Index

A/D converter 311absorption rate 26, 163acceleration measurement 315access authorisation 385access control 385–8access protection page 298–300access register 293access rights 292acoustomagnetic security systems 38–9activation field 234–6activator 29active mode, NFC 57–9active transponders 13, 22–4, 76, 137address and security logic 286–9administration code 295advanced mode 237–8advanced transponders 236–40air gap 48air interface (Part 1) 236–8Ali Baba 226ALOHA procedure 199–201, See also Slotted

ALOHA (S-ALOHA) procedureamorphous metal 35–6, 38, 110amplitude modulation 43, 52, 97, 99, 141,

181, 183amplitude shift keying (ASK) 182–4anharmonic 39animal identification 25, 233–40, 391–8animal identification, standardisation 233–40

full/half-duplex system 235–6ISO/IEC 11784 (Code Structure) 233–4ISO/IEC 11785 (Technical Concept) 234ISO/IEC 14223 (advanced transponders)

236–40sequential system 236

RFID Handbook: Fundamentals and Applications in Contactless Smart Cards, Radio Frequency Identificationand Near-Field Communication, Third Edition. Klaus Finkenzeller© 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

antennas 116–27, See also Dipole antennascoil 331, 333current 64, 81, 84, 219dipole antennas 122–4, 177effective aperture 119–22effective length 122EIRP 118ERP 118gain and directional effect 117–18input impedance 118–19patch or microstrip antenna 125–7radiation resistance 118radius 65scatter aperture 119–22slot antennas 127Yagi–Uda antenna 124

anticollision algorithms/procedures 24, 99,194–211, 222, 327, 381

ALOHA procedure 199–201broadcast 194frequency domain multiple access

(FDMA) 197space division multiple access

(SDMA) 196–7spread-spectrum 194time domain multiple access

(TDMA) 197–9anti-theft systems for goods, standardisation

(VDI 4470) 29, 267–70application code (MAD) 295application data contained therein

(APDU) 226application directory 295–7application identifier 273application layer 273–4

COPYRIG

HTED M

ATERIAL

450 Index

application software 317, 324, 341artificial interocular lens 418ASK modulation 142, 245, 288, 326asymmetrical key procedure 230attacks on RFID systems 214–26

attempted attack 226deception 215denial of service 215protection of privacy 215on RF interface 216–26, See also RF

interface, attacks onspying out 215on transponder 215–16

authentication 24, 27, 226, 228, 292, 400auto-ID systems 2–6, See also Barcode

systems; Biometricsdifferent ID systems, comparison 7–8Homepage 422

automatic fare collection (AFC) 362, 366automatic identification procedures

(Auto-ID) 1automotive industry 414

backscatter systems 22, 48coupling 219–22modulated 139–41, 283transponder 171

baked enamel 351bandwidth 162barcode labels/systems 1–3, 272

Code 2/5 interleaved 3Code 39 3Code Codabar 3EAN coding 3

baseband, coding in 179–81basic access control (BAC) 383battery 137ending measurement 315benefits of RFID systems 413bidirectional serial interface (I/O port) 4binary search procedure 198, 209–11

tree algorithm 222, 248biometrics 4

fingerprinting procedures (Dactyloscopy) 4voice identification 4

Bit 6 207bit coding 204block structure 291blocker tag attacks 223bolus 394

broadcast 194busy signal 383

calibration coil tests, smart cards 263–4CALYPSO 368–72cancellation in microwave transponders 137–8capacitance diodes 33capacitive (electric) coupling 22, 49–50, 241capacitive modulation 97–8, 242capture effect 202car keys 13carrier circuit 179carrier oscillation 182carrier pigeon races, animal identification

395–8CE mark 172, 429chaining, single-chip reader IC 328Channel 166, 195characteristic wave impedance 112–14charging capacitor 52checksum procedure 189–93

cyclic redundancy check (CRC) procedure191

longitudinal redundancy check (LRC)procedure 190–1

parity checking 189–90chip 6cipher/ciphering 229–30circuit damping 75circular polarisation 114, 126clamping device identification 267clocks 17–18close-coupling smart cards 241–3

answer to reset and transmission protocols(Part 4) 241, 243

applications 362dimensions and location of coupling areas

(Part 2) 241electronic signals and reset procedures

(Part 3) 241–2physical characteristics (Part 1) 241test methods for 263

close coupling systems 21, 48–9reader to transponder, data transfer 49–50transponder to reader, data transfer 49transponder, power supply to 48–9

