Index

AAbnormal grain growth, 478, 492Absolute maximum shearing stress, 532Acceptor levels, 91Activation energy, 348, 373, 459Activation energy of creep, 566Activation energy of diffusion, 350, 438Activation energy of growth, 437, 459Activation energy of nucleation, 434, 459Activation energy of recrystallization, 477Actuators, 420Additivity rule, 432, 446AEM, 284, 289Ag-Au, 318Ag-Cu-Ni, 333Age hardening, 380, 381, 555Aging, 381, 530, 579Al, 136, 353, 502Al-Cu, 381, 383, 555Al-Cu-Mg, 383Al2O3, 502, 557Alkali halide crystals, 506Alkali-metal halides, 48Allotropes, 150Allotropy, 145, 150, 311Alloy, 152Al-Mg, 383, 555AlN, 168, 377, 556, 577Al-Si, 308, 320Aluminium, 228, 463, 483, 546Aluminium oxide, 542Al-Zn, 383Amorphous solids, 105Amorphous structure, 8Analytical electron microscopy (AEM), 283Analyzer, 266Anelasticity, 504, 516Angular magnification, 249, 253Anisotropic growth, 444Annealing twins, 234Antibonding band, 55Antibonding orbital, 55, 73Anti-cuboctahedron, 135

Antiphase boundaries, 236Antistructure atom, 203Aperiodic crystals, 172, 189, 197Aperture stop, 257Arrhenius analysis, 356Arrhenius equation, 350Arrhenius plot, 350Arrhenius-type equation for rate constants, 431Atom fraction, 315Atomistic approach, 339, 342, 497Attractive force, 39Au-Cu, 158Au-Ni, 318, 319Aufbau Prinzip, 62Austenite, 151, 161Austenite-ferrite transformation, 400Austenite-martensite orientation relationship, 412Autocatalytic nucleation, 404Azimuth effect, 260

BB.c.c. metals, 219, 234, 313, 413, 506, 519, 557, 558B2-ordered crystal structure, 203Back-scattered electron images, 288Bain deformation, 411Bain lattice correspondence, 144, 411Bain orientation relationship, 143Bakelite, 502Band gaps, 74, 88Band structure, 70Basic circle, 179Basis translation vectors, 107Be, 139Bi, 314Biaxial elastic constant, 511Binary systems, 314Bloch walls, 81Body centred cubic (b.c.c.) crystal structure, 141Body centred cubic Bravais-type translation lattice, 141Boltzmann factor, 88Boltzmann-type equation, 205, 373Bonding band, 55Bonding distance, 38

583E.J. Mittemeijer, Fundamentals of Materials Science,DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-10500-5, c© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010

584 Index

Bonding energy, 38Bonding orbital, 55, 73Bone, 503Boron, 349Boron carbide, 542Boron nitride, 542Bragg’s law, 68, 173, 269, 290Brass, 157Bravais lattices, 115, 120Bravais translation lattice for the h.c.p. crystal

structure, 140Bright field, 273Bright field diffraction contrast image, 273Bright field microscopy, 261Brillouin zones, 68, 72Brinell hardness, 542Brittle fracture, 557Brittle material, 498, 521, 571Brownian motion, 343Buckministerfullerene, 1, 94Buckyballs, 1Bulk modulus, 511Burgers circuit, 210Burgers vector, 210, 211

CC, 352, 519Ca, 136CaF2, 50, 162Calorimetry, 81, 448Capillary effect, 494Carbides, 169Carbon implantation, 548Carbon nanotubes, 1, 497Carbon steel, 404Carburizing, 168, 571, 574Case hardening, 576Cast iron, 386Catastrophic fracture, 569, 570CBED, 276, 279, 284Cell, 385Cellular microstructure, 392Cellular solids, 503Cellular transformations, 392Cementite, 386, 506Central dark field, 262Central elastic forces, 503Centre of symmetry, 120Centred dark field (CDF), 274Ceramics, 2, 404, 501, 507, 542, 571Cesium chloride, 48Chain polymers, 502Charge neutrality, 205Chemical affinity, 37Chemical driving force, 403, 417Chemical energy, 374Chemical potential, 308, 340Chess-board microstructure, 399Chromosome, 97Civilian transformations, 380Clausius-Clapeyron equation, 314

