index [ ] · pdf fileagronsky,martin,167 aid,4,9,50,172.seealsofoodfor...

Index

ABM. See Anti-Ballistic Missile system(ABM)

abolitionists, 22Abrams, Creighton, 8Acheson, Dean, 36, 45, 90, 239activism, 3, 56–7activists, 11, 37, 56, 89, 113acts. See also Public Law 480civil rights, 152, 165, 192, 260,

275defense appropriations, 254Department of Defense Procurementand Development, 137

Federal Reserve, 219Food for Peace, 83, 94–8, 98n39,

103–4, 104n55, 119Foreign Military Sales, 255–6McCarran Internal Security, 91Military ProcurementAuthorization, 10

National Defense Education, 93National Economic Conversion,

101Selective Service, 207Taft-Hartley, 241Voting Rights, 260War Powers, 10, 142, 299

Adams, John Quincy, 132

Addams, Jane, 23Adkins, Homer, 157n25Africa, 34, 97, 146, 226African-Americans, 37, 155, 156–7,

166, 228. See also blacks; NegroesAgent Orange, 107Agnew, Spiro T., 109–10, 116n84,

235Agronsky, Martin, 167aid, 4, 9, 50, 172. See also Food for

Peace Act; foreign aid; publicworks projects; specific countries

economic, 29, 65, 68, 183, 190to education, 93, 155military, 57, 65, 68, 78, 93, 200,

257–8, 284Aiken, George, 238, 253, 256air raids, 193, 257, 298Alaska, 63–4, 64Allen, William, 228Allende, Salvadore, 144Alliance for Progress, 61, 65–6, 67–8,

76, 106alliances, 34, 47, 50, 183, 223crossnational, 60, 65, 70purpose of, 50–1, 57, 261, 267–8,

271Alsop, Stewart, 250

301

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press0521811481 - Vietnam and the American Political Tradition: The Politics of DissentEdited by Randall B. WoodsIndexMore information

http://www.cambridge.org


http://www.cambridge.org/0521811481

302 Index

Ambrose, Stephen, 101n45amendments. See also acts;

Cooper-Church Amendmentanti-aggressor, 69Case-Church, 133, 298to eliminate poll tax, 155End the War, 111–17, 112n73–4,

115n83, 117n86, 256–7Mansfield-Clark, 194–5, 199,

269–71McGovern-Hatfield, 199, 255–6,

289–90Platt, 19Reid, 287, 289Sixteenth/Seventeenth/Nineteenth,

219, 220America. See United StatesAmerica First movement, 47–8, 87American Liberty League, 48Americans for Democratic Action

(ADA), 54, 241–2America’s Longest War (Herring), 42amnesty, 294annexation, 16–20, 19, 20Anti-Ballistic Missile system (ABM),

234, 252–3anticolonialism, 3, 34, 167anti-communism, 11, 34–5, 43, 57anti-imperialism, 13, 14, 40, 59. See

also decolonization; radicals;specific individuals

coalitions and, 37, 39colonialism and, 18–19contradictions of, 39–40geopolitics and, 13, 26identity and, 16, 18, 21v. imperialism, 18, 20, 23, 61New Left and, 38power politics and, 12–13progressive, 29race and, 23in Senate, 81United States and, 33

Anti-Imperialist League, 17, 23–4anti-lynching laws, 219anti-militarism, 63, 78–9, 113n76, 155antiwar movement, 9, 10, 107civil rights and, 168Cooper-Church amendment and,

255escalation of, 112–15, 114n78Senate and, 142support of, 121, 170n67

apartheid, 34Arkansas, 156–7, 158, 158n27armistice, 296arms race, 83, 99, 102, 103, 119Army of the Republic of Vietnam

(ARVN), 9, 10, 286–7, 297Army Special Forces, 285Arnett, Peter, 184ARVN. See Army of the Republic of

Vietnam (ARVN)Ashmore, Harry, 156–7Asia, 36–37, 97, 146Asia Firsters, 47–8Asian Doctrine, 160assassinations, 108, 144–6, 152, 185,

262. See also specific individualsassimilation, 40asymmetrical response, 179Atlantic Charter, 49, 221Atlanticists, 38, 159atomic bombs, 53, 78–9, 207

Baez, Joan, 79Baker, Bob, 181Baker, Ray Stannard, 26Baker, Russell, 231Balaguer, Joaquin, 267balance-of-payments, 261, 270, 271Baldwin, Hanson, 105Ball, George, 38, 126banks, 44, 56, 90, 218, 223Bao Dai, 3, 273Baptists, Southern, 228n76






Index 303

Barkley, Alben, 242Barnes, Harry Elmer, 44Batista y Zaldıvar, Fulgencio, 226Bay of Pigs, 99, 208, 262Beard, Charles, 30, 55, 89Beasley, Tom, 215n34Beijing, 196Beisner, Robert, 20, 22Bennett, W. Tapley, 265Benson, Ezra Taft, 93, 94Berger, Samuel, 118n89Berlin, 36, 187, 243Betancourt, Romulo, 65, 66Bien Hoa, 6Billington, Ray Allen, 89bill(s)civil rights, 156, 159, 232defense appropriations, 201, 285foreign aid, 70Fulbright, 170n66G.I., 88Jones, 24Mexican Farm Labor, 241military assistance, 257–8, 288Military ProcurementAuthorization, 112

outlawing literacy tests, 156to terminate war, 111–12

Bills, Scott, 32blacks, 37, 161, 241–2Bohlen, Charles, 268Bolshevism, 29, 48bomb(s), 107, 113campaigns, 111, 128, 131, 193, 247,

248, 249, 250, 280, 296, 297–8doves and restriction of, 137

Bonn, 261Borah, William, 61, 122–4, 129, 133Borstelmann, Thomas, 35Bosch, Juan, 67, 70Bretton Woods Agreement, 53–4, 164Brezhnev, Leonid, 293Brinkley, Hugh, 158

Britain, 3, 21. See also Londonaid to, 53–4, 55, 159Common Market and, 267relations with, 34, 35, 46, 55, 261,

271, 281as threat, 43–4

British CommonwealthParliamentarians’ Associationand, 191

Brock, William, 215, 234–5Brooke, Edward, 257Browning, Gordon, 206Bryan, William Jennings, 226politics of, 17, 22, 32, 217–18, 225

Buchanan, Patrick, 293Buddhists, 4, 177, 180Bundy, McGeorge, 187, 188, 221, 278Bundy, William, 77, 256bureaucracies, 43, 56Burke, Edmund, 166Bush, George W., 119, 235, 259business, big, 222Byrnes, James F., 50

Calhoun, John C., 259Califano, Joe, 106Cambodia, 3, 179aid to, 256enemy sanctuaries in, 250invasion of, 8, 10, 112, 115, 198,

213–14, 234troops in, 254war in, 137–41, 191, 282, 286–9,

298–9withdrawal from, 169, 199

Camp David Accords, 147campaign finance laws, 235campuses, 113–15, 118, 154, 287Can Lao Party, 4Cannon, Joseph, 259capitalists, 30, 55, 89Caribbean, 19–20, 27–9, 60–1, 77,

