INDEX

Page Date Title

02 24.07.17 Organic waste in Sao Paulo's City: Mangement and

technology

Amanda Cseh

04 Morro Azul community in Rio de Janeiro, new approaches

for the treatment of solid waste

Jaime Massaguer

05 Waste management and climate change: a case study

Lagos metropolis, Nigeria

Omolola Balogun

07 Sustainable management of urban solid waste in the

metropolitan area of Guadalajara

Ixchel Mejia

08 25.07.17 Marine Litter: Problems and Solutions Adegbesan Omotolani

10 IRM to assure energy & biosecurity: a case study of Marine

Litter

Dafne Uscanga-Roldan

12 Effect of marine litter on aquatic life and structure in

coastal waters in the Mediterranean Sea, Egypt

Aalaa Amr

14 Solid waste generation, composition and magement in Paro

Hotel industry

Choni Zangmo

15 Material (waste) sorting, recovery and recycling along

Eleyele Lake

Idowu Kunlere

18 27.07.17 Solid urban waste and climate change: Morro do Bumba

case

Caroline Cabral

19 Land uses on waste dumpingsites after closure Marlus Oliveira

21 Evaluation of enviromental impacts from a municipal dump

after ist deactivation in an industrial city located in Rio de

Janeiro - Brazil

Bruno Setta

23 Keynote: Reducing GHG by recycling Christiane Dias Pereira

24 Waste management and cimate change: Bridging the waste

solutions expertise gap worldwide

Bukunmi John Bamigbegbin

26 Sustainable mangement of municipal solid waste under

changing climate: a case study of Karachi, Pakistan

Salaman Khan

28 31.07.17 Solis waste seperation magement at household level in

Bangkok, Thailand

Anh Ta

30 Waste management system towards Indonesia Green

Building Program

Adek Nuraini Djohar

31 Life cycle based modelling of waste- climate nexus: case of

Bahadir Dar City, Ethiopia

Tilik Tena Wondim

33 Disposable diaper recycling plant in Jalisco, Mexico José de Jesús Castillo Monroy

35 Behavior of asphalt concete with the inserection of pet

bottles

Mieka Arao

ORGANIC WASTE IN SÃO PAULO’S CITY: MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY

Amanda Cseh*, Sylmara L. F. Gonçalves-Dias, University of São Paulo, *amanda.cseh@usp.br

INTRODUCTION

Organic waste represents a big issue for the environment and human health when poorly managed. This is because when they are landfilled they can release greenhouse gases (GHG) such as carbon dioxide and methane (WORLD BANK, 2012). Considered this, waste disposal in landfills is estimated to contribute 5% of total GHG emissions (UNEP, 2011). FAO indicated that 1.7 billion tons of foods are wasted around the world (FAO, 2014) and this fact represents a big challenge worldwide.

This statements shows the pertinence of this study with the topic of Summer School: Waste management and climate change.

After present the introduction above, this study seek to find alternative models (in management and technology) compatible with the Brazilian context for diversion of food waste from landfills and turn they valuable resource in the supply chain and enhance the organic waste management in São Paulo City.

Through a Case Study (YIN, 2001) doing a political-institutional (FLIGSTEIN, MCADAM, 2012) analysis of the current management of organic waste in São Paulo City. Comparing with management models from other countries in Europe Union (EU) and making analysis to identify other possibilities to manage waste, e.g. apply the waste hierarchy proposed by EU Directive Directive 2008/98/EC and Technology (ZABALETA, RODIC, 2015) e.g. composting facilities, anaerobic digestion and mechanical biological treatment (MBT) available in Europe and United States.

PROBLEM DESCRIPTION The management of organic waste is a big environmental problem for Brazilian municipalities, especially large ones such as São Paulo (Fig. 1-a), with population estimated at 12.038.175 inhabitants in 2016 (IBGE, 2017). Organic fraction of waste accounts large proportions - on average 51.2% - among the amount of municipal solid waste in São Paulo City (SÃO PAULO, 2014).

The undifferentiated waste disposal is the most consolidated form of solid waste management in Brazil (SILVA FILHO, OTERO, 2015). Similarly to European countries, where this model also covers a large part of waste management systems (ZABALETA, RODIC, 2015).

In Brazil, waste disposal in landfill has been prevailed since the 1980s when landfills were prioritized due to the cost-benefit they presented to public coffers before other alternatives available at the time (SELUR, 2012). Before the institutionalization of landfills as the mainstream to the waste management, other alternatives for waste in São Paulo City (1960 and 1970) comprised composting plants, sorting plants, incinerators and landfills (SELUR, 2012).

Attempts to divert organic wastes from the ground are still timid against the mainstream of the landfill system.

And the past historic of São Paulo shows that waste management in the city was marked by waves of success and steps back (SELUR, 2012).

But some current initiatives should be highlighted, there are: Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan of São Paulo City (Fig. 1-b), the “Composta São Paulo” (Fig. 1-c) – Project to expanding composting for households, and the recent pilot project called “Feira Limpa” whose aim is the diversion of organic waste generate in street markets and send the segregate waste to a composting yard in the city.

Figure 1*. (a) Location of São Paulo City in Brazil (Case Study); (b) Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan of São Paulo City; (c) picture of composting pilot program in São Paulo City. *reference of figure: (a) http://www.mundodasbandeiras.com.br/estadoshtm/saopaulo.htm (b) http://residuozero.org.br/biblioteca/plano-de-gestao-integrada-de-residuos-solidos-pgirs-da-cidade-de-sao-paulo/ (c) http://www.ecycle.com.br/component/content/article/36/2414-projeto-composta-sao-paulo-visa-a-construcao-de-uma-politica-publica-para-estimular-a-utilizacao-de-composteiras-na-cidade.html

SOCIAL, ECOLOGICAL, ECONOMICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS (STATE OF THE ART / LITERATURE) According to Jacobi (2006) the way a society manage the waste generate reveal the relation between humans and the environment where they live. As mention in introduction, the disposal of organic waste in landfills generates greenhouse gases, being indicated as responsible for 5% of total GHG emissions through the emission of methane and carbon dioxide, among other gases (UNEP, 2011). There is also the generation of the dark liquid originated in the decomposition of the wet residues, called leachate, that infiltrates the soil and reaches the water level, contaminating both (soil and water) (GOUVEIA & PRADO, 2010). About economic effects, UN-Habitat (2016) mentioned that around 30 to 50% of the budgets of the group of countries namely low- and middle-income are annually committed to solid waste management. What represent a largest amount of money spends every year with the issue (WORLD BANK, 2012).

Some international experiences indicates that the engagement of community in waste management is

Case: São Paulo

City

b)

a) c)

6

responsible for changes in the community relationship, facilitating programs of segregation of waste and stimulating the composting for the organic fraction of municipal solid waste, this is observed in Pune, India (UN-Habitat , 2016)

SUGGESTIONS FOR SUITABLE SOLUTIONS

Integrated solid waste management (ISWM) with community participation it is appointed on literature as possible solution for waste management (YATES, GUTBERLET, 2011). A model that comprise and integrated reduction of waste generate, segregation at the source when generate and send fractions of waste to processes such as anaerobic digestion with composting (World Bank, 2012), cooperatives of recyclable packaging and dispose waste in landfills as last option. The big challenge is: how to make this integrated solid waste model works?

EXPECTED OUTCOMES DURING AND AFTER THE SUMMER SCHOOL My expectations during the Summer School are discussions about solid waste management and innovative technologies to recovery waste as a resource (valuable). Besides, I expect contributions to enhance my research of state of arte of organic waste management during the lectures session and share the Brazilian current context waste management with the Summer School’s audience. After the Summer School some of my expectations are bring back to my country important international contributions to enhance the waste management and disseminating the outcomes of lectures and discussions within the research groups which I am a member, as well as disseminating through civil society and authorities of my country. REFERENCES FAO (2014). Mitigation of food wastage – societal costs and benefits. Food and Agriculture Organizations of United Nation. E-ISBN 978-92-5-108511-0, 59p. Fligstein, N, Mcadam, D. (2012). A Theory of Fields. Oxford University Press. New York, United States, pp. 253. Gouveia, N, Prado, R. (2010). Riscos à saúde em áreas próximas a aterros de resíduos sólidos urbanos. Revista Saúde Pública, vol. 44 (5) pp. 859-866. IBGE. Portal Cidades: São Paulo (website). Available in: <http://cidades.ibge.gov.br/xtras/perfil.php?lang=&codmun=355030&search=sao-paulo|sao-paulo|infograficos:-informacoes-completas >. Access in 05 april 2017.

Jacobi, P. (2006) Introdução in Gestão compartilhada dos resíduos sólidos no Brasil: inovação com inclusão social. JACOBI, Pedro (Org.). Ed. Annablume. São Paulo. pp. 164.

São Paulo (city) (2014). Plano de Gestão Integrada de Resíduos Sólidos (PGIRS) da cidade de São Paulo. Prefeitura da cidade de São Paulo. Secretaria de serviços. São Paulo, pp. 456.

SELUR (2012) Usinas de Compostagem nos anos 1970 in Limpeza Urbana na cidade de São Paulo: uma história para contar. Organ. Ariovaldo Caodaglio. Ed. VIA IMPRESSA. pp. 240. Silva Filho, C. R.V. Otero, G.G.P (2015). Gestão de Resíduos Sólidos no Brasil: panorama, desafios e perspectivas in Gestão Sustentável de Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos – transferência de experiências entre a Alemanha e o Brasil. FRICKE, Klaus; PEREIRA, Christiane; LEITE, Aguinaldo; BAGNATI, Marius. (Coords.). Gestão sustentável de resíduos sólidos urbanos: transferência de experiência entre a Alemanha e o Brasil. Braunschweig: Technische Universität Braunschweig, pp. 284

UNEP (2011). Waste – Investing in Resource and Energy Efficiency, Towards a Green Economy. . Disponível em:

UN-Habitat (2016). World Cities Report 2016: Urbanization and Development Emerging Futures. United Nations Human Settlements Programme, Nairobi, Kenya, pp. 264. World Bank (2012). What a waste: A global review of solid waste management. Urban Development Series Knowledge Papers, vol. 15, pp. 116.

Yates, J, Gutberlet, J (2011). Enhancing Livelihoods and the Urban Environment: The Local Political Framework for Integrated Organic Waste Management in Diadema, Brazil. Journal of Development Studies, vol. 47, No. 4, pp. 639–656.

Yin. R. K. (2001). Estudo de Caso: planejamento e métodos. Editora Bookman. 2ª ed. Traslate Daniel Grassi. Porto Alegre. 2001. UN-Habitat, 264 pp. Zabaleta, I, Rodic, L. (2015) Recovery of essential nutrients from municipal solid waste – Impact of waste management infrastructure and governance aspects. Waste Management vol. 44, pp. 178–187.

7

MORRO AZUL COMMUNITY IN RIO DE JANEIRO, NEW APPROACHES FOR THE TREATMENT OF SOLID WASTE

Jaime Massaguer Pereira Jr- Pontifìca Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro - jhidalgojr@hotmail.com

INTRODUCTION

This abstract aims to study the community of the Morro Azul slum, located in the neighborhood of Flamengo, southern zone of the City of Rio de Janeiro (Figure. 1). The objective is to propose alternatives for the reduction of the amount of solid waste produced in the community of Morro Azul, as well as a more efficient collection. Will be taken to the classroom, data on local garbage collection and production, maps, photos, videos, interviews with residents, technical reports and a data collection regarding the production of solid waste in slums in Rio de Janeiro

Figure 1. Flamengo Neiborhood, Rio de Janeiro city

The Morro Azul (Figure 02) is a community in Rio de Janeiro that emerged in the 1930 and today has 3,000 inhabitants. Housing built on hillside slopes, lack of basic sanitation and irregular maintenance of the rainwater drainage system, in times of rain, implies a decrease in the quality of life and in risks to the local population. The discontinuity of urbanization and sanitation projects over the years and the demographic growth of the population have already surpassed the existing infrastructure, where one of the consequences is an insufficient collection of garbage (Fig 03 and 4). It is common the accumulation of garbage in the areas of access to the community, the accumulation of garbage in empty lots and in the fringe of the surroundings of the community where there is a project for the creation of a forest. It is necessary to Implementation of an environmental education program for the selective collection of waste and low cost actions for the sorting and / or recycling of waste produced. The improvement of the quality of life of the population and the support for the creation of the necessary conditions for infrastructure of sanitation the creation of the forest are some of the benefits that can be generated with the proposals elaborated by the work. In Brazil, low-income populations, migrants or expelled from the countryside cities, have as options housing the occupation in slums or acquisition of land in suburbs

area, where land is cheaper It is necessary to develop citizens' awareness about environmental issues in the degraded spaces of the City of Rio de Janeiro and encourage practices in order to interfere and seek a better quality of life.

Figure 2. Morro Azul Community, Rio de Janeiro. It is necessary a set of actions from the environmental sanitation aiming at the development of clean and low cost technologies associated to the reuse and the recycling of the residues, such solutions can make feasible the sanitation of needy areas like the one of the Morro Azul in Rio de Janeiro

Figure 3.and 4: Solid waste accumulated on the community streets From the living created during the summer course in collaboration with the students and teachers, the elaborated proprosed solutions will be presented and discussed together with the residents association of the community of the Morro Azul. REFERENCES Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Reuse, McGraw-Hill Science, Engineering & Math; 4th edition, 2002 Luis F. Diaz, George M. Savage, Linda L. Eggerth, Clarence G. Golueke – Solid Waste Management for Economically Developing Countries, The International Solid Waste Association, 1996. Raquel Pinderhughes – Alternative Urban Futures: Planning for Sustainable Development in Cities

8

WASTE MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE: A CASE STUDY LAGOS METROPOLIS, NIGERIA

Omolola Myriam Balogun, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, balogunomolola87@yahoo.com

INTRODUCTION The environment performs basically three functions; resource bank, sink for waste and habitat for living organisms. However, the inability to manage these wastes appropriately has numerous socio-economic, health, and environmental implications which cannot be over emphasized. Notable among these impacts is climate change (Oribhabor, 2016). Climate change discourse has been a serious international environmental concern and the subject of much research due to the buildup of Green House Gases (McCarthy, 2001). This issue has been of great concern in the developing countries most especially in Africa. In Nigeria, Lagos State which happens to be the fifteenth largest population agglomerations in the world with an estimated number of 24.4 million persons is also under the influence of climate change (National population commission, 2012). Geo-physically, Lagos metropolis is located in the coastal region along the southwest corner of the country; it experiences high density of rainfall all year round, which constitutes to flooding in city. The daily temperature is high, and ranging between 25°C to 32°C (Adejobi and Olorunnimbe, 2012). This review proposes the best feasible and cost effective waste management methods in Nigeria in order to reduce the continuous emission of green house gases using Lagos state as a case study.Some of the suggestions are: 1.Lagos State Government should embark on co-friendly and green waste management technological approach and support the private sector for similar initiatives with appropriate policies put in place to derive these initiatives to move the state towards zero waste pollution, 2. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and Restoration of damaged resources of Environment, so that waste can be turned to wealth, 3. Public awareness and attitude to waste, 4. Lagos state government should put in place Institutional issues which include current and intended legislation and make sure it is enforced. Violators should be fined.