Cleavage, 558Climb of dislocations, 223Close packed crystal structures, 130Close packed hard spheres, 130Clusters, 381, 555CoAl, 202Coarsening, 392, 477, 494, 563, 580Coble creep, 564Coherency strains, 381Coherency/incoherency of diffraction, 240Coherent interface, 237, 388Coherent twin boundary, 234Coherent-incoherent transition, 238Coincidence site lattice, 231Cold drawing, 567Cold rolling, 371, 463Cold work, 550Collecter, 257Colony, 385, 389Commensurately modulated crystal

structure, 191Component, 304Composite structure, 191Composition maps, 285, 288Composition triangle, 331Compound, 152Compound layer, 168Compound lens, 249Compound microscope, 255Compression, 499Compressive, 296Concave, 247Concentration-depth profile, 364, 365, 575Condenser, 257Conduction bands, 74, 88Conductors, 88Configurational entropy, 204, 350, 515Congruently melting compounds, 325Constitutional defects, 203Contact angle, 397, 481, 482Contact hardness, 541, 547Continuity equation, 342Continuous-Cooling-Transformation diagrams

(CCT diagrams), 428Continuous nucleation, 434Continuous precipitation, 383Continuous transformation, 391Continuum approach, 339, 497Convergent beam electron diffraction (CBED), 276Convex, 247Cooling curves, 322Cooperative growth, 389Coordination number, 87, 129, 134, 142,

149, 349Copper, 2, 113, 463, 505, 553Cottrell-Bilby atmospheres, 528Cottrell-Bilby clouds, 528Coulomb interaction, 85Coulomb sums, 49Coulomb-type interaction, 44Coupled growth, 389

Index 585

Coupling of thermodynamics to kinetics,373, 459

Covalent bonding, 51, 56Cr, 141, 506Cr1−xAlxN, 169, 276, 556, 577Cr-Mo, 318Cr-W, 362Crack formation, 559Crack growth, 535, 559, 568, 569Crack initiation, 535, 569Crack propagation, 557Crack-propagation rate, 570Crack-propagation stage, 569, 570(Crack-)surface energy, 559Craze yielding, 531, 571Creep, 553, 563Creep curve, 564Creep by diffusional flow, 566Creep by dislocation climb, 566Creep by dislocation glide, 565Critical crack length, 561, 570Critical illumination, 257, 276Critical oxide-film thickness, 483Critical particle size, 433Critical resolved shear stress, 537Critical size, 376Critical thickness, 48324CrMo13, 579CrN, 168, 556, 577Crossover, 276Cross-slip, 221, 227, 464, 550Crystal class, 119Crystal family, 118Crystal imperfection, 201, 245Crystal structure, 106, 107, 111Crystal structure of metals, 82Crystal systems, 115, 117, 118Crystallite, 291Crystallite size, 291Crystallization, 451Crystallographic point groups, 118Crystallographic texture, 300CsCl, 48, 50, 198Cs-Rb, 318Cu, 136, 353, 502Cu-Al, 404θ-CuAl2, 381Cu3Au, 158, 236CuAu, 158CuAu3, 158Cu-Ni, 347, 364Cu3P, 261Cu-Zn, 404Cu-Zn-Al, 419Cubic close packed (c.c.p.) or face centred cubic (f.c.c.)

crystal structure, 136Cuboctahedron, 135Curie points, 66Curie temperature, 80Cyclic fatigue, 567Cyclic loading, 517

DDamping, 517, 572Damping capacity, 518Dark field, 273Dark field diffraction contrast image, 273Dark field image, 246Dark field microscopy, 262Debije frequency, 350(Deep) drawing, 520Deformation energy, 403, 417Deformation modes, 499Deformation twinning, 464Deformation twins, 234Degeneracy of quantum states, 61Degrees of freedom, 310Degree of order, 152Degree of transformation, 430, 444Densities of states, 63, 77Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), 97Depth of field, 257Determination of the crystal structure, 171T − xB diagrams, 315Diamagnetism, 66Diamond, 53, 54, 94, 146, 148, 152, 542Diamond-type crystal structure, 136, 146Differential interference-contrast (DIC) method, 265Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), 448Differential thermal analysis (DTA), 448Diffraction, 103Diffraction angle, 174Diffraction contrast, 274Diffraction-line broadening, 241, 291, 294, 295Diffraction maximum, 173Diffraction methods, 253Diffraction pattern, 271, 290Diffuse scattering, 206DIFFUSION, 339Diffusion along grain boundary, 359Diffusion along a moving grain boundary, 360, 394Diffusion coefficient, 340, 343, 350Diffusion coefficient of C in α-Fe, 351Diffusion control, 403Diffusion induced grain-boundary migration (DIGM), 361, 489Diffusion mechanisms, 347Diffusion zone, 168Diffusional flow, 564Diffusional flux, 339, 340, 459Diffusional phase transformations, 379Diffusion-controlled, 379Diffusion-controlled growth, 403, 436, 438Diffusion-induced recrystallization (DIR), 363Diffusionless phase transformations, 380, 400Diffusion in thin film systems, 346, 365Dilatometry, 81, 354, 429, 448Dipole interactions, 91Direction cosine, 505, 509Directional solidification, 566Discontinuous coarsening, 392Discontinuous grain growth, 492Discontinuous transformation, 364, 391Dislocation annihilation, 465

