Index of Subjects

acid reactions, building stone 302-308, 315, 316, 327-331 acid spray experimental weathering, carbonate stone 349-357 acid treatment of building sandstone 318-323 Acklington Extension opencast coal site, tills 226 Adulam Chalk 166-174 aggregate extraction see extractive industry air photography, Cilfynydd flow slide 278 air pollution see pollutants, atmospheric albite 343 algae, and building stone 304-307, 308-310, 315-324, 363 algal blooms 47 alkaline treatment of building sandstone 318-323 alkalinity, and biological growths on stone 316 alkalinity surveys, Corallian Limestone aquifer 65 allophane 308 alum salts, and sandstone weathering 369-373 alunite 370 alunogen, and sandstone weathering 369-373 alveoli 375 ammonium salts, and sandstone weathering 369-372 amphibole 343 anhydrite 369 anisotropy, high-porosity chalks 161-174 aquifer hydrogeology, and dewatering 129-135 aquifer modelling 56-59, 63-72, 204-207 aquifer properties, Qatar 199-209 aquifer salinity 47-62 aquifer/river relationships, N. Yorks. 63-72 Ardingly Sandstone 370-371 aspect, influence on weathering 331,362-363, 366 augite 175, 176, 177 avalanche defence 1-3 Aztec sandstone, USA 376, 378-380, 382

bacteria, and stone decay 301-304, 305, 306, 308-310, 339 bas-relief, rock joint monitoring 3745 basalt, spheroidal weathering 175-179 basaltic rocks, weathering/engineering indices 93 baseline conditions, defining 125-126 Beck Farm opencast coal site, tills 228 bedding, and deformation of high-porosity chalks 167-174 bedding features, and point load tests 102 bedding fissures, Lincs. Limestone 182-183, 190,191-196 beidellite 176, 177 biocidal agents 302, 318, 321 biodeterioration, building stone 301-314, 315, 334, 339, 363 Biological Activity factor, rock weathering 88, 93 biological weathering rates, limestone 333, 339-340, 349 biotite 308 blackening/black crusts 302, 304, 305, 309, 327, 328, 369 blasting design, limestone quarrying 148 Blaxter Sandstone 317, 319-321 blistering 329, 347 Botrydiopsis sp. 317 boulder clay 211,215, 216, 217, 225, 226; see also till brickwork decay 304 Broomhill opencast coal site, tills 223 Broughton opencast coal sites, tills 218-219 building stone see stone Bullhead Beds 115 buried channels 221 Butterwell opencast coal site, tills 226 bytownite 175, 176, 177

Cam clay 236, 237 calcite, in stone decay 304, 305, 306,308, 326, 328-329,

334-337, 339, 349-357 Canary Wharf Station cofferdam 119-121, 122 carbon sources, stone colonizing bacteria 301-302, 305, 306,

309-310, 317 carbonate stone, weathering nanomorphologies 347-357 carbonic acid 305 case hardening 375, 377-378, 380; see also crusts Cat Castle Sandstone 317, 319-321,323 cause and effect values 86-87 cave destruction by quarrying 147 cavernous weathering in sandstone 375-383; see also tafoni cell osmoregulators 309-310 cement, biodeterioration 302, 308 Cenomanian rock complex 3745 Chalk (Upper), dewatering 115-122 chalk shore platform, weathering 338 chalks

high-porosity, small strain deformation 161-174 point load testing 95-103

Changi marine clay, hydraulic conductivity 291-299 chemical stone cleaning, and algal growth 315-324 chemical weathering, limestones 333, 334-337, 339 sandstones 375, 377, 379-380, 382 chloride concentrations, River Thurne catchment 50 chlorite 322 chlorite-epidote-albite schist 343 Chlorococcus sp. 317 chlorophaeite 175, 178 Cilfynydd flow slide 273-289 Clashach Sandstone 317, 319-321 classification

nanomorphological features 347-348 stony materials 257

clay minerals and biocides 321-322, 323 and case hardening 380 and Deccan basalt weathering 175-179 and lichen weathering 308 and physical weathering 363 and salt weathering 370, 372

clay soil permeability, and landfill lining 73-76 clays, soft

hydraulic conductivity 291-299 shear strength 236 swelling properties, reconstituted clay 237

climate factor, rock weathering 88, 93 climatically induced cycles, physical weathering 359-367 coal mining, residual subsidence 123 coalfield earthquake monitoring 21-36 coalfield tills, Northern England 218-221,226-228 coastal marshes, drainage and salinity 47-62 coastal weathering

greenschist structures 343-346 see also salt weathering

cofferdam, dewatering 119-121, 122 collector wells, Botswana 81-83 colliery spoil

fabric 282-285 flow slide, Cilfynydd 273-289 material properties 281-282 pore water pressures 287-288 strength parameters 285-287

386

stress strain behaviour 285 yield point 287-288

colluvium hillside, influence of rainfall 105-113 colouring of stone by microorganisms 301,305, 316; s e e a l so

blackening compaction tests, stony materials 247-268 compression testing

colliery spoil 285 glacial till 235-246 high-porosity chalks 161-174 s e e a l so deformation; triaxial tests

concrete biodeterioration 302, 308 cone penetrometer tests, Singapore Marine Clay 292-293,