CNC technology 409coaxial cable 333Code 2/5 interleaved 3Code 39 3

Index 451

Code Codabar 3code division multiple access (CDMA) 194coding 179–88

in baseband 179–81line codes 179

coil-on-chip technology 20–1coil resistance 72collar transponder 392collision interval 202communication system 179components of RFID system 6–9

reader 6, 8transponder 6, 8

compression measurement 315conductor loop 84, 112conductor loop antenna 85configuration register 292connection technique 356–8contact smart card 303contacting 356contactless clock 17contactless interface unit (CIU) 305contactless payment systems 372–5

closed 372ExpressPay by American Express® 374MasterCard® 374open 372Visa® Contactless 374–5

contactless smart cards 18–19, 22, 361–2contactless smart cards, manufacture of 352–9

coil manufacture 352–6cut clamp technology (CCT) 357lamination 359reflow soldering procedure 357

contactless smart cards, standardisation240–67

ISO/IEC 10373 (test methods for smartcards) 263–7, See also Smart cards

ISO/IEC 10374 (container identification)267

ISO/IEC 10536 (close-coupling smartcards) 241–3

ISO/IEC 14443 (proximity-coupling smartcards) 243–58, See alsoProximity-coupling smart cards

ISO/IEC 15693 (vicinity-coupling smartcards) 258–63, See alsoVicinity-coupling smart cards

ISO/IEC 69873 (data carriers for tools andclamping devices) 267

contactless technology 1

container identification (ISO/IEC 10374) 267,403–5

control unit, readers 323–4coprocessor 25country signing certification authority 382coupling

capacitive 22, 49electric 22, 49inductive 22, 61, 112, 162magnetic 22

coupling coefficient (k) 89–91measuring 100–2of RFID magnetic field 68–70

coupling element 9, 241coupling feature of RFID 21–2coupling loss 320cryptographic co-processor 213, 305cryptological key 227cryptological procedures 24cryptological unit 286crystal lattice 146current matching 54cut clamp technology (CCT) 357cyclic redundancy check (CRC) procedure

189, 191–3, 236, 257, 305

dactyloscopy 4data block 256data carrier 7data encryption standard (DES) 305data integrity 189–211, See also

Anticollision; Checksum proceduredata transfer 179data transmission 94DBP code 181deactivation devices, inspection guidelines for

customers 270deactivation rate 270deactivator 31deception 215deciphering 229decryption, dual interface card 306demodulation 179, 181, 283, 286demodulator 179denial of service 215derived keys, authentication using 228detection rate 29, 267dice 348die 347dielectric gap 108

452 Index

differential bi-phase code 236differential code 179, 181differentiation features of RFID 11–28, See

also Selection criteria for RFID;Transponder(s): construction formats

backscatter systems 22coupling 21–2, See also Coupling feature

of RFIDdata capacities of transponders 11data carrier’s operating principle 12data quantity 12data storage 12data transfer from transponder to reader 12electronic article surveillance (EAS) 11frequency 21–2frequency range 12–13full-duplex (FDX)/half-duplex (HDX)

systems 11fundamental 11–13operation type 12power supply 12–13range 21–2response frequency 12sequence 12sequential systems (SEQ) 11state machines 12surface acoustic wave transponders 22transmission frequency 13writable transponders 12

digital modulation procedures 180–82 frequency shift keying (2 FSK) 1852 phase shift keying (PSK) 185–6amplitude modulation 181amplitude shift keying (ASK) 182–4carrier 181duty factor 182frequency modulation 181load resistance 187modulation procedures with subcarrier

187–8multilevel modulation 187phase modulation 181subcarrier frequency 187

digital signature 382dimples 31Diode, Schottky 47dipole antennas 55, 110, 117, 122–4