586 Index

Dislocation-cell structure, 469, 476, 550, 553Dislocation climb, 223Dislocation core, 213Dislocation density, 212, 290, 294Dislocation glide, 219Dislocation line, 207, 209Dislocation loop, 221, 223Dislocation of mixed character, 212Dislocation pile-up, 221, 552Dislocation production, 219, 520, 550Dislocation ring, 221Dislocation velocity, 526Dislocation-line energy, 214, 217Dislocations, 206, 463Disordered distribution, 305Distortion energy, 348Domains, 236Donor levels, 90Double helix, 98, 99Double-infinite case, 346Driving force, 307, 361, 364, 373, 402, 459Driving force for abnormal grain growth, 491Driving force for grain growth, 487, 488Driving force for phase transformation, 376Driving force for recrystallization, 470Ductile fracture, 557, 558Ductile to brittle fracture transition temperature, 558Ductile material, 498, 521Ductility, 558Duplex structure, 385Duralumin, 381Dynamic cyclic stressing, 568Dynamic displacements, 202Dynamic recovery, 465, 550Dynamic recrystallization, 465, 550Dynamic strain aging, 530

EEbonite, 502Edge dislocation, 207EDS, 284, 289EELS, 284Effective activation energy, 357, 441, 447, 454, 455Einstein relation, 67Elastic anisotropy, 479, 506Elastic constants, 37, 497Elastic deformation, 201, 497, 498Elastic limit, 522Elastic strain energy, 512, 518Elastomers, 501, 504, 514Electric effect, 554Electric insulators, 56Electrical conductivity, 58, 64, 88Electrical resistivity, 67Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), 188Electron energy-loss spectrometry (EELS), 284Electron gas, 58, 59Electron microscope, 273Electron probe micro-analysis (EPMA), 284, 288Electron-diffraction pattern, 271Electronegativity, 43, 51, 57

Electropositivity, 43, 51Embryo, 376empty magnification, 261En40B, 579Endurance limit, 564, 569Energetics of nucleation, 374Energy band structure, 72Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), 280, 284Energy-filtered images, 285Energy landscape, 307, 459Energy of the low-angle boundary, 231Engineering strain, 500, 521Engineering stress, 500, 521Enthalpy, 307Enthalpy of mixing, 319Entropy, 306, 340Entropy elasticity, 515Entropy of activation, 374Entropy of fusion, 313Entropy of mixing, 319, 329EPMA, 284, 288Equal-area projection, 185Equator, 179Equilibrium, 305Equilibrium defects, 107Error function, 346Euler angles, 187Euler space, 187Eutectic diagram, 320Eutectic reaction, 320, 387Eutectoid reaction, 327, 387Exaggerated grain growth, 492Excess vacancies, 356Exchange mechanism, 347Expanded austenite, 169Extended transformed fraction, 440Extended transformed volume, 440Extensive state variables, 305Extrinsic conductivity, 89Extrinsic stacking fault, 235Eyepiece, 255

FFace centred cubic, 6Face centred cubic (f.c.c.) structure, 136Face centred cubic Bravais translation lattice, 136Failure, 497Failure in ball bearings, 533Failure by creep, 562Failure by fatigue, 567Failure by fracture, 557Failure surface, 569Family of lattice planes, 125, 178Fatigue, 567Fatigue life, 570, 571Fatigue limit, 569, 571, 578, 580Fatigue resistance, 497Fatigue strength, 569, 575Fatigue-strength depth profile, 577F.c.c. metals, 234, 350, 493, 505, 539, 557F.c.c. unit cell, 136

Index 587

α-Fe, 350, 502, 519, 574α′′-Fe16N2, 422, 529γ -Fe, 352, 574γ ′-Fe4N, 164, 408, 424Fe, 141Fe-Al, 377Fe-C, 386, 387, 389, 402, 407, 421, 427, 438, 461ε-Fe2.4C or η-Fe2C, 423Fe-Co, 402Fe-Mn, 400Fe-N, 310, 407, 421, 529Fermi distribution, 62Fermi energy, 62Fermi level, 66, 75Fermi surface, 71Ferrite, 150Ferromagnetism, 78–80Fibre texture, 185Fick’s first law, 340, 345Fick’s second law, 342Field stop, 257Fitting of kinetic models, 451Fluorite, 50, 162Foams, 503Forging, 520Forms of aggregation, 304Fracture strength, 523, 558Fracture stress, 557Fracture surface, 558Fracture toughness, 561, 562Frank partial dislocation, 228Frank-Read source, 219, 226, 242, 550Fraunhofer diffraction, 250, 290Free electron model, 57Free energy, 306Free enthalpy, 306Free volume, 564Frenkel defect, 206Fullerenes, 1, 94Functional applications, 2