294-295, 299 conservation, rock face bas-relief 37-45 consolidation tests

colliery spoil 285 glacial till 239-247

constant rate tests, Qatar 204 contamination, limestone quarries 155-156 contaminant transport, Lincolnshire Limestone 193-194 contour scaling 327 Corallian Limestone aquifer, modelling 63-72 correlation factor K 98-102 Corsehill Sandstone 317, 319, 321,322 Crag aquifer, Norfolk 47-62 crustal velocity structure model 23-24 crusts

Doulting limestone, Wells Cathedral 327, 328 sandstone weathering 369 s e e a l so blackening/black crusts

Cumbrian Coalfield 212, 215-221 cyanobacteria, and stone decay 304-307, 308, 339 cycles, climatically induced 359-367

data collection, dewatering in extractive industry 126-127 Deborah opencast coal site, tills 223, 226-228 Deccan Basalt, spheroidal weathering 175-179 deformation

chalks 161-174 sandstones 6, 13-16, 40 s e e a l so compression; triaxial tests

density colliery spoil 282 sandstones 6, 8-9, 11, 17-18 stony materials 247-268 weak rocks/chalk 95-96

DENT87 23-24 Derwent River, flow modelling 63-72 Devensian glacial period 211-234, 236 dewatering, extractive industry 125-127

modelling impact of 129-135 using recharge trenches 137-145

dewatering, Thanet Beds 115-122 diamict 211 diffusion coefficients, Lincs.Limestone 184-187, 191-193, 196 dilatometer tests, Singapore Marine Clay 293, 294, 295, 299 Dimlington Stadial 212-215 dissolution

cavernous weathering 380, 382 Doulting limestone 329 experimental 347-357 s e e a l so weathering

dolerite 93 dolines 147, 148 dolomite aquifer, Qatar 199-209

dolomite stone decay 304, 306, 334 Doulting limestone 325-331 drainage, coastal marshes 47-62 drawdown, non-linear, Qatar aquifer 201-202, 208 drumlins 216, 217, 218, 225, 229 Durands Wharf access/ventilation shaft 116-119, 122 Durham Coalfield

residual subsidence 123 tills 212, 221-228

earthquakes, monitoring mining-induced 21-36 earthworks compaction, fill acceptibility 247-268 East Chevington opencast coal site, tills 226 efflorescence 329, 369 elasticity, sandstones 6, 9-18 Elbsandstein 369-370 electrical conductivity surveys

River Derwent 65 River Thurne catchment 50

electrical resistivity, Lincs. Limestone 186-188 electro-magnetic induction survey 48, 50-52 electron microscopy

Doulting limestone 325 weathering nanomorphologies 308, 347-357

engineering properties chalks 161-162 index of 93 sandstones 5-19

environmental monitoring of dewatering 125-127, 129-135 environmental protection using recharge trenches 137-145 epidote 343 epsomite 369 erosion s e e weathering excavations, dewatering 115-122 explosives, limestone quarrying 148 extractive industry

data collection 126-127 dewatering 125-127, 129-135, 137-145 environmental monitoring 125-127, 137 hydrogeological effects of 147-157

fabric, colliery spoil 282-285, 288 failure s e e slope failure fatigue limit 359-361 fill, acceptibility of large particles 247-268 fissures

in clay soils 73-74 Lincs. limestone 182-183 Rus aquifer, Qatar 203, 204 s e e a l so joints

flow slide, Cilfynydd Common 273-289 Folkestone Formation 129-135 Fort Charles, Salcombe, weathering 343-345 Foxhouse opencast coal site, tills 218-219, 229 freeze-thaw, and stone decay 306, 308, 334, 337-339,

359-367 freeze-thaw cycles, physical weathering 359-367 frost shattering weathering model 339 frost weathering 359, 369 fungi, and stone deterioration 304, 305, 306, 309, 334, 363 fuzzy sets 87-93

gabbroic boulders, lichen weathering 339 Gault Clay Formation 132 geochemistry, limestone weathering 334-337 geomorphological factors in rock weathering 91, 93

387

geomorphology, Cilfynydd flow slide 278-281 geophysical surveys, groundwater salinity 48, 50-52, 60 Ghyben-Herzberg relation 54-56 glacial succession, Northern England 211-234 glaciofluvial horizons in tills 224-225 glaciolacustrine formation in tills 225-226 glass 175, 178 Globigerina marl, point load tests 96, 99, 100 gluconic acid in stone decay 302 Glushinskite 308 goethite 175, 176, 177, 178 Gosforth Oscillation 218 granite

avalanche defence in 1-3 moisture expansion 364 thermal expansion 363

gravel quarry, recharge trenches 138-145 Greensand see Lower Greensand greenschist weathering in dated structures 343-346 groundwater, artificial, recharge proposals, Qatar 199 groundwater balance, Corallian Limestone aquifer 66-67 groundwater behaviour

during quarrying 148-154 modelling, Lower Greensand 129-135

groundwater collection from sand rivers 81-83 groundwater flow

Lincs. Limestone 181-197 modelling 63-72 and solute transport model 56-59

groundwater involvement, colliery flow slide 276-278, 288 groundwater leakage 68-72 groundwater levels, Hong Kong hillside 108-113 groundwater recharge