2-wire folded dipole 122half-wave dipole (λ/2 dipole) 122shortening factor 123

direction of maximum radiation 124

directional antenna in radio technology 124directional beam 26directional coupler 48, 320directional coupling 320directivity 321director 124Discovery Services (DS) 275disk (coin) format 13–14disk transponder 14Dopant profile 33Doppler effect 312–13driver 325dual interface card, architecture 25, 303–7

asymmetric key algorithms 306coprocessors 303cryptographic algorithms 303MIFARE® Plus 304–5modern concepts for 305–7PMU (power management unit) 304security requirements 304

dual port EEPROM 297–300duty factor 182dynamic binary search procedure 209–11dynamic S-ALOHA procedure 203–4

EAN code 3EAN/UCC-128 274ear tag 392EAS 11 29, 173EAS system 24Eddy currents 71

losses 108EEPROM 414

lifetime 309write time 310

effective aperture, antennas 119–22effective height 122effective length, antennas 122EIRP 118electric coupling 22electric field 22, 110electric rotational field 70electrical coupling 50–2

passive transponders, power supply of 50transponder to reader, data transfer

50–2electrical field 50electrically erasable programmable read-only

memory (EEPROMs) 12electrode 50

Index 453

electromagnetic backscatter coupling 45–8free space path loss 46operating principle 48transponder to reader, data transfer 47–8transponder, power supply to 45–7

electromagnetic field 21electromagnetic interference field 26electromagnetic procedure 35–8electromagnetic types, 1-bit transponders 35–8electromagnetic waves 110–44

characteristic wave impedance 112–14field strength (E) 112–14free space attenuation 112generation 110–12near-field to far-field transition in

conductor loops 112polarisation of 114–16radiation density (S) 112reflection of 115–16spherical emitter 112

Electronic Article Surveillance (EAS) systems11, 24, 168–70, 173

electromagnetic procedure 35frequency divider procedure 34–5microwave systems 33–4RF procedure 29

electronic data carriers, architecture 283–315,See also Transponder(s): with memoryfunction

physical variables, measuring 311–15electronic immobilisation 13, 398–403

authentication 400functionality of 399–401motor electronics 400procedure 399–400success story 401–2

electronic passport 380–3anticollision algorithm 381basic access control (BAC) 383country signing certification

authority 382design of 380digital signature 382fingerprint 381machine-readable zone (MRZ) 382–3position of 380serial number 381

electronic product code (EPC) 275, 277–8introduction 280–2

embedding technique 352–3EN 300 220 170–1, 424

EN 300 330 162, 170, 424EN 300 440 170–1, 424encryption 27

dual interface card 306encrypted data transfer 228–32

end-of-burst detector 54energy range 80, 219, 322EPC Information Services (EPCIS) 275EPCglobal Middleware 275EPCglobal Network 274–82

discovery services (DS) 275electronic product code (EPC) 275, 277–8,

280–2EPC information services (EPCIS) 275EPCglobal Middleware 275Generation 2 276GIAI (global individual asset identifier)

279logistics processes 275Object Naming Service (ONS) 275Ratified EOCglobal Standards 277SGTIN (serialized global trade item

number) 278–9specifications 276–9standards 276–9transponder classes 280

equivalent circuit, Schottky diode 130equivalent radiated power (ERP) 118ERC recommendation 70–03 166estimated growth of RFID global market 2etching 19etching technique 355–6Eurobalise 166, 388–90European Article Numbering Association

(EAN) 3, 273European Licensing Regulations 165–72

CEPT/ERC REC 70–03 166–70European Telecommunication Standards

165National Licensing Regulations in Europe

172–5specific standards 171–2standardized measuring procedures

170–2European Radio Office 166European Radio communications Office

(ERO) 166, 172European Train Control System

(ETCS) 388exchange system 370ExxonMobil Speedpass 375

454 Index

Fahrsmart 367false alarm rate, ascertaining 268–9far field 112, 162Faraday’s Law 70–2

metal surface 71mutual inductance 71open conductor loop 71self-inductance 71vacuum 70

far-field in conductor loops 112FCC Part 15 175FCC regulation 175FDX 11, 39FDX-B transponder 237features of RFID 11–28, See also