263






304 Index

Carnegie, Andrew, 20, 23Carswell, G. Harrold, 234Carter, Jimmy, 147, 201Case, Frank, 298Case-Church amendment, 133, 298Cash, W. J., 154Castro, Fidel, 65assassination attempt on, 144, 262relations with, 98–9, 225–6, 262–6

Catholicism, 96n33, 174John F. Kennedy and, 93, 96, 181McCarthyism and, 177Vietnam and, 4, 177, 179, 185

caucuses, party, 231, 232, 298CBS News, 105, 115n83cease-fires, 193, 194, 197, 248negotiations, 207, 294, 296, 297

Central America, 147Chiang Kaishek, 91Chiari, Robert, 263–4, 281Chile, 144, 146China, 3, 175–6. See also Beijing;

Peking; People’s Republic ofChina (PRC)

communism and, 7, 267expansionism and, 71imperialism and, 25peace talks, 26relations with, 7, 196, 212, 241, 293sovereignty and, 19, 26as threat, 38–9, 261United Nations and, 92Vietnam and, 105, 125–6, 130, 131,

166, 211Chotiner, Murray, 288Chou Enlai, 292Church, Frank, 10, 11, 67. See also

Case-Church amendment;Cooper-Church Amendment

Committee, 144–7as dove, 128, 141–2, 253on Gruening, 76Lyndon Johnson and, 129–30

on Nixon, 135policies of, 123–5, 126, 128, 133,

137–41, 146, 277roles of, 122, 133, 176on Vietnam, 74, 75, 106, 109, 122,

130, 194churches, corruption of, 56Churchill, Winston, 32, 33CIA (Central Intelligence Agency),

122, 144–7, 265, 285civil liberties, 221civil rights, 230. See also specific

individualslegislation, 152, 155, 156, 159, 165,

192, 232, 260, 275movement, 150, 165Negroes and, 102, 102n50

civil war, 11, 163American, 227, 279in Vietnam, 58, 108, 127

Clark, Joseph, 194, 225classes, activism and, 3Clay, Henry, 241, 259Clayton, William L., 53, 162Clinton, Hilary Rodham, 118n89Clinton, William, 119, 201coalitions, 67, 259Cold War, 1, 3, 9, 14, 39activists, 11anticolonialism and, 34anti-imperialism and, 37causes of, 91defense projects, 63foreign policy, 69–70globalism, 110, 118influence of, 163interventionism, 94, 133, 164military growth and, 223opposition to, 56politics of, 33, 267public support and, 36United States and, 38

Cole, Albert, 241






Index 305

collective security organization, 44, 47purpose of, 51, 53, 163support for, 49, 162

colleges, 113, 140Colombia, 262colonialism, 167, 219. See also

anticolonialism; decolonization;neocolonialism

anti-imperialism/imperialism and,18–19, 37

expansionism and, 17, 20Indochina and, 35, 178rivalries and, 24–5war and, 31

Colson, Charles, 294Committee on Defense and Economic

Agencies, 102n48Committee on Education and Labor,

93Committee to Defend America by

Aiding the Allies, 50commodity price supports, 93Common Market, Britain and, 267communism. See also anti-communismChina and, 7, 267containment of, 83, 172, 179, 240democracy v., 49domino theory and, 4, 11, 42independence movement and, 36Joseph McCarthy and, 47nationalism v., 33–4, 178Soviet Union and totalitarian, 54support for resistance and, 38terrorism and, 6threat of, 54United States and, 36, 56–7, 121,

128, 272Vietminh and, 3, 177

Communist Party of the United States,30

communists, 3, 166, 176Compromise of 1877, 166COMSTAT, 208n9

conflict(s), 12, 14political v. military, 248Vietnam War as, 274, 277

Congress of the United Statescontrol of, 48, 159, 165, 282covert operations and, 145dissent and, 188, 199n58, 238doves and, 197, 298foreign policy and, 2, 42–3, 72, 164political culture and, 3power of Executive v., 2–3, 43–5,

108, 111–12, 115n83, 121, 133–4,137–41, 170n66, 199, 254, 275,282–3, 300

prerogatives and, 93, 112, 169, 254,284, 286

prowar consensus and, 169Congressional Research Service, 176Connally, Tom, 52, 162Consensus School, 89conservatism, 38, 45conservatives, 37, 48, 50, 53, 235Constitution, the, 44–5, 48, 93, 116,

159. See also amendmentscontainment, 251, 276–7, 280–1challenges to, 122, 127, 132–3, 147of communism, 83, 172, 179, 240diplomacy and, 243–4preservation of, 143principles of, 72, 79, 120

conventions, 90–1, 108, 110, 122, 253Coolidge, Calvin, 28, 48Cooper, John Sherman, 10, 116n84as bellwether, 238, 247biography of, 238n3on civil rights, 241–2as dissenter, 249J. William Fulbright and, 246as Liberal Republican, 238positions held by, 239presidential power and, 134as speaker, 238, 240, 248n21, 250,

251, 253






306 Index

Cooper-Church Amendment, 135impacts of, 133, 148passage of, 115, 137, 137n39, 169,

214, 254–6revision of, 197–9, 288–9, 291second, 138–42

corporate liberalism, 56corporations, 142, 148, 218–19,

223–4corruption, 4, 56Costa Rica, 66coups, 6, 130, 144covert operations and, 144–7, 272Lon Nol and, 286military, 4, 67–8, 70, 274in Saigon, 187against Sihanouk, 254in South Vietnam, 185support for, 272

Cox, Archibald, 299crimes, penalties for, 4Cuba, 17, 65intervention in, 123, 225–6Missile Crisis, 36, 37, 38, 98–9,

208, 262, 278as protectorate of United States, 19resolutions on, 187

cultural diversity, 40culture, 1, 2, 38. See also intercultural

exchangeglobal, 40political, 3, 215, 216n35, 227in Southeast Asia, 11

customs receiverships, 27–8

Dakota Wesleyan University, 87, 92Daschle, Tom, 118n89de Gaulle, Charles, 186, 211, 261,

267–9, 273deaths, 6. See also massacresnumber of, 9, 107, 109, 112, 201,

212DeBenedetti, Charles, 28, 115n83

Decade of Development, 97Declaration of Independence, 260decolonization, 14, 31, 33, 39, 40deescalation, 111, 138defense procurement authorization,

199defense projects, 63Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), 9, 250,

296democracy, 4, 55, 57, 60v. autocracy, 24communism v., 49dictatorships v., 87n9

Democratic National Conventions,108, 122, 253

Democratic Republic of Vietnam(DRV), 3–4

Democrats, 6, 92peacemaking and, 43, 284policies of, 44, 237, 242

demonstrations, 4, 39, 198, 287peace, 112–15, 114n78, 185

Depressions, 20, 86, 90, 94, 220desegregation, 112, 156despotism, 148detente, 282, 283, 292Dewey, John, 29Dewey, Thomas, 43, 44dictatorships, 87n9, 107support for, 66, 70, 72, 117, 146,

167, 208, 225–6Diem, Ngo Dinhassassination of, 185, 187, 244,

272Food for Peace and, 103rule by, 3–4, 151, 183–4, 208, 273support for, 70, 173, 177, 179–80,

204, 226Dien Bien Phu, 3, 36, 178, 207, 240–1Dillon, Douglas, 268diplomacy, 7, 42–5containment and, 243–4culture v. politics and, 1






