Index

a-iron single crystal 334a-iron 328I'-ray spectrometry 6156 Fe 20657Fe 20674Ge+ 207

ab initio calculation 361ab initio calculations 383ab-initio computations 368absorption 127,131,225accel-decel-type potential layout 212accelerators 357acoustic phonons 379activated hydrogen atom 182activation analysis 61ad-atom 355adiabatic calorimetry 365adsorption 129,280AES 283alkali metals 352alloy softening and irradiation softening

343alloying element 277aluminum 249angle-resolved XPS 284angular correlation of annihilation

radiation 372,374,378anharmonicity 396anion exchange 81anion exchange in hydrochloric acid

media 98anion-exchange chromatography 84,

91anion-exchange purification 74,87anion-exchange separation 72anionic complex 79anisotropy 256

anisotropy of bulk residual resistivity261

anisotropy, elastic 352annealing 97,121annihilation photons 370anomalous slip in bcc metal 332anti-twinning direction 330application of a magnetic field 270aqueous chemical method 72aqueous chemical separation 79aqueous precipitation technique 97Arrhenius law 387association entropy 360asymmetric boundary 298atomic defects 349 ff.atomistic configuration 282Auger electron spectroscopy (AES)

278axial stress 308

back-extraction 115, 123back-scattering 58background problem 363, 366, 368,

393,394,397ballistic electron transport 267basic reaction mechanisms of gases

129beam divergence 213/3+I'-technique 371bicrystals 298Bloch-Griineisen law 251Bloch-wave states 387Born-Oppenheimer approximation

357Bravais lattices 366Brillouin zone 258Burgers vector 306

404 Index

calciothermic reduction 113calcium halide flux deoxidation 6,7calorimetric measurements 364, 366calorimetric techniques 393carbon 127,136carbon solubility 136carbonyl vapor 81cathode 51cathode potential 52,91cathodic overvoltage 52CCl4 212CCl4 plasma 216cerium 167charged particle activation 62chemical analysis 62chemical and physical similarity 114chemical purification 124chemical purity 65chemical separation technique 77, 84chemical vapor deposition (CVD) 125chlorination 109,115,123chloro-complexes 49chromatographic separation 48chromium 121,193co-deposition 52cobalt 183, 188coincidence technique 378,380collision cascades 206, 220columnar grain structure 219commercial titanium 72concentration isotherms 130concentration window 373, 386, 388,

390,392conduction electrons 374,384conductivity tensor 261configuration entropy 359, 363contaminated layer 289conventional refining 89coordination number 358counter-ion 48critical resolved shear stress 305,308,

318critical shear stress 306crowdions 353crucible material 116crystal defects 349crystal growth after purification 165crystal perfection 105

Curie temperature 384current density 51cyclic-deformation technique 329cyclotron motion 270Czochralski technique 165

o-phase 392DC conductivity, 0"0, of a cubic metal

261de Broglie wavelength 267Debye temperature 251,389,396Debye temperature, e, of aluminum

254decarburization 119, 136, 139, 183decarburization of Fe 187deceleration 230deceleration technique 208deflection 232degassing kinetics 133degassing 133degassing reaction 133degassing time 133dehydration 123denitrogenization 183denitrogenization of Co 189denitrogenization of Fe 186density of states 395deoxidation 182deoxidation of Co 188deoxidation of Fe 184deoxidation technique 3, 4dependence on axis orientation 260dependence on surface orientation 256deposition 108, 204, 206deposition rate 109, 122desorption 127,129,131deterioration of the purity 139deviations from Matthiessen's rule

251,252diamond-like carbon film 206diaphragm 54differential dilatometry 366 ff., 386,

390,393diffraction volume 367diffusion 57, 129, 133diffusion limitation 388direct ion-beam deposition 203dislocation core 307dislocation density 124

displacement cross section 357displacement threshold energy 357dissociation 129dissolution 123,129dissolution potential 106distillation 109, 111, 122, 157distillation of metal 57distillation rate 58distribution coefficient 13,112,122divacancies 351,358,359divacancy binding 369divacancy binding entropy 360DMR 33Doppler broadening 371,374,378Doppler shift 227,238,371Doppler-broadening 379dose 209drop calorimetry 364Dulong-Petit value 396dumbbell configurations 353dysprosium 13, 19,23, 25, 171

E x B type mass filter 214EBFZM 122effective activation enthalpies 369effective flow stress of bcc metal 325effective formation enthalpy 370effective formation entropy 370effective partition coefficient 55effective valence 138efficiency of purification 94Einstein's coefficient 227elastic interaction 358elastic-interaction model 336electrical property 249electrical resistivity 31-33,106,256electrical resistivity contributions 128electrical resistivity in cubic metal