Figure1. (a) Map of Lagos State, Nigeria (b) Municipal dumpsite (c) Scavengers on an ill-managed municipal dumpsite AVAILABLE BACKGROUND INFORMATION & DATA The entire Lagos state is one giant cosmopolite. Globally, Lagos is ranked among the least live-able cities in the world due to its poor waste management system. In a day, there are about 12 million kg (10,800 tons) of waste generated, about 302,400 tons monthly and 3, 628, 800 tons yearly (Adejobi and Olorunimbe, 2012). About 30-50% of generated wastes are collected in most Nigerian cities and recycling of waste is not practiced to a significant level (United Nations System in Nigeria, 2001). Afon (2006) also discovered a wide gap between the rate of waste generation and the rate at which it is evacuated. About 66 per cent of the solid wastes in Lagos metropolis areas are disposed. Waste is either disposed through private or community efforts or left at various illegal dumps. The disposal is hardly ever done properly; garbage is being dumped in valleys or swamps or untreated industrial waste is dumped to public drains or surface water bodies. The problem is much in Lagos with mountains of garbage and hardly bearable stench. This is an attitudinal problem of the dwellers. Attitudinal problem of the public to waste as material to be thrown away is a Social challenge, BRIEF STATE OF THE ART REVIEW Studies have established that the process of poor waste management contributes to increasing generation of green house gases (CH4, NO2, CO, NO, SO2, NH4) that causes climate change and ozone layer depletion. Waste generation in Lagos is increasing at a geometrical rate due to urbanization and Industrialization and this necessitates the release of green house gases into the atmosphere (Aderogba, 2011). EXPECTED OUTCOMES DURING AND AFTER THE

SUMMER SCHOOL

During the summer school, the state of art review and

methodologies will be updated with the help of other

colleagues and lecturers. After the summer school,

what was learnt will be transferred to my colleagues in

my institution and country

9

REFERENCES Adejobi and Olorunnimbe(2012): Challenges of Waste Management and Climate Change in Nigeria: Lagos State Metropolis Experience African Journal of Scientific Research Vol. 7, No. 1 (2012) Aderogba(2011): Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sustainability in Lagos Metropolis, Nigeria International Journal of Learning & Development ISSN 2164-4063 2011, Vol. 1, No. 2,pg46 www.macrothink.org/ijld Afon (2006): Estimating the quantity of solid waste generation in Oyo, Oyo state, Nigeria. J. Nigerian Institute Town Planners, 19(1): 49 -65 Ahmed,University of Ilorin, Nigeria 2012.Potential Impacts of Climate Change on WasteManagement in Ilorin City Nigeria Global Journal of HUMAN SOCIAL SCIENCE, Volume 12Issue 6 Version 1.0 Aliyu Baba Nabegu(2011):Solid Waste and Its Implications for Climate Change in Nigeria.J Hum Ecol, 34(2):67-73 McCarthy (2001): Climate Change: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability.IP CC. Cambridge University Press. pp. 9 –13. Oribhabor (2016): Impact of Human Activities on Biodiversity in Nigerian Aquatic Ecosystems . Science International ISSN 2305-1884 DOI: 10.17311/sciintl.2016.12.20. United Nations System in Nigeria (2001): Nigeria Common County Assessment ATTENTION Waste Management and Climate Change

10

SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF URBAN SOLID WASTE IN THE METROPOLITAN AREA OF GUADALAJARA.

Ixchel Mejía, Universidad de Guadalajara campus Tonalá, ixchelestrella@yahoo.com

INTRODUCTION Whatever the field in which mankind disengages, whether it is in agriculture, industry or social, is marked by the residue trace that leaves behind its own path. According to Hoornweg (2012) in the year 2010 the global generation of urban solid waste (USW) had a double increased in compared with the amount generated in 2000. It gent from 0.68 billion tons/year to 1.3 billion tons/ year. And it is projected to be 2.2 billion tons/year and 4.2 billion tons/year by 2025 and 2050. This numbers are critical since if we keep increasing the amount of waste generated and continue with an inappropriate management, our generation and the future generations will suffer a negative impact in the environment, that we might not be able to mitigate. An integrated and sustainable management of urban solid waste generated in developing countries such as Mexico is very complicated, due to the lack of conscience for proper waste handling. Since the main task of government is to comply with a daily collection. According to recollected data from the National Institute of Statistics and Geography, in the year of 2014 in Mexico there were collected 102,887 Tons of urban solid waste (USW) daily, and only a very small fraction of that receives proper handling before is final disposition around 2.6% and 97.3% ends up in the final disposal area (INEGI, 2014). In the state of Jalisco alone, the average daily collection is 7, 183 Tons, this state is the third largest producer of urban solid waste in the country. Due to the fact that it holds the second biggest metropolitan zone of the country, named Metropolitan Area of Guadalajara (MAG). This human settlement is comprised of 9 municipalities; Guadalajara, Zapopan, Tlaquepaque, Tonala, Tlajomulco de Zuñiga, El Salto, Ixtlahuacán de los Membrillos, Juanacatlán, and Zapotlanejo. It covers a total area of 326 thousand km2 and has a total population of 4.8 million people (INEGI, 2015). The general approach of this project is to mitigate the negative impacts to the environment and to human health caused by the inadequate management of USW, based in minimizing, reusing, recycling and separating waste from the source of origin, as well as adequate valorization, treatment and as the last resource using appropriate confinement in landfills. Taking this actions will decrease the amount of waste that comes to final disposal. The main objective is to create solutions in a way that the waste can have a secondary use like the organic waste as a source of second generation biofuel. The municipal solid waste generated in the area is collected by four concessionaire companies, they are in charge of the corresponding transportation to the transfer stations in the area, and then waiting to be disposed in the 5 sanitary landfills. It is indisputable that the metropolitan municipalities somehow resolved

the final disposition of the solid waste generated in their territory, however this does not mean that they carry it out efficiently. Since all the waste generated ends up in the landfills that have already reached their useful life. There are no formal systems for the secondary separation, recovery and use of urban solid waste; Nor do they have published municipal ordinances that establish, in an official way, the tools and strategies for the integral management of municipal waste.

IMAGE 1. (A) Location of the Metropolitan Area of Guadalajara; (B & C) Landfill in the municipality of Ixtlahuacán de los Membrillos, shows how there is not a separation process or valorization of the waste, also that is right next to a water source. AVAILABLE BACKGROUND INFORMATION & DATA The estimated composition of solid urban waste that goes to a landfill is: 44.2% organic, 8.8% sanitary, 47% inorganic. According to Nougues (2010) the organic matter will undergo a series of physicochemical and biological decompositions that will rise to a so called landfill gas which contains a composition between 40% and 60% of methane, precursor gas of the greenhouse (GHG) effect. It is also known that this landfills have inconsistencies in the operation of the service, creating contamination to the subsoil due to leakage of leachates. The legal framework applicable in Mexico for this project is The General Law for the Prevention and Integral Management of Wastes and their Regulations in the title IV establishes the instruments of the policy of prevention and integral management of waste; This title addresses programs for the prevention and integral

A B

C

11

management of waste, management plans and social participation and the right to information of all those involved and interested in the subject. In the article 99 of this law establishes that municipalities will carry out the necessary actions for the prevention of the generation, valorization and in general, the integral management of solid urban waste, considering the obligations of the generators, the requirements for the integral management and The income that must be obtained by providing the service of its integral management. BRIEF STATE OF THE ART REVIEW Globally, total waste disposal is responsible for about 3 - 4% of anthropogenic GHG emissions (IPCC, 2006). The waste management operation consists of several sequential steps, including collection, transportation, and treatment (Chen, 2015; Weitz, 2002). Correspondingly, waste treatment has been gaining importance in the global emissions scene (Gomes, 2008). Separation of recyclables in the material recovery facility (MRF) has great benefit for reduction of GHG emissions (Mohareb, 2008). Several studies have been conducted to evaluate the GHG emissions from waste incineration and demonstrated that waste incineration can be a GHG sink. In other words, energy recovery via production of heat or electricity could mitigate GHG emissions. An integrated USW system could also bring a significant decrease in GHG emissions, and increase its revenue from electricity sales Zsigraiova (2009). According to Bermibas (2005) Bioenergy encompasses three major domain of sustainable development i.e., economic, environment and social. By creating alternative fuels is possible to trim down Greenhouse gases emissions making a positive impact on the global climate change. Galbe and Zacchi (2002) stated that biomass is the most available renewable source in the world, and decreases mankind's dependence on fossil fuel for transportation. EXPECTED OUTCOMES DURING AND AFTER THE SUMMER SCHOOL In the first day I expect some social dynamics in a way that we can meet all the attendees and lectures, also a small background about everyone. The following dates 2-6 all the attendees should present their project and received feedback from other attendees as well as the lectures, during the weekend of the summer school I expect to have free time to get to know some of the culture and remarkable places in Braunschweig, Germany. From day 9 -11 after all the attendees had work on their extended paper, we should form working groups depending on the main area of each other projects so we all collaborate to create a new project applicable for each of the members. REFERENCES Chen, Wu (2015): Constructing an effective prevention mechanism for MSW life cycling using failure mode and effects analysis. Waste Manage vol. 46, pp. 646-652. Demirbas, (2005): Bioethanol from cellulosic

materials: a renewable motor fuel from biomass, Energ Sources vol. 27, pp.327–333. Galbe, Zacchi, (2002): A review of the production of ethanol from softwood, Appl Microbiol Biotechnol vol. 59, pp. 618-628. Gomes, Nascimento, Rodrigues, (2008): Estimating local greenhouse gas emissions e a case study on a Portuguese municipality. Inter. J, GHG Control vol. 2, pp. 130-135. Hoornweg, Bhada (2012): What a waste: a global review of solid waste management vol.Urban Development, World Bank, p. 98. INEGI (National Institute of Statistics and Geography) (2014): Percent of selective garbage disposal vol. Mexico INEGI. p. 21385. INEGI (National Institute of Statistics and Geography) (2015): Census of population and housing vol. Mexico INEGI. p. 2384. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2006):.IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Waste vol.5, pp. 39-40. Mohareb, Warith, Diaz, (2008): Modelling greenhouse gas emissions for municipal solid waste management strategies in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Resour. Conserv. Recycle vol. 52, pp.1241-1251. Nogues, Garcia-Galindo, Rezeau (2010): Renewable energy, Prensas universitarias de Zaragoza, Biomass energy vol.2 pp. Weitz, Thorneloe, Nishtala, Yarkosky, Zannes, (2002): The impact of municipal solid waste management on greenhouse gas emissions in the United States. J, Air Waste Manage. Assoc., vol.52, pp. 1000-1011. Zsigraiova, Tavares, Semiao, Carvalho (2009): Integrated waste to energy conversion and waste transportation within island communities, Energy, vol.34, pp. 623-635.

12

MARINE LITTER: PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS

Adegbesan Omotolani, Olaseinde Oluwaseun. Department of Geology, University of Ibadan, tolani_adegbesan@yahoo.com

INTRODUCTION

Nigeria, located in West Africa, is known as the ‘giant of Africa’; it is the most populous African country, with an estimated population of over 170 million people, and the seventh most populous country in the world . The country has a total area of 923,768 km

2 consisting of 910,768

km2 land mass and 13,000 km

2 water. It shares borders

with the Republic of Benin in the West, Chad and Cameroon in the East and Niger in the North. Nigeria is an important oil-producing region and is also rich in other natural resources. Marine litter is usually from land and sea, it is persistent and harmful to people, the environment and the economy. Marine litter can be very dangerous threatening our oceans and coast, endangering marine animals and sea birds, affecting navigation and even our own health and safety. It also takes away from the beauty of our natural environment. Rampant discharge of hot effluents, untreated sewage, oil spills, plastics and other forms of debris into our coastal aquatic environment is quite common off the coasts of Lagos and major industrialized cities of the Niger delta region of Nigeria such as Warri and Port Harcourt.

Figure1. (a) Map of Nigerian coastal areas (b) A typical example of ALDFG in aquatic environment AVAILABLE BACKGROUND INFORMATION & DATA The Abandoned, Lost or other fishing gears (ALDFG’s) is a problem that is increasingly of concern. ALDFG’s degrades the marine environment by constantly catching threatened and endangered species, thereby further worsening the biodiversity depletion in species of both biological and economic importance from coastal waters. Most ALDGF’s physically impacts the benthic environment by obstruction of their natural locomotive pattern and trapping them in such a way that makes them easy prey to their predators. It can lead to formation of completely alien colony in ecology, thereby leading to wiping out of endemic/endangered species. BRIEF STATE OF THE ART REVIEW Plastic litters are also common pollutants of water bodies. Durability is a common feature of most plastics, and it is this property, combined with unwillingness or inability to manage end-of-life plastic effectively that has resulted in marine plastics and microplastics becoming a global

problem. As for many pollutants, plastic waste is a trans-boundary, complex, social, economic and environmental problem with few easy solutions. Plastics intended for more durable applications may be manufactured with additive chemicals to improve the material properties. These include plasticisers to soften the product, colouring agents, UV-resistance and flame-retardation, an important property for applications in transportation and electronics. Some of these chemicals have harmful properties when released into the environment. (Elenwo and Akankali (2015). Some of the most important land-based sources of larger plastic objects (macroplastics) include: construction, household goods, packaging, coastal tourism, and food and drink packaging. How much of this material enters the ocean will be dependent largely on the extent and effectiveness of wastewater and solid waste collection and management. Many types of plastic are denser than seawater so will sink once any initial buoyancy is removed. For example, empty drinks bottles made with the plastic PET are very common litter items on shorelines, but their ultimate fate is often the ocean sea floor. Most fishing gear will sink if the floatation buoys are removed. For this reason, much of the plastic debris in the ocean is out of sight, and will remain so for the foreseeable future. It is also the reason why no reliable estimate of the total quantity of plastic in the ocean has been made. Elenwo and Akankali (2015) Floating debris represents a navigation hazard and has been implicated in many accidents, some of which have resulted in fatalities. Marine plastic debris may cause a reduction in income as a result of reduced fishing days or reduced tourist numbers, if people are discouraged from visiting by the presence of litter. EXPECTED OUTCOMES DURING AND AFTER THE SUMMER SCHOOL This exposure will afford me the opportunity to collaborate

with experts from different parts of world and also carry

out joint research that will result in achievable and

realizable projects in sustainable waste management in

Africa. I hope to utilize the knowledge build network base

coastline research with other experts and also for cross

fertilization of ideas. My participation in this year’s

summer school will help to proffer solutions to marine

litter contamination and management and reclamation of

Nigeria Atlantic coastline.