Differentiation features of RFIDferrites 106–8ferromagnetic metals 38ferromagnetic random access memory

(FRAMs) 12field

electric 50magnetic 61

field generator coil 264field strength 112–14

magnetic 61maximum 65path of 63

fingerprinting procedures (Dactyloscopy) 4fitting transponders in metal 108–10flip chip technology 356flip-flops 231floating gate 308FRAM 309–10frame 254frame antenna 31frame size device integer (FSDI) 255free space attenuation 112free space path loss 46frequency band 166frequency divider 34–5frequency domain multiple access (FDMA)

194, 197frequency feature of RFID 21–2frequency modulation 181frequency ranges 156–64

13.56 MHz (ISM, SRD) frequency range159

2.45 GHz (ISM, SRD) frequency range 16124.125 GHz frequency range 161

27.125 MHz (ISM) frequency range159–60

5.8 GHz (ISM, SRD) frequency range 1616.78 MHz (ISM) frequency range 158–99–135 kHz frequency range 157–8inductively coupled RFID systems,

frequency selection for 162–4International Telecommunication Union

(ITU) 164–5ISM frequencies 156selection 162–4short-range devices (SRD), use of 156UHF frequency range 160–1

frequency shift keying (FSK) 1852 frequency shift keying (2 FSK) 55, 185

full-duplex procedure (FDX) 11, 39, 235–6FDX/HDX and SEQ systems, comparison

between 53–4representation of 40

function cluster 295functional testing 263

generator coil 31generator polynomial 191Germany, licensing regulations 172–5glass housing 13–15glass transponders 108, 348–51glaucoma 417global ID magazine 421global individual asset identifier (GIAI) 279graphite coating 50ground antenna 405group antenna 127GTAG (global tag) initiative 273–4

half-duplex procedure (HDX) 11, 39, 53–4half-wave dipole (λ/2 dipole) 122hard magnetic metal 38hard tag 29, 34harmonic frequency 39harmonic 33HF interface 288, 302H-field 171hierarchical key concept 292–3high-end system 25high-end transponder 283host control interface (HCI) 344human medicine 417hybrid card 370hysteresis curve 35, 106

Index 455

I block 257ICARE 368ID-1 format 18–19Ident 421identification codes for animals 234identification of animals using RFID systems,

See Animal identification,standardisation

identification system 391IDLE mode 247ignition lock 399IIC bus 299immobilisation system 325impedance matching 130, 137impedance sensors 153–4induced voltage 71inductance 66–8, 71inductance law 71inductive coupling 22, 40–5, 52–5, 218–19,

241FDX/HDX and SEQ systems, comparison

between 53–4power supply to passive transponders

40–5, See also under Passivetransponders

transponder to reader, data transmission54–5

transponder, power supply to 52–3inductive modulation 242inductive radio system 22, 168–70

Germany, licensing regulations 173inductively coupled RFID systems 319–20

frequency selection for 162–4industrial associations 419–21

AIM 419–20industrial automation 25, 409–17

centralised control 411–12decentralised control 412–13inductively coupled transponders 409industrial production 410–17tool identification 409–10

information processing in transponders24–5

information source 179injectible transponder 392injection needles 393inlet foil 352input capacitor 129input impedance 118–19, 139integrated reader ICs 324–31, See also

Single-chip reader IC

driver 325load modulation procedure 326on-chip oscillator 325received signal conditioning 325U2270B 327

interdigital transducer 55, 145interference reflection 148international container transport 390–1International Telecommunication Union (ITU)

164–5internet links 422–3interrogation field strength (Hmin) 77–83, 139,

243energy range of transponder systems 80–2interrogation zone of readers 82–3

interrogation pulse 147interrogation zone 82–3, 127interrogator-driven procedures 198ISM frequency ranges 155ISO/IEC 10374 390–1ISO/IEC 10536 49, 240ISO/IEC 11784, identification code 233–4ISO/IEC 14443 transponder, RF interface for

