to to generalgeneral systemssystems):):

Locarno Locarno ClassificationClassification ((International International Classification for Industrial Designs under the Classification for Industrial Designs under the LocarnoLocarno AgreementAgreement))

URL: URL: http://www.wipo.int/classifications/locarno/en/http://www.wipo.int/classifications/locarno/en/

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Patent Patent classificationsclassifications

InternationalInternational Patent Patent ClassificationClassificationURL: URL: http://www.wipo.int/classifications/ipc/en/http://www.wipo.int/classifications/ipc/en/

VariousVarious nationalnational patent patent classificationsclassifications, e.g., , e.g., UnitedUnited StatesStates Patent Patent ClassificationClassification

URL: URL: http://www.uspto.gov/go/classification/http://www.uspto.gov/go/classification/

OtherOther classificationsclassifications, e.g. , e.g. DerwentDerwent WorldWorld Patent Patent Index Index ClassificatonClassificaton SystemSystem

URL: URL: http://scientific.thomsonreuters.com/support/patents/dhttp://scientific.thomsonreuters.com/support/patents/dwpiref/reftools/classification/wpiref/reftools/classification/

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MarkMark classificationsclassifications

InternationalInternational ClassificationClassification ofof GoodsGoods andandServicesServices (Nice (Nice ClassificationClassification))

URL: URL: http://www.http://www.wipowipo..intint//classificationsclassifications//nivilonivilo/nice/index./nice/index.hthtmm

InternationalInternational ClassificationClassification ofof thetheFigurativeFigurative ElementsElements ofof MarksMarks ((ViennaViennaClassificationClassification))

URL: URL: http://http://www.wipo.int/classifications/nivilo/vienna/index.www.wipo.int/classifications/nivilo/vienna/index.htmhtm

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UniversalUniversal classificationsclassifications

LibraryLibrary ofof CongressCongress ClassificationClassificationURL: URL: http://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/lcco/http://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/lcco/

DeweyDewey DecimalDecimal ClassificationClassification::URL: URL: http://www.oclc.org/dewey/http://www.oclc.org/dewey/

UniversalUniversal DecimalDecimal ClassificationClassification::URL: URL: http://www.udcc.org/http://www.udcc.org/

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WhichWhich ofof these to these to choosechoose??

NoneNone ofof thethe aboveabove mentionedmentioned knowledgeknowledgeorganizationorganization systemssystems isis fullyfully suitablesuitable for for ourour purposespurposes..

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MainMain drawbacksdrawbacks

Single point Single point ofof viewview

SubjectivitySubjectivity –– whichwhich thenthen leadsleads to to informationinformationlossloss

EnumerationEnumeration –– eveneven classificationsclassifications whichwhich tendtend to to bebe enumerativeenumerative are are nevernever completecomplete --> classes > classes like like OthersOthers, , MiscellaneaMiscellanea, , etcetc.. ((eveneven in Locarno in Locarno ClassificationClassification) )

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FeaturesFeatures ofof anan optimaloptimal knowledgeknowledgeorganizationorganization systemsystem

Such a Such a systemsystem shouldshould::ggo into enough detailo into enough detail,,ccontainontain references references ((includingincluding imageimage referencesreferences),),havehave strongstrong indexingindexing rulesrules ((whichwhich limit limit indexingindexing errors; errors; assignment of one class vs. assignment of six classes; results oassignment of one class vs. assignment of six classes; results of f Cranfield experiments),Cranfield experiments),bebe sophisticatedsophisticated enoughenough soso thatthat itit providesprovides tenstens ofof hitshits ((resultsresults) ) atat maximum,maximum,periodicallyperiodically updatedupdated –– extensibleextensible / hospitable/ hospitable / flexible/ flexible –– in in compliancecompliance withwith updatingupdating//maintenancemaintenance rulesrules,,havehave a a communitycommunity ofof usersusers whowho cooperatecooperate, , provideprovide feedbackfeedbackandand help to help to developdevelop thethe systemsystem (e.g. via (e.g. via anan electronicelectronic discussiondiscussionforum forum –– eveneven in in socialsocial networksnetworks such as such as FaceBookFaceBook, a , a mailingmailinglist)list)

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Possible solutionsPossible solutionsChangChanginging in in currentlcurrently y usedused knowledgeknowledgeorganizationorganization systemsystem –– Locarno Locarno ClassificationClassification

UsingUsing facetsfacets andand categoriescategories

IndexingIndexing rulesrules

ValidatingValidating indexesindexes –– usingusing masksmasks, , classesclasses, , categoriescategories etcetc. as . as authoritiesauthorities

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PossiblePossible solutionssolutionsUsingUsing semisemi--automaticautomatic indexingindexing

UsingUsing contentcontent--basedbased imageimage retrievalretrieval(CBIR) as a (CBIR) as a supportingsupporting tooltool (not as (not as thetheONLY ONLY tooltool duedue to to thethe experimentalexperimental naturenatureofof CBIR)CBIR)

UsingUsing shapeshape ((imageimage) ) alphabetalphabet

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ShapesShapes

Source: Ottagono : rivista trimestrale di architetturaarredamento industrial design. Settembre 1971, anno 6. 22.