260electrochemical deoxidation 7,22,25electrode potential 42,51electrodeposition 117electrolysis 104,121, 122electrolyte 51electrolytic chromium 77electrolytic reduction 72electromagnetic isotope separation

technique 203electromigration 159

Index 405

electron distribution 260,263electron irradiation 377electron microscopes 357electron-electron scattering 251electron-impurity scattering 251electron-phonon interaction 398electron-phonon scattering 251electron-beam floating-zone melting

104electron-beam melting (EBM) 104,

105,107,121,125,181electron-beam zone melting 123electron-beam zone-refining 139electronic specific heat 397electrorefined vanadium 75electrorefining 53,73, 90, 105, 121electrorefining in aqueous media 80electrorefining process 107electrotransport 60, 138, 139, 158electrowinning 51,87elementary slip steps in high-purity bcc

metal 338elution 48elution curve 93elution test 98emISSIOn 225endothermic reaction 132energy spread 208enthalpy of formation 353,354entropy of formation 354, 356equilibrium distribution coefficient 48equilibrium segregation 279erbium 13, 19,23, 25, 172etching 206europium 169evaporation 57,104,125,134exothermic reaction 132external gettering 5, 137extraction 123extraction voltage 212extrinsic atomic defects 350

Fe203 219Fe(110) surface 220Fermi energy 374, 395Fermi field 384Fermi sphere 259Fermi surface of aluminum 258Fermi wavelength 267

406 Index

ferromagnetic materials 391ferromagnetism 382,393final concentrations 132fine purification 42, 48, 85fire refining 41floating-zone melting 82floating-zone technique 96flow stress 307flow stress of bcc metal 335flow stress of fcc metal 315flow-stress asymmetry 341flow-stress asymmetry of bcc metal

329focusing 233foreign interstitials 350formation enthalpy 376formation volume 352fractional crystallization 56fractionate condensation 109free enthalpy formation 354free enthalpy of divacancy binding

358Freeman-type ion source 211Frenkel defects 350Frenkel pairs 349,350,355,396,398Fuchs-Sondheimer theory 256fused salt 14fused salt electrolysis 107, 113, 121FZ- (floating zone) purified Fe 218

gadolinium 13, 19,23,25, 170galvanomagnetic size effect 271gas atmosphere 131gaseous environments 126Gaussian lineshape 227GdOCI 27,29Gedankenexperiment 355-357gettering 137Gibbs free enthalpies of the different

core configuration 341global indication 62glow discharge mass spectrometric

(GDMS) 193gradient force 228grain boundaries 349grain boundary segregation 283,291group IVa metals 105group Va metals 114group VIa metals 121

group VIla metals 125Group-V transition metals 396Group-VI transition metals 396

hafnium 109Halbkristallage 355,356,360halide flux 6hardness 190harmonic oscillators 356,396heat of solution 129heat treatment 121hematite Fe203 powder 216Henry's law 9hexagonal metals 369high-corrosion-resistance Fe film 215high-purity 203high-purity chromium 77high-purity cobalt 83high-purity iron 80high-purity titanium 34high-purity vanadium 74high-temperature annealing 131, 135high-temperature calorimetry 365,

393high-temperature measurements 366high-temperature vacuum treatment

75holmium 172hopping 379,388horizontal zone melting 81horizontal zone refining 153hydrogen 127,129,130,138hydrogen annealing 67hydrogen evolution 52hydrogen may 140hydrogen plasma arc 151hydrogen plasma arc melting (HPAM)

181hydrolysis 43hydrometallurgical method 81,85hydrometallurgical purification 42

ideal resistivity 33implantation 206improved iodide process 108impurities 362impurities in rare earth metals 145impurity 277impurity sources 105

in situ oxidation 93indication of purity 63inert gas fusion 15instrumental neutron activation

analysis 119interface 277interfacial energy 279interfacial segregation 279interfacial structure 281internal oxidation 65interstices 351interstitial, octahedral 353interstitial impurities 104, 119, 120,

122,126,128,138,139,152,392interstitial impurity content 137interstitial muons 384interstitial solid solution 128, 129intrinsic atomic defects 364intrinsic atomic lattice defect 334intrinsic defects 349 ff.inward relaxation 352iodide (van Arkel-de Boer) process 73iodide decomposition 113iodide process 114,115iodide processing 34iodination 120ion beam 203ion bombardment 206,220ion dose 205ion energy 205ion exchange 49ion flux 205,208ion plating 205ion source 204ion-solid interaction 220ion-beam deceleration technique 214ion-beam deposition (lED) 203ion-beam transport 203ion-deceleration 204ion-exchange columns 49ion-extraction 204ion-irradiation energy 205iron 183, 184iron film 203iron-based alloy 286irradiation 62,368isotope 206isotope mass separator 204