GGeneralized JMA equation, 446, 477Genetic code, 97Geometrically necessary dislocations, 466, 552Gibbs energy, 306Gibbs-Thomson effect, 494Gibbs’ triangle, 331Glass transition temperature, 514, 557, 572Glide, 520Glide band, 221, 527, 531Glide of dislocations, 215Glide plane, 120Gold, 2, 520Goodman approach, 571, 577Grain boundaries, 106, 228Grain-boundary curvature, 484Grain-boundary diffusion, 347, 357, 389, 564Grain-boundary diffusion coefficient, 359Grain-boundary embrittlement, 558Grain-boundary energy, 234, 478

Grain-boundary engineering, 489Grain-boundary migration, 485, 491Grain-boundary mobility, 489Grain-boundary network, 481, 485Grain-boundary precipitation, 385, 394, 397, 398Grain-boundary sliding, 565, 567Grain-boundary tension, 478Grain-boundary velocity, 363, 487, 492Grain-boundary wetting, 395Grain growth, 463, 478Grain interaction, 299, 500, 539Grain rotation, 567Grain size, 551, 558Grain-growth exponent, 488Grain-size distribution, 493Graphene, 1Graphite, 54, 94, 147, 152, 386Great circles, 178Grey tin, 148Griffith’s criterion, 561Growth, 433Growth exponent, 441, 457Guinier-Preston (GP) zones, 381, 555

HHabit plane, 410, 415Hall-Petch relation, 551Hard impingement, 442Hardenability, 168Hardening, 381Hardening mechanisms, 550Hardest materials, 542Hardness, 420, 497, 540, 571, 575Hardness-depth profiling, 548H.c.p. metals, 234, 557, 558Heat treatment, 5, 371, 380, 386, 426, 429, 435Helical structures, 97Helmholtz energy, 306Hertzian loading, 533Heterogeneous nucleation, 336, 377Heterogeneous precipitation, 396Heterogeneous transformation, 377Heterogeneous, phase equilibria, 303Hexagonal close packed (h.c.p.) crystal structure, 139High resolution transmission electron microscopy

(HRTEM), 280High-angle grain boundaries, 231, 239, 465, 493High-cycle fatigue, 569High-Tc superconductors, 1H2O, 312Hollow-cone illumination, 260Homogeneous nucleation, 377Homogeneous precipitation, 396Homogeneous transformation, 377Homogenization treatment, 334Homologous materials, 313Hooke’s law, 42, 500, 501, 521(Hot isostatic) pressing, 520HREM, 280HRTEM, 280Hume-Rothery rules, 154

588 Index

Hund’s rule, 79Huygens’ principle, 65Hybridization, 53, 86Hybrids, 53Hydrogen bonding, 94Hydrostatic (or spherical) state of stress, 510Hyper-eutectoid, 388Hypo-eutectoid, 388

IICDD, 176Ice, 95, 312, 314Icosahedral glass, 194Icosahedral symmetry, 194Ideal axial c/a ratio, 141Ideal crystal, 107Ideal image, 259Ideal plastic deformation, 510, 520, 525Illumination system, 269Image, 274Image formation, 249, 290Image plane, 246Image simulation, 283Impenetrability of matter, 37Impingement, 433, 442Impurity band, 91Inclusion, 520, 558, 569, 570Incoherent interface, 239, 389Incoherent twin boundary, 240Incommensurately modulated atomic structures, 189Incompressibility relation, 520Incongruently melting compound, 325Indentation hardness, 541, 547Independent slip systems, 520, 539Independent variable, 431Index of refraction, 247Indium, 138Induction hardening, 571Inert gas, 93Instability criterion, 525Insulators, 88Intensive state variables, 305Interaction energy, 378, 527, 554Interchain sliding, 516, 572Interface, 228Interface control, 403Interface-controlled, 379Interface-controlled growth, 403, 436Interface energy, 374Interface mobility, 437Interface stabilized microstructures, 483Interface velocity, 436, 460Interfacial tension, 397Interference microscopy, 264Intergral breadth, 292Intergranular fracture, 558Intergrowth compound, 191Interlamellar spacing, 390Intermediate image, 255Intermediate lens system, 269Intermediate/transition precipitates, 381

Internal energy, 305Internal friction, 518Internal stress, 290, 573(Inter)phase boundary, 228Interstices, 161Interstitial atom, 202Interstitial diffusion, 348Interstitials in iron lattices, 404Interstitial solid solutions, 159Intrinsic conductivity, 89Intrinsic stacking fault, 235Inverse pole figure, 180, 188Inversion axis, 120Ionic bonding, 44Ionic crystal, 46, 49α-iron, 349Iron, 150, 159, 379Iron-carbon martensite, 408Iron-nitrogen alloys, 404Iron-nitrogen martensite, 408Isomorphous, 239Isomorphous system, 316, 321, 334Isothermal sections, 331Isotropic growth, 444