Lincolnshire Limestone 182 trenches 137-145

groundwater quality, and limestone extraction 147-156 groundwater resources, and limestone extraction 147-156 groundwater salinity, coastal marshes 47-62 Gutenberg-Richter relationship 35 gypsum, in stone decay 304, 306, 327, 328, 329, 330, 369-373

H a e m a t o c o c c u s p luvial is 305 halite 369, 370, 372, 379 halloysite 175-176 hardness, sandstones 6, 9-18 heating-cooling cycles, physical weathering 359-367 hematite 327, 378 Herrington Colliery opencast coal site, tills 223, 226 hexahydrite 369 highway snow shed 1-3 historical bas-relief, rock face joint monitoring 37-45 honeycomb weathering 369, 375 Hong Kong, influence of rainfall on slope stability 105-113 hornblende-epidote-albite schist 343 Hughes Beds 275 humidity, and stone decay 316, 364-366 hydraulic boundary conditions, Hong Kong hillside 105-113 hydraulic conductivity

Folkestone Formation 131 Lincolnshire Limestone 181-197 Singapore Marine Clay 291-299 soft clays 291

hydraulic gradient, and permeability testing 75-76 hydraulic relationship, N. Yorks. aquifer/river 63-72 hydrocarbons in stone decay 302, 304

hydrogeological effect of quarrying, karstified limestone 147-157

hydrogeological model, Qatar 204-207 hydrogeology

Cifynydd flow side area 277-288 Crag aquifer 49 Lincolnshire Limestone 181-197 Lower Greensand 129-135

hygrometric gradients, stone weathering 364-366 hysteresis 12-14

igneous rock weathering 85-94, 175-179 illite 321,322 ilmenite 178 imogilite 308 index properties, colliery spoil 282 index test data, stony materials 251-252, 257 Index of Weathering (WI) 92-94 injection reabstraction tests, Qatar 204-207 insolation weathering 331,359-367 Interaction Matrix, rock weathering system 85-87, 92-93 intrinsic compression line (ICL) 237, 241-245 intrinsic swelling index 237, 245 iron, and stone decay 308, 322, 326, 327, 328-329, 330, 331 iron minerals, Deccan Basalt weathering 176-177, 178

joints monitoring, historical bas-relief rock face 37-45 and weathering 89-90, 93; see also fissures

Jubilee Line Extension 115

K (correlation factor) 98-102 kaolinite 175-176, 177, 321,322, 323, 380 karren 347, 348 karst weathering 348 karstic aquifer, Qatar 199-209 karstification, and quarrying 152-154 Keekle opencast coal sites, tills 221 keramohalite see alunogen Kibblesworth opencast coal site, tills 223, 226 Kimmeridge Clay 64, 65, 66, 68

labradorite 308 lactic acid in stone decay 302 Lambeth Group 115, 116 land drainage and salinity, coastal marshes 47-62 landfill in disused limestone quarries 155-156 landfill liners, and soil permeability 73-76 landslide, Cilfynydd Common 273-289 landslides, rain-induced 105-113 latitude, and rock weathering 88 Leoch Sandstone 317, 319, 321,322 Lias Mudstone, point load tests 99, 100 lichens, and stone decay 307-308, 337, 339 Lichfield Cathedral, weathering cycles 359-367 lignosulphonates 302 limestone aquifers

modelling, N. Yorks. 63-72 Qatar 199-209

limestones hydrogeological effects of quarrying 147-157 hydrogeology 181-197 moisture expansion 364 point load tests 99, 100 thermal expansion 363 weathering/decay 333-342, 347-357

388

Limpyear fortlet, Salcombe, weathering 343, 344 Lincolnshire Limestone, hydrogeology 181-197 linearity, high-porosity chalk 161-174 Linefoot opencast coal site, tills 218-219, 228 liquid limits

colliery spoil 282 stony materials 252, 257

koch Lomond Stadial 214. 216, 221 Locharbriggs Sandstone 317, 319-321 lodgement tills 228, 231,236, 237 London Underground Jubilee Line Extension 115 longwall coal mining, residual subsidence 123 Low Close opencast coal site, tills 218-219 kowca opencast coal site, tills 219-221,217, 218, 219-221 Lower Greensand aquifer, modelling dewatering impact

129-135

Madara Horseman bas-relief 37-45 Magnesian Limestone, in tills 223 magnetite. 175, 176, 177, 327 mannitol 309 Marasha Chalk 166-174 marble

decay 302. 304, 305, 306, 307, 308. 339 moisture expansion 364 thermal expansion 363 weathering nanomorphologies 349-357

marine clay. hydraulic conductivity 291-299 marshes, drainage and salinity 47-62 masonry see stone matrix suction 108 memory effect 331 Mickletown Ings SSS1 144-145 micrite 326. 328-329, 353 microcline, thermal expansion 363 micro-organisms, and building stone 301-314. 315-324,

339-340. 363 Millstone Grit 225 mineral acids in stone decay 302-304, 316; see also acid

reactions mineral expansion, sandstone weathering 363 mineral extraction see extractive industry mineralogical alteration 304, 305, 334 mineralogical model, spheroidal weathering of basalt