REFERENCES Elenwo, Akankali (2015). The Effects of Marine Pollution on Nigerian Coastal Resources . Journal of Sustainable Development Studies ISSN 2201-4268 Volume 8, Number 1, 209-224.

13

IRM TO ASSURE ENERGY & BIOSECURITY: A CASE STUDY OF MARINE LITTER

Dafne Uscanga-Roldán, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), duscangar@iingen.unam.mx

INTRODUCTION Marine litter it’s an increasing problem around the world and its macro-scale effects have been widely reported in different matrices (soil, water) and ecosystems (Barnes, 2009; Lebreton et al, 2012). Beyond ecosystems in the sea, marine litter affects and threatens ecosystems and human populations at microscopic levels through its presence as a micropollutant and its role in the formation of other contaminants along the route it takes to reach the ocean. As a pollutant, it is taken up in the trophic chain leading to bioaccumulation effects, which are not yet fully comprehended due to the recent development of the field (since 1990’s). This line of research is a matter of interest to the scientific community and decision makers. Integral Resource Management (IRM) programs focus on the large-scale long-term effects of litter in aquatic ecosystems (e.g. beaches, mangroves, and dunes), but the global focus of such programs unintentionally leave out small and micro-scale effects. While the removal of large objects can be a solution for infrastructure, economic and ecological activities performed along the shore as well as prevention and mitigation programs must be taken to reduce the material input that is proven to induce the formation, transportation, and transformation of such contaminants These sorts of transformative programs can also lead to cultural transformation when incorporating regionally appropriate and educational activities. The Gulf of Mexico has been a well-known case study since the 1970’s and its environmental impacts have been widely reported. Nevertheless, the medium and long-term effects and environmental fate of micropollutants in this ecosystem remain unclear. It is also possible that the interspecies barrier will be overcome causing effects to human beings or that these pollutants will be bioaccumulated and cause such effects. With many such possible negative effects on the environment and humans, solutions to the problem of marine litter are imperative. One alternative that can be considered as a mitigation program is the use of litter as an energy source, due to the amount of plastic ~52% that compound it (Derraik, 2002) which represents an energy and biosecurity alternative in terms of polymer materials and micro pollutants. The generation of energy from polymers derived from plastic as energy source to small settlements is little researched, despite the fact that it would reduce the use of non-renewable resources to provide them with this service and encourage decentralization of services, thus favouring litter reuse. This solution is economic and environmentally viable for its regular use. Therefore, the aim of this research is to provide the scientific basis for an Integral Resource Management plan.

METHODOLOGY For this matter, the proposed methodology will be as follows: Micro pollutants: Identify micropollutants using GC-MS characterization and quantification. Next, determine the eco-toxicological effects using a mutation test in zebra fishes (Danio rerio) to assess the probable and possible effects of the pollutants found in the GC-MS test. Effects on ecosystems: Some molecular ecology trials such as population genomics and molecular speciation tests on organisms sensitive to environmental stress (to define) will be performed to determine micropollutant effects. Input reduction: A correlation between the selected micro-pollutants and their possible origin will be performed in order to develop programs for reduction in a specific type of waste generation. This program will be designed to be suitable for the region. Mitigation: The use of the existent marine litter as an energy supply will comply with government guidelines on waste management, environmental hazards, human contact, and final disposal. The design will serve as an economic tool for regional development and as a cultural factor that models (in favour of ecology and nature conservation) the relationship between the selected communities and the litter cycle. Litter used as an energy source will be studied to propose a suitable solution for each community, taking into consideration social, economic, environmental, and cultural variables. AVAILABLE BACKGROUND INFORMATION & DATA Marine litter in the Gulf of Mexico has been studied in inland, coastal, and marine ecosystems. Research on water quality and the effects on select species (with turtles and seabirds being the most reported) have been carried out. This establishes a solid framework to determinate the target species and ecosystems for this study. Water quality data will be obtained from the Gulf of Mexico Alliance and marine geography information will be taken from the United States Geological Survey Coastal and Marine Geology Program to assess which areas are prone to accumulation. Information about communities will be obtained from the US Census Bureau and INEGI (Mexico) in order to select places with similar characteristics such as income, population, size, access to services, and ecosystem location. Dissimilar sites might also be considered. Micropollutants will be determined by GC-MS. This test will be conducted at the locations defined by census data in a given ratio in order to assess the contaminant plume and identify the areas where the pollutants can be found in a higher concentration. For the ecotoxicological effect on stress sensitive species OECD (test number: 230) procedures will be conducted

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and the effect of the pollutants will be contrasted with available case studies. Environmental consciousness strategies will be based on social marketing and ecoprofiling, using linear models to measure the results. STATE OF THE ART REVIEW Micropollutants and its presence within different matrix have been stated in different researches (Kolpin et al, 2002; Michalowicz, 2004; Ternes et al, 2007). Marine litter can be considerer as an important source of micropollutants that provides a regular input of these compounds gathered with the macroscopical problem of pollution and its effects on marine life (Viale et al,1992; Tomas et al, 2002; Barnes, 2009; Zhou et al, 2009). A few studies have treat both problems as an integrate research focus (Rios et al, 2007; Teuten et al 2007; Rochman, 2013) which present bot an opportunity to work on the field and a lack of knowledge about its effects. Due to most of these research are focused on microplastics (Cole et al, 2011; Von Moos et al, 2012; Wright et al, 2013; Long et al, 2015) the potential use of macroplastics as energy source has not ben rated as a viable method of economical growth, energy generation and cultural practice for environmental health and community development. EXPECTED OUTCOMES DURING AND AFTER THE SUMMER SCHOOL During the summer school the expected outcome will be the establishment and develop of the socio economical framework and the improvement of the methodology through the experience of the attendees and lecturers. The contribution of everyone will be appreciated due to the different work frame and social vision, which reveal new approaches that can be suitable for the case of study. After summer school, this research will be performed as an after master-pre doctoral activity from September to December. This research is open to comments and adjustments made during summer school and by my tutor in Mexico. REFERENCES Surname no initials please (year of publication in brackets 2007): Author, co-author (2006): Title, Coastal Engineering, ELSEVIER, vol. 10, pp. 32-39.

Barnes, D.K.A., Galgani, F., Thompson, R.C., Barlaz, M., (2009). Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 364, 1985–1998.

Cole, M., Lindeque, P., Halsband, C., Galloway, T.S., (2011). Microplastics as contaminants in the marine environment: a review. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 62, 2588–2597.

Kolpin D.W., E.T. Furlong, M.T. Meyer, E.M. Thurman, S.D. Zaugg, L.B. Barber, H.T. Buxton. (2002), Pharmaceuticals, Hormones, and Other Organic Wastewater Contaminants in U.S. Streams, 1999

Long, M., Moriceau, B., Gallinari, M., Lambert, C., Huvet, A., Raffray, J., Soudant, P., (2015). In- teractions between microplastics and phytoplankton aggregates: impact on their respective fates. Mar. Chem. 175, 39–46.

Michalowicz J., (2004) Bisphenol A- Sources, toxicity and biotransformation, Environmental National Toxicology Program (2001) Endocrine disrupters low dose peer review. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences

Rios LM, Moore C, Jones PR. (2007). Persistent organic pollutants carried by synthetic polymers in the ocean environment. Mar Pollut Bull 54:1230–1237.

Rochman CM. (2013). Plastics and priority pollutants: A multiple stressor in aquatic habitats. Environ Sci Technol 47:2439–2440.

Ryan, P.G., Moore, C.J., Van Franeker, J.A., Moloney, C.L., (2009). Monitoring the abundance of plastic debris in the marine environment. Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. B: Biol. Sci. 364, 1999–2012.

Ternes TA, Bonerz M, Herrmann N, Teiser B, Andersen HR (2007) Irrigation of treated wastewater in Braunschweig, Germany: an option to remove pharmaceuticals and musk fragrances. Chemosphere

Teuten EL, Rowland SJ, Galloway TS, Thompson RC. (2007). Potential for plastics to transport hydrophobic contaminants. Environ Sci Technol 41:7759–7764.

Tomas, J., Guitart, R., Mateo, R., Raga, J.A., (2002). Marine debris ingestion in loggerhead sea turtles, Caretta caretta, from the Western Mediterranean. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 44, 211–216.

Viale, D., Verneau, N., Tison, Y., (1992). Stomach obstruction in a sperm whale beached on the Lavezzi islands: macropollution in the Mediterranean. J. Recherche Oceanographique Paris 16, 100–102.

Von Moos N, Burkhardt-Holm P, Köhler A. (2012). Uptake and effects of microplastics on cells and tissue of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis L. after an experimental exposure. Environ Sci Technol 46:11327–11335.

Wright, S.L., Thompson, R.C., Galloway, T.S., 2013. The physical impacts of microplastics on marine organisms: a review. Environ. Pollut. 178, 483–492.

Zhou, P., Huang, C., Fang, H., Cai, W., Li, D., Li, X., Yu, H., (2011). The abundance, composition and sources of marine debris in coastal seawaters or beaches around the northern South China Sea (China). Mar. Pollut. Bull. 62, 1998–2007.

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Effect of marine litter on aquatic life and structure in coastal waters in the Mediterranean Sea, Egypt

Aalaa Ahmed Amr, M.Sc, Mansura University, aalaaahamr@yahoo.com

INTRODUCTION This study at (Damietta and Port Said) in the

Mediterranean sea Egyptian coast, (fig.1)(fig. 2)

and duration of study during four seasons for the

accurate result. The Mediterranean Sea is a rich

vital environment associated with a particular

ecological community, according to the location of

many countries on the Mediterranean Sea with a

high number of population, and habitat to many

endemic species. The survival of them depends

on the water quality of the Mediterranean Sea,

most reports shown a decline in the water quality

because of many pollutants. marine litter

especially plastics contaminated our oceans and

seas especially Mediterranean sea and therefore

degradation of plastics to microplastics or plastics

debris effected on the marine environment, enter

and magnified in food chain reach to the top

predator (human). Plastic waste in the marine

environment is very harmful on seawater,

sediment, and biota such as plankton,

invertebrates, fish larvae as well as fishes... The

danger of the plastic litters resulted from the

degradation into micro-plastics and nano-plastics

that interact with marine organisms and enter into

the food chain subsequently to the top predator

(human). So, the main objective of the present

study to investigate the precipitation and

accumulation of micro- and nano-plastics on

zooplankton and organisms of marine biota and

assess the impact of marine litter on aquatic life

and structure.

Fig1: Mediterranean Sea

Fig2: study area (Demietta and Port Said) We planned simple program service in our study

by:

1-Measurement of physical and chemical

parameters by Aquaread AP 5000 (Temperature,

salinity, dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll, nutrients),

2- Sampling of water, sediment, and zooplankton

seasonally by plankton net with different mesh

size (64, 150, 350, and 500) and other sea

animals as a sea turtle,

3- Preparation of all samples separately (water-

sediment- zooplankton groups and sea animals).

4-Identification, Examination, and Sorting samples

using (Stereo Microscope- Inverted Microscope-

Scanning Microscope),

5-Determination of different zooplankton groups in

each sample,

6- Comparison between station and season,

7- Data Analysis (Excel, SPSS, PRIMER).

We are preparing the results of the study.

AVAILABLE BACKGROUND INFORMATION &

DATA

Reports of accumulation of microplastics in biota

sampled in the field are rare although the

phenomena have been reported, the micro-plastic

was recorded in some pelagic fish and otolith of

species of Electrona subaspera in the study that

reflected the physical and chemical characteristics

of the ambient water.

Other studies recorded the presence of

microplastics in marine mammals such as the

species of fur seals on Macquarie Island, that

consider the pelagic fish Electrona subaspera as a

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principle food. Moreover, the researchers found

micro-plastics participated in these fish associated

with its otolith and the blue whale is a large

mammalian planktivore may be feed on

microplastics by mistake. And a result of these

study authors considered that there is atrophic

transfer of these particles.

Although, Zooplankton have been used widely as

indicators to monitor and assess various forms of

pollution including acidification, eutrophication,

pesticide pollution and algal toxins. In addition,

zooplankton has been used to improve water

quality, particularly using the knowledge of their

feeding behaviours.

BRIEF STATE OF THE ART REVIEW

My study focus on detection and study of the

plastic litter's fate in the marine environment,

detection of the microplastics accumulation in

marine organisms, monitor the marine

environment and Follow up the food chain and the

impact of plastic and microplastic on the base of

the food chain.

EXPECTED OUTCOMES DURING AND AFTER THE SUMMER SCHOOL My expectation is to gain new experience from

other countries in this field, have more knowledge

in recent techniques of marine litter problems and

solution or management this pollution, exchange

ideas with my colleagues from other countries and

more important is to build up an international

network of the young researchers.

REFERENCES Andrady, A. L. ( August 2011). Microplastics in the marine environment. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 1596–1605. David K. A. Barnes, F. G. (2009). Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci., 1985–1998.

Christiana M. Boerger, G. L. (2010). Plastic ingestion by planktivorous fishes in the North Pacific Central Gyre. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2275–2278.

Derraik, J. G. ( 2002). The pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 842–852.

Richard C. Thompson, C. J. (2009). Plastics, the environment and human health: current

consensus and future trends. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. , 2153–2166.

Burton, C. E. (2003). Origins and Biological Accumulation of Small Plastic Particles in Fur Seals from Macquarie Island. AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment, 380-384.

Priyanka Bhattacharya, S. L. (2010). Physical Adsorption of Charged Plastic Nanoparticles Affects Algal Photosynthesis. physical chemistry, 16556–16561.

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1

SOLID WASTE GENERATION, COMPOSITION AND MANAGEMENT IN PARO HOTEL INDUSTRY

Choni Zangmo, SIIT, Thammasat University, zangchoni23@gmail.com

INTRODUCTION

The solid waste management topic has been one of the most essential and common studies all around the world. Growth in population along with increasing individual needs, change in lifestyle, growth in tourism activity are some of the reasons for increasing solid waste every year globally. Numerous waste treatment technologies such as incinerators, gasification, pyrolysis, etc. are being developed to diminish the amount of the municipal solid waste in most of the developed countries. These technologies can treat various types of waste streams. However, in developing country like Bhutan which is in the early development stage of waste management, lack such kind of advanced technologies and faces problems of disposing of waste in unsanitary landfills. Bhutan is a small country situated between the most populated countries, China to the north and India to the west in the Eastern Himalaya Biodiversity Hotspot. Recently, the hotel industry has been a major consistent force behind the tremendous growth in Bhutan GDP. According to the survey conducted by Tourism Council of Bhutan, the tourist growth in 2015 has been increased to 155,121 from 287 tourists in 1947. Bhutan received 37.09% or 57,537 of international tourists and 62.91% or 97,584 of regional tourists in 2015 (Tourism-Counsil-of-Bhutan 2015). Paro district is one of the most standouts amongst the most alluring tourist destinations to visit Bhutan. It is one of the second largest city in the southwest of Bhutan as shown in figure 1. Paro district has been developing quickly in the recent years with the population from 39,800 in 2010 to 43,167 in 2015 (Paro-Dzongkhag 2016). Paro is facing a major problem on solid waste management (SWM) because of the increasing urban populace, lack of services, lack of financial and technical shortage and inadequate information on solid waste. This study aims to identify the present solid waste management system, the waste generation and composition in Paro district, Bhutan especially from the tourism sector and provision recommendations in view of the present circumstance and the outcomes to beat the issues on solid waste. This research work was conducted during the tourist season in the month of October 2016. To fulfil the targets of this study, series of surveys was conducted by random waste sample collection from hotels, landfill site observation and in-depth interview with stakeholders and hoteliers to study waste generation, composition and current waste management of municipal solid waste in Paro.