Index 307

Dollar, 28, 65v. military victory, 191–2new, 24

diplomatic initiatives, 43Dirksen, Everett, 237, 265, 278disarmament, 29, 219supporters of, 55, 101, 101n46

discrimination, 56, 156, 157dissent, 113, 164, 188. See specific

individuals and organizationsDobrynin, Anatoly, 292Doenecke, Justus, 49Dole, Robert, 116n84, 119, 291Dollar Diplomacy, 28, 65domestic determinants, theory of, 29Dominican Republic, 16coups in, 67–8relations with, 28, 69, 123, 265–7,

280, 281domino theory, 108, 145, 168, 210communism and, 4, 11, 42

Dooley, Thomas, 179Douglas, William O., 177doves, 6, 105, 278–80ABM funding and, 252–3bombing and, 137Congress/Senate and, 128, 197,

204, 253, 254, 257, 258, 298hawks v., 194, 281

draft, the, 76, 190. See also amnestyDRV. See Democratic Republic of

Vietnam (DRV)Dulles, John Foster, 33–4, 54, 167,

179, 239Dumbarton Oaks Conference, 49, 164Dutch, Indonesia and, 34

Eagleton, Thomas F., 109, 118n88,294

Eastman, Joseph, 167economy. See also Food for Peace Actagrarian v. industrial, 15balancing the budget and, 224

effect of war on, 9expansionism and, 29, 30exploitation and, 124foreign policy and, 2, 14, 37, 41, 48government and the, 219, 221monopolistic power and, 122national v. international, 53rehabilitation of, 179shift in, 99–102, 117, 299the South and, 167world, 46

Ecton, Zales, 175education, 93, 155, 192, 241egalitarianism, 32, 37Egypt, 35, 98Ehrlichman, John, 235Eisenhower, Dwight D.criticism of, 54, 164, 167, 273election of, 63, 176policies of, 4, 8, 33, 35, 94, 100, 261

Eisenhower Doctrine, 93elections, national, 248Emancipation Proclamation, 260empires, 23, 18–19, 37–8, 160, 167Enlightenment, 159Erhard, Ludwig, 239Ervin, Sam, 169, 169n66ethnic groups, 3Europe, 162, 167Eastern, 49, 50relations with, 46, 267–71

European Recovery Program, 34executive(s)agreements v. treaties, 43authority of, 69, 116, 122, 170n66briefings, 285Order 11905, 146power of Congress v., 2–3, 43–5,

108, 111–12, 115n83, 121, 133–4,137–41, 163, 199, 254, 275,282–3, 300

prerogatives and, 163–4, 169realpolitik and, 44






308 Index

expansionism, 14–17, 20, 29, 30, 71Export-Import Bank, 44Eye of the Storm (Gore), 214–15

fascism, 43fact-finding missions, 191, 208, 239Fair Deal, 91, 206farmers, 97, 216–17, 223Faubus, Orval, 155FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigations),

122, 279Federal Trade Commission, 219Federalism, 241Figueres, Jose, 66Filipinos, 22, 23, 218Finney, John, 258Food for Peace Act, 83, 94–8, 98n39,

119Vietnam and, 103–4, 104n55

Food for Wages, 97Food for War, 104, 104n55Food Stamp programs, 112, 119Ford, Gerald, 121, 143, 144–6, 201,

298Ford, Henry, II, 224n63Ford Motor Company, 223foreign aid, 70, 94financing of, 45–6reductions in, 64, 71, 78, 172revolt, 67–9, 70support of, 47, 51, 54

foreign policy. See also specificcountries; specific individuals

activist, 56–7bipartisan, 171changes in, 142–3, 145, 147, 280,

284Cold War, 69–70Congress and, 2, 42–3, 72, 164conservative internationalism and,

50, 53corporate liberalism and, 56criticisms of, 59, 61, 62, 65, 125,

132, 164, 170, 177

domestic politics and, 91economy and, 2, 14, 37, 41, 48effects of, 61geopolitics and, 12, 14imperialism/anti-imperialism and,

13, 32, 40, 84influences on, 2, 67, 163, 273interventionism and, 121morality and, 22philosophies of, 2, 17, 17nn12–13,

33, 34, 40, 43, 161, 251public opinion and, 283Republicans and, 45, 241–2subcommittees, 67

Formosa, 208, 246Fosdick, Harry Emerson, 89France, 3aid to, 36, 270, 272colonial war and, 111, 125, 210Indochina and, 3, 35–6, 178NATO and, 267–9, 272nuclear weapons and, 261, 267relations with, 34, 35, 36

Franck, Thomas, 299Franco, Francisco, 91free enterprise system, 48, 57, 242French Communist Party, 3Fulbright, J. William, 10, 85Anglophilia of, 150, 154, 158–9, 164antimilitarism/anti-imperialism of,

155antiwar movement and, 170n67books on, 150n2British CommonwealthParliamentarians’ Associationand, 191

civil rights and, 54, 154, 168–9on colonialism, 167dissent and, 164, 173Exchange Program, 156on Gruening, 76on Gulf of Tonkin, 104, 126, 149internationalism and, 51–4, 149,

162n43






Index 309

John Sherman Cooper and, 246at Johns Hopkins University, 150n1,

167–8Lyndon Johnson and, 140n1,

149–50, 277–8policies of, 65, 149, 163–4, 290,

298racism and, 153–8, 168–70on republicanism, 159–61, 165SFRC and, 176, 284speech themes by, 160, 164on withdrawal, 38, 106, 109, 133

Fulbright Bill, 170n66Fulbright-Connally Resolution, 162

Galbraith, John Kenneth, 95GenevaAccords, 163, 179, 180, 193, 272,

286Agreement, 248Conference, 3, 245

geopolitics, 12n1anti-imperialism and, 13, 26empire and, 18, 19, 37–8imperialism and, 31, 41

Germany, 30, 32, 43. See also Berlin;Bonn; Munich

relations with, 261, 270, 271,281

Giap, General, 189Gleason, Jackie, 235global modernization, 39–41globalism, 39, 54, 110, 118, 244Godkin, E. L., 17Goldman, Eric, 152Goldwater, Barry, 74, 104, 126, 188,

275Good Neighbor policy, 220Goodell, Charles, 115Goodpaster, Andrew, 8Gore, Albert, Jr., 229Gore, Albert A. Sr., 10, 76books/articles by, 205n3, 214–15,

225

on Cuba, 225–6on domino theory, 210Kennedys and, 208, 208n9, 236Lyndon Johnson and, 230–2,

236as maverick, 227–30, 236politics of, 204–5, 207, 215n34,

221, 223, 225religion and, 228n76Richard Nixon and, 233–6SFRC and, 208, 222–3as speaker, 211, 212, 228

Gore, Pauline, 229, 232Government Operations Committee,

67, 75government(s), 1, 45, 128. See also

Provisional RevolutionaryGovernment; specific countries

contracts and war manufacturers,222–3

economy and, 219, 221morality and, 140, 142, 144puppet, 72role of, 216, 219, 220, 242spending, 83

Graham, Billy, 288Grant, Ulysses S., 16, 18Gravel, Mike, 80Great Society programs, 152, 192,