286ISO/IEC 6346 267ISO/IEC 69871 267ISO/IEC 69872 267ISO/IEC 69873 267ISO/IEC 9798–2 227ISO/IEC container 267ISO/IEC 18000 Series 270–2, See also under

Item management, standardisationisotropic emitter 112, 117item management, standardisation 270–82

EPCglobal Network 274–82, See alsoindividual entry

GTAG (global tag) initiative 273–4GTAG transport layer (physical layer)

273–4ISO/IEC 18000 Series 270–2

jamming, RF interface 217–18junction capacitance, passive microwave

transponders 130junction resistor, passive microwave

transponders 130

key 292application specific 294application’s own 294

456 Index

key (continued )hierarchical 293master 228secret 292

keyring transponder 17

label 19–20lamination, in contactless smart cards

manufacturing 359langasite 315lead frame 356Lenz’s law 85licensing regulations 155–78line codes 179linear detection, passive microwave

transponders 131lines of magnetic flux 62lithium niobate 55, 144lithium tantalate 55, 144load modulation 43, 52, 94–100

capacitive load modulation 97–8demodulation in reader 98integrated reader ICs 326modulation resistor 96ohmic load modulation 95–7with subcarrier 43–4, 285–6Q factor influence 98–100

load resistance (RL) 92–3, 187load resistor 43, 129logistics processes, EPCglobal Network 275longitudinal redundancy check (LRC)

procedure 190–1long-range system 22, 45longwave 157loop antenna 171low-barrier Schottky diode 47low-cost transponder 163low-end system 24Lufthansa 361

machine-readable zone (MRZ) 382–3magnetic alternating field 63magnetic coupling 22, 49magnetic field 61–110, See also Interrogation

field strength (Hmin); Resonance; Totaltransponder–reader system;Transformed transponder impedance(Z′

T)

abbreviations used conductor loops, 62–5constants used 62

coupling coefficient (k) 68–70Faraday’s Law 70–2inductance (L) 66–7magnetic field strength (H) 61–6magnetic flux 66magnetic flux density 66mutual inductance (M) 67–8optimal antenna diameter 65–6system parameters, measurement 100–6transponder, practical operation of 76–7units used 62

magnetic flux 66magnetic materials 106–10, See also Ferrites

fitting transponders in metal 108–10properties 106–7

magnetisation characteristic 106magnetostriction 38main radiation direction 117Manchester code 181, 205manipulation 227market for smart cards 4–6mass production 410master key 228master-slave principle 317–18mat 405matching 136

circuit 334current 54power 53voltage 54

material flow 411measurement

acceleration 312, 315compression 315distance 313flow 312gases 312light 312moisture 312pH value 312physical quantities 322speed 313temperature 315

medical applications 417–18artificial intraocular lens 418glaucoma 417human medicine 417microcoil 418

memory architecture, transponder 289–300read-only transponder 289–91segmented memory 294–5

Index 457

transponder with cryptological function291–3

writable transponder 291memory block 238memory capacity 28memory cards 5memory technology 307–11

EEPROM 308–9FRAM–EEPROM, performance

comparison 310–11FRAM 309–10RAM 307–8(S)RAM memory 307

metalamorphous 35, 38foil 50hard magnetic 38lid 108surface 15, 71, 108, 115–16, 403, 409

metallic surface 107microchip 9, 72, 347

operating voltage 77power consumption 92power supply 72

microcoil 418microprocessor 6, 300–7

operating system 300smart card 4–5, 300

microprocessors, architecture 300–7command processing sequence 302dual interface card 303–7, See also

individual entrymicrostrip antenna 125–7microwave frequency 45microwave range 22microwave system 320–1microwave transponders 127–44

active transponders, power supply of 137cancellation 137–8equivalent circuits of transponder 127–9modulated backscatter 139–41passive microwave transponders, power

supply of 129–37, See alsoindividual entry

practical operation of 127–44read range 141–4reflection 137–8SAW transponders 322–3sensitivity of transponder 138–9

microwaves 33–4MIFARE® application directory 295–7

Miller code 181, 247mobile telephone 303modem 179modified Miller code 181modulated backscatter 48, 139–41modulated radar cross-section 115modulated reflection cross-section,

electromagnetic backscatter coupling47–8

modulation 54, 142, 179–88, 319–20, Seealso Digital modulation procedures

modulation capacitor 97modulation index 142modulation product 182modulation resistor 96, 286modulator 179motor electronics 400MP&PR specification 274multi-access procedures 194–211, See also