Figure 1 Map of Bhutan (Wikipedia 2014) showing Paro district and its regions (National-Statistics-Bureau 2010). AVAILABLE BACKGROUND INFORMATION & DATA The most generally practice of solid waste in Bhutan is the landfill while waste prevention, minimization and recycling option is not widely practiced. The poor infrastructure and the inappropriate location of landfill in the gorges and two hillsides had caused an overflow of leachates by rain during summer season in the capital city of Bhutan in 2014 (BBS) . Furthermore, there is little information on solid waste management in Bhutan. The first ever data collection of waste generation and composition in Bhutan was carried out from November 2007 to January 2008 in ten urban areas in Bhutan including Paro (Phuntsho et al. 2009). Based on this study, it was estimated that 43,700 tons of municipal solid waste have been generated from the urban areas of Bhutan with 0.53 kg of waste per capita per day. And the highest waste generation other than household waste was from commercial sectors including hotels, shops, bar and restaurant ranging from 2.36 kg/unit/day. Though Bhutan generates a less quantity of waste compared to other developing countries, however, a little focus on sustainable waste management may lead to major problems for the future generation. The specific stresses of the unmanaged waste system are in the process of final waste disposal where waste is not segregated at source of collection and not being treated before transportation to the landfill. Furthermore, waste disposal site does not fit to be a sanitary landfill and most of the solid waste are dumped in the open landfill after collection from the source. The meetings with solid waste management organizations showed that two kinds of existing waste collection practices are door to door and 1 m3 capacity community steel waste bin at strategic junctions of Paro. Collecting waste from the community bin, segregating and selling recyclable waste materials across the border to India, which is 129km away from the Paro district is one of the informal waste

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management. BRIEF STATE OF THE ART REVIEW Growth in the tourism sector is regularly a twofold edged sword. It can advance financial development; in the meantime, it will cause environmental impact, including health issues if it is not properly managed (Zhong et al. 2011). Additionally, it was stated that tourism sector contributes to emission of greenhouse gasses (GHGs) and climate change due to many activities like transportation, accommodation, and other tourist exercises (Becken and Patterson 2006, Simpson et al. 2008, Perch-Nielsen et al. 2010). Moreover, numerous studies have reported that due to increase in seasonal population of the tourist zones or locales, the MSW is also rises (Teh and Cabanban 2007, Lloréns et al. 2008, Shamshiry et al. 2011). And an increase in Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is one of the essential components that will contribute enormously in the climate change. The serious ecological hazard region because of climatic change and resultant of man-made exercises is Brahmaputra River and tributaries in Bhutan and exposed to numerous environmental pressures such as floods, droughts, erosion of the river bank, an outburst of a glacier lake, landslides, and changes in precipitation patterns (Johnson and Hutton 2014). Therefore, Lebersorger and Beigl (Lebersorger and Beigl 2011) reported that correct information on waste generation, factors influencing the waste generation and increment of waste amount based on facts are essential requirements for the waste management planning. Therefore, it is very essential to conduct research on solid waste management in Paro, Bhutan. Moreover, no further research was conducted after 2009 study on solid waste management in Bhutan. EXPECTED OUTCOMES DURING AND AFTER THE SUMMER SCHOOL During summer school, I may obtain more experience on different tasks such as presentation, workshops, group discussion, and solving problems. we will get to know and share about environmental issues in our own country through group discussion. In the end of the summer school, a better understanding of environmental impacts of waste generation and management decisions on the ecosystem through feed backs and recommendati- on from attendees and lecturers. Sharing our points and idea with another participant about environmental tackling issues and presenting in the groups or in an individual may achieve experience for my research work. Able to learn more about waste management system, policy and regulations from developed country like Germany. REFERENCES BBS (2014): "Memelhakha landfill starts producing toxic leachate." Retrieved Sept 12, 2016, from http://www.bbs. bt/news/?p=38318. Becken and Patterson (2006): "Measuring national carbon dioxide emissions from tourism as a key step towards achieving sustainable tourism." Journal of Sustainable Tourism 14(4), 323-338.

Johnson and Hutton (2014): "Dependence on agriculture and ecosystem services for livelihood in Northeast India and Bhutan: vulnerability to climate change in the Tropical River Basins of the Upper Brahmaputra." Climatic change 127(1), 107-121. Lebersorger and Beigl (2011): "Municipal solid waste generation in municipalities: Quantifying impacts of household structure, commercial waste and domestic fuel." Waste Management 31(9–10), 1907-1915. Lloréns, Torres, Álvarez, Arrechea, García, Aguirre and Fernández (2008): "Characterization of municipal solid waste from the main landfills of Havana city." Waste Management 28(10), 2013-2021. National-Statistics-Bureau (2010): "Annual Dzongkhag Statistics." Retrieved Jan 15, 2017, from http://www.nsb.g ov.bt/publication/files/pub1bt1373ih.pdf. Paro-Dzongkhag (2016): "Dzongkhag at a glance." Retrie ved Nov 10, 2016, from http://www.nsb.gov.bt/publication/ files/pub4rn7106fb.pdf. Perch-Nielsen, Sesartic and Stucki (2010): "The greenhouse gas intensity of the tourism sector: The case of Switzerland." Environmental Science & Policy 13(2), 131-140. Phuntsho, Herat, Shon, Dulal, Yangden, Tenzin and Vigneswaran (2009): "Studying municipal solid waste generation and composition in the urban areas of Bhutan." Waste Management & Research. Shamshiry, Nadi, Bin Mokhtar, Komoo, Saadiah Hashim and Yahaya (2011): "Integrated models for solid waste management in tourism Regions: Langkawi Island, Malaysia." Journal of environmental and public health 2011. Simpson, Gössling, Scott, Hall and Gladin (2008): "Climate change adaptation and mitigation in the tourism sector: frameworks, tools and practices." Climate change adaptation and mitigation in the tourism sector: frameworks, tools and practices. Teh and Cabanban (2007): "Planning for sustainable tourism in southern Pulau Banggi: an assessment of biophysical conditions and their implications for future tourism development." Journal of Environmental Management 85(4), 999-1008. Tourism-Counsil-of-Bhutan (2015): "Annual report of 201 5." Retrieved Mar 31, 2017, from http://tcb.img.ebizity.bt/a ttachments/tcb_052016_btm-2015.pdf. Wikipedia (2014): "Location map Paro Bhutan." Retrieved Jan 17, 2017, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template: Location_map_Paro_Bhutan. Zhong, Deng, Song and Ding (2011): "Research on environmental impacts of tourism in China: Progress and prospect." Journal of Environmental Management 92(11), 2972-2983

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MATERIAL (WASTE) SORTING, RECOVERY AND RECYCLING ALONG ELEYELE LAKE

Idowu Kunlere, University of Ibadan; National Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA), South-

West Zonal Office, Ibadan, idowu2nice@yahoo.com

INTRODUCTION Over the past few years, as a result of increasing environmental costs awareness, depleting natural resources, rising costs of virgin raw materials and the economic recession, material (waste) recovery and recycling is emerging as new alternative for jobs and value creation in urban Nigerian cities such as Lagos and Port-Harcourt. However, in rural coastal areas, awareness is still quite low and waste management is still not on the front burner. Coupled with loose enforcement of waste management laws and the absence of aggressively enforced national guidelines on waste management, many States currently lack efficient integrated municipal waste management systems, hence, waste are usually indiscriminately disposed of in open dumps, on the streets, in water bodies, or burned; practices that are unhealthy, and potential time bombs. This research takes an in-depth look into the current status of waste disposal in rura/sub-urbanl riverine areas along Eleyele Lake, and particularly zeroes in on material (waste) sorting, recovery and recycling along among residents in these areas and need for public awareness and reorientation to sensitise residents on the dangers that current indiscriminate waste practices pose to the communities while also educating them on the inherent benefits of material (waste) sorting, recovery and recycling. It also explores potential, sustainable waste management practices that can be easily adapted to the rural riverine communities such as the setting up a recycling facility. The waterbody under study is the Eleyele Lake (Figure 1), North-west of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria (Olubode et al., 2011). Ibadan (70261 N, 30541 E), a forest-savanna transition ecological transition zone is the capital city of Oyo State in the South-West of Nigeria (Ayoola et al., 2011). The Eleyele Lake (dam) was constructed on the main River Ona in 1942 to meet the water needs of the emerging Ibadan metropolis. Its storage capacity is about 29.5 million litres. The Eleyele Wetland and the associated dam at Eleyele receive water from River Alapata and the headstream of River Ona (Tijani et al., 2011). The Lake which is surrounded by quartz-ridge hills toward the downstream section where the dam barrage has an elevation of between 100-150 m above sea level (Kareem et al., 2016). The Eleyele wetland basin is fed by a number of stream channels serve as feeding/recharge stream. The Lake which has a surface area of 546 km2 and a mean depth of 6.0 m is characterized by forest reserves with much vegetations on both sides. The Eleyele Wetland and the associated dam at Eleyele receive water from River Alapata and the headstream of River Ona (Olayinka et al., 1999). The Lake extends to parts of Ijokodo, Apete, Awotan, and Ologun-eru. It also covers Agbaje, Idi-osan, Polytechnic of Ibadan and

Eleyele. Being a rural area, fishing, farming and agro-processing are some of the commonest occupations amongst the residents. Eleyele Lake is characteristically flooded during rainy seasons with loads of wastes accompanying the floods. In 2012, the city of Ibadan witnessed a major flooding disaster which caused hundreds of deaths, groundwater pollution and wanton destruction of property (Kareem et al., 2016).

Figure 1. (a) Location of Eleyele Lake in Ibadan, Ibadan North-West Local Government, Oyo State (Source: Google Map); (b) Residents washing in an outlet of the Lake (Source: Digital Journal): (c) Fisherman fishing in the Lake (Source: Digital Journal), and; (d) Indiscriminately dumped wastes on the wetland around the Lake (Source: Tijani et al., 2011). AVAILABLE BACKGROUND INFORMATION & DATA According to Tijani et al. (2011), the hilly quartzite ridges around Eleyele Lake are covered by forests, however, the lowland areas in the wetland are populated by riparian wetland forest, with impacted from human activities. The catchment of Eleyele Lake and wetland is considered to be the Pre-Cambrian rocks of Southwestern Nigeria which belongs to the Nigerian Basement Complex (Jones and Hockey, 1964). Eleyele catchment is well drained with the network of River Ona and its tributaries (such as Ogbere, Alapata and Ogunpa (Tijani et al., 2011). Some of the waste management-related national regulations are National Environmental (Sanitation and Waste Control) Regulations, 2009; National Environmental (Wetlands, River Banks and Lake Shores) Regulations, 2009; National Environmental (Watershed, Mountainous, Hilly and Catchments Areas) Regulations, 2009 and; National Environmental (Coastal and Marine Area Protection) Regulations, 2011. This study also x-rays how these policies are applied in these rural riverine areas. Some important questions this study seeks to answer are: What are the objectives and mandates of these policies? Are they being fully implemented? What available performance indicator and management tools can be adopted to improve these policies? Would a recycling facility suit the area? BRIEF STATE OF THE ART REVIEW

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This study is a follow-up to a related research by our research team in 2016 (Unpublished data) which established that sustainable management of health-care waste was virtually non-existent in Ado-Ekiti, the capital of Ekiti State, South-West Nigeria. In many parts of Nigeria, especially in rural areas, a consequence of poor infrastructure, weakly enforced environmental laws and poverty is the indiscriminate dumping of wastes. Open burning, indiscriminate dumping of waste and illegal dumpsites around water bodies are common practices but pose serious health issues, not just to residents, but also to communities downstream and along the path of the river. The dangers these pose are more serious considering that flooding is rife in these communities, and since most of the communities lack pipe-borne water (access to clean, portable water) and other basic infrastructure, villagers are forced to depend on the polluted water body for daily use as well as for livestock and agricultural purposes (Nubi et al., 2008). Currently, little or no data are available on the types and volume of waste generated in riverine rural and sub-urban areas in Nigeria, thus, underplaying the severity of the problem and the dangers it poses. Little is also known of the current status of municipal waste management, and particularly, management of health-care in riverine rural and sub-urban areas in Nigeria. The aims of this study therefore are to establish the current status of management of municipal wastes (types and volume of wastes generated by selected households; whether or not the household sort their wastes at source; existence or non-existence of waste management services in the riverine area; the frequency of evacuation and the potential of recycling of the waste generated) amongst residents along Eleyele Lake. The research methods to be employed in this study include survey and in-depth interview (IDI) as well direct questionnaire administration to generate the necessary data. According to official figures from the National Population Commission, the population of Ibadan North West Local Government Council (where Eleyele Lake is located) as at the 2006 census was 152,834. 100 households along the bank of Eleyele Lake would be randomly selected and two adults per household interviewed. A sample of 100 households from ten selected residential areas along the Eleyele Lake with a sample population of 1000 respondents was used. Based socio-economic status, the randomly selected residential areas along the banks of the Lake were divided into H (high), M (middle) and L (low) strata. Other differentiations were also used such as E or Educated (university or any tertiary qualifications), P or Partially Educated (Secondary school education or below) and U or Uneducated (No primary school education). GE Gainfully employed, UE or underemployed, and OE or out of job (unemployed). They are also interviewed on their perception to recycling and willing to work at the facility. The research examined a range of environmental behaviours, attitude and perception of respondents on household solid waste management and volume/types of waste generated. The Chief Medical Officers, Chief Matrons or Administrator of twenty health-care facilities categorized into small/medium/large in the areas would also be interviewed as well as officials of the Oyo State Waste Management Authority, registered waste operators

and scavengers (informal waste collectors). Ten open-ended questions would be used to elicit information from the respondents. EXPECTED OUTCOMES DURING AND AFTER THE SUMMER SCHOOL Objectives during Summer School: To get a fuller grasp of my research by drawing inferences from lecturers and other participants at the Summer School, and from Germany’s model in managing wastes in coastal areas; To learn valuable lessons from the critiques of my research plan in order to and inject new ideas acquired at the Summer School; To identify more effective models to apply to the research; To learn about emerging technologies and solutions that would aid in finding relevant answers the core questions the research seeks to answer. Objectives after Summer School: To adapt the lessons learnt at the Summer School into the proposal in a way that improves the outcome of the research at the site; To return to the field to complete the data collection; To conclude the research in good time. To conduct a quality research that other researchers can use as a model to solve waste problems in other rural/sub-urban areas; To lead a team to replicate the German experience in adapting solutions in waste management in rural and urban areas in Nigeria. REFERENCES

Ayoola and Ajani (2009): Seasonal variation in fish distribution and physico-chemical parameters of wetland areas in Oyo State, Nigeria, Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci. 3(1): 107-116

Jones and Hockey (1964): The Geology of Part of South Western Nigeria, Bull Geol. Survey of Nigeria No. 31.