JJMA equation, 445, 457, 477, 488Jog, 218, 221Johnson-Mehl-Avrami (JMA), 443Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov (JMAK) equation, 443Jump distance, 343Jump frequency, 343, 349

KK, 141KCl, 557Kinematical diffraction theory, 173Kinetics of grain growth, 487Kinetics of recovery, 469Kinetics of recrystallization, 476Kink, 218Kissinger(-like) analysis, 456Knoop hardness, 542Köhler illumination, 257, 269Kolsterizing, 170Konode, 316Kurdjumov-Sachs orientation relationship, 412

LL12-ordered crystal structure, 236Lüders band, 527Lüders extension, 527Lamellar microstructure, 387, 391Lateral (transverse) magnification, 247, 255, 286Lath martensite, 413, 416Lattice correspondence, 410Lattice defects, 201, 357Lattice directions, 123, 128Lattice distortions, 206, 245, 406Lattice energy, 44, 48, 49Lattice planes, 123

Index 589

Lattice-fringe imaging, 281Lattice-invariant deformation, 411Lattice-invariant shears, 411Lattice-invariant twinning, 419Laue function, 293Laue indices, 175Lead, 147, 360Length scales, 4Lens, 246Lens axis, 246Lens system, 255, 267Lever rule, 317, 388Liberty ships, 558Lifshitz-Slyozov-Wagner equation, 495Light microscopy, 245, 261, 273Light optical microscope, 253T0 line, 402Line broadening, 290Line compound, 153Line defects, 206Line-profile analysis, 295Line tension of the dislocation, 214Linear coefficient of thermal expansion, 40Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals, 55, 73Linear elasticity, 501Liquidus, 316, 327Load-displacement curve, 545Local equilibrium, 310Local fatigue resistance, 577Local mechanical equilibrium, 480Long-range translational order, 189Longitudinal (axial) magnification, 248Lorentzian functions, 295Low-angle grain boundaries, 229, 239, 493Low-cycle fatigue, 568–570Lower yield stress, 526

MMacrostress, 296Madelung constant, 85Madelung factor, 44, 46, 48Magnetic domains, 81Magnetic susceptibility, 65Magnetostriction, 81Magnifier (loupe), 253Magnifying power, 255Man-made material, 2, 503, 542Martensite, 167Martensite formation, 409Martensitic transformations, 379, 400, 404Mass fraction, 315Massive transformation, 379, 400Material classes, x, 2Material contrast, 288Maximal applied nominal stress, 562Maximal magnification, 260Maximal normal stresses, 509Maximal shearing stresses, 509Maximal transformation rate, 456Maximum shear energy criterion, 532Mean stress, 571

Mechanical equilibrium, 297, 508, 511, 575Mechanical hysteresis, 517, 572Mechanical strength, 497Melting point minimum, 318Mercury, 138Metal, 2Metal bonding, 57, 72Metallic lustre, 82Metallic whiskers, 497Metallography, 106Metals, 2, 57, 66, 130, 136, 139, 141, 152, 217, 313, 416, 501,

502, 504, 507, 526, 548, 562, 563, 566, 571Metastable equlibria, 312sin2 ψ method, 298Mg, 139MgO, 502, 557Micro-yielding, 535Microdiffraction, 276(Micro)plastic deformation, 523Microscopic methods, 253Microstrain, 291, 575, 579Microstrain distribution, 294Microstructural analyses, 245Microstructure, xi, 5, 245, 290, 334, 357, 371, 412, 424, 469,

489, 550, 567, 571Microstructure-property relationships, xMidrib, 414Migration enthalpy, 356Migration rate of low-angle boundaries, 467Military transformations, 380Miller-Bravais indices, 127, 129Miller indices, 123, 175Minimal image construction, 259Minimal spacing, 260Minimum interlamellar spacing, 390Miscibility gap, 319, 323Misfit, 375, 382, 497, 529, 554, 567, 573Misfit dislocations, 239Misfit strain, 433Mixed bonding, 43Mixed growth mode, 438Mixed nucleation, 435Mo, 141, 506Mobile dislocation density, 525Mobility, 487Model, 3Modulation function, 191Modulus effect, 554Modulus of elasticity, 500, 521, 545Modulus of rigidity, 501Molecular orbital theory, 73Molecular Orbitals, 55Monotectic reaction, 325Monotectoid reaction, 328Motif, 107, 111, 120Mf temperature, 418Ms temperature, 417