175-179 mineralogy factor, rock weathering 89 mining-induced earthquakes, monitoring 21-36 mirabilite 369 MODFLOW 69 70, 131 133 MODPATH 71 Moisture Condition Value test 247. 248, 263, 264, 266, 267 moisture

in stone colonization 316 in stone decay 309. 310, 338. 345, 359-367

moisture content cycles, in physical weathering 359-367 stony materials 253-255, 261-262, 264. 267

montmorillonite 176 Moresby opencast coal site, tills 221 mortars, biodeterioration 306 mucilage in stone decay 302, 306, 308-309, 310 mudstone, point load tests 99, 100

nanomorphologies, weathering 347-357 natron 369 Navajo sandstone, USA 376, 380--382

Negev Desert chalks 161-174 NIREX (Sellafield) Quaternary investigations 217-218, 228 nitric/nitrous acid in stone decay 302 304, 308 Norfolk Broads, land drainage and salinity 47-62 Northumberland Coalfield 212, 221-226

oedometer cell tests, Singapore Clay 295, 296-297, 298, 299 OFFIX program 51 oligoclase, thermal expansion 363 oobiosparite 326 opaques 175, 327, 329 opencast mining sites, tills 211-212, 218-221,226 228 Oughterside opencast coal site, tills 218 organic acids in stone decay 302-308; see also acid reactions

oxalates 308 oxalic acid 304, 306, 307 308

packestone 325 326 packing density, sandstones 8-9, 11, 15, 17-18 Park Pit Quarry, Surrey 129 particle size

colliery spoil 281 earthworks materials 247-268 sandstones 6-8, 9, 11, 17-18

particle tracking model 71 Patharia Hill basalt, spheroidal weathering 175-179 Pelaw Clay 225 periglacial modification of tills 225 permeability

Chalk and Thanet Beds 116, 118 clay landfill lining 73-76 glacial till 239 Lincolnshire Limestone 181-197 Singapore Marine Clay 291,292-295, 299 soft clays 291

permeability factor, rock weathering 90, 93 permeameter types 75, 291,292, 294-295, 299 phosphate residues, building sandstones 319-321,323 photosynthetic organisms, stone decay 304-307, 316, 321 physical weathering

climatically induced cycles 359-367 rates, limestone 333, 337-340

pigeonite 175, 178 plagioclase 175, 178, 343 plastic limit

clay soils 73-74 colliery spoil 282 stony materials for fill 252, 257

point load tests, weak rocks 95-103 pollutants, atmospheric 302-304, 308, 316, 325, 330-331,

370, 372, 375 pollution in limestone quarries 155-156 pore pressure distributions, Hong Kong hillside 105-113 pore size distribution, cleaned building sandstone 319, 323 pore water pressures, colliery spoil 287-288 porosity

and building stone colonization 317, 319, 321,323 Doulting limestone 327, 329, 331 dual porosity 181-197, 203, 204, 205~07 Lincolnshire Limestone 181-197 and sandstone weathering 382 sandstones 6, 8-9, 10, 11, 17-18

potassium salts, in sandstone weathering 369-372 precipitation/evaporation ratio 88, 93; see also rainfall pressuremeter tests, Singapore Marine Clay 294-295, 299 Prestons Road access/ventilation shaft 121-122

389

Prymnes ium parvum 47 pumping tests

Chalk and Thanet Beds 116, 122 Folkestone Formation 131 Qatar 201-204

pyrite, in sandstone weathering 370 pyroxine 175

Qatar aquifer properties 199-209 geology and hydrogeology 200-201

quarrying of limestone, hydrogeological effects 147 157 see also extractive industry

quartz, thermal expansion 363 quartz content

Doulting limestone 327 sandstones 12, 16, 17, 18

quartzitic sandstones, weathering 369-373, 375-383 Quaternary geology

North East England 221-226 West Cumbria 217-218

Quaternary glacial cycles 212-214

rafting 223, 226, 275, 288 rainfall

and slope stability, Hong Kong 105-113 and weathering 310, 336 see also precipitation

recharge trenches 137-145 Reggio Emilia Cathedral, Italy 308 reservoir planning, value of data collection 127 residual soil, Sagar, India 175 resistivity survey, groundwater salinity 48, 50-52, 60 retaining wall, greenschist weathering 343, 344 river/aquifer relationship, North Yorkshire 63-72 rock mass joint deformation monitoring 3745 Rock Mass Quality (Q) 89, 93 rock mass weathering system processes 85-94 Rock Quality Designation (RQD) 89-90 rock slope stability, Bulgaria 3745 rotational failure, Cilfynydd 273, 278, 280, 288 roughening, by weathering 329, 347, 353 roughness, and stone colonization 317 Rowe Cell tests, Singapore Marine Clay 296, 297, 298

Salcombe estuary, coastal weathering of greenschist 343-346 salinity, coastal marshes, Norfolk Broads 47-62 salt crystallization 375, 376-377, 379, 382 salt weathering 334, 337-339, 344-345, 359, 365, 369-373,