Index 407

isotope separation 223, 235isotope shift 235isotopically enriched 218

jogs 355

kinetic energy 204kink pair 311kink theory of bcc metal 334kink-pair formation enthalpy 336Kroll process 111Kroll sponge 72

Langmuir-McLean equation 280lanthanum 13, 17, 19,22,25,167laser 223laser manipulation 227lifetime spectrometry 378, 379light-induced drift 237limiting current of diffusion 52line-tension model 337linear I-V characteristic 255liquid metal-through distillation 157liquid-liquid extraction 109,115,119,

122Lomer model 362Lomer-Cottrell dislocation 315long-range internal stress model 316Lorentz force 272Lorentzian lineshape 227low-energy 203lutetium 173

macroplastic deformation 319macroplastic regime 324macroscopic 310macroscopic slip 315macroscopic volume 367magnetic breakdown oscillation 271magnetic fields 381magnetic history 381magnetic moments 381magnetoresistance 271magnetoresistivity 63main kink parameter 340Manhattan Project 203mass-separated 203mass-separated ion 203matrix matching 61Matthiessen's rule 33

381279

265

408 Index

mean free path 256,261,267,290mean lifetime 381melting technique 81melting temperatures 359mesoscopic system 268metal extraction 47, 98metal-gas reactions 130metal-oxygen systems 134metallic impurities 104, 112microplastic deformation 324microwave (2.45-GHz) discharge 212microwave ion source 211migration 60,206misorientation 298mobility of an ion during SSE 159modulation calorimetry 365molten salt electrolysis 104, 114, 115,

117,119,121,139molybdenum 122,328,339molybdenum single crystal 322,327momentum distribution 371Mond-Langer process 59monovacancies 351,352,355,384monovacancy formation entropy 390monovacancy migration 363monovacancy migration enthalpy 390motional averaging 383multi-component system 281multi-photon process 237multiple vacancies 351muon spin rotation 391

native oxide layer 288negative bend resistance 267neodymium 13, 17, 19, 22, 25,168Nernst-Lindemann equation 394Nernst-Lindemann temperature 394,

395neutralizing electrons 214neutron activation 62niobium 6, 114, 193,328niobium single crystal 323nitrogen 127,129,130nominal purity 65non-conservation of paritynonequilibrium segregationnonlinear I-V characteristicnonmetallic impurities 112normal process 251

normalization of treatment 65nuclear magnetic moments 382nuclear reactions 62

obstacle profile 319Ohm's law 260,267onset of slip 308open orbits 272optimization of rinsing 94optimum elution condition 98Orowan equation 318overpotential 51oxidation 289oxide layer 140oxygen 127,133oxygen solubility 135oxyhalide 7,25

1l"-mesons 381partial pressures 132partition coefficient 54, 94Peierls barrier 311,336Peierls potential 311,337Peierls potential of the first kind 311Peierls potential of the second kind

311Peierls valley 311phase coherence length 267phonon scattering 63, 387phonons 350,356physical sputtering 207pick-up of carbon 136plasma arc melting 181plastic behaviour of pure bcc metal

319Poisson's ratio 376polycrystal 291,389positive muons 380 ff.positron age 371positron annihilation 370,383,386,

391,393positron binding energy 376positron detrapping 373positron diffusivity 387,389positron lifetime 376positron lifetime spectrometer 371,

380positron self-localization 389positron trapping rate 372

positron traps 374positron-vacancy binding energy 377positron-annihilation 370 ff., 386, 392positrons 370powder metallurgy (PM) 125praseodymium 13, 17, 19,22,25, 168pre-purification 122precipitated compound 46precipitates 128precipitation 42, 115, 280preliminary purification 42pressure dependence 352,354prevacancy effect 388primary ion-beam deposition 203problematic elements 119production flow-sheet 110proton activation 62proton activation analysis 85pulse calorimetry 365pure manganese 79pure nickel 85purification 223purification effect 105, 124purification of chromium 77purification of cobalt 83purification of copper 89purification of copper in aqueous

solution 89purification of iron 80purification of manganese 78purification of nickel 85purification of titanium 71purification of vanadium 74purification of zinc 97purification routes for rare earth metals

166purity evaluation 61pyrometallurgical method 97pyrometallurgical refining 41

quasiharmonic approximation 396,397

quenching experiments 364, 365quenching rate 297

radiation damage 220radiation force 228radionuclides 62rapid-heating calorimetry 365