NN, 519n-type semiconductor, 90

590 Index

Na, 141Nabarro-Herring creep, 564NaCl, 44, 50, 161, 205, 557, 558Nanocrystalline copper, 553Nanoindentation, 541, 543, 548Nanosized materials, 498, 553Nanotubes, 94Natural material, 2, 503, 542Nb, 141, 506Nb-Ta, 315Nearest neighbour, 149, 406Nearest-neighbour interstitial atoms, 407Nearly free electron model, 67Necking, 524, 525Negative Poisson constant, 503Network polymers, 502, 558Network solids, 54, 94Next-nearest neighbour, 149, 406Next-next-nearest neighbour, 150Ni, 136, 354Ni-Al, 419NiAl, 202NiAs, 165Ni-Pt, 323Ni-Rh, 319Ni-Ti, 419Nishiyama-Wasserman orientation relationship, 412Nitrided alloyed steel, 575Nitrided carbon steel, 575Nitrides, 169Nitriding, 168, 377, 556, 571, 574, 576Noble gas electron configuration, 52Noble gases, 40, 93, 94, 136, 141Non-equilibrium structures, 371Non-random nuclei distribution, 444Nonlinear elasticity, 504Nonuniform plastic deformation, 574Nonvariant equilibrium, 315, 331Normal grain growth, 478Normal stress, 501Notch, 569, 5708-N rule, 53, 57Nucleation, 376, 433Nucleation rate, 459Nucleation theory, 433Nucleus, 376, 393Number of components, 304, 311Number of independent components, 304, 311Number of independent phases, 311Number of phases, 311Numerical aperture, 259Nylon 6, 6, 501

OObjective, 255Objective aperture, 270Objective lens system, 269Object plane, 246Oblique dark field, 262Oblique illumination, 260Octahedral interstitial site, 161

Ohm’s law, 58, 65O-lattice theory, 233One component systems, 311Optical axis, 246Ordered distribution, 305Ordered solid solution, 152Ordering, 156Orientation-distribution function, 180Orientational order, 195Orientation factor, 538, 540Orientation relationship, 229, 237, 388Orowan process, 243, 556Orowan (shear) stress, 243Ostwald ripening, 494Overaging, 383

PPacking density, 137, 140, 143, 146Paramagnetism, 59, 65, 66, 79Paraxial image construction, 255Paraxial imaging equation, 246Paris’ law, 570, 572Partial dislocation, 212, 226Partial Gibbs energy, 308, 340Particle coarsening, 494Partitionless transformation, 400, 417Path variable, 431Pauli exclusion principle, 44, 55, 62, 76, 79, 80Pb, 136Pb-Sn, 322Pd, 136Pearlite, 388Peierls stress, 217Pencil glide, 219Penrose tilings, 195Perfect dislocation, 212, 224Periodic System, x, 2Periodic Table, 2, 43, 49, 66, 78, 86Peritectic reaction, 327Peritectoid reaction, 328Permanent plastic strain, 522Perturbation theory, 68Phase, 304Phase contrast microscopy, 262Phase-energy degeneration, 311Phase diagrams, 303, 311, 315, 334Phase equilibria, 303, 307Phase rule, 311, 315, 318, 328, 330Photo-electric effect, 67Pinning of a grain boundary, 489Pipe diffusion, 360Planar defects, 228Plane groups, 118Plastic accommodation, 239Plastic deformation, 87, 217, 463, 497, 498, 519Plastic deformation of polycrystals, 539Plastic flow, 538, 570Plate martensite, 413Point defects, 202Point groups, 118Poisson constant, 502, 503

Index 591

Polar molecules, 91Polarized light microscopy, 266Polarizer, 266Pole, 178Pole figure, 180, 183Pole-figure section, 186Polonium, 145Polycrystal, 105, 180Polyethylene, 502Polygonization, 230, 231, 467, 471Polymers, 2, 501, 504, 507, 516, 518, 531, 557, 563, 569, 572Polymorphism, 150, 311Polymorphs, 150Polystyrene, 501, 502Pores, 243, 504, 558, 563Portevin-le Chatelier effect, 530(Potential) energy elasticity, 515Pre-existing nuclei, 435Precipitation annealing, 381Precipitation/dispersion strengthening, 555, 573Preferred orientation, 181, 507(Pre)precipitation, 381Primary recrystallization, 478, 493Primary slip system, 538Primitive basis, 110Primitive cell, 112Primitive unit cell of the f.c.c. Cu crystal structure, 137Principal axes, 509Principal planes, 249, 509Principal shearing stresses, 509Principal strain axes, 510Principal stresses, 509Principal system, 509Principle of superposition, 508, 513Prismatic glide, 219Probability amplitude, 60Proeutectoid cementite, 388, 394Proeutectoid ferrite, 388, 394Projector lens system, 270Protein, 96Pseudo-cubic crystal symmetry, 158Pt, 136p-T diagram, 312p-type semiconductor, 91Push-pull loading, 568Pyramidal glide, 219