224, 260–1, 276Grinnell College, 113ground operations, 9Gruening, Ernest, 10on Alaskan statehood, 63–4on Alliance for Progress, 75–6campaigning of, 79–80foreign aid and, 68–71, 77–8on Gulf of Tonkin, 58–9on Latin America, 60–2, 65–8, 71,

75NATO and, 79policies of, 37, 104, 225, 246protests/speeches and, 74, 78–9

Guam Doctrine, 197






310 Index

Guatemala, 146guerrillas, 8, 208

Hackney, Sheldon, 170Hahn, Peter, 35Haig, Alexander, 201, 296Haiphong Harbor, 200, 292,

296Haiti, 28, 60–1, 70, 78, 123Halberstam, David, 127, 184, 221,

229Haldeman, H. R., 285, 287Hamilton, Alexander, 241Hanoi, 3, 179, 192missions to, 201, 292, 296

Harbaugh, William H., 89Harding, Warren, 26Harlow, Bryce, 252Harriman, W. Averell, 152Hart, Gary, 118n89Hart, Phil, 253Hatfield, Mark, 111, 238, 255hawks, 6, 136, 197, 250. See also

specific individualsv. doves, 194, 281Southern, 169

Hay, John, 19Hayes, Maureen, 174Hays, Brooks, 156healthcare, national, 117hearings, 127educational, 191on executive v. congressional power,

170n66Senate Finance Committee, 224n63Senate Foreign Relations Committeeand, 130, 132–3, 168, 192, 285

Senate Select Committee onIntelligence and, 142

hegemony, 110, 262Herring, Hubert, 77Hickenlooper, Bourke, 68Higginson, Thomas Wentworth, 18

Hilsman, Roger, 105Hiroshima, 53, 100Hitler, Adolph, 108, 240, 243, 261Ho Chi Minh, 36, 105, 126, 196French colonial war and, 111, 125rule by, 3–4, 108, 130, 180trail, 285–6, 297

Hoar, George, 21–2, 23Holt, Pat, 188, 191Holum, John, 111–12, 118n89Honolulu, summit conference in,

278–9Hoover, Herbert, 28, 48, 149Hoover, J. Edgar, 279House of Representatives, 68, 197,

289–90amendments/resolutions and, 5, 10,

141, 256“How Many Dominican Republics

and Vietnams Can We Take On?”(Church), 131

“How to Be Rich Without PayingTaxes” (Gore), 224

Hue, demonstrations/attacks in, 4, 6Hull, Cordell, 30, 45, 206, 220, 222human rights, 147, 260Hume, David, 161Humphrey, Hubert, 54, 94–5, 176,

252

identity, 16, 18, 21, 39, 40ideologies, 1, 2, 161of civilization, 18, 19, 20of Manifest Destiny, 15

immigration, from Europe, 18imperial presidency, 39imperialism, 25, 41. See also

anti-imperialismannexation and, 19, 20anti-imperialism v., 18, 20, 23,

61expansionism and, 15geopolitics and, 31, 41






Index 311

“open door,” 37policy and, 13, 27, 32, 84politics, power and, 14, 21, 29,

55Progressives v., 148, 218race and, 16reformers and, 56v. republicanism, 160types of, 57, 153, 168, 170, 278

independence, 32, 35–6, 36, 179India, 239, 244Indochina, 11, 166colonialism and, 35, 178France and, 3, 35–6, 178policy in, 115n83, 142trusteeships and, 221wars in, 2–3, 42, 167, 169n66

Indonesia, 34industrial capitalism, 89inflation, 224initiatives, legislative, 67Inman, Samuel Guy, 65insurance companies, 218–19integration, 155intelligence agencies, 145–6, 172.

See also CIA (Central IntelligenceAgency); FBI (Federal Bureau ofInvestigations)

intercultural exchange, 110interest rates, 208n9, 227International Bank for Reconstruction

and Development, 46International Control Commission,

296international law, 29, 251International Monetary Fund, 46international pluralism, 39–40international relations, 1, 233internationalism, 2, 42, 44, 45, 163–4American, 27, 46, 89conservative and liberal, 50, 53,

56–7farmers and, 97

isolationism and conservative, 47,190

J. William Fulbright and, 51–4, 149,162n43

liberal, 50–1, 172normal, 13, 13n2progressive v. conservative, 110southern, 161n43Theodore Roosevelt and, 52Wilsonianism and, 50, 52, 118, 150,

161–3Interstate Commerce Commission,

167Interstate Highway System, 223interventionism, 43in Asia, 36–7Cold War, 94, 133, 164foreign policy and, 121Monroe Doctrine and, 28v. noninterventionism, 48opposition to, 128, 148peacekeeping v. unilateral, 110Russophobe, 161Third World and, 37, 119

interwar era, 63, 69Iran, 146isolationism, 1–2, 30, 269. See also

neoisolationismAmerica First movement and, 87conservative internationalism v., 47,

190liberal, 55McCarthyism as, 47Monroe Doctrine and, 16, 20–1nationalism and, 52strength of, 53as theme of diplomacy, 42, 43–5

Italy, 43, 270. See also Rome

Jackson, Andrew, 215–16, 228Jackson State University, 115n82,

139–40James “Scotty” Reston, 249






312 Index

Japananti-imperialism and, 18–19, 30defeat of, 32fascism and, 43occupation by, 3peace talks and, 26race and, 25, 32relations with, 201, 246, 261

Javits, Jacob, 10, 167, 238, 253, 263,290. See alsoWar PowersResolution

Jefferson, Thomas, 215–16Jim Crow, 260job training, 223John Birch Society, 161Johns Hopkins University, 150n1,

167–8, 190Johnson, Andrew, 16Johnson, Lyndon B.Albert Gore and, 230–2, 236Asian Doctrine and, 160campaign/presidency of, 188, 268,

269Frank Church and, 129–30J. William Fulbright and, 140n1,

149–50, 277–8on McGovern, 105–6Michael J. Mansfield and, 185–96military industry and, 223opposition/support for, 126, 129,

149–50, 164, 173policies of, 38, 71, 74, 76, 79, 104,

176, 275role of, 5–6, 10, 259–60, 275as Southern liberal, 151–2speeches by, 77–8, 129–30, 251Tonkin Gulf Resolution and, 58,

275Johnson, Robert David, 28, 29Johnston, Olin, 275–6Joint Chiefs of Staff, 63journalists, 193. See also specific

individualsjuntas, Latin American, 67, 267

Katzenbach, Nicholas, 78Kearns, Doris, 276Kendall, Art, 86Kennan, George, 38, 85, 168, 179, 244Kennedy, Edward, 208n9Kennedy, John F.Albert Gore and, 208, 208n9, 236assassination of, 152, 185Catholicism and, 93, 96, 181Cuba and, 65, 66Food for Peace and, 95–7, 98n39foreign policy of, 71, 83–4, 104,

271–3Michael J. Mansfield and, 177–85role of, 4, 5support/opposition for, 54, 173,

208on Third World, 36

Kennedy, Robert, 76, 96, 108Kent State University, 115, 139–40,

198, 287, 288Kentucky, 242Kerr, Robert, 64Keynes, John Maynard, 51, 162n44Khrushchev, Nikita, 4, 243King, Coretta Scott, 114n78King, Martin Luther, 103, 108King, William, 61Kissinger, Henryon coups, 254on covert operations, 144–5John Stennis and, 286–7on Mansfield amendment, 199peace talks and, 295–6, 297policies of, 290, 292role of, 6–9, 109, 143, 282, 284,