Index 409

rare earth metal 3rate of evaporation 58rate-controlling process 133ratio of elimination 94RE-O 19re-contamination 105reaction mechanisms 130reaction parameters 134reactive distillation 59,81reactive metal 3reactivity 109recombination 129, 132redistribution 112redistribution of electron density 267reduction 111,115,123,126reduction of the oxide 145reduction process 72refining efficiency 106refining mechanism 198reflection 233refractory metal 103, 128, 183relaxation 355relaxation time 258remelting 104removal of alloying elements 195removal of metallic impurity element

192removal of nonmetallic impurity 182repeatable step 355residual carbon concentration 136residual gas atmosphere 139,140residual gas molecule flux 208residual resistance ratio 250residual resistivity 122,250residual resistivity ratio 29,31,33,63,

76, 103, 128resistivity 122rhenium 125RRR 125RRR profile 96RRRH (residual resistivity ratio) 218

saddle-point 353samarium 169saturation effects 372scandium 173scattering force 228Schmid factor 310Schmid's law 306,310

410 Index

screening 358secondary system 309sector-type electromagnet 214segregation 55,86, 112,277selective removal 41selective vaporization 86self-diffusion 352,369,397self-interstitial 350,352,355,361self-localized states 388semiconductor film 203sensitivity 61separation 109sesquioxide 19shear-stress law 308short-range obstacle 316SiCl4 212Sievert's law 11,21, 129Sigmund's theory 207silicon 200similar elements 109similarity 104simultaneous reaction 42single crystals 124site competition 295size effect 252, 256skull melting 109slip direction 305slip geometry of pure bcc metal 320slip plane 305softening of bcc metals by atomic defect

333solid-state electrotransport (SSE) 4,

5,27,158solid solution 6solid-solution hardening 317solid-state deoxidation 4solidification 54solubility product 43solution pre-treatment 47solvent extraction 49sorption 48space-charge neutralization 213space-charge neutralizing electrons

215special copper purification process 91specific heat 365, 394, 395spin polarization 381spin rotation 380 ff.

spontaneous emission 226sputter 205sputtering 206sputtering yield 207stacking faults 350stacking-fault energy 317standard Gibbs energy 11,13standard heat treatment 97starting materials 103starting sheet 52steady state 134steady state concentration of oxygen

135steady state distribution 138steady state oxygen concentration 134sticking probability 208stimulated emission 226Stirling's formula 359,360strain-anneal technique 125straining asymmetry 332stress-strain curve 326structural perfection 124sub-bromide process 73sub-chloride 73subgrain structure 124sublimation 155sublimation temperatures 109substitutional impurity 120, 139, 161substitutional impurity elements 106substitutional muons 383,384substructure 124surface 277surface atom migration 220surface scattering of conduction

electrons 257surface segregation 280, 283, 286symmetric boundary 298systematic analysis 61

Ta-capacitor scrap 190tantalum 121, 190,328temperature dependence of the

anisotropy 264temperature dependence of the

electrical resistivity 249temperature-time-segregation diagram

298tension-compression asymmetry 321terbium 13, 19, 23, 25, 171

terminal solid solubilities 128terminal solubility 127thermal decomposition 108, 115, 120,

123, 139thermal equilibrium 358thermal expansion 394thermal-equilibrium defects 363 ff.thermal-equilibrium vacancies 377thermally activated dislocation motion

in fcc metal 315thermodynamic 4thermodynamic equilibria 129, 139third element 294three-tier description 351thulium 172titanium 3, 105, 193titanium aluminide 3trace analysis 82transition metals 352transition probability 225trapping capability 381,392trivacancies 359tungsten 125,339twinning direction 330two-state trapping model 373, 379

UHV degassing 118, 136, 139ultra-high-purity 288ultra-high-purity copper 89ultra-high-purity titanium 71ultra-high-purity zinc 97ultra-high-vacuum 82,283ultra-high-vacuum annealing 133ultra-purification 103ultrapurification 3Umklapp process 251unstable modes 353

vacancies 374vacancy formation enthalpy 359,379vacancy formation volume 376

Index 411

vacancy-impurity interactions 363vacuum degassing 150vacuum distillation 97,111vacuum melting 150vacuum treatment 80vacuum-arc melting 104van Arkel method 59, 75van Arkel process 107,111,115,121,

122van Vleck's formula 382,383vanadium 114, 193vanadium electrodeposition 75vapor pressure 56,104,107,121, 122vapor pressure differences 108vapor technique 154Verhakungen 305Vernier defect 305vertical float zoning 153vertical floating zone technique 81Vickers hardness 29,32voids 349volatile elements 104volatilization 56, 112

water vapor 139weak interaction 381work hardening 312work-hardening rate 313

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) 278,283

ytterbium 173yttrium 3,25,174

zircaloy scrap 197zirconium 109,193zone boundary 258zone melting 77,112,122zone refining 55, 121, 124, 151

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