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ShapesShapes

Source: Nábytek z ohýbaného dřeva : ze sbírek Okresního vlastivědného muzea ve Vsetíně. Vsetín : Okresní vlastivědné muzeum, 1989. 62 pp. + annex.

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ShapesShapes

Source: Ottagono : rivista trimestrale di architetturaarredamento industrial design. Settembre 1971, anno 6. 22.

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ReRe--indexingindexing

TwoTwo optionsoptions whenwhen a a newnew systemsystem isisintroducedintroduced::

ReRe--indexingindexing allall itemsitems in in thethe databasedatabase usingusingthethe newnew systemsystem (in (in somesome casescases automatedautomatedprocessingprocessing cancan bebe appliedapplied butbut itit typicallytypically doesdoesnot not workwork in in allall cases)cases)UsingUsing thethe newnew systemsystem for for newlynewly insertedinserteditemsitems onlyonly

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PracticalPractical aspectsaspects ofof reindexingreindexing

Let us count say ten minutes as an average time to index one industrialdesign (some designs can take more time to index, some less).

Therefore, one indexer can re-index approx. 50 industrial designs per day.

It is real to count with approx. 200 work days in a year.

This means one highly skilled indexer can re-index approx. 10,000 industrial designs per year.

If the European database consists of approx. 400,000 records representingindustrial designs, then the work can be performed in a single year providedthat 40 indexers work on the task full-time.

So the question is: Is it feasible?

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StandardsStandards

TheThe use use ofof standardsstandards isis crucialcrucial for for successfulsuccessfulautomatedautomated data data exchangeexchange amongamong variousvariousinformationinformation systemssystems..

ExamplesExamples::SKOS SKOS –– SimpleSimple KnowledgeKnowledge OrganizationOrganization SystemSystem

URL: URL: http://www.w3.org/TR/skoshttp://www.w3.org/TR/skos--primer/primer/MARCMARC 21 Format for 21 Format for AuthoritAuthority Data:y Data:

URL: URL: http://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/ecadhome.htmlhttp://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/ecadhome.htmlMARC 21 MARC 21 FormatFormat for for ClassificationClassification Data:Data:

URL: URL: http://http://www.loc.gov/marc/classification/eccdhome.htmlwww.loc.gov/marc/classification/eccdhome.html

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Data Data validationvalidation

OnceOnce thethe systemsystem isis availableavailable in a in a suitablesuitable formatformatwhichwhich isis not not proprietaryproprietary andand cancan bebe usedused by by more more informationinformation systemssystems, , indexingindexing data data shouldshouldonlyonly bebe chosenchosen fromfrom pullpull--downdown menusmenus ororvalidatedvalidated soso thatthat thethe risk risk ofof errorerror isisminimizedminimized..

SearcherSearcher/user/user alsoalso needneeds to minimas to minimaze ze errorserrorswhilewhile performingperforming thethe searchsearch –– similarsimilar optionsoptionsshouldshould bebe offeredoffered..

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NodeNode labelslabels ((facetfacet indicatorsindicators))

Source: Guidelines for the Construction, Format, and Management of Monolingual Thesauri. [cit. 2009-02-23]. Bethesda (MD, USA) : NISO Press, c2003. xii, 69 p. ANSI/NISO Z39.19 – 2003 (Revision of Z39.19-1980).URL: <http://download.www.techstreet.com/cgi-bin/pdf/free/403963/Z39-19_2003.pdf>. ISBN 1-880124-04-1. ISSN 1041-5653.

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LastLast butbut not not leastleast -- interfacesinterfaces

ExampleExample: : EBSCOhostEBSCOhost platformplatform (EBSCO (EBSCO InformationInformationServicesServices))

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HomepageHomepage

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SearchSearch resultsresults displaydisplay

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ThesaurusThesaurus

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RelationshipsRelationships betweenbetween lexicallexical unitsunits in in thethethesaurusthesaurus

Source: LISTA. EBSCOhost [online]. EBSCO Publishing, [cit. 2009-02-23]. URL: <http://www.libraryresearch.com/>.

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TematresTematres –– a a samplesample openopen--sourcesource tooltoolfor thesaurus for thesaurus creationcreation

((http://www.r020.com.ar/tematres/index.en.htmlhttp://www.r020.com.ar/tematres/index.en.html) )

Source: TemaTres [online]. [cit. 2009-02-23]. URL: <http://213.220.227.200:81/tematres/>.