QQuantum mechanical free electron theory, 59Quantum mechanics, 59Quantum number, 60Quartz, 542, 546Quasicrystals, 2, 104, 193Quasi-isotropic, 105, 300, 507Quasi-periodicity, 196Quenching, 371, 400, 404Quenching and tempering, 371

RRandom nuclei distribution, 444Random walking, 342

Rare earth or lanthanide metals, 134Rate constant, 431Re, 139Reaction coordinate, 373Real image, 248ReB2, 543Recovery, 463, 563Recrystallization, 463, 470, 563Recrystallization-front velocity, 477Reflection, 173Relaxed modulus of elasticity, 517Repulsive force, 39Residual forces, 497Residual macrostress, 296, 579Residual stress, 169, 535, 573Residual thermal macrostress, 573Resistometry, 356Resolving power, 257, 259, 267Retained austenite, 418Reversible elastic strain, 522Rh, 136Rigid body translation, 229Ring mechanism, 347, 357Rock salt, 44, 113, 125Rolling, 520Rotating bending loading, 568, 577Rotoinversion, 120Rubber, 501, 502, 514Rubber elasticity, 504, 514Rupture, 563

SSAD, 270, 276SADP, 270, 273, 279Safety factors, 562Sb, 314ψ scan, 186Scanning electron microscope (SEM), 245, 285Scanning force microscope, 482, 544Scanning probe microscopy, 544Scanning transmission electron microscopy, STEM, 279ScH2, 162Scherrer equation, 293Schmid factor, 538Schmid’s law, 537Schottky defect, 205Schrödinger equation, 68, 83Screw axis, 120Screw dislocation, 208Secondary dislocations, 233Second-phase particles, 241Secondary electron images, 287Secondary recrystallization, 478, 491Segregation, 337, 491, 558Selected area aperture, 270Selected area diffraction pattern, 270Self diffusion, 348, 566(Self) interstitials, 357SEM, 279, 285, 286, 288Semi-coherent interface, 239Semiconductors, 88

592 Index

Semi-infinite case, 345Serrated yielding, 530Sessile dislocation, 228Set of equivalent families of lattice planes, 125Set of equivalent lattice directions, 128Shape-memory effect, 419Shear, 479, 499, 501Shear modulus, 501Shear strain, 501, 526Shear stress, 216, 501Shear yielding, 531Shearing method, 265Shockley partial dislocation, 226, 240Short-circuit diffusion, 358Short-range order, 189Shot peening, 571Silicon carbide, 542Silver, 228, 360, 463SiC, 557Si3N4, 502, 557sin2 ψ plot, 300, 301Single crystal turbine blades, 566Sintering, 243Site saturation, 435Size effect, 528, 554Slip, 412Slip direction, 219Slip plane, 215, 219Slip systems, 215, 219, 536S-N curves, 568Snoek effect, 519Sodium chloride, 44Soft impingement, 442Soldering, 322Solid solubility, 153Solid solution, 152Solid solution hardening, 554Solidus, 316, 327Solubility, 315, 328, 329Solute drag, 491Solution annealing, 380Solvus, 320, 382Space groups, 118, 120Specific heat, 59, 65sp2 hybridization, 54sp3 hybridization, 53S-phase surface engineering, 170Spin correlation, 79(stable or metastable) equilibrium, 308Stacking fault, 226, 234, 236, 240, 463Stages of tempering, 424Standard stereographic triangle, 180, 188State of a system, 305State variables, 305, 431Static displacements, 202Static fatigue, 567Stationary state, 309, 341Steady state stage of creep, 564, 566Steel, 386STEM, 279, 284, 286Stensen’s law, 103

Stereographic projection, 178Strain aging, 530Strain energy, 374, 512, 532, 559Strain energy density, 513Strain energy of a dislocation, 213Strain hardening, 520, 522, 525, 539, 550Strain-hardening coefficient, 524Strain rate, 517, 526Strain-induced grain-boundary migration,