375, 376-377, 379 sand extraction, monitoring dewatering impact 129-135 sand and gravel quarry recharge trenches 137-145 sand rivers, Botswana 81-83 sandstones

algal growth 305, 315 324 alunogen/alum salts weathering 369-373 cavernous weathering 375-383 moisture expansion 363 petrographic and engineering properties 5-19 physical weathering cycles 359-367 rock face joint monitoring 3745 spalling 305, 362 thermal expansion 363

saturation, clay landfill lining 75 saturation tests, glacial till 240

scaling, sandstone weathering 369-370 scaling linkages, weathering features 347, 348, 353 scalping of stony materials 247, 248-249 schist, coastal weathering 343-346 Scottish Readvance 216, 217, 218 seasonal algal growth on building stones 319 seasonal cycles, physical weathering 359-367 seasonal discharges, quarried areas 149 seasonal flow problems, River Derwent 63, 64, 68, 69-70 seasonal joint movements 41, 43 SEEP/W 106-108, 109 seepage analysis, Hong Kong hillside 106-108, 112 seismic effects, rock face bas-relief 40, 42, 43, 44 seismic monitoring during coalpit closure 21-36 seismic signal amplification 33-34 seismicity

felt effects 31-34 temporal variations 31

Selby Coalfield residual subsidence 123 Selker Till 217, 221 Sellafield, Quaternary investigations 217-218, 228 serpentine 308 shafts, dewatering 116-119, 121-122 shale, correlation factor 100 shear strength

Cam clay 236 glacial till 236 and matrix suction 108 and weathering 93

Shore hardness, sandstones 12, 16, 17 silica-cemented crust, sandstone 369 silt slope stability, rainfall effects 105-113 Singapore Marine Caly, hydraulic conductivity 291-299 Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs) 137-145 slake-durability, sandstones 16-18 slope failure

colliery spoil 273-289 tills 219, 221,226 228

slope stability and rainfall, Hong Kong 105-113 smectite 175, 176, 178, 321,322, 323 Sneinton Formation 5-19 snow shed, British Columbia 1-3 soil acceptibility for earthworks compaction 247-268 soil amplification of seismic signals 33-34 soil matrix suction 108 soil microfabric, colliery spoil 285, 288 soils, clay see clay soils solifluction 217, 225 solute transport

Lincolnshire Limestone 183, 192-196 model, coastal marshes, Norfolk 56-59 model, Qatar 204 207

solution hollows, River Derwent, N. Yorks. 63, 64, 69 solutional weathering see chemical weathering South Wales Coalfield, residual subsidence 123 Southwick Hill tunnel, point load testing 95-99 spalling, sandstone 305, 362 sparite 326, 353 sparry calcite 326, 328-329 St Bees Moraine 218 step discharge tests, Qatar 201 204, 208 Stichococcus sp. 317 stiffness, high-porosity chalks 161-174 Stobswood opencast coal site, tills 224, 237-238 stone biodeterioration 301-314, 315 stone cleaning methods, and algal growth 315-324

390

stone colonizing micro-organisms 301-314, 315-324 stone decay/weathering

experimental 347-357 see also weathering

stony materials, fill acceptability 247-268 strain deformation, high-porosity chalks 161-174 strength

colliery spoil 285-287 glacial till 235-246 reconstituted clay 237 sandstones 6, 9-18 weak rocks/chalk 95-103

stress corrosion, sandstones 10-11 stress responses, high-porosity chalks 161-174 stress/strain properties, colliery spoil 281,285 subsidence

absolute local 42-43 after blasting, limestone quarries 148 residual/active, in coalfields 123

sulphuric acid, in stone decay 302-304, 308, 325, 330, 331 swelling clays 273, 363; see also clays swelling properties, glacial till 235-246 SWIFT III model 204-207

tafoni 338, 343, 369-370, 375-383 Tapwood Quarry, Surrey 129 TARGET solute transport model 56-59 temperature

and joint movements 41, 43 stone colonization 316 stone weathering 331,359-367

tensile testing, high-porosity chalks 161-174 Tetraspora sp. 317 Texture Factor 89, 93 Texture Coefficient 89 Thanet Beds, excavation 115-122 thenardite 329, 369 thermal cycles, physical weathering 359-367 thermistor probes, sandstone monitoring 361 thermonatrite 369 Thurne River catchment, drainage and salinity 47-62 till rafts, Cilfynydd flow slide 275, 288 tills

acceptability for earthworks compaction 247-268 geotechnicai models 236-237, 246 geotechnical properties 235-246 lodgement 228, 231,236, 237 Northern England 211-234, 235-246 swelling properties 235-246

time factor algal growth on cleaned stone 323 rock weathering 91-92, 93

tortuosity, Lincolnshire Limestone 193, 196 tracer experiments, Lincolnshire Limestone 184-186 tracer tests, Qatar 204-207 Tranwell opencast coal site, tills 223 Trentepohlia 305, 309, 316 trial pits, Cilfynydd flow slide 275, 281-287 triaxial tests

glacial till 239-244 Singapore Marine Clay 295-296 see also compression; deformation

tschermigite 370-371 tunnel site, point load testing in weak chalk 95-99 tunnels, dewatering 115-122 Tyne and Wear Complex 225, 226

vegetation factor, rock weathering 88, 93 vermiculite 308

walkover survey, Cilfynydd flow slide 278 Warren House Till 221,229 waste disposal, disused quarries 155-156; see also landfill water flow, unsaturated soils 105-108 water level survey, coastal marshes 52-56 water quality, coastal marshes 47-62 water table levels