Anticollision‘Multi-shot’ device 393multilevel modulation 187multiplexer 383mutual authentication 227mutual authorisation 292mutual inductance 67–8, 71, 85mutual symmetrical authentication

227–8

National legislative regulations 172National Licensing Regulations in Europe

172–5, See also under EuropeanLicensing Regulations

near field 43, 112near-field communication (NFC) 57–9,

339–46active mode 57–9application software 341applications 375–80communication protocol 341data transceiver 340load modulator 341middleware 341NFC wired interface 345–6passive mode 58secure NFC 341–6

near-field in conductor loops 112noise 142non-linear resistance 33NRZ code 181, 205, 245

458 Index

occipital bone 394OCR reader 3OCR system 3OEM reader 338offered load 199offline systems, access control 385–7ohmic load modulation 95–7on-chip oscillator 325on-chip trimming capacitor 52one-port resonator 151one-time-pad 230online systems, access control 385on-off keying 245open conductor loop 71operating frequency 13, 26, 84operating principles 29–59, See also 1-Bit

transponders; Close-coupling; Electricalcoupling; Electromagnetic backscattercoupling; Full-duplex procedure (FDX);Half-duplex procedure (HDX);Sequential procedures (SEQ); Surfaceacoustic wave (SAW) transponders

operating voltage 77optimal antenna diameter, RFID magnetic

field 65–6order processing 417oscillator 142, 319, 325OSI layer model 256overlay foil 352

parallel regulator 77parallel resonant circuit 72, 74parity bit 189parity checking 189–90passive microwave transponders, power

supply of 129–37impedance matching 130junction capacitance 130junction resistor 130linear detection 131peak value rectification 131radiation resistance 132Schottky detector 130–6voltage doublers 132

passive mode, NFC 58–9passive transponders 13, 22–4, 40–5, 76password 292patch antenna 125–7payment 303PCD 243, 259

peak value rectification, passive microwavetransponders 131

penetration depth 163permanent magnet 36permeability 106phase 102

modulation 98, 181noise 142phase shift keying (PSK) 185–6, 242position 315

physical principles of RFID 61–154, See alsoAntennas; Electromagnetic waves;Magnetic field; Microwavetransponders; Surface waves

Piezo effect 55, 144Piezoelectric crystal 144pigeon ring 396planar antenna 125plastic housing 13–15plastic package (PP) 13plastic transponders, manufacture of 351polarisation direction 139polarisation loss 114polarisation of electromagnetic waves 114–16polling procedure 198polyethylene foil 30polymer thick film pastes (PTF) 354power consumption 92power-down mode 305power level 166power management unit 304power matching 53power on logic 286power saving mode 305power supply 13, 99, 129, 241–2, 283Poynting radiation vector S 113production process 410programming station 386protection by cryptographic measures 226–32

against attempted attacks 226authentication using derived keys 228encrypted data transfer 228–32mutual symmetrical authentication 227–8

protection of privacy 215protocol 256–8protocol control byte (PCB) 257proximity cards (PICC) 243proximity-coupling smart cards–ISO/IEC

14443 22, 243–58, 263, 362applications 362communication interface 245–7

Index 459

initialisation and anticollision (Part 3)247–54

physical characteristics (Part 1) 243radio frequency interference (Part 2) 243–7transmission protocols (Part 4) 254–8

pseudorandom sequence 231public transport 362–72

automatic fare collection (AFC) 362benefits of RFID systems 363–5CALYPSO, EU Project 368–72dual interface card 370Fahrsmart project 367–8fare systems using electronic payment 365Germany–Luneburg, Oldenburg 367–8hybrid card 370ICARE, EU Project 368–72Korea–Seoul project 366–7market potential 366open financial exchange systems 370requirements 363starting point 362–3