Kareem, Olanrewaju, Osho, Orisasona, and Akintunde (2016): Growth Patterns and Condition Factor of Hepsetus odoe (Bloch, 1794) Captured in Eleyele Lake, Southwest Nigeria. Fish Aquac J 7: 178. doi: 10.4172/2150-3508.1000178.

Olayinka, Abimbola, Isibor, Rafiu (1999). A geoelectrical and hydrogeochemical investigation of groundwater occurrence in Ibadan. SW. Nigeria. Environ. Geol. 37 (1–2), 31–39.

Olubode, Awodoyin2 and Ogunyemi (2011): Floral Diversity in the Wetlands of Apete River, Eleyele Lake and Oba Dam in Ibadan, Nigeria: Its Implication for Biodiversity Erosion, West African Journal of Applied Ecology, vol. 18.

Tijani, Olaleye and Olubanjo (2011): Impact of Urbanization on Wetland Degradation: A Case Study of Eleyele Wetland, Ibadan, South West, Nigeria, Proceedings of the Environmental Management Conference, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria. Nubi, Osibanjo, and Nubi (2008): Impact Assessment of Dumpsite Leachate on The Qualities Of Surface Water And Sediment of River Eku, Ona-Ara Local Government, Oyo State, Nigeria, SCIENCE WORLD JOURNAL VOL 3 (NO3) Topic/Session: Adapting solutions in waste management in rural and urban areas

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SOLID URBAN WASTE AND CLIMATE CHANGE: MORRO DO BUMBA CASE

Caroline Cabral, PUC-Rio, ccabralarq@gmail.com

INTRODUCTION

The landfill was disable on 1982 and during many years the place was occupied by hundreds of families and urbanized by the government. After thirty years of inactivation, the old Viçoso landfill, now Bumba hill, located in Niterói (Rio de Janeiro) still showing environmental and social impacts. Uncontrolled housing occupation along with the incidence of heavy rainfall and neglected soil saturation caused the 2010 tragedy, which required a huge investment. In this year, the community was hit by a landslide when the area was covered by mud and garbage killing approximately fifty people. This study will focus on the risk and its possible consequence to Brazilian society of an inappropriate treatment and later urban use of the landfill dealing with climate change and the implications for human life. It will emphasize how most adaptation to the likely climate change-related dangers over the next few decades fit well within a local development agenda. The pictures below shows the location and the damage in the case of study of this paper.

Figure 1. (a & b) Location of Bumba Hill in Rio de Janeiro; (c) area of the study site before the landslide: (d) landfill in 1986, and; (e) area of the tragedy after the landslide.

AVAILABLE BACKGROUND INFORMATION & DATA The place called Morro do Bumba is located in a slightly steep area, of approximately 0.92 km², located in the neighbourhood of Viçoso Jardim, Municipality of Niterói, 40 minutes away from downtown Rio de Janeiro. The region, located in the interior of the coastal massif, is characterized by the rather rugged relief. The first landfill of the city worked for many years at São Lourenço, which is now totally urbanized. In 1970, Viçoso Jardim became the official garbage dump of the city. Due to saturation, the landfill was shut down around 1983. In the 1990s, encouraged by lack of supervision and mainly by gradually receiving public investments in infrastructure and services, the occupation of the area grew in a disorderly way.

The site, although not very steep, had fragile soil, basically constituted by a mountain of garbage, about five meters above the original elevation. The waste decomposition process, which has made the soil permeated by large amounts of methane gas along with the torrential rains that hit the city in 2010, caused minor landslides led to the release of the gas, causing explosions that accelerated the process of landslide and turned into an avalanche of mud and garbage. BRIEF STATE OF THE ART REVIEW The Brazilians slums, mostly, consist in areas of risk due to the precariousness of the buildings and their location on unfavourable land, such as on slopes. Although government agencies recommend the mapping, interdiction, or eviction of these areas, what we usually observe is the lack of cohesive information about the danger to the population. There is no perception and public awareness in the sense of developing a culture of risk, which allows the minimization of occurrences and their possible damages to the population and the environment. The consequences are the tragedies, such as that in Bumba, which resulted in destruction and death. The development of a preventive attitude should start by the public power.

EXPECTED OUTCOMES DURING AND AFTER THE SUMMER SCHOOL The disaster presented endorsed the critical role of urban governments in adaptation to climate change in all nations as well as in mitigation, reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This study aims to emphasize how most adaptation to the likely climate change-related dangers over the next few decades fit well within a local waste management development agenda in emerging economies. REFERENCES Clarissa Pains (2010): Niterói tinha "receita para desastre", diz especialista, Portal PUC-Rio Digital. MUNICH RE GROUP (1999). Topics 2000: natural catastrophes – the current position. München: MUNICH RE GROUP.

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LAND USES ON WASTE DUMPINGSITES AFTER CLOSURE

Marlus Oliveira, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, marlusnewton@gmail.com

INTRODUCTION

Currently, Brazilian enactment lacks proper regulation for the uses of brownfields utilized for irregular waste disposal. After closure, it is customary those sites remain closed and under monitoring campaigns for decades. This conservative approach does not prevent irregular occupation, urban discontinuities or additional pollution. Unfortunately, the amount of sites with those characteristics is way too high to be neglected. For instance, at the margins of the Guanabara Bay is located the largest dumpsite of the Latin America (Jardim Gramacho, recently closed).

Figure 1. Guanabara Bay and Jardim Gramacho Dumpsite The main goal of the present study is to assess the option of anticipating the use of an area used in the past for irregular waste disposal. Thus it shall be evaluated the risks for the users, precaution measures, soil characteristics and the neighbourhood request for a public area. AVAILABLE BACKGROUND INFORMATION & DATA The area of study is located at the west portion of the city of Rio de Janeiro, in Santa Cruz neighbourhood. The Santa Cruz Dumpsite worked from 1986 to 1999, receiving approximately 2,790,000 tons of waste on its 115.000 m² of area.

Figure 2. Santa Cruz Dumpsite

The site is at 100 meters from the São Francisco River, which runs to Sepetiba Bay. Additionally, there are multiple sand mining sites close to the dump, exposing the underwater table, which varies from 0.7 m to 2.00m in the area. BRIEF STATE OF THE ART REVIEW According to the Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics – IBGE (2008), almost 3.000 cities currently use dumps for waste disposal. At the state of Rio de Janeiro, the numbers are slightly better, but still not to be celebrated. On 2000, Rio de Janeiro had 199 active dumps, including the largest dump in Latin America. As mentioned by Cunha (2017), on 2007 the number was reduced to 70 facilities and on 2012 the State Plan for Solid Waste – PERS (2013) showed that only 42 cities used dump for waste disposal. Other countries already have successful cases in using allowing the reutilization of areas formerly used as waste dumpsites, such as Fresh Kills Park in New York, Sang-Am Millennium Park in South Korea (Spirn, 2008), La Vall dèn Joan in Espanha (Architizer, 2016), Hiriya in Israel (Sanches, 2011), among others. Despite the lack of regulation, Brazilian enactment seems to promote such reutilization, in deference to articles 182, 186 and 225 of the Federal Constitution, which estates the principles of social function of the property and of ecologically balanced environment. EXPECTED OUTCOMES DURING AND AFTER THE SUMMER SCHOOL The European Union and Germany regulations on waste disposal and management are lightyears ahead of Brazilian’s ones. Therefore, the current state of the art in Brazil was faced by those communities a long way before and such experience could help fostering the proper management in Brazil. During the summer school it would be useful to visit closed landfills which did not meet Directive 1999/31/EC and/or Germany rules. Understanding the technical criteria that led to the closing and the requirements to the approval of a new use of such areas could add content to the current research and help improving the Brazilian scenario. REFERENCES ARCHITIZER, available on: http://architizer.com/projects/landscape-restoration-of-the-vall-den-joan-landfill-site/. Accessed on 19.10.2016. CUNHA, Carlos Carlos Eduardo Soares Canejo Pinheiro da. Gestão de Resíduos Sólidos: Estratégias técnicas e legais rumo à destinação final ambientalmente adequada no estado do rio de janeiro in Comentários à Legislação Ambiental do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro, 2017. IBGE, Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics, Basic Sanitation National Research, 2008.

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PERS, Solid Waste State Plan, 2013. SANCHES, Patrícia Mara. De áreas degradadas a espaços vegetados: potencialidades de áreas vazias, abandonadas e subutilizadas como parte da infra-estrutura verde urbana. São Paulo, 2011. SPIRN, Anne Whiston. Post-Landfill Parks. Available on: http://web.mit.edu/leejs/www/11.308%20Comparative%20Analysis.pdf. Accessed on 19.07.2016.

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EVALUATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS FROM A MUNICIPAL DUMP AFTER ITS DEACTIVATION IN AN INDUSTRIAL CITY LOCATED IN RIO DE JANEIRO -

BRAZIL

Bruno Setta, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, brunosetta@hotmail.com

INTRODUCTION

Due to accelerated population growth in cities, especially in emerging countries, such as Brazil, the economically viable alternative to the final waste disposal waste was the construction of landfills, popularly known as dumps. However, this type of waste disposal is not considered environmentally appropriate, as it may cause impacts on public health and the environment, such as: slurry production, highly toxic liquid, methane gas emission, attraction of disease vectors, among others. Legal provisions, such as Conduct Adjustment Declaration (CAD), and environmental impact assessment methods have been applied with the aim to minimize environmental impacts and enabling harmonic and healthy use of the degraded area for population and environment. The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) becomes an essential instrument for the National Environmental Policy, Law nº 6.938/1981 (Brazil, 1981), based on identification and evaluation of significance impacts from an enterprise, to enable the entities involved, whether public or private, to take appropriate decisions on the issues identified in the environmental evaluation. It can be mentioned as the main methods of environmental impact assessment, Ad hoc, a Checklist, these two were used in this work, besides the Interaction Matrix, Interaction Networks and Simulation Models (Barrow, 1997). The City of Volta Redonda, the study area of this work, is located in South Fluminense Region of Rio de Janeiro State and it fits on the theme presented. For being strategically located between the main Brazilian capitals, São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, which would facilitate the displacement of products, services and people, the City of Volta Redonda was designated to receive the largest steel industry in Latin America, NSC (National Steel Company). This company was built in 1941 and, undoubtedly, was responsible for the formation of the city's identity and economic and social development. Although, the company’s activities are also responsible for most city’s air pollution, besides the disorderly urban growth and the intensity of vehicular traffic that has been caused in several situations respiratory diseases on the population, due to exposure of individuals to carbon monoxide (Paiva, 2014). Due to urban sprawl, the amount of urban waste increased significantly, so the municipal government decided to build up a dump as a disposal site for its waste in 1987. The dump’s operations lasted 27 years and received 169.4 tons per day (Izabella et al., 2012), which caused significant environmental damage in its areas of influence and made the Public Prosecutor of Rio de Janeiro to sue the City Hall by applying a CAD. In this sense, the objective of this work was to evaluate the environmental impacts from the municipal dump area

of Volta Redonda City, located in the interior of Rio de Janeiro State, to evaluate its environmental recovery. For this, interviews were carried out with technicians from the Municipal Environment Department and from the public environmental agencies, a bibliographic survey of the study area and field visits at the site.

Figure 1. (a) Location of Volta Redonda City in Rio de Janeiro State; (b & c) location of municipal dump in Volta Redonda City; (d) waste disposal in the municipal dump in 2007.

AVAILABLE BACKGROUND INFORMATION & DATA An irregular waste service occurred from 1987 to 2012. The site served as a disposal for household and industrial waste, for public cleaning service and for health services. In 1987, an operating license (OL), nº 332/87, was granted with an expiration term in 1992. Its renewal was not approved by State Environmental Institute (INEA), since the requirements imposed by this environmental agency were not attended. However, the operations continued and, in 2003, the Federal Public Ministry (FPM) sued Volta Redonda City Hall and the Paper Deposit São Gabriel (company that owns the land), in which the defendants were responsible for remediation and closure issues. In 2005, Volta Redonda City Hall was called by FPM to sign a CAD, number 2003.5104002992-9. In addition, the Public Labor Ministry, INEA, IBAMA (Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources) and the Paper Deposit São Gabriel also signed the responsibility term. In 2011, the FPM and INEA asked for effective actions from the Volta Redonda City Hall to comply with the CAD, as well as some measures taken, such as: revisions requested by INEA to obtain the Operation and Recovery

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License (More than two projects were rejected by the INEA); improvements in the current dump, avoiding the disposal of slurry in the Brandão River; Purchase of the autoclave equipment that does a sterilization of health care waste; hiring a company to study a new area for the installation of the CTR, which has not yet been decided. Since then, the city’s government has faced difficulties to attend the actions imposed by the CAD. The dump has a total area of 175,950 m

2, and the waste

mass area is 57,103 m2. It is located in the Sedimentary

Basin of Volta Redonda, whose morpho-sculptural unit is the Sedimentary Basin Board (Dias et al., 2002), mainly formed by sandstones and argillites from the Cenozoic Period. This basin is surrounded by crystalline rocks of metamorphic origin and intrusive igneous rocks, forming an important Brazilian geological feature, the "Continental Rift of Southeast Brazil" (Almeida & Carneiro, 1998). The dump is also inserted in the Forest of Cicuta Damping Zone, at a distance of 1.6 km. On its right side, the Brandão River crosses, which, after crossing it, reaches the Forest of Cicuta, and receives other tributaries that run through the municipality, such as the Cachoeirinha and Cafuá streams, and flows into the Paraíba do Sul River, which is the main water body that supplies the municipality. The biodiversity found in the area is very low. The vegetation found in the surrounding area is formed by Atlantic Forest Biome species, characterized as Submontane Semidecidual Seasonal Forest (ICMBio, 2016), with the presence of medium and large trees belonging to the Forest of Cicuta. Some vegetables species found are herbaceous and shrub species, such as an embaúba (Cecropia pachystachya), grasses and an exotic and opportunistic found in abundance the grass colonium (Panicum maximum Jacq). The fauna is less representative than the flora, probably because of the environmental contamination by slurry and residues, many animals migrated to other areas. There are only domestic dogs that belong to the environmental guards and some wild ducks

Figure 2. (a) Surrounding area from Forest of Cicuta; (b) slurry; (c) flora; (d) wild ducks; (e) domestic dogs.