Hong Kong hillside 108-113 and use of recharge trenches 145

weak rocks, point load testing 95-103 weathering

cavernous sandstone 375-383 coastal, greenschist 343-346 experimental, 333-342, 347-357 model 175-179 monitoring, Lichfield Cathedral 361-367 rates, limestone 333-342 rock face bas-relief 44 spheroidal 175-179 system processes 85-94 of tills, post glacial 215, 217, 224, 225, 226 Wells Cathedral 308, 325-331

weathering indices 89, 92-94, 353 weddelite 304, 308 wells

Chalk and Thanet Beds 116-122 collector, Botswana 81-83

Wells Cathedral, stone decay 308, 325-331 wetland drainage and salinity 47-62 wetland SSSI, recharge trenches 144-145 wetting, chemical weathering of limestone 336-337, 339-340 wetting/drying cycles, weathering 308, 309, 315, 359-367 whewellite 304, 308 Wollaston Meadows SSSI 138-144

Index of Localities

Abercynon, S. Wales 273-289 Aberdeen, Scotland 317-323 Acklington, Northumberland 226 Ankara, Turkey 147 Antarctica 308, 338, 376 Arran, Scotland 93 Australia 339, 377

Bedwas, S. Wales 123 Belgium 60 Bilston Glen, Scotland 25, 33 Blankney, Lincs. 182-197 Bonnyrigg, Scotland 22, 33 Botswana 81-83 British Columbia 1-3 Brograve, Norfolk 56, 59, 60 Brompton Springs, N. Yorks. 66, 68, 70 Broomhill, Co. Durham 223 Broughton Moor/Little Broughton, Cumbria 219-220 Bulgaria 37-45 Bullman Hills, N. Pennines 223 Butterwell, Northumberland 226

Canada 1-3 Canary Wharf, London 119-122 Cascade Mountains, British Columbia 1-3 Causse Comtal, France 148 Cayton Bay Springs, N.Yorks. 66, 68 Chadibe, Botswana 81-83 Changi, Singapore 291-299 Cheviot Hills, Northumberland 221 Cilfynydd Common, S. Wales 273-289 Coquihalla Highway, British Columbia 1-3 Cowbridge, S. Wales 153 Cumbria 211,212, 215-221,228-229 Curry's Point, Whitley Bay, Tyne and Wear 223 Czech Republic 369

Deborah opencast site, Co. Durham 223, 226-228 Derbyshire (Peak District) 148, 149, 153, 155 Derwent River, N. Yorks. 63-72 Devon 343-346 Durands Wharf, London 116-119, 122 Durham 123, 211-215, 221-231

East Chevington, Northumberland 226 Eastfield, Norfolk 55, 57, 59 England, Northern 211-234 Epperstone, Notts. 5-19

France 148

Germany 52, 147, 154, 369-370 Great Barrier Reef 339 Gutterby Spa, Cumbria 218

Happisburgh, Norfolk 51 Hartlepool, Cleveland 225

Hawthornden, Scotland 23, 27 Hempstead Marshes, Norfolk 52, 60 Herrington Colliery, Tyne and Wear 226 Hickling Broad, Norfolk 49, 52 Hong Kong 105-113 Horsey, Norfolk 49, 56, 59, 60

India, Madhya Pradesh 175-179 Irton, N. Yorks. 66-68, 72 Isle of Dogs, London 121 Israel 161-174, 339 Italy 52, 307, 308, 339

Jamaica 340 Japan 338 Jerusalem 339

Keekle, Cumbria 221 Kent 96, 98 Kibblesworth, Tyne and Wear 223, 226

Lake District (Cumbria) 211-221,228-229 Lichfield Cathedral, Staffs. 359-367 Lincolnshire 181-197 London 115-122, 336 Longwood Quarry, Lincolnshire 182-197 Lowca, Cumbria 219-221

Madara, Bulgaria 37-45 Madeira 93 Madhya Pradesh, India 175-179 Malta 99 Martham Broad, Norfolk 49, 54 Mendip Hills 147-153 Mickletown Ings, W. Yorks. 144-145 Midlothian, Scotland 21-36 Moresby, Cumbria 221 Mountmarle, Scotland 23

Negev Desert, Israel 161-174 Nene River Valley 138-144 Netherlands 53, 60 Nevada, USA 376, 378-380 New Zealand, Waitomo 148 Newcastle upon Tyne 223 Norfolk 47-62 Northamptonshire 138-144, 145 Northumberland 211-215, 221-231,237 Norway 339 Nottinghamshire 5-19, 34

Ogof Fynnon Ddu, S. Wales 153 Oughterside, Cumbria 218

Park Pit Quarry, Surrey 129 Patharia Hill, Sagar, India 175-179 Peak District (Derbyshire) 148, 149, 153, 155 Pengam, S. Wales 123

392

Peterlee, Co. Durham 123 Philpots Quarry, Sussex 370 Pickering, Vale of, N. Yorks. 63 Poland 369 Potter Heigham, Norfolk 54 Prestons Road, London 121-122 Pwllwy Spring, S. Wales 153

Qatar 199-209

Reigate, Surrey 129-135 Ribble Valley 153 Rome 339 Rosewell/Roslin/Rosslyn Chapel, Scotland 21-36