471, 486Strength parameters, 497, 525Strength-depth profile, 577Strengthening, 550Stress corrosion cracking, 575Stress-concentration factor, 559, 562Stress-depth profile, 574Stress determination by (X-ray) diffraction

analysis, 297Stress-intensity factor, 562, 569, 570Stress raiser, 525, 559, 562, 570Stress-strain curve, 500, 521, 545, 563Stress-strain curve for a polycrystal, 539Stress-strain curve for a single crystal, 538Structural applications, 2Structural line broadening, 290Structure of liquids, 313Subgrain, 466, 473, 475, 493Subgrain coarsening, 467, 474, 486Subgrain rotation, 468Sublattice, 191, 203, 236Substitutional atom, 202Substitutional diffusion, 348, 564Substitutional solid solutions, 153Superalloys, 566Superheating, 376Superlattice, 157, 191, 236Superlattice dislocation, 236Superplasticity, 396, 567Supersaturated solid solution, 371Superspace, 193, 196Superspace groups, 193Superstructure reflections, 158, 236Superstructures, 156, 191, 236, 323Surface anisotropy, 300Surface energy, 493Surface engineered materials, 168, 548Surface engineering, 168, 571Surface groove, 482, 491, 493Surface hardening, 576Suzuki effect, 554Symmetrical tilt boundary, 229Symmetrical twist boundary, 231Symmetry elements, 115Symmetry operations, 107, 115

TT0 line, 402Ta-Ti, 318TEM, 267, 269, 274Tempering, 421Tensile, 296

Index 593

Tensile fracture, 557, 570Tensile strain, 499Tensile strength, 497Tension, 499Terminal solid solutions, 155, 320Ternary eutectic point, 331Ternary eutectic temperature, 331Ternary systems, 330Tessellation, 194Tetrahedral interstitial site, 161Texture, 180, 489, 493, 507Texture components, 186Theoretical strength, 558Thermal activation, 373Thermal conductivity, 59Thermal defects, 203Thermal dislocations, 214Thermal expansion, 37Thermal history, 430Thermal vacancy, 202Thermodynamic factor, 341Thermoplastics, 531, 557, 572Thin films, 360, 361, 365, 483, 493, 511,

543, 548Three-dimensional loading, 507Ti, 139Ti-6Al-4V, 548TiC, 502, 548Tie line, 316Tie-line, 398Tight binding model, 67, 72Tilt boundaries, 229Time-Temperature-Transformation diagrams

(TTT diagrams), 426TiN, 2, 161Tin, 147, 148, 152Titanic, 558Topographic contrast, 287Toughness, 558Transformation-front migration rate, 403Transformation kinetics, 429Transformation rate, 432Transient nucleation, 436Transition metals, 73, 77Transition precipitate, 381Translation lattices, 107, 109, 111, 120Translation operations, 107Translation periodicity, 107Translational symmetry, 106Transmission electron microscopy, 246, 267Tresca criterion, 532Triple defect, 203Triple point, 311True strain, 523True stress, 524, 563Tube length, 256Tunnel effect, 61Twin, 234Twin boundaries, 234, 239Twinned martensite, 413Twinning, 134, 186, 234, 412, 553

Twist boundaries, 231Two-phase region, 319

UUltimate tensile strength (U.T.S.), 523, 571UN, 164UN2, 162UN2−x, 162Uncertainty principle, 4Undercooling, 376, 390, 395, 402Uniaxial loading, 501, 507Unit cell, 109, 112Unit-cell parameters, 118Univariant equilibrium, 315Unrelaxed modulus of elasticity, 517Upper yield point, 530Upper yield stress, 526

VV, 141Végard’s law, 156, 160Vacancy, 202Vacancy concentration, 205, 353–355, 564Vacancy condensation, 219Vacancy mechanism, 348Vacancy-formation enthalpy, 354, 564Valence band, 88Valence electrons, 51, 57Van der Waals bonding, 91Van der Waals equation, 93Vickers hardness, 541Virtual image, 248Viscoelasticity, 504, 516Viscosity, 564Viscous flow, 520, 564, 565VN, 237, 240, 276Volume defects, 241Volume diffusion, 357, 564Volume of a vacancy, 206, 355Von Laue theory, 173Von Mises criterion, 532Von Mises equivalent stress, 533

WW, 141, 505, 519Wall of edge dislocations, 230, 467Water, 312, 314Wavelength dispersive spectroscopy (WDS), 284WDS, 284, 289Whiskers, 213White tin, 148Widmanstätten morphology, 394, 399Widmanstätten side plates, 394Wigner-Seitz cell, 84, 149Williamson-Hall plot, 294Wöhler curves, 568Wood, 2, 503Work function, 67Work hardening, 520, 523, 525, 539, 550, 551, 563Wulff stereographic net, 180Wurtzite, 49

594 Index

XX-ray diffraction, 8, 153, 171, 177, 290, 354

Yyield criteria, 532yield drop, 526, 530yield point, 519, 562yield-point elongation zone, 527yield strength, 522, 532, 548, 557, 571yield stress, 522, 563Young’s modulus, 500, 505Young’s modulus of cubic crystals, 505

ZZener drag, 490, 491Zener ordering, 167, 408Zener pinning, 490Zinc, 537Zirconia, 542Zn, 139ZnS, 49, 558Zone axis, 271Zone or band models, 67Zone relation, 271ZrO2, 160, 404