293, 299Knowland, William F., 178Korea, 8aid to, 98, 246as trusteeship of United Nations, 32United States role in, 172, 241, 272

Korean War, 36, 47, 91–2Ky, Nguyen Cao, 107, 108, 279






Index 313

labor unions, 90, 242, 255LaFollette, Robert M., Jr., 55, 86Lam Son, 9Langer, William, 55Lao Tsu, 181Laos, 3, 177cease-fire agreement and, 297–8downed planes and, 187enemy sanctuaries in, 250as foreign policy crisis, 182–3ground operation in, 9neutralization of, 4threat to, 272troops in, 137–8, 197, 254war in, 191, 284–6, 298

Lasch, Christopher, 24Latin America, 75. See also coups;

specific countriesaid to, 76, 97, 98–9relations with, 65–9, 71, 145, 146,

220, 262–7Law 10/59, 4Le Duc Tho, 9, 293, 295–7League of Nations, 51, 89, 161n43,

162n44as instrument of realpolitik, 27opposition to, 124racial equality and, 25United States in, 48, 50

Lebanon, 94, 208legislators, presidents v., 259, 275, 281lend-lease, 48, 207Lenin, Nikolai, 30Leopold, Richard, 89“Lessons of Vietnam, The”

(McGovern), 107–8Leuchtenburg, William, 22Liberal Establishment, 106liberals, 11, 84, 237–8, 238, 241–2.

See also specific individualsliberty, as principle, 59Library of Congress, Legislative

Reference Service, 176Lincoln, Abraham, 241

Link, Arthur S., 89, 162Lippmann, Walter, 26, 129n17,

244lobbies, 229Locke, John, 159Lodge, Henry Cabot, 20, 151Lon Nol, 137, 254, 286London, 261Louis, William Roger, 32Lowenstein, Jim, 212Luce, Henry, 47Ludlow Massacre, 90

MacArthur, Douglas, 107–8, 185MACV, American, 286Maddox (ship), 275Madison, James, 259Magruder, Jeb, 288Mahan, Alfred Thayer, 20Manifest Destiny, 15Manila conference, 179Mann, Thomas, 263Mansfield, Michael J., 10, 71Asian affairs and, 173, 175career of, 173–5, 202delegation, 191John F. Kennedy and, 177–85Lyndon Johnson and, 185–96Ngo Dinh Diem and, 180party caucuses and, 231policies of, 177, 264Richard Nixon and, 196–201role of, 176, 179, 180–1, 188, 201,

247, 253, 256as Senate majority leader, 172, 173,

181, 192speeches by, 183–4, 195Watergate and, 200–1

Mansfield-Clark amendment, 194–5,199, 269–71

Mao Zedong, 4March for Peace and Justice, Atlanta,

114n78






314 Index

Marcy, Carl, 168n60Marın, Luis Munoz, 66Marsh, Jack, 144Marshall Plan, 50, 54, 164, 207,

267Martin, Edwin, 68Marxism, 57, 108massacres, 254Matthias, Charles, 291mavericks, political, 227–30, 236,

246May, Ernest, 20McCain, John S., 213McCallum, Ronald Buchanan, 51–2,

161, 162McCarthy, Eugene, 192, 277McCarthy, Joseph, 47, 164McCarthyism, 37, 91, 163, 176, 177McClellan, John, 298McCloy, John, 271McClure, Stewart, 192McCormack, John, 265McDonald, Forrest, 160, 161McGee, Gale, 73, 75, 75n27, 105,

109McGovern, George, 10, 11articles by, 92awards to, 119biographies of, 84n3campaign of, 108–9, 117–18, 293–4on Eisenhower, 100n45Lyndon B. Johnson on, 105–6policies of, 74, 75, 76, 91–2, 102–3roles of, 83, 88, 118, 119speeches by, 87, 91–2, 95n29, 97,

98–9, 105, 106, 107–8, 112n75,113, 114, 116, 117–18

McGovern, Joseph, 85McGovern-Hatfield amendment, 199,

255–6, 289–90McGoverniks, 118n89McGrory, Mary, 194McKellar, Kenneth, 206

McKinley, William, 17n13, 23, 46McMath, Sid, 165n52McNamara, Robert, 100, 169n66as Defense Secretary, 187, 190,

195as policy maker, 221

McPherson, Harry, 106, 194McWilliams, Tennant S., 163Medicare, 152, 223Mekong Delta, 77, 103, 105, 129Melman, Seymour, 101n46Metcalf, Lee, 199n57metropole, 34Mexico, 28, 60–2, 66, 77, 111Mexico and Its Heritage (Gruening),

60Middle East, 34, 93, 97Mikoyan, Anastas, 239militarism, 39, 172, 273. See also

anti-militarismmilitary, the. See also acts; bills;

bombs; Army Special Forces;nuclear weapons; troops;weapons

aid and, 57, 65, 68, 78, 183, 200,257–8, 284

build-up of, 189–90, 248Cold War and, 223diplomacy v. victory of, 191–2expenditures of, 78, 79, 80, 83–4,

100, 101, 117, 160, 222–3, 233financing of, 45, 47, 200-industrial complex, 100–1,

101n46, 222limiting, 190negotiation v. use of, 186–7political stability and, 60, 61protests and commitment of, 37rehabilitation of economy v., 179role of, 54, 60, 61, 260

Mill, John Stuart, 155Miller, William, 253Mobilization, 113






Index 315

Monroe Doctrine, 16, 20–1, 28, 48Montana, 174, 198, 202Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat de,

160Moorer, Thomas, 200moralityanti-imperialists and, 21foreign policy and, 22, 147–8government and, 140, 142, 144

Morgenthau, Hans, 38, 127, 273Morse, Wayne, 73, 76, 104as maverick, 246on role of United States, 225SFRC and, 176Tonkin Gulf Resolution and, 192

Morton, Thruston, 252Moscow, 211mugwumps, 22, 24multilateralism, 46, 53, 161n43,

163Mundt, Karl, 93, 96Munich, 42, 108, 171, 243

napalm, 107Nashville Banner, 209n12Nasser, Gamal Abdal, 35national emergency, 190National Guardsmen, 115, 115n82,

287National Liberation Front (NLF), 4,

107nationalism, 244. See also America

First movementv. communism, 33–4, 178isolationism and, 52of Southeast Asia, 34types of, 48, 90, 161, 173

nationalization, 35, 56NATO (North Atlantic Treaty

Organization), 46, 239, 267criticism of, 79France and, 267–9, 272renewal of, 271

support for, 164, 207United States and, 47, 50, 172Vietnam War and, 163

NBC television, 115Near East, relations with, 34Nearing, Scott, 29negotiated settlement, 125, 183, 205support for, 209, 211, 241, 244,

247–8negotiations, 193–4. See also Pariscall for, 251, 280cease-fire, 207concessions and, 294deescalation and, 250military force v., 186between Saigon and Vietcong, 195