Sagar, India 175-179 Salcombe, Devon 343-346 Salentine Peninsula, Italy 52 Scarborough, Yorkshire 63 Scotland 21-36, 214, 251,317-323 Selby, S. Yorks. 123 Sellafield, Cumbria 217-218 Shumen, Bulgaria 37-45 Singapore 291-299 Smallburgh, Norfolk 51 Somerset, Wells Cathedral 308, 325-331 Somerton, Norfolk 52, 56, 60 Southwick Hill, Sussex 95-99 St Bees, Cumbria 218 Staffordshire, Lichfield Cathedral 359-367 Stobswood, Northumberland 237 Surrey 129-135

Sussex 95-99, 370 Sydney, Australia 377

Taft Valley, S. Wales 273-289 Tapwood Quarry, Surrey 129 Tees River 225 Thurne River, Norfolk 47-62 Tow Law, County Durham 223 Tranwell, Northumberland 223 Turkey 147 Tyne and Wear 211,225

United States 375-383 Utah, USA 376, 380-382

Valley of Fire, Nevada, USA 375-383

Waitomo, New Zealand 148 Wales, South 123, 153, 155, 273-289 Wear River 225 Wells Cathedral, Somerset 308, 325-331 West Indies 339 Weymouth, Dorset 338 Winterton, Norfolk 51 Wistow, S. Yorks. 123 Wollaston Meadows SSSI, Northants. 138-144, 145

Yarm, Cleveland 225 Yorkshire 63-72, 123, 144-145

Zion National Park, Utah, USA 376, 380-382

Index of Authors

Aflaki, E. 235 Arulrajah, A. 291

Bell, F. G. 5 Bentley, S. P. 273 Bo Myint Win, 291 Bowden, A. J. 95 Brafman, M. 161

Carey, M. A. 63 Chadha, D. 63 Chaterjee, A. 175 Chen, C.-C. 235 Choa, V. 291 Clarke, B. G. 211,235 Cliff, M. I. 137 Culshaw, M. G. 5

Davies, M. C. R. 273 Dews, S. J. 359 Dobrev, N. 37 Dottridge, J. 129

Gallup, M. 273 Greswell, R. 181 Gunn, J. 147

Halsey, D. P. 359 Herbert, R. 81 Hill, S. E. 85 Hiscock, K. M. 47 Hobbs, S. L. 147 Holman, I. P. 47 Holmgerisdottir, Th 247 Horbury, A. 325 Hughes, D. B. 211

Ivanov, P. 37

Jones, M. S. 301,325

Keeble, M. R. 129 Kostak, B. 37 Kotoub, S. 199

Linney, L. F. 115 Lloyd, J. W. 181

Mitchell, D. J. 359 Money, M. S. 211 Moses, C. A. 347 Mottershead, D. 343 Murray, E. J. 73

Ng, C. W. W. 105 Nichol, D. 1

Raymahashay, B. C. 175 Redmayne, D. W. 21 Richards, J. A. 21 Robinson, D. A. 369 Rosenbaum, M. S. 85

Shi, Q. 105 Smart, P. C. 137 Streetly, M. 125, 199 Suhardi, 247

Talesnick, M. L. 161 Tellam, J. H. 181 Thompson, G. E. 325 Trudgill, S. T. 333 Turkington, A. V. 375

Ullyott, S. 95 Urquhart, D. C. M. 315

Viles, H. A. 333, 347

Wakefield, R. D. 301 Wild, P. W. 21 Williams, R. B. G. 369 Wilson, E. J. 123 Winter, M. G. 247 Withers, A. D. 115

Yoshida, K. 181 Young, M. E. 315 Younger, J. S. 75

Lamont-Black, J. 95 Zika, P. 37

The Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology

1998. Vol. 31

Scientific Editor: C. R. I. Clayton Assistant Scientific Editors: D. J. Allen, A. Forster

Editorial Board: C. H. Bland, M. Coop, R. A. Downing, J. Dottridge, S. Glendinning, J. A. Heathcote, A. W. Herbert, M. E. Jones, M. C. Matthews, M. J. O'Shea, D. B. Powell, J. M. Reynolds, M. S. Rosenbaum, L. J. West, M. E. Woodbridge

Overseas Editors: F. G. Bell, R. Goodman, A. W. Hatheway, M. S. Lawrence, F. Schokking, J. Vrba, Ryunoshin Yoshinaka

Published by

The Geological Society

Burlington House, Piccadilly, London W1V 0JU, UK.

© 1998 The Geological Society

We wish to thank the following people for their assistance with the reviewing of papers submitted to QJEG during the past year.

R. Allington J .R . Greig R. Mackay M. Anderson C. Harris A. McGown R. D. Barker D . J . Harrison T .W. Mellors T. Bishop T . H . E . Heaton B. Miglio P. Brabham S. Hencher S. Moncaster E. N. Bromhead M.P . Henton R . N . Mortimore R. J. Chandler A .W. Herbert L. Philip A. Charles R. Herbert W. Powrie B. G. Clarke G. Heymann K . D . Privett M. Coop D. Hight N.S . Robins J. C. Cripps K . M . Hiscock V.K. Robinson J. Davies V.S. Hope N. Simons A. M. Davis J .N . Hutchinson I. Sims M. de Freitas M. Jones G.G.Thomas R. A. Fox V. Jovicic J. Van Wonderen S. Glendinning M. Kirkby G. Walton N. R. Goulty C. Knipe A . R . Woodside P. Grainger A. Lawrence A. Wyness