BRIEF STATE OF THE ART REVIEW For years it has been hearing about the environmental problems caused by the bad management of solid waste in the municipality of Volta Redonda, my hometown. Even with an application of fines and environmental infractions, the municipal government did not solve the dump environmental remediation, nor even defined a future local for a construction of a sanitary landfill in the municipality. According to the study made by an Environmental Consulting hired by Volta Redonda City Hall, in 2013, the cost for the all environmental remediation site is almost R$ 10 million reais, including polls, water quality monitoring of lakes, drainage for methane capture, construction of a slurry treatment plant, and reforestation of the area. So, the previous government decided to not remediate. Although, the current Environmental Secretary said that the municipal government is looking for a new one Environmental Consulting for a new study and, then, they can analyse if the new cost can be payed and the site be remediated. EXPECTED OUTCOMES DURING AND AFTER THE SUMMER SCHOOL I expect during the Summer School in collaboration with the other attendees/lecturers that I can explain in details and clearly my case study in Volta Redonda. I would like to exchange ideas, experiences, consult the participants, search for new techniques with low cost and less aggressive to the environment, when other participants expose their own case study. The more similar studies to mine I attend during the event, and the more information and knowledge I acquire as well, it will be essential for presenting and explaining to municipal government other alternative methods that are more economically viable and less environmentally aggressive. Therefore, my participation in the event will be important for the environmental remediation of the municipal dump. REFERENCES Almeida, F. F. M. & Carneiro, C. D. R. (1998). Origin and evolution of the Serra do Mar. Brazilian Journal of Geosciences, n.2, v. 28, p. 135-180. Barrow, C. J. (1997). Environmental and Social Impact Assessment – An Introduction. Oxford University Press Inc., New York. Brazil. (1981). Federal Law No. 6.938, dated August 31, 1981. Provides for the National Environmental Policy. Dias, J. E .; Gomes, O. V. O .; Goes, M. H. B. (2003). Areas of flood risk in the Municipality of Volta Redonda: an application by geoprocessing. Revista Caminhos de Geografia, n. 2 (10), p. 13-25, set. ICMBio. Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation. (2016). Management Plan of ARIE Forest of Cicuta. Rio de Janeiro, p.118. Izabella, C.R.P.V .; Adriana, S.F.A .; Aline, S.F .; Albiane, C.D .; José, A.C. (2012). Elaboration of the diffusive profile of inorganic ions Cl-, K + and Na + present in the soil and leachate of the Volta Redonda landfill - RJ. In: 16th Brazilian Congress of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Porto Seguro – BA.

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Sustainable waste management as an opportunity in Brazil to develop secondary resource market and to minimize GHG emission

Dias Pereira, Christiane

Specialist, Civil Engineer and Lawyer

Over the past few years, as a result of increasing In 2010, the National Solid Waste Policy (PNRS) of Brazil was issued, which is based on principles concerning sustainable solutions for problems associated with waste management, resources preservation and climate protection. Therefore, the PNRS creates a positive agenda for the encouragement of adaptation of landfills as electric power plants; closing and remediating wild dumps and promoting waste valorization, recycling and social inclusion. All these new proposals should face the Brazilian reality that goes from economic feasibility discussion over the lack of knowledge to implement sustainable solutions. This fact is not due to lower market interest in the subject, but rather due to the pioneering condition, with no large-scale examples that give opportunity for experiences’ exchange. Along with the PNRS, new opportunities for the management of waste as well as secondary positive effects have been created for the Brazilian main market players, e.g. market searches for an appropriate infrastructure, technologies, and other effective systems incl. technical-operational aspects. Especially the latter include technologies for implementation and monitoring of future waste treatment plants. Therefore, partnerships are formed among national waste operators and suppliers of foreign technologies as well as with new actors in cement, cellulose and energy industries. Furthermore, the importance of waste management for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and the availability of climate protection measures are hardly known. Waste management has a high potential for the mitigation and reduction of GHG emissions. In the period 1990-2012, an amount of 321 million tons CO2eq was reduced in Germany (from 1,247 to 926 million tons CO2eq), of which waste management measures contributed around 55 million tons CO2eq. The PNRS results are still modest but encourage an innovative approach based on integration of consolidated market with new and great opportunities in Brazil.

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WASTE MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE: BRIDGING THE WASTE SOLUTIONS EXPERTISE GAP WORLDWIDE

Bukunmi John BAMIGBEGBIN, University of Ibadan, johnbamigbegbin@gmail.com

Introduction United Nations has estimated the figure of city dwellers to rise to about 2.5 billion by 2050. As a result of rising urbanization and change in lifestyle and food habits, the amount of municipal solid waste has been increasing rapidly. Municipal solid waste disposal is a major concern in developing countries across the world. These countries are characterized by high poverty, population growth, ineffectual and under-funded governments (Doan 1998, Cointreau 1982); unplanned and haphazard constructions, all hampering efficient management of wastes (UNESCO 2003). The US-EPA (2016) has recently reiterated the relationship between climate change and solid waste. Sustainable Waste Solutions are practical ways to help mitigate climate change. Typically, developing countries are faced with technical, economical and social constraints limiting the integration of proven waste management techniques into their daily activities. Numerous developing countries lack the required technical expertise, knowledge and support for managing waste. Quite unfortunately, solid waste management is also not considered a priority and limited funds are allocated to it. In addition, social constraints play a major role in situation where societies view only a certain social class of people to handle and deal with waste. This limits the attitude and size of available work force for solid waste collection and disposal. Bridging the Waste Solutions expertise gap worldwide is critical to achieving global result. The need to address environmental

pollutions inducing climate change has moved from nice to do to must do. Problem description – Population growth and urbanization prompting disorganized disposal of waste has proven to be a major climate change issue and by extension a public health issue. Proper management of municipal solid waste is critical to the health and well-being of urban residents (World Bank 2003). Especially in developing countries, it has become one of the most intractable environmental problems. While in emerging economies, there is little or meagre concern for waste management practices. Solid wastes are visibly disposed or littered in municipalities staring the authorities in the face. Waste management particularly generation becomes least priority issue. Local authorities largely do not have budgetary support to handle waste generation in better manner. Manpower dealing with waste generation is inadequately equipped.

Developed countries are more informed on the risk of waste generation and its climate change potential. While developing countries cannot still explore waste solutions due to lack of expertise and other peculiar constraints. There are multiple technological options to reduce climate change potential of solid waste. Technologies such as; recycling, compositing for agriculture usage, waste to energy generation are options for global climate change mitigation If developing countries’ prevalent technical, economical and social constraints are addressed.

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Social, ecological, economical and environmental effects –

As reported, there are over 800 waste-to-energy plants in the developed nations, producing electricity and district heating for the community by incinerating waste. Specifically, Switzerland, Japan, France, Germany, Sweden and Denmark are countries in which 50% or more of the waste that is not recycled is sent to an incinerator (BeWasteWise, 2013). This drastically cuts down the amount of waste that is disposed of in landfills to as little as 4% of the overall waste generated. Some of these countries have passed legislation to prohibit future landfilling of combustible waste (BeWasteWise, 2013). Climate change is a global issue. That implies, the developed nations’ effort at sustainable waste management must be reciprocated by the developing countries to yield a global result. Sadly, the waste management expertise gap means existence of negative correlation between practices obtainable in these parts of the world.

Consequently, leading to land mass degradation, waterbodies contamination, lower life expectancy and poorer quality of life in developing countries.

Suggestions for suitable solutions

Sustainable waste solutions in developing countries remain untapped. All stakeholders must be involved to address the limiting factors identified above. Conversely, climate change cannot be treated in isolation. Recognition of the role of the community based groups is crucial because it introduces other important issues such as urban poverty, economic development, and citizenship rights. The suggestion here is to employ a more inclusive approach if we are to have a truly global solution to waste generation inducing climate change.

Sustainable waste management for developing countries and emerging economies resides in thinking beyond waste. The big solution is also in the opportunities it creates. These countries will buy transformative solutions that not just solve the problems of waste management and climate change, but create jobs & opportunities for their communities. Inclusive growths of the waste management sector that favours income generation, boost agricultural productivity and upgrade the environment is not only desirable but sellable to stakeholders in developing countries. EXPECTED OUTCOMES DURING AND AFTER THE SUMMER SCHOOL At the summer school, the aim is provide deep insights into the intractable waste management and climate change problems confronting Nigeria, the largest economy in Africa. Also, a local perspective into peculiar constraints to handling Municipal Solid Waste generated and possible solutions will be presented. Specifically, the objectives are to acquire transferable skills on 1. waste management and climate change and 2. waste collection and city cleaning. REFERENCES BeWasteWise (2013): Solid waste

management and climate change. http://wastewise.be/2013/08/solid-waste-management-and-climate-change/

Cointreau, Sandra J. (1982): Environmental management of urban solid wastes in developing countries: Urban Development Dept, World Bank.

Doan, Peter L. 1998. “Institutionalizing household waste collection: the urban environmental management project in Cote d’Ivoire.” Habitat International. 22(1): 27-39.

US-EPA (2016):

https://archive.epa.gov/wastes/conserve/tools/payt/web/html/factfin.html

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SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE UNDER CHANGING CLIMATE: A CASE STUDY OF KARACHI, PAKISTAN

Salman Khan, Hohai University, salman@hhu.edu.cn

INTRODUCTION Karachi, the most urbanized and industrialized city in Pakistan, plays a key role in the country’s economy. However, this coastal city is experiencing a constant menace of environmental pollution as well as the absence of an integrated solid waste management system. In spite of the fact that the city has a population of over 20 million producing more than 10,000 tons of municipal solid on a daily basis, an adequate solid management system is entirely nonexistent. Consequently, posing a threat to groundwater and marine life and resulting in the emission of greenhouse gases. The objective of this study is to highlight the current issues pertaining to the municipal solid waste in Karachi and assess the suitability of sophisticated recycling and waste to energy systems. In other words, this research analyzes the potential of generating energy from combustible and putrescible solid waste in a city undergoing a critical power shortage.

Figure 1. (a) Location of Karachi and its coastline along the Arabian Sea; (b) open dumping near a sewer: (c) open dumping along the coast, and; (e) fishermen standing in polluted seawater AVAILABLE BACKGROUND INFORMATION & DATA Karachi has an area of 3,527 sq. km and an elevation of 8 meters above the mean sea level. Karachi, with a coastline of 135 km along the Arabian Sea, has the busiest ports in the region. The coastline is composed of a complex array of creeks and the Indus river delta having diverse marine flora and fauna. However, its coastal ecosystem is under a constant threat of environmental pollution due to unregulated waste disposal and occasional oil spills. The city generates more than 10,000 tons of domestic solid waste on a daily basis with a 60% collection and disposal rate. For this research, data regarding the amount and composition of domestic solid waste will be acquired from the respective department of the Karachi Municipal Corporation. Moreover, data regarding the air quality in Karachi will be obtained from the Pakistan Environmental

Protection Agency and weather data will be provided by the Pakistan Meteorology Department. BRIEF STATE OF THE ART REVIEW Climate change and environmental degradation are the two major challenges faced by current human civilization. Nevertheless, there has been a plausible emphasis on the causes, mitigation and impacts of climate change in the scientific community and it has been widely acknowledged that anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gas are the leading cause of rising temperatures (Samo, Mukwana et al. 2016). Moreover, waste sector is among the major contributor to greenhouse emissions as a significant amount of methane gas is generated during the degradation of organic matter present in wastewater and municipal solid waste. Studies indicate that the concentration of CH4 in the atmosphere has risen up to 1700 PPB as opposed to 700 PPB in the pre-industrial era and the human activities are credited to have caused 60 to 70 % of the increase in methane concentration (Soomro, Memon et al. 2012). Municipal solid waste alone is the fourth largest contributor to global non-CO2 GHG emissions generating 550Tg of methane gas annually (Zuberi and Ali 2015). Ever-growing population and urbanization are the major causes for amplified solid waste and greenhouse gas generation. Despite the fact that agriculture, livestock and fisheries sectors in rural areas also contribute to climate change and their influence is considerably increasing, cities have a substantially higher carbon footprint (Onyanta 2016). Additionally, it is estimated that over 6 billion people will reside in cities by 2050 (Koraia, Maharb et al. 2017). The challenge of rapid urbanization is particularly alarming in the emerging economies of the Asian continent as they strive to alleviate poverty and achieve food security. Furthermore, economic growth and the demand for an improved livelihood are leading to an accelerated increase in solid waste generation in these regions (Ali, Nitivattananon et al. 2012). Karachi, with over 20 million inhabitants, is the largest industrial hub as well as the financial epicenter of Pakistan. Despite its vital significance and contribution to the country’s economy, it ranks among the worst cities of the world in terms of sustainability (Phillis, Kouikoglou et al. 2017). Likewise, the urban population in the city has increased by 1500% in the past 60 years (Ali, Zuberi et al. 2015). Being located in the coastal region, the city is susceptible to the impacts of sea level rise and storm surges. Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency estimates that the city produced 0.613 kg per capita of solid waste in 2004, moreover, a significant upswing in the solid waste generation is anticipated by 2025. Solid waste from a typical urban community in Karachi consist of kitchen refuse, construction waste, garden litter and dirt and grit from street sweeping (Vij 2012). Nevertheless, merely a

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half of the municipal solid waste is collected by the municipal corporation and disposed in the landfills located within 30 kilometers of the city center. The remaining half is dumped in the streets, clogs the sewerage system in the monsoon season and may ultimately pollute the coastal water endangering numerous marine species (Sabir, Waheed et al. 2016). Presently, solid waste management practices in Karachi largely focus on disposing the municipal waste in the nearby landfills. Notwithstanding, informal recycling is done by underage scavengers from impoverished families with the majority of these waste pickers being refugees and settlers from Afghanistan(Shahid, Nergis et al. 2014). Municipal solid waste is commonly incinerated to reduce its volume and to obtain valuable recyclable materials such as metals. These recyclable items are a potential source of livelihood for the impoverished communities in the urban area (Wilson, Araba et al. 2009). EXPECTED OUTCOMES DURING AND AFTER THE SUMMER SCHOOL In brief, this study provides an insight into the current solid waste management practices in Karachi and envisions a more comprehensive approach in handling over 10,000 tons of solid waste produced by the city dwellers every day. The aim of this study is to estimate and segregate different constituents of the municipal as well as to foresee the potential of organized recycling and waste to energy generation. Moreover, Integrated and sustainable solid waste management will not only assist in combating climate change but also provide an alternative power generation resource in a country undergoing a severe energy shortage. This research proposes a sustainable solid waste management approach in the coastal city of Karachi by incorporating state-of-the-art recycling and introducing waste to energy system for the city. I strongly believe that TUB’s Summer Camp program will provide an excellent platform for accomplishing this research. In addition, the diverse and multi-disciplinary team of Swindon will immensely benefit this study in achieving its goals. REFERENCES Ali, et al. (2012). "Green waste to biogas: Renewable energy possibilities for Thailand's green markets." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16(7): 5423-5429. Ali, et al. (2015). "A study to incorporate renewable energy technologies into the power portfolio of Karachi, Pakistan." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 47: 14-22. Koraia, et al. (2017). "The feasibility of municipal solid waste for energy generation and its existing management practices in Pakistan." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 72(2017). Onyanta (2016). "Cities, municipal solid waste management, and climate change: Perspectives from the South." Geography Compass 10(12): 499-513. Phillis, et al. (2017). "Urban sustainability assessment and ranking of cities." Computers, Environment and Urban Systems 64: 254-265.