Negroes, 102, 102n50Nehru, Jawaharlal, 239Nelson, Bryce, 71Nelson, Gaylord, 74neocolonialism, 37, 167, 184neoimperialists, 50, 110neoisolationism, 109–10, 149Netherlands, 34neutrality, 173, 182, 186, 198neutralization, 4, 5, 205, 211support for, 186, 212

New Deal, 31–2, 44, 62generation, 89Progressives and, 122–3support/opposition for, 48, 50–1,

56, 220, 242New Left, 37–8, 43, 56, 170New Republic, 237New York Times, 199n58, 237Ngo Dinh Diem. See Diem, Ngo DinhNguyen Cao Ky. See Ky, Nguyen CaoNguyen Khanh, 274Nguyen Van Thieu. See Thieu, Nguyen

VanNhu, Ngo Dinh, 4, 184, 185Nicaragua, 28, 55, 123Niebuhr, Reinhold, 91






316 Index

Nixon, Richard M., 281. See alsoVietnamization; Watergate

Albert Gore and, 233–6campaign/election of, 252, 283,

295–6Doctrine, 197enemies list, 111impeachment of, 299Michael J. Mansfield and, 196–201plans for ending war, 135, 139, 142policies of, 126, 224, 234, 252, 254,

282, 284, 292role of, 6–10, 109, 291secret plans, 110–11, 284, 296speeches by, 135–6, 235withdrawal and, 39

Nolting, Frederick, 184Norbeck, Peter, 86Norris, George, 61, 86North Atlantic Treaty Organization.

See NATO (North Atlantic TreatyOrganization)

nuclear arms race, 118Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, 38nuclear weapons. See also atomic

bombs; specific countriesbuildup of, 57, 83, 90testing of, 208, 243views on, 207, 210, 261, 267

Nuyen Cao Ky, 191

O’Brien, Lawrence, 70O’Donnell, Kenneth, 185Oglesby, Carl, 56oil, politics and, 35, 224O’Neill, Thomas P., 280Open Door policy, 19, 26, 48Operation Linebacker, 292–3, 296,

297Operation Rolling Thunder, 121,

128Opinion in the Capitol (television

show), 248n21

oppression, poverty, war and, 52–3Organization of American States,

264

pacifism, 48, 175Panama Canal, 19, 147, 262–4, 280Panzer, Fred, 153ParisPeace Accords, 258, 297, 298peace talks in, 6, 8, 24, 26, 27,

116n84, 136, 199, 252, 294–5United Nations Assembly in, 175

Parrington, Vernon, 89partisanship, 233Passman, Otto, 68Pastore, John O., 257Paterson, Thomas, 57Paul, Roland, 285Pax Americana, 50, 130, 277peace. See also demonstrations;

Geneva; Paris; United Nationsagreements, 10Democrats and, 43, 284with honor, 111, 154n13, 197,

295negotiated, 141party, 209n12plan, 106talks, 3, 6, 8, 9, 24, 26, 27, 250Versailles Conference and, 51,

162n44peaceniks, 113Pearl Harbor, 43, 47, 274impacts of, 87n9, 171, 175

Peking, 210Pell, Claiborne, 277Pentagon, 101, 169n66, 184, 199n58People’s Republic of China (PRC), 92,

196, 282, 283, 292Perkins, Bradford, 15Perot, H. Ross, 235Perry, Matthew, 18Peru, 67, 69, 98






Index 317

Philippine Islands, 23, 124. See alsoFilipinos

annexation of, 18, 19, 21, 48intervention in, 218, 246

Phnom Penh, 179, 255Phouma, Souvanna, 179Pincus, Walter, 285PLAFVN, headquarters of, 286Plato, 160Platt Amendment, 19Pleiku, 6, 189pluralists, 29, 39–40Podesta, John, 118n89police state, 44political culture, 3, 215, 216n35,

227politics, 1boss, 228of Cold War, 33, 267electoral, 56foreign policy and domestic, 91imperialism, power and, 12–14, 21,

29, 55militarism v., 273oil and, 35, 224partisan, 204role of regional, 236in Southeast Asia, 11two-party, 92

Polk, James K., 228populism, 22, 205, 216–17, 217n38,

223poverty, 41, 52–3, 155, 168, 221power. See also Congress of the United

States; executives; politics;prerogatives; presidents

abuses of, 209balance of, 44–5, 49, 121of corporations, 142, 148, 218governments and, 1, 45, 128hegemonic, 110imperialism, politics and, 12–14,

21, 29, 55

POWs. See prisoners of war (POWs)prejudice, 155prerogativesCongress of the United States and,

93, 112, 169, 254, 284, 286executives and, 163–4, 169

president(s). See also executives;imperial presidency

v. legislators, 259, 275, 281military troops and authority of, 53,

58National Security Council and,

188–9power of, 10, 43, 45, 62, 93,

115n83, 133–4, 137–41, 163–4,170n66, 255, 282, 288–92

war and, 85, 276, 280press, the, 184, 197, 238, 293. See also

journalists; specific individualsprisoners of war (POWs), 9, 200, 257,

294–6, 298Progressive era idealism, 61progressivism, 55corporate power and, 223v. imperialism, 148, 218New Deal and, 122–3nominating convention and,

90–1reform and, 89Southern, 217–20, 219n46statesmen and, 86traditions of, 84, 124–5, 205

protectionism, 233protests, 39, 170, 254, 282. See also

demonstrations; rallies, antiwarcommitment of military and, 37locations of, 4, 78–9, 113–15,

115n82, 287Provisional Revolutionary

Government, 9PRRA, stewardship of, 62public housing, 223, 241Public Law 480, 94–7






318 Index

public opinion, 50n15, 294for communism, 38influence and, 59, 81, 117, 224,

271, 283war and, 6, 9–10, 73, 73n22, 74,

80, 125, 133, 165n52, 166, 196,278, 297

Watergate and, 201, 300World War II and, 175

public relations, 107, 133public spending, 227public works projects, 97Puerto Rican Liberal party, 60Puerto Rico, 19, 60–2, 66puppet states, 244

Raborn, William, 265race(s)anti-imperialism and, 23, 37-baiting, 156as conservative theme, 38equality/inferiority of, 32, 260expansionism and, 16–18“white man’s burden” and, 19, 25World War II and, 33, 102–3

racism, 33, 38, 40, 153–8, 166,168–70. See also apartheid;desegregation; segregation

radicals, 37–8, 39, 114railroads, 56, 218, 223rallies, antiwar, 113, 288Ranke, Leopold von, 13Rankin, Jeannette, 174–5Rasmuson, Elmer, 80Rauschenbusch, Walter, 89Rayburn, Sam, 220, 259Reagan, Ronald, 39, 118, 119, 147realpolitik, 11, 12n1, 27, 44Rebozo, Charles, 294recession, 225reconstruction, 163, 165–6, 168Red Hills and Cotton (Robertson),

154

Red Scare, 48Redmon, Hayes, 153Reed, Thomas B., 259reforms, 56, 62, 176Third World and, 69, 78, 208types of, 4, 66, 78, 89, 183

refugees, 10, 179Reid, Ogden, 287relativists, 29Republic of Vietnam (RVN), 3, 295,

296. See also Army of theRepublic of Vietnam (ARVN)

republicanism, 159–61, 165Republican(s), 7, 28, 43Congress and, 48, 159, 165dumping program, 94expansionism, 14–17Liberal, 238, 241–2McCarthyism and, 47policies of, 44, 45–6, 50, 233, 237,