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TematresTematres –– samplesample export export formatformat (SKOS)(SKOS)

Source: http://213.220.227.200:81/tematres/, downloaded 2009-02-23

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FreeMindFreeMind –– software for software for thethe creationcreation ofofmindmind mapsmaps ((http://freemind.sourceforge.net/http://freemind.sourceforge.net/))

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SelectedSelected resourcesresources -- organizationsorganizationsTheThe AmericanAmerican Society for Society for IndexingIndexing: : http://www.asindexing.org/site/index.htmlhttp://www.asindexing.org/site/index.html

ISKO: ISKO: InternationalInternational Society for Society for KnowledgeKnowledge OrganizationOrganization: : http://www.isko.org/http://www.isko.org/

IFLA IFLA ClassificationClassification andand IndexingIndexing SectionSection: : http://www.ifla.org/VII/s29/index.htmhttp://www.ifla.org/VII/s29/index.htm

NetworkedNetworked KnowledgeKnowledge OrganizationOrganization SystemsSystems/Services/Services: : http://http://nkosnkos..slisslis..kentkent..eduedu//

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SelectedSelected resourcesresources –– indexersindexers andandindexingindexing

ASI ASI IndexerIndexer LocatorLocator: : http://www.http://www.resourcenterresourcenter..netnet//ScriptsScripts/4Disapi7./4Disapi7.dlldll/4DCGI//4DCGI/rresctresctr//searchsearch..htmlhtml

IndexingIndexing EvaluationEvaluation ChecklistChecklist: : http://www.http://www.asindexingasindexing..orgorg//filesfiles/public//public/checklistchecklist--bookbook..pdfpdf

GettingGetting StartedStarted in in IndexingIndexing: : http://www.http://www.asindexingasindexing..orgorg//filesfiles/public//public/gettinggetting__startedstarted_in__in_indexing0604.indexing0604.pdfpdf

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SelectedSelected resourcesresources –– policiespolicies, , bestbestpracticespractices

FrenchFrench NationalNational LibraryLibrary –– indexingindexing policypolicy: : http://www.bnf.fr/pages/version_anglaise/cataloging/pol_ihttp://www.bnf.fr/pages/version_anglaise/cataloging/pol_ind_eng.htmnd_eng.htm

Guide Guide pratiquepratique dudu catalogueurcatalogueur::http://http://guideducatalogueur.bnf.frguideducatalogueur.bnf.fr//

Best practices for subject access to national Best practices for subject access to national bibliographies: interim report by the Working Group on bibliographies: interim report by the Working Group on Guidelines for Subject Access by National Bibliographic Guidelines for Subject Access by National Bibliographic AgenciesAgencies: : http://www.http://www.iflaifla..orgorg/IV/ifla73//IV/ifla73/paperspapers/089/089--BourdonBourdon__LandryLandry--en.en.pdfpdf

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SelectedSelected resourcesresources -- interfacesinterfaces

Online Online CatalogCatalog Design Design ModelsModels: Are : Are WeWe MovingMovingin in thethe RightRight DirectionDirection?: ?: http://www.ou.edu/faculty/H/Charles.R.Hildreth/clhttp://www.ou.edu/faculty/H/Charles.R.Hildreth/clrr--opac.htmlopac.html

Interface to Classification: Some Objectives and Interface to Classification: Some Objectives and Options:Options:http://http://dlistdlist.sir..sir.arizonaarizona..eduedu/1621/01/slavic_E&C28/1621/01/slavic_E&C28..pdfpdf

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SelectedSelected resourcesresources –– gatewaygateway to to otherotherresourcesresources in in thethe fieldfield

SourcesSources ofof InformationInformation in in thethe FieldField ofof KnowledgeKnowledgeOrganizationOrganization: : http://www.http://www.iskoukiskouk..orgorg//linkslinks..htmhtm#STANDARDS#STANDARDS

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ConclusionConclusion

TheThe problemproblem mentionedmentioned isis veryvery complexcomplexandand difficultdifficult to to tackletackle..TheThe optimaloptimal solutionsolution shouldshould havehaveinternationalinternational dimensiondimension..No No formalformal organizationorganization to to solvesolve thetheproblemproblem isis neededneeded (in (in ourour opinionopinion). ). On On thethe otherother handhand, , somesome financialfinancial andandhumanhuman resourcesresources are are necessarynecessary..

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QuestionsQuestions? ?

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Thank Thank youyou for for youryour attentionattention!!

Contact informationContact information::Institute Institute ofof InformationInformation StudiesStudies andand LibrarianshipLibrarianship, , FacultyFaculty ofof ArtsArts, Charles University, , Charles University, PraguePrague((http:http://uisk.ff.cuni.cz///uisk.ff.cuni.cz/), U), U Kříže 8, 158 00 Praha 5 Kříže 8, 158 00 Praha 5 -- JinoniceJinoniceee--mail mail addressesaddresses: :

Linda Linda SkolkováSkolková: : linda.skolkovalinda.skolkova@ff.cuni.cz@ff.cuni.czPeter Peter Pálka: Pálka: peter.palka@ff.cuni.czpeter.palka@ff.cuni.cz