Contents of Volume 31

Part 1 February 1998

D. Nichol: Photographic Feature: Great Bear Snow Shed on the Coquihalla Highway, British Columbia, Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

F. G. Bell & M. G. Culshaw: Petrographic and engineering properties of sandstones from the Sneinton Formation, Nottinghamshire, England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

D. W. Redmayne, J. A. Richards & P. W. Wild: Mining-induced earthquakes monitored during pit closure in the Midlothian Coalfield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

B. Kostak, N. Dobrev, P. Zika & P. Ivanov: Joint monitoring on a rock face bearing an historical bas-relief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I. P. Holman & K. M. Hiscock: Land drainage and saline intrusion in the coastal marshes of northeast Norfolk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

M. A. Carey & D. Chadha: Modelling the hydraulic relationship between the River Derwent and the Corallian Limestone aquifer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

E. J. Murray: Discussion on 'Observations on soil permeability, moulding moisture content and dry density relationships' by S. P. Wright, P. J. Walden, C. M. Sangha & N. J. Langdon . . . . .

J. S. Younger: Discussion on 'Observations on soil permeability, moulding moisture content and dry density relationships' by S. P. Wright, P. J. Walden, C. M. Sangha & N. J. Langdon . . . . .

Book Reviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21

37

47

63

73

75

77

Part 2 May 1998

R. Herbert: Photographic Feature: Water from sand rivers in Botswana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Susan E. Hill & M. S. Rosenbaum: Assessing the significant factors in a rock weathering system

A. J. Bowden, J. Lamont-Black & S. Ullyott: Point load testing of weak rocks with particular reference to chalk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

C. W. W. Ng & Q. Shi: Influence of rainfall intensity and duration on slope stability in unsaturated soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

L. F. Linney & A. D. Withers: Dewatering the Thanet Beds in SE London: three case histories

E. J. Wilson: Discussion on 'Reappraisal of time-dependence of subsidence due to longwall coalmining' by N. R. Goulty & S. Y. S. A1-Rawahy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Groundwater Problems in Extraction

including papers from the Extractive Industry Geology Conference, Warwick University, 15-18 April 1996

M. Streetly: Dewatering and environmental monitoring for the extractive industry . . . . . . . . . . . .

81

85

95

105

115

123

125

iv CONTENTS

J. Dottridge & M. R. Keeble: Modelling the impact of dewatering in the Lower Greensand aquifer, Surrey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

M. I. Cliff & P. C. Smart: The use of recharge trenches to maintain groundwater levels . . . . . .

S. L. Hobbs & J. Gunn: The hydrogeological effects of quarrying limestones: options for prediction and mitigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Book Reviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

129

137

147

159

Part 3 August 1998

M. L. Talesnick & M. Brafman: Small strain deformation characteristics of two chalks subjected to varying stress conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

A. Chaterjee & B. C. Raymahashay: Spheroidal weathering of Deccan Basalt: a three-mineral model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

R. Greswell, K. Yoshida, J. H. Tellam & J. W. Lloyd: The micro-scale hydrogeological properties of the Lincolnshire Limestone, UK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

M. J. Streetly & S. Kotoub: Determination of aquifer properties in Northern Qatar for application to artificial recharge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Glacial Geology and Engineering

Papers from a meeting of the Geological Society's West of Scotland Regional Group, October 1996

D. B. Hughes, B. G. Clarke & M. S. Money: The glacial succession in lowland Northern England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

B. G. Clarke, C.-C. Chert & E. Aflaki: Intrinsic compression and swelling properties of a glacial till . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

M. G. Winter, Th Holmgerisdottir & Suhardi: The effect of large particles on acceptability determination for earthworks compaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Book Reviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

161

175

181

199

211

235

247

269

Part 4 November 1998

S. P. Bentley, M. C. R. Davies & M. Gallup: The Cilfynydd flow slide of December 1939 . . . .

Bo Myint Win, A. Arulrajah & V. Choa: The hydraulic conductivity of Singapore Marine Clay at Changi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Weathering of Building Stones

Papers from the Stone Weathering & Atmospheric Pollution Network (SWAPnet) conference, 1996, University of Portsmouth

R. D. Wakefield & M. S. Jones: An introduction to stone colonizing micro-organisms and biodeterioration of building stone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

273

291

301

CONTENTS v

M. E. Young & D. C. M. Urquhart: Algal growth on building sandstones: effects of chemical stone cleaning methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

M. S. Jones, A. Horbury & G. E. Thompson: Characterization of freshly quarried and decayed Doulting limestone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

S. T. Trudgill & H. A. Viles: Field and laboratory approaches to limestone weathering . . . . . . .

D. Mottershead: Coastal weathering of greenschist in dated structures, South Devon, U K . . . .

H. A. Viles & C. A. Moses: Experimental production of weathering nanomorphologies on carbonate stone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

D. P. Halsey, D. J. Mitchell & S. J. Dews: Influence of climatically induced cycles in physical weathering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

R. B. G. Williams & D. A. Robinson: Weathering of sandstone by alunogen and alum salts .

A. V. Turkington: Cavernous weathering in sandstone: lessons to be learned from natural exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Indexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

315

325

333

343

347

359

369

375

385