241–2, 242resolutions. See also amendmentson Cuba and Berlin, 187end-the-war, 169Fulbright-Connally, 162Gulf of Tonkin, 5, 58–9, 74, 104,

115, 117, 126, 142, 187–8, 199House and Senate, 5, 10, 52national commitments, 169, 169n65for use of force, 73

Rhee, Syngman, 91Rietz, Kenneth, 234Rivers, Mendel, 223Robinson, Jack, Sr., 228Rockefeller, John D., Jr., 90Rockefeller, Nelson, 252Rogers, William, 213, 285, 297Roland, Charles P., 155Rome, 118, 119Roosevelt, Franklin D.appointments by, 60Four Freedoms, 152Good Neighbor policy of, 220






Index 319

influence of, 122, 226, 240, 260opposition/support for, 86, 220, 278politics of, 50, 225

Roosevelt, Theodore, 20, 23, 48Congress/Senate and, 43, 45diplomatic initiatives by, 43policies of, 30–2, 50, 52, 91race and, 32, 241

Rostow, Walt W., 97, 153, 221Rusk, Dean, 71–2, 126, 132role of, 150–1, 195as Southern liberal, 151–2

Russell, Richard, 64, 169, 187, 223,263–4

Russophobia, 161, 164

Safire, William, 200Saigon, 106, 208American embassy in, 103attacks on, 6coups in, 187demonstrations in, 4fall of, 10, 121, 130, 138government of, 11, 83, 107, 108,

127, 135, 137, 191, 212, 244,247, 249

negotiations between Vietcong and,195

press, 184San Francisco Conference, 49sanctions, financial, 35Schlesinger, Arthur, 54Schlesinger, Arthur, Jr., 104, 221schools, 89. See also campuses;

colleges; education; specificestablishments; students;universities

crisis at Little Rock, 155desegregation, 112, 156lunch programs, 98, 119

Scott, Hugh, 196, 288, 291security, national, 39, 143, 251importance of, 46, 100

threats to, 47, 58, 140, 146, 241,248

Segal, Eli, 118n89segregation, 18, 157. See also

apartheid; desegregation;integration

self-determination, 59, 70, 128, 162,172

South Vietnam and, 130, 272Woodrow Wilson and, 153, 167,

219Senateanti-imperialism in, 81antiwar movement and, 61–2, 142,

249debates, 249, 281Dominican crisis and, 68doves, 128, 204, 253, 254, 257, 258foreign affairs and, 43on foreign aid, 68Gulf of Tonkin resolution and, 5peace party, 209n12policy making group in, 221resolutions and, 10role of, 64–5, 121, 246–7support for withdrawal, 73n22White House v., 254, 258

Senate Democratic Conference, 200Senate Democratic Policy Committee,

189, 269Senate Finance Committee hearings,

224n63Senate Foreign Affairs Committee, 175Senate Foreign Relations Committee

(SFRC), 48, 54, 65, 68, 122Cooper-Church amendment and,

255hearings/meetings and, 130, 132–3,

168, 192, 285role of, 176subcommittee of, 284

Senate Labor and EducationCommittee, 192, 241






320 Index

Senate Select Committee onIntelligence, 122, 142

senators. See also specific individualsantiwar, 78, 194, 202, 249direct election of, 219influential, 10–11, 259political culture and, 3the press and, 238

Seventeenth Parallel, 3, 5Severeid, Eric, 167Seward, William, 16SFRC. See also Senate Foreign

Relations Committee (SFRC)Sheehan, Neil, 184Shriver, Sargent, 294Shrum, Robert, 118n89Shurz, Carl, 142Sihanouk, Norodom, 137, 138, 179,

254, 286Situation in Asia, The (Lattimore), 90slavery, 16, 156, 163. See also

abolitionistsSmathers, George, 181, 231, 232Smith, Adam, 53, 155Smith, Jeff, 118n89Smith, Margaret Chase, 238Social Gospel, 89social justice, 11, 55, 219Soviet Impact on the Western World,

The (Carr), 90South Dakota, 92, 92n22Southeast Asia, 11, 34, 98, 153, 223Southeast Asia Treaty Organization

(SEATO), 173, 179, 207, 272Southern Manifesto, 155, 168sovereignty, 25China and, 19, 26national, 2, 52, 110, 151, 162, 163

Soviet Union, 29. See alsoMoscow;Russophobia

Eastern Europe and, 50imperialism and, 57nuclear weapons and, 100, 252, 261

relations with, 7, 35, 173, 212, 243,282, 283, 290, 292–3, 299

as threat, 38, 43, 49, 51, 90, 131,143

totalitarian communism of, 54Spain, 21Spanier, John, 45, 47Stages of Economic Growth (Rostow),

97Stalin, Joseph, 4, 54, 262State Department, 36, 180Stavrianos, Lefton, 88Stearns, Richard, 118n89Stegeberg, Eleanor, 87Steinem, Gloria, 84Stennis, John, 170n66, 286–7Stevenson, Adlai, 92stock options, 224Stone, I. F., 255Strategic Hamlet program, 103Stuart, Wallace, 263students, 37, 93, 198Students for a Democratic Society

(SDS), 56, 75, 154n13Suez Canal, 35Supreme Court, Brown decision, 155Symington, Stuart, 239–40, 253, 277,

284–6

Taft, Robert A., 44–7, 53, 149, 242Taft, William, 25, 44tariffs, 219, 219n48, 220tax(es), 208n9federal income, 219, 220loopholes, 230policy, 232, 234poll, 155structure, 206, 219n48, 221war profits and, 55, 222–3wealth and, 223–5, 224n63

Teasdale, Anne, 155Tennessee, 216, 227, 236Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), 206






Index 321

Tet, 6, 193Offensive, 108, 195, 212, 251, 280

Thailand, 137–8, 191, 197, 254“The Colorado Coal Strike of

1913–14” (McGovern), 89–90,90n16

Thieu, Nguyen Vannegotiations with, 9, 293, 295rule by, 7, 107, 136

Third Freedom, Ending Hunger in OurTime, The (McGovern), 119

Third World, 36, 143, 172interventionism and, 37, 119reform and, 69, 78, 208

Thorkelson, Jacob, 174Thucydides, 160Tocqueville, Alexis de, 164Tonkin Gulf, attack at, 5, 187, 209,

274–5Tonkin Gulf Resolution, 58–9, 117,

126, 232opposition/support for, 74, 104,

187–8, 204, 210–11, 245repeal of, 115, 142, 192, 199,

289–91totalitarianism, 9, 66, 87–8Tower, John, 116n84Towner, Robert W., 89trade barriers, 219, 220Tragedy of American Diplomacy, The

(Williams), 37traitors, 107treason, 72, 116n84treaties, 26–7, 38, 43, 55. See also

NATO (North Atlantic TreatyOrganization); Southeast AsiaTreaty Organization (SEATO)

Treleaven, Harry, 234troops. See also Congress of the United

States; Mansfield-Clarkamendment; specific cities/countries

buildup/reduction of, 172, 185, 190,192, 249, 269

presidential authority and military,53, 58

withdrawal of, 8, 9, 73, 104, 112,116–17, 197, 205, 294, 296

truce, 186, 196Trueheart, William C., 103Trujillo, Rafael, 144, 265Truman, Harry S.criticism/support and, 50n15, 90,