Sabir, et al. (2016). "A Study of Solid Waste Management in Karachi City." Journal of Education & Social Sciences 4(2): 151-163. Samo, et al. (2016). Potential of Solid Waste and Agricultural Biomass as Energy Source and Effect on Environment in Pakistan. Handbook of Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation. W.-Y. Chen, T. Suzuki and M. Lackner. Switzerland, Springer: 3313. Shahid, et al. (2014). "Environmental Impact of Municipal Solid Waste in Karachi City." World Applied Sciences Journal 29(12): 1516-1526. Soomro, et al. (2012). Municipal Solid Waste Management: Options for Its Treatment and Energy Recovery. Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development. M. A. Uqaili and K. Harijan. India, Springer. Vij (2012). Urbanization and solid waste management in India: Present practices and future challenges. International Conference on Emerging Economies – Prospects and Challenges, Elsevier Ltd. Wilson, et al. (2009). "Building recycling rates through the informal sector." Waste Manag 29(2): 629-635. Zuberi and Ali (2015). "Greenhouse effect reduction by recovering energy from waste landfills in Pakistan." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 44: 117-131.

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SOLID WASTE SEPARATION MANAGEMENT AT HOUSEHOLD LEVEL IN BANGKOK, THAILAND

Anh Ta, Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, Thammasat University, anhta1704@gmail.com

INTRODUCTION

Municipal solid waste management in Thailand has long been considered as one of the most severe environmental problems. As the country grows economically, the quantity of solid waste has also increased while many of the existing disposal sites have reached carrying capacity. Bangkok as the capital and mega-polis of Thailand also deals with the critical problem. In 2015, the total amount of municipal solid waste generated nationwide was 26.85 million tonnes per year or 73,560 tonnes per day, in which, 4.19 million tonnes were generated in Bangkok (16%) or 11,500 tonnes (PCD, 2015). In order to improve waste management, Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA) was promoted many campaigns for waste reduction and waste separation. However, only 30% of the total amount of waste generation was utilized by composting or recycle processing (PCD, 2015). According to BMA, the primary reason for the low efficiency is the limited practice of residents in the metropolis even though there are high knowledge on the waste separation. However, the current situation shows that ‘Saleng’ is known as waste pickers and private junk shops are playing a significant role to promote the waste utilization (Fig. 1). Nevertheless, the association among BMA, households and junk shops is not strong enough to boost the waste separation and create a sustainable waste management. Figure 1. (a) Location of Bangkok in the Southeast Asia; (b) mixed garbage from Bang Khae district; (c) ‘Saleng’ makes living as scrap collectors; and (d) ‘Saleng’ sell recyclable waste to private junk shop. Therefore, the objectives of this case study are to determine factors affecting solid waste separation in BKK households, and investigate the association triangles among BMA, households, and saleng/junk shops for waste separation, Furthermore, it is also expected to create an appropriate framework to support and enforce Bangkok households to separate their waste; and organizing the activities of the saleng/private junk shops, and their interaction with government and households.

The possible methodology for the case study is cross-sectional descriptive study by doing a questionnaire to Bangkok residents, ‘saleng’, and private junk shops. The survey not only identifies current advantages and disadvantages of doing waste separation at the household level but also help to make the framework more feasibility. AVAILABLE BACKGROUND INFORMATION & DATA To achieve the sustainable waste management and minimize the climate change, BMA has set “Green Metropolis” policy by defining the target in the 20-year Bangkok Metropolitan Development Plan from 2013 to 2032, reduce solid waste to 20% of the generated waste and the waste is treated prior to landfill to 47%. It means BMA provides a framework to develop the practical implementation of solid waste management for a long term.

Figure 2. Bangkok’s solid waste composition (BMA, 2014) The study on waste composition from the three main disposal sites of Bangkok indicated that more than 80% of waste could be processed for reuse and recycling (Fig. 3). Therefore, BMA promoted waste reduction and separation for resource recovery including campaigning for public awareness and cooperation (i.e. 3Rs principles, zero waste management, and community-based solid waste management). Waste separation at the source is promoted by introducing three waste bins for different types of waste: food waste, recyclable waste, and household hazardous waste. However, as a result of low enforcement on waste segregation program, very limited number of community adopted the segregation program, and most of the waste is still dumped into a landfill. BRIEF STATE OF THE ART REVIEW The terms “scrap collectors,” “sleang” (in Thai) refer to people who make a living by selling recyclables found in trash. They are found in the city streets, in the dumps and on the municipal trucks that collect and transport waste to disposal locations. (Wilson, Velis, and Cheeseman 2006). In Bangkok, waste pickers search for valuable items and

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sell them to tricycle waste buyers or directly to the waste trading shops. Tricycle waste buyers purchase materials directly, both from waste generators and waste pickers (Alice, Janya 2012). According to Dias (2016), waste pickers are critical economic agents, as they provide recyclable materials to formal enterprises and generate demand for service providers. Therefore, they make a relevant contribution to the environment, to public health, and to urban economies. Moreover, waste pickers have contested orthodox, conventional approaches to urban planning. Lastly, the author concluded that waste pickers are key economic and environmental actors and should be granted access to waste as a common-pool resource. In other side, the recent study of UEHAS program, University of Tokyo in 2016 identified the association triangles among BMA, households, and saleng/junk shops as Fig.3. Currently, it has no corporation between BMA, waste pickers and junk shops. Saleng/junk shops and household have good association but it’s not strong enough to boost the waste separation. There are have very high association between households and BMA, however, it doesn’t make the waste separation program work efficiently. In addition, the study also found that more than 80% of Bangkok residents have knowledge and awareness about the waste separation, however, only 30% of the people really do the separation. The study also indicated that 70% the people do not separate because they do not have separation bins, and 60% of people think that BMA workers do not separate. And the motivation for solid waste separation in BKK households is financial gain from the selling the recyclable waste. (Anh, Yoshihiro, Olang, Manasawee, Supattra, 2016)

Figure 3. Association triangles among BMA, households, and saleng/junk shops. EXPECTED OUTCOMES DURING AND AFTER THE SUMMER SCHOOL With participants from many countries all over the world, the summer school is a good chance for all attendees to share their experiences about environmental problems, especially waste management situation in their own countries. For the case study “Solid waste separation management at household level in Bangkok, Thailand”, it’s expected that participants can contribute their ideas on creating frameworks for waste pickers’ activities, and feasibility laws to support or enforce doing waste separation for the resident not only in Bangkok, Thailand but also in other developing countries. Moreover, influences of the framework or laws on economy and sociality of the countries also have to analyze carefully during the summer school.

REFERENCES Alice Sharp, Janya Sang-Arun (2012): A guide for sustainable urban organic waste management in Thailand: Combining food, energy, and climate co-benefits, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies. Anh Ta, Yoshihiro Ishii, Olang Tabitha Atieno, Manasawee Thongsringklee, Supattra Srisan (2016): Garbage separate management at household level in Bangkok, Integrated management of urban environment for sustainable development 31th – 12th August 2016. BMA (2014): Bangkok State of the Environment 2013-2014, Bangkok Metropolitan Administration. Dias, S. M. (2016). Waste pickers and cities. Environment and Urbanization, 28(2), pp. 375-390. PCD (2015): Thailand State of Pollution Report 2015, Thailand Pollution Control Department. Wilson, David, Costas Velis, and Chris Cheeseman (2006): Role of the Informal Sector Recycling in Waste Management in Developing Countries, Habitat International, no. 30, pp. 797-808

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Waste Management System towards Indonesia Green Building Program

Adek Nuraini Djohar

Over Jakarta, the capital city of Indonesia, produces nearly 10 million tonnes of waste annually, and this amount increases by 2 to 4% annually (Ministry of Environment, 2008). Jakarta uses a major landfill name Bantar Gebang which located in the suburban town of Bekasi, a satellite city of Jakarta. This landfill has only capacity to absorb waste approximately 6,000 tonnes per day. Cleansing Department of Jakarta municipality in 2005 recorded that 52.97% of waste is coming from household followed by waste from commercial buildings (offices, hotels, hospitals and shopping centers) which was amounted to 27.35%. Commercial buildings in Jakarta are potential contributors to increase waste generation in Jakarta. Until today, no commercial building implements an integrated waste management system. This condition presents a serious challenge for waste management in urban areas. Similar with waste from household, most of this waste is directly transported to the major landfill in Bantar Gebang. Only some types of waste, such as waste from plastic or cardboard are separated for resale to the collectors around the buildings. Paper and plastic wastes are dominantly generated from commercial buildings. Fig 1. Flow chart solid management system in Jakarta https://www.intechopen.com/books/waste-management-an-integrated-vision/household-solid-waste- In September 2015, Jakarta governor instructed all commercial buildings started to manage their wastes independently. Building managements were free to hire transportation to the appointed waste recycling areas. They will be charged if using major landfill for place of their waste disposal. They were also suggested to cooperate with waste recycling company and transport services, so that they will not use local government facilities for waste handling. Furthermore, local government rule No.3 in 2013 has regulated that commercial buildings must independently manage their waste.

In addition, according to Law No. 18 of 2008 on Waste Management, in article 13 stated that the residential, commercial, industrial, special areas, public facilities, social facilities, and other facilities have to provide waste separating facilities. Based on this law, unlike household where inhabitants are tied each other, waste management system in commercial buildings has big opportunity to be implemented successfully if building users have been educated with 3R (reduce, reuse, recycle) concept and provided with adequate facilities, such as posters, training, and trash separated between organic, inorganic, and B3, and also incentives. Green Building concept has 3R criteria for its rating tools of Greenship. It will be included in assessment of Material Resources and Cycle point. In terms of aiming to reduce waste from the source, 3R program in buildings has a very positive value not only for building users but also to lower waste management costs for building management.

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TITLE; LIFE CYCLE BASED MODELLING OF WASTE- CLIMATE NEXUS: CASE OF BAHIR DAR CITY, ETHIOPIA

TILIK TENA WONDIM, BAHIR DAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, tenatilik@gmail.com

INTRODUCTION

Bahir dar city waste (solid and liquid) disposal site is located seven km to south-east of the city. Main pollution zones and potential natural resources influenced by the site are shown in (Fig. 1). The disposal site is surrounded with agricultural fields (planting sugarcane, vegetables, etc.), grass lands, swamp areas, trees, rivers, and peri-urban residents. Moreover, the site is the concentration point for the nearby watershed during rainy season. Principally the commingled waste disposed in to uncontrolled landfill undergoing complex bio-chemical reactions and pollutes the global environment by releasing toxic compounds to the atmosphere (acidification, global warming, ecotoxicology, etc.), water quality deterioration due to the leachate, soil salinity, health risk, and contributed to gully erosion. In this regard, waste-user-environment interaction will be comprehensively modelled to establish waste footprint and lifecycle assent frameworks, quantifying the impact, and devising the implementation methods. The strategies to achieve the objectives are; an integrated framework on lifecycle assessment method will be designed and from the inventory, identifies necessary data to characterize and assess the environmental impacts (climate change) caused by the disposal of waste. Multiple-attributes and indicators will be structured and developed the operational impact model for inventory-midpoint-endpoint networking using all available models (for the protection of human health, ecosystems quality and resources). Finally, comprehensive user-friendly decision support tool will be developed and implemented for multiple-sources (solid and liquid) and criteria, to model waste management practices and climate change resilience of the case area.

Figure 1. (a) Location of liquid and solid waste dumping site of Bahir Dar City; (b & c) grasslands, swampy areas

and ecology around the site: (d & e) flaring of solid waste and the smokes at the site; (f) the vegetables planted using the river polluted with the leachate, and: (g) the river flowing across the dumping site and joins to Blue Nile river.

AVAILABLE BACKGROUND INFORMATION & DATA There have never previous, on-going or planned studies been conducted in the proposed site under life cycle based modelling of waste management rather there is one investigational study that were tried to identify the suitability of waste disposal sites. The secondary waste generated from dumping site i.e., leachate, and the digested waste further pollute the ground and river water, which is the potential water sources for the local community (i.e using for irrigation, drinking and fishing). Moreover, due to uncontrolled burning of the waste at the disposal site the community living around is suffering with irritating smoke (respiratory diseases, headache, etc) and further impact on the environment (global warming, GHG emission, etc). Therefore, the waste at the proposed site is a chronic treat for the ecosystem, environment, community, fresh water, and soil fertility. For this study we could get available data on the amount of solid waste dumped, sewage emptied (from the municipality), ground and surface water quality characteristics (from water resource office), type of macro-invertebrate and aquatic plants, and nutrient retained in soil (from Agriculture research center). Furthermore, using air emission and life cycle models we will quantify the degree of air pollutions and identify primary air pollutants and impacts on the climate. In parallel the topography of dumping site and the possible leachate and sewage transport regimes can be identified. There are available modelling tools and the government has already set an institutional and legal framework to efficiently manage the waste as sustainable as possible even though there is no any intervention has been applied. BRIEF STATE OF THE ART REVIEW A comprehensive literature review finds that a life cycle assessment decision-science approach for waste management and climate change is not well developed, and currently in practice decisions are taken based on past experience. There are many past applications of decision making approaches to select landfill site in solid and liquid waste management (Javaheri, 2006; Banar et al., 2007; Sumathi et al., 2008; Paul, 2012), whereas waste-climate nexus modeling has never been tried under a life cycle framework at the proposed case study. The scientific study showed that methane and carbon dioxide (CO2) are greenhouse gases (GHG), whose presence in the atmosphere contribute to global warming and climate change. In addition, methane is a particularly potent GHG, and is currently considered to have a global

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warming potential (GWP) 25 times that of CO2 when a time horizon of 100 years is considered (UNEP, 2010). This pulled me to propose the present case study and will be focused to achieve this goal. EXPECTED OUTCOMES DURING AND AFTER THE SUMMER SCHOOL During summer school I’m expecting; to finalize the review of proposed case study, strengthen and re-evaluate the study based on site visit experience and lecturers feedback, prepare a holistic mind map and finalizing the research activities and concisely participate in the working groups. Moreover, I believe I would bring valuable skills, experience and knowledge to the support of publications and events. This training would increase the quality of education through scientific researching; esteem based teaching-learning system and increases the overall excellence of my academic institution. REFERENCES Javaheri, (2006): Site selection of municipal solid waste landfills using analytical hierarchical process method in a geographical information technology environment in Giroft. Ira n Journal of Environmental Health Science Engineering, vol. 3, pp. 177-184. Paul, (2012): Location allocation for urban waste disposal site using multi-criteria analysis: A study on Nabadwip Municipality. West Bengal, India, International Journal of Geomantic and Geoscience, vol. 3(1), pp. 425-432. UNEP, (2010): Waste and climate change, International Environmental Technology Centre, UNEP. Banar, Kos, Ozkan, and Acar (2007): Choosing a municipal landfill site by analytical network process. Environmental Geology, pp.747-751. Sumathi, Natesan, and Sarkar (2008): GIS-based approach for optimized sitting of municipal solid waste landfill. Waste Management, vol.28, pp. 2146–2160.