pulse-pause coding 181pulse position modulation (PPM) procedure

259pulse radar 323pulsed system 39

Q factor 75influence 98–100measuring 102–6

Quartz 144quick-release taper shaft 267

R block 257R&TTE Directive 170, 429R&TTE homepage 172radar cross-section (RCS) 115–16RADAR technology 47, 115radiation density (S) 112, 115radiation pattern 117radiation resistance 118, 122, 125, 132Radio Equipment and Systems (RES) 171radio frequency (RF) procedure 29–33radio licensing regulations 156–78radio service 155radio system 155rail traffic 166random number 227, 398range feature of RFID 21–2, 26–7Rayleigh wave 144

read range of microwave transponders 141–4readers 6, 8, 317–46, See also Integrated

reader ICs; Near-field communication(NFC)

components 317–24control unit 323–4data flow in an application 317designs 338–9inductive systems, connection of antennas

for 331–8master–slave principle 317–18RF interface 318–23

read-only transponders 24, 289–91REC 70–03 166received power 143received signal conditioning 325received signal 179receiver arm 319receiver sensitivity 175receiver 179reference card 264, 266reflection characteristics 48reflection cross-section 47reflection in microwave transponders 137–8reflection of electromagnetic waves 115–16reflective delay lines 148, 150–1reflective properties 115reflectors 55–7, 124, 147regulations 166, 423relay attacks 224–6release taper shaft 267remote coupling system 22REQB (REQUEST-B) command 251REQUEST command 198, 203resistance, nonlinear 33resonance 72–6

equivalent circuit 35, 73parallel resonant circuit 74Q factor 75

resonant frequency 72, 86, 102resonant sensors 151–3response pulse, phase position 315retention bolts 409retention knob 267RF innovations 398RF interface 283–6

for ISO 14443 transponder 286–7load modulation with subcarrier 285–6readers 318–23, See also under Readers

RF interface, attacks on 216–26communication interception 217

460 Index

RF interface, attacks on (continued )extending the read range 218–26, See also

Relay attacksjamming 217–18

RF procedure 29road toll systems 167road transport and traffic telematics (RTTT)

167–8robots 338

S block 257saw on foil 348scanning pulse 55scatter aperture, antennas 119–22Schottky detector 130–6Schottky diode 47, 130screen printing 19screen printing technique 353–5scutulum 394security authentication module (SAM) 228security element 29security logic 286–300security of RFID systems 213–32, See also

Attacks on RFID systems; Protection bycryptographic measures

‘RFID Right to Know Act of 2004 (SB0867)’ 214

security requirements 27–8smart card 304

security system 226security tag 34segmented memory 294–5

fixed segmentation 295free segmentation 295

segmented transponder 294SELECT command 203selection criteria for RFID 25–8, 414

according to functionality 25EEPROM 414memory capacity 28operating frequency 26range 26–7security requirements 27–8SRAM 414technical parameters 25

self-inductance 71semiconductor circuit 34semi-passive transponders 22semitransparent contactless smart card 18sensitivity of microwave transponders 138–9

sensor coil 31sensor data 311sensor effect 149–54

impedance sensors 153–4reflective delay lines 150–1resonant sensors 151–3switched sensors 154temperature sensor 151–2

Seoul 366–7sequential ciphering 230–2sequential procedures (SEQ) 11, 52–7, See

also Inductive couplingsequential systems (SEQ) 11, 52sequential transponder 11serial number 24, 202, 206, 222, 278, 289,

307, 347, 381, 399serialized global trade item number (SGTIN)

278–9series resonant circuit 84shift register 192shortening factor 123short-range devices (SRD) 23, 156, 166, 170,

424shortwave frequency 217shunt regulators 77shunt resistor 77sidebands 142, 182sigma modulation 139signal coding 179signal decoding 179signal processing 179signal representation 179signal travelling times 312silver conductive paste 50single-chip reader IC 327–31‘Single-shot’ devices 393single wire protocol, NFC 343–5ski lift 383ski Tickets 383–4slot 204slot antennas 127slotted ALOHA (S-ALOHA) procedure