164policies of, 34, 36, 91, 173, 261

Truman Doctrine, 46, 244support for, 50, 54, 164, 207

trusteeships, 25, 32, 35–6, 221

unemployment, 221unilateralism, 2, 42, 47, 161n43United Nations, 31, 47, 51Assembly in Paris, 175Charter, 52–4, 162China and, 92delegates to, 239Korea as trusteeship of, 32peacekeeping and, 104, 110, 125,

128, 211, 248Security Council, 53, 190, 195support of, 124–5United States and, 47, 54Vietnam War and, 162, 194–5World Food program and, 32

United States. See also aid; publicopinion

as anti-imperialist, 33Cold War and, 38commitments of, 7, 260–2, 271–2,

285–6communism and, 36, 56–7, 121,

128, 272decolonization and, 33ideals/values of, 73, 168involvement in Vietnam War, 6, 57,

59, 277–8in League of Nations, 48, 50






322 Index

United States. (cont.)national identity and, 39, 41NATO and, 47, 50, 172nuclear weapons and, 100, 252, 261policies of, 1–2, 12–13, 14, 27, 236role of, 19, 43, 128, 132, 143, 144,

171–2, 219, 240threats to, 27, 28as world power, 7, 9, 20, 21n19, 31,

34, 47, 48, 61, 70, 160–1, 244,261–2, 280, 283

United States and China, The(Reischauer), 90

United States and Japan, The(Fairbank), 90

United States Housing Authority, 228universities, 56. See also campuses;

specific universitiesantiwar movement and, 113–15,

140, 212speeches at, 74, 79, 114, 129, 161,

167–8, 190, 195, 211, 235, 251University of Arkansas School of Law,

156

Valeo, Francis R., 172, 176–7, 181–2values, 1, 11, 168, 225Vandenberg, Arthur H., 47–50, 159Veblen, Thorstein, 27Versailles Conference, 51, 162n44via media, 260Vietcong (VC), 192, 248n21attacks and, 6, 189, 273, 287as military branch of NLF, 4negotiations between Saigon and,

195talks with, 130, 248victory of, 246

Vietminh, 3, 36, 177, 180, 240Vietnam, 3Catholicism and, 4, 177, 179, 185China and, 105, 125–6, 130, 131,

166, 211

civil war in, 58, 108, 127communists in, 166fact-finding missions to, 191, 208Food for Peace Act and, 103–4,

104n55government in, 126independence and, 35–6internal struggle in, 10racism in, 38troops in, 4, 6, 107, 135–6, 169

Vietnam, Northaid to, 296army of, 189battlefield pressure on, 7damage to, 107direct attacks on, 126offensive by, 10, 164South and, 104–5, 294–5

“Vietnam, One Week’s Dead, May28–June 3, 1969” (Lifemagazine), 109

Vietnam, South, 4, 151aid to, 244–5coups in, 185damage to, 107departure of Americans and, 10government in, 6, 7, 104North and, 104–5, 294–5self-determination and, 130, 272United States commitment to, 7,

135Vietnam War, 107n63. See also

conflict; public opinioncontainment of, 253as Democrats’/American war, 237,

247–8, 276end of, 143escalation of, 99, 104n57, 122,

127–8, 133, 194, 198, 213, 239,246–9

funding of, 256, 257impacts of, 112, 160, 195, 215limiting, 256






Index 323

NATO and, 163opposition to, 37, 59, 70–3, 76, 81,

106, 170United Nations and, 162, 194–5United States involvement in, 6, 57,

59, 277–8Vietnamization, 8–9, 111, 287Nixon and, 135–6, 142, 197, 254

“Vietnam – The Hawks and theDoves” (CBS New SpecialReport), 105

violence. See protestsvoting, the Constitution and, 159Voting Rights Act, 260

Wall Street, 48, 55, 56Wallace, George, 154n13Wallace, Henry, 93campaign of, 90, 91n18policies of, 45, 54, 173

War on Poverty, 152, 192War Powers Resolution, 282, 290, 299War Production Board, 43war(s), 2. See also antiwar movement;

civil war; interwar era; prisonersof war (POWs); specific countries;specific wars

bonds, 223causes of, 55colonial, 111, 125, 210colonialism and, 31debts settlement, 29effects of, 9financing, 224–5free enterprise system and, 48guerrilla, 8, 128, 208manufacturers and governmentcontracts, 222–3

opposition to, 37, 59, 70–3, 76, 81,141, 165n52

oppression, poverty and, 53presidents and, 10, 85, 170n66,

276, 280

profits and taxation, 55, 222–3public opinion and, 6, 9–10, 73,

73n22, 74, 125reasons for involvement in, 42secret, 284Southeast Asia and purpose of,

153support of, 6, 9–10, 49termination of, 111–12withdrawal from, 3, 6, 73n22

Washington Conference of 1921–22,26

Washington Post, 193, 199n58, 256Watergate, 10, 118impacts of, 296, 298, 299Mike Mansfield and, 200–1presidential power and, 142–3,

282–3wealthorganized, 122v. poverty, 41, 168, 221taxes and, 223–5, 224n63

weapons, 101. See also nuclearweapons

Weaver, Warren, 198Webb, Walter Prescott, 86Webster, Daniel, 259Welch, Richard, 145Welles, Sumner, 222westernization, 40Westmoreland, William C., 107Wheeler, Burton K., 174Whigs, 155, 241whips, 180–1White, William Allen, 50White, William S., 173White House, v. Senate, 254, 258“white man’s burden,” 19, 25,

124Wiesband, Edward, 299Williams, Lee, 157–8Willkie, Wendell, 44Wilson, Robert E. Lee, 158






324 Index

Wilson, Woodrow, 8914 Points and, 24–5, 219geopolitics and, 12n1imperialism and, 27, 31influence of, 226, 260multilateralism and, 163self-determination and, 153, 167,

219Wilsonianism, 13n2, 14, 24n23alternative to, 61, 70critics/supporters of, 26, 51, 60,

240internationalism and, 50, 52, 118,

150, 161–3program, 31, 40, 47

withdrawal. See also deescalationeffects of, 46, 70Richard M. Nixon and, 39of troops, 8, 9, 73, 104, 112,

116–17, 197, 205, 294, 296unilateral, 7, 74, 137, 194, 295from war, 3, 6, 73n22

women’s suffrage, 219Woodcock,Leonard, 114n78

Woodward, C. Vann, 150–1, 152, 155Workers Party, The, 30World Food program, 32World War I, 14, 24, 270World War IIanti-imperialism and, 30civil rights and, 102–3impacts of, 43, 47, 94, 171, 260,

269policies and, 2, 40, 55, 56–7, 124public opinion and, 175race and, 33totalitarianism and, 87–8Vietnam War and, 3

World War III, 211, 243, 270, 277

xenophobia, 161n43

Yalta, 49, 50Accords, 55, 163Conference, 43

Young, Alfred F., 89Young, Milton, 298Young, Stephen, 116, 270






index [ ] · pdf fileagronsky,martin,167 aid,4,9,50,172.seealsofoodfor...

Documents