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DISPOSABLE DIAPER RECYCLING PLANT IN JALISCO, MEXICO

José de Jesús Castillo Monroy, University of Guadalajara, j.jcastillo@live.com.mx INTRODUCTION

The Metropolitan Area of Guadalajara (ZMG) in the state of Jalisco, Mexico is home to 7,844,830 people, of whom 694,948 are under 4 years old (INEGI, 2010). The ZMG does not have adequate waste management as it’s a common practice to mix organic waste, sanitary waste and recyclable materials in the same trash can. This has allowed companies such as Industrial Gen, Ghusa collector or collector Rio to find a business opportunity by collecting the trash and then separating it for the recycling of glass, metals, plastic, paper and carton mainly. These activities of some industrialists have allowed to diminish the negative environmental impact produced by the handling of residues but the reality is very different when the residues cannot be quickly converted to money, this is the case of used disposable diapers which are a waste Made mainly of cellulose contaminated by organic matter, solids, phosphorus, nitrogen and pathogens that could be present in human excreta. These diapers take a long time to degrade and due to the mismanagement of the waste many times they end up in rivers or streams of the city generating a source of additional contamination of the water. Children under 4 years of age represent the main consumers of these products in the ZMG where an estimate of 1,460 diapers a year is consumed per child (PROFECO, 2016). This is equivalent to consuming 2,779,792 disposable diapers a day which are discarded in the trash without any special treatment. The goal of this work is to design and, in case of financing, to build a recycling plant for disposable diapers used for the ZMG.

Figure 1. (a) Location of ZMG in México, integrated mainly by the municipalities of Guadalajara, Zapopan, Tlaquepaque, Tonala, El Salto, Tlajomulco de Zuñiga.

AVAILABLE BACKGROUND INFORMATION & DATA Plant production will be design and build to recycle 1,000 kg of disposable diaper per week recollected from Orphanages and government nurseries.The project will be developed in a garbage dump named Matatlan in Tonala, Jalisco. Diapers and solid waste will be comply Mexican standard NOM-004-SEMARNAT-2002 which stablish maximum allowed limits of pollutants in sludge and biosolids for its exploitation and final confinement.

Figure 2. (a) Pleurotus ostreatus used for disposable diaper degradation; (b) Disposable diaper generated in government nursery; (c) Santiago river highly polluted in El Salto, Jalisco. BRIEF STATE OF THE ART REVIEW Diapers can be incinerated along other organic wastes, but their combustion would lead to production of contaminants such as CO and Chlorine compounds if not controlled properly (Riber, 2007); costly mechanical separation and recycling has been tried in the US, Asia and Europe (Knowaste, 2009). Disposable diapers contain polyethylene, polypropylene and a super absorbent polymer. Nevertheless, its main component is cellulose which can be degradated by biotechnological processes. This solid waste can be degradated using different types of fungi which have great capacity for the degradation of cellulose. Disposable diapers can be degradated by Pleurotus ostreatus (also known as oyster mushroom) reaching 90% of weight and volume reduction after 68 days (Espinoza-Valdemar et al., 2011). Other option is a recycling of disposable diapers in a composting system was design reaching 87% mass reduction and only the plastic

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films were recovered. In this system we have 12 weeks for degradation which is a really long period of time for practical operations by (Espinoza-valdemar et al, 2014). Diapers can be treated in a compostable process with no technical problems in terms of stability, quality and sanitation of the resulting compost (Colon et al, 2013). EXPECTED OUTCOMES DURING AND AFTER THE SUMMER SCHOOL I expect that in summer school we can approach this growing problem of waste generation that exists in ZMG from a multidisciplinary point of view in order to be able to implement the knowledge generated in the design of the proposed plant. Some issues of the project that we would like to debate and improve considerably are: (i) new technologies that could be incorporated in the design of the recycling plant, (ii) implementation of tools for detailed engineering development, (iii) learn about what kind of legislation applies in the European framework for projects like these, (iv) try to anticipate all the special considerations we need to satisfy for a safety and sustainable operation, (v) development of waste management plan and environmental impacts generated by the project, (vi) design the business plan for catching financial resources and (vii) Evaluation of the profitability of the project. REFERENCES Colon (2010) Colon J., Rugiieri L., Sanchez A., Gonzalez A., Puig I. (2010): Possibilities of composting disposable diapers with municipal solid wastes. Waste management, EL SEVIER, Vol. 29, pp. 249-259. Colon (2013) Colon J., Mestre-Monserrat M., Puig-Ventosa I., Sanchez A. (2013): Performance of compostable baby used diapers in the composting process with the organic fraction of municipal solid waste. Waste management, ELSEVIER, Vol. 33, pp. 1097-1103. Espinoza (2003) Espinoza-Valdemar R. M., Delfin-Alcala I., Turpin S., Contreras J.L. (2003): Kinetic study of batch biodegradation of diapers. International Journal Chem React Eng, Vol. 1, pp. 1-6. Espinoza (2011) Espinoza-Valdemar R. M., Delfin-Alcala I., Turpin-Marion S., Vazquéz- Morillas A. (2011): Disposable diapers biodegradation by the fungus Pleurotus ostreatus. Waste management, ELSEVIER, Vol. 31, pp. 1683-1688. Espinoza (2014) Espinoza-Veldemar R. M., Sotelo-Navarro P., Quecholac-Piña X., Garcia-Rivera M.A., Beltan-Villavicencio M., Ojeda-Benitez S., Vazquez-Morillas A. (2014): Biological recycling of used baby diapers in a small-scale composting system. Resources,

conservation and recycling, ELSEVIER, Vol. 87, pp. 153-157 NOM-004-SEMARNAT-2002 (2002) México National Standard. stablish maximum allowed limits of pollutants in sludge and biosolids for its exploitation and final confinement. PROFECO (2016) Brújula de compra de pañales desechables. Consulted in March 2017. Available online: http://www.profeco.gob.mx/encuesta/brujula/bruj_2016/bol328_panales.asp Riber (2007) Riber C. (2007) PhD Tesis: Evaluation of waste specific environmental impacts from incineration. Technical university of Denmark. INEGI (2010) Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía. INEGI (2010). Principal results of the population and housing census 2010, México. Available online: http://cuentame.inegi.org.mx/monografias/informacion/jal/poblacion/default.aspx?tema=me

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BEHAVIOR OF ASPHALT CONCRETE WITH THE INSERTION OF PET BOTTLES

Mieka Arao, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, mieka.arao@gmail.com

INTRODUCTION

Polymers are a large part of the composition of municipal solid waste, accounting for 20% in weight from the total collected in 2005. Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) is part of 20% of discarded polymers, despite PET production accounting for only 9% of the manufacturing of all these materials. This discrepancy occurs because PET is used in packaging with a low shelf-life. Brazil’s estimated consumption in 2016 was of 840,000 tons, stimulated by the Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro. However, the Brazilian PET Industry Association (ABIPET) estimates that only about 50% of this material is recycled. Moreover, the Ministry of Health regulates the use of recycled PET, restricting the direct contact of the recycled packaging, such as food, beverages, toys, medicine and medical appliances. The concern about the appropriate destination for plastic residues, such as Polyethylene Terephthalate, has been increasing. The objective of this paper is to assess the technical viability of inserting recycled ground PET in asphalt concrete. PET flakes of different sizes were inserted in varied ratios, and there was a partial replacement of fine aggregate with PET powder. AVAILABLE BACKGROUND INFORMATION & DATA Environmental concern has been stimulating researches, especially regarding the final disposal of PET and reducing the use of natural resources. The use of PET bottles in concrete has been studied by Tawfik & Eskander (2006), Ochi et al. (2006), and Yun-Wang et al. (2005). The manufacturing of asphalt concrete uses non-renewable natural resources, such as crushed stone and asphalt binders. The partial replacement of the aggregates with recycled materials along with the asphalt’s modification for the improvement of the mixtures’ behavior are good alternatives to get around this issue. The use of binders modified with polymers, especially with crumb rubber, enhances the behavior of the binder, as well as, consequently, enhancing the asphalt mixture’s behavior, making it more resistant to fatigue (Oda et al., 2001; Putman & Amirkhanian, 2004). The reutilization of PET bottles in paving is interesting, for it can decrease the amount of input for the manufacturing of asphalt concrete, as well as allowing the PET’s reuse in the asphalt mixture. There are many researches regarding the modification of binders with PET (Hassani et al., 2005; Kalantar et al., 2010). In this paper, the insertion of PET flakes in asphalt concrete was analyzed, as well as the partial replacement of fine aggregate with PET powder, aiming to compare the mixtures’ behavior with and without the addition of PET. BRIEF STATE OF THE ART REVIEW This study used aggregates of granitic origin, derived from a deposit located in the city of Magé, in the state of Rio de Janeiro. The asphalt binder used, besides being of the 30/45 type, is manufactured by the BR Distribuidora

company, and was granted by Rio de Janeiro’s Municipal Government. The PET flakes were ground using a grinding equipment of the Radial LaFrance brand, model SG-500F. This machine cuts clean PET bottles without their bases and heads until they pass through a sieve, which may be switched. Thus, the utilized flakes, presented in Figure 1 and 2, correspond to the ones that passed through the 2 mm sieve and the 10 mm sieve. The PET powder used in this research was manufactured in Campina Grande, state of Paraíba, and is a result of a specific grinding method in which fine particles of PET are manufactured, as shown in Figure 3.

Figure 1. PET flakes crushed and passed through the 2mm sieve; Figure 2. PET flakes crushed and passed through the 10mm sieve. Figure 3. PET powder. The PET flakes were inserted in the asphalt mixture using dry procedure, which means they were added to the mixture along with the aggregates. Therefore, in the mixtures in which the flakes were inserted, there was a withdrawal of the PET percentage from the mixture’s total, so that there would not be an increase in the mixture’s total weight. Six types of mixtures were compacted: 0% of PET; 0.5% of 2 mm PET flakes; 1.0% 2 of mm PET flakes; 0.5% of 10 mm PET flakes; 1.0% of 10 mm PET flakes; 0.5% of 10 mm PET flakes with 2.5% of conventional fine aggregate being replaced by PET powder. The mechanical tests performed were as follows: Marshall Stability and Flow Test, Tensile Strength by Diametral Compression, Resilient Modulus Testing, and Fatigue Life. The fatigue life tests performed showed positive results, specially the mixture with 0.5% PET flakes and conventional filler replaced with the PET powder. ABIPET (Brazilian PET Industry Association) estimated that, in 2016, the amount of PET bottles consumed in Brazil, boosted by Rio de Janeiro’s Olympic Games, was equivalent to 840,000 tons. Thus, it is interesting to make

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an estimate of the amount of PET that could be recycled by using it in paving. This calculation was made considering a highway with two six-meter-wide traffic lanes and a five-centimeter-thick layer of asphalt surfacing, as well as considering a fifty-seven-gram PET bottle with a capacity of 2 liters. Then, the mixture that most reutilized PET bottles reutilizes over 400,000 of two-liter PET bottles per kilometer, i.e. it has a good influence in the environmental and socioeconomic aspect. This fact contributed to the confirmation of the possibility of using PET in asphalt mixtures in the wearing course, enabling the influence on future projects. In addition, this reutilization allows for a noble use of this material, contributing to the reduction of natural resources consumption. EXPECTED OUTCOMES DURING AND AFTER THE SUMMER SCHOOL The policy of reuse in Brazil is very bureaucratic, making it difficult to apply it. Lectures from specialists in the subject and the experience of people from different countries and cultures can make it possible to carry out a cost and feasibility study for its application in the practice of the use of PET bottles in the paving. It may also be possible to carry out a project that can raise awareness of the population so that the PET bottles are sent directly to a place where the grinding can be carried out. With this new information and studies ready, after the end of the summer school, it may be possible to write and present a project to the City Hall of the RIo of January to be applied on the streets of the city. The deadline for completing this project is estimated at 3 months after the end of the course. REFERENCES HASSANI, A.; GANJIDOUST, H.; MAGHANAKI, A. A. (2005): Use of plastic waste (polyethylene terephthalate) in asphalt concrete mixture as aggregates replacement. J. Waste Managements and Research, v. 23, n. 4, p.322–327. KALANTAR, Z. N. (2010): Properties of bituminous binder modified with waste polyethylene terephthalate. Malaysia Universities Transportation Research Forum and Conferences. MOGHADDAM, T. B.; KARIM, M. R. (2012): Properties of SMA mixtures containing waste polythylene terephthalate. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, v. 6, p. 612-622. MOGGHADDAM, T.B.; KARIM, M.R.; TAMALKHANI, S. (2012): Dynamic Properties of stone mastic asphalt mixtures containing waste plastic bottles; Construction and Building Materials, v. 34, p. 236-242. OCHI, T.; OKUBO, S.; FUKUI, K. (2007); Development of recycled PET fiber and its application as concrete-reinforcing fiber; v. 29, p. 448-455. ODA, S.; Fernandes Júnior, J.L. (2001); Borracha de Pneus como Modificador de Cimentos Asfálticos para Uso em Obras de Pavimentação; Acta Scientiarum, v.23, n. 6. PUTMAN, B.J.; AMIRKHANIAN, S.N. (2004); Utilization of waste fibers in stone matrix asphalt mixtures; Journal Material Sciences, v. 40, p. 265-274. TAWFIK, M.E.; ESKANDER, S.B.; Polymer concrete from marble wastes and recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate); Journal of Elastometers and Plastics, v. 38, p. 65-79.

YUN-WANG, C.; DAE-JOONG, M.; JEE-SEUNG, C.; SUN-KYU, C. (2005); Effects of waste PET bottles aggregate on the properties of concrete; v. 35, p. 776-781.

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