201–11, 251binary search algorithm 204–9capture effect 202command set for anticollision 203dynamic binary search procedure 209–11dynamic S-ALOHA procedure 203–4REQUEST command 203SELECT command 203

smart cards 4–6, See also Memory cards

Index 461

advantages 4disadvantages 5dual interface smart cards 25load modulation, measuring 264–6test methods for, ISO/IEC 10373 263–7test procedure for 266–7

smart label transponders 19–20software application 317sonotrode 353space division multiple access (SDMA) 196–7speed of light 110spherical emitter 112split-phase encoding 181sporting events 405–8spread spectrum 194, 274spurious emissions 170spying out 215square law detection 132standardisation 233–82, See also Animal

identification; Anti-theft systems forgoods, standardisation (VDI 4470); Itemmanagement, standardisation

standardised measuring procedures, inEuropean licensing regulations 170–2

standards and Regulations 423–9state diagram 289state machine 12, 24, 283, 289static random access memory (SRAM) 12, 414sticky labels 20stock keeping, animal identification 391–5

bolus 394collar transponders 392ear tags 392injectible transponders 392injection needles 393‘multi-shot’ device 393scutulum 394‘single-shot’ devices 393

stream ciphering, See Sequential cipheringstretching measurement 315subcarrier frequency 187, 242, 245subcarrier 43, 187–8, 245subharmonic procedure 45subharmonic 35, 39superposition 138surface resistance 354surface acoustic wave (SAW) transponders,

microwave system for 22, 55–7, 144,322–3

surface waves 144–54, See also Sensor effectcreation of 144–6

reflection 146–7SAW transponders, functional diagram

147–9swept signal 31switched sensors 154symmetrical key procedure 229–30synchronisation 235system clock 288

T/R 22–04 171T/R 60–01 171tag 29taper shaft 409technical journals 421–2telemetry transmitter 170, 311temperature measurement 312temperature sensor 151–2, 311test mode 347Thomson equation 73three pass mutual authentication 227ticketing 25time domain multiple access (TDMA) 194,

197–9tool holder 409tool identification 409–10total transponder–reader system 84–100, See

also Load modulation; Transformedtransponder impedance (Z′

T)

Touch & go 48traffic telematics 167–8transaction time 303transformed impedance 43transformed transponder impedance (Z′

T)

85–94coupling coefficient (k) 89–92influencing variables of 88load resistance (RL) 92–3transponder capacitance (C2) 91transponder inductance (L2) 93–4

transformer coupling 112transformer-type coupling 43transmission channel 179transmission error 179transmission frequency 13, 88transmission medium 179transmission protocol, ISO 14223 238transmitter arm 319transmitter output power 337transmitter 179transponder(s) 6, 8–9, 198, See also Active

transponders; Passive transponders

462 Index

transponder(s) (continued )access control 387–8attacks on 215–16classes, EPCglobal Network 280construction formats 13–21with cryptological function, memory

architecture 291–3electromagnetic backscatter couplinginformation processing in 24–5manufacture of 347–59with memory function 283–300, See also

Address and security logic; Dualport EEPROM; Memoryarchitecture, transponder; MIFARE®application directory; RF interface

power supply toread-only transponders 24resonant frequency, measuring 102–6transponder inductance (L2) 93–4

transport container 273transport layer 273transport systems 388–91

Eurobalise S21 388–90international container transport 390–1

trimming capacitor, on-chip 52

U2270B 325UHF frequency range 160–1

UHF frequency range 160–1, 273UHF range 22unipolar code 179unipolar RZ code 181unique number 24, 307Universal Code Council (UCC) 273Universal Product Code (UPC) code 3

vehicle identification 166vehicle theft 398vernam cipher 230VHF range 160vicinity-coupling smart cards 22, 258–63voice identification 4, 6voltage divider, capacitive 50voltage doubler 132voltage matching 54

wafer 347waste disposal 404–5wavelength 111winding technique 352wire-bound carrier systems 157wired interface, NFC 345–6writable transponder, memory architecture 291write time 310

Yagi–Uda antenna 124, 220–1