815© Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015 P. Shapshak et al. (eds.), Global Virology I - Identifying and Investigating Viral Diseases, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-2410-3

A Aamelfot, M. , 247–303 Acanthamoeba polyphaga mimivirus

(APMV) , 154, 157, 466 aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase , 153 amoeba-infection , 148 intracellular bacterium , 148 marine ecosystems , 149 megavirales , 149 NCLDV , 148–149

Accessible surface area (ASA) , 3 Achim, C.L. , 578 Acquisition sieve effect , 691 Acute fl accid paralysis , 465–466 Acute hepatitis C

CDC , 114 HCV , 113 IDU , 97 seroconversion , 105

Acute multifocal hemorrhagic ulcerative cystitis , 332

Acute multifocal pharyngitis , 331 Acute multifocal ulcerative colitis , 332 ADE. See Antibody-dependent

enhancement (ADE) Aedes aegypti , 46, 404, 478, 480, 481, 484 Aedes albopictus , 46, 481, 484 Aedes mosquitoes

entomological survey , 480 genus grassland depressions , 280 HI and CF testing , 479 longevity and fecundity , 481 Orthobunyavirus , 200 resistance , 481 TOT , 480–481 Zika virus transmission , 479

African green monkey model , 134, 137 African horse sickness virus (AHSV)

clinical signs and gross lesions , 347 defi nition , 346 diagnosis and epidemiology , 348 economic impacts , 346 etiology and evolution , 346 geographic distribution , 346 history, transmission and host range , 347 incubation period , 347 morbidity and case-fatality rates , 348 pathogenesis and immunology , 347 public health/one health crossover , 348 vaccination, control and eradication , 348

African swine fever virus (ASFV) Africa to Iberian Peninsula , 321 anti-ASFV IgG antibodies , 325 antibodies , 325 clinical signs , 324 control factors , 326 defi nition , 320 depopulation, control measure , 326 domestic cycle , 321–322 economic effects , 321 etiology and evolution , 320 geographic distribution , 321 incubation period , 322, 323 morbidity and case-fatality rates , 324 pathogenesis and immunology , 322 pathological fi ndings , 323, 324 phylogenetic typing , 325 prognostic factors , 324 reportable disease by OIE , 321 sylvatic cycle , 321 vaccination , 325–326 virions/nucleic acid , 325

Index

816

Agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) , 350, 355 AHSV. See African horse sickness

virus (AHSV) AI. See Avian infl uenza (AI) Alger, J.R. , 745–756 Alrabaa, S. , 457–472 Alrabaa, S.F. , 477–496 Anal cancers , 15, 16, 21–22, 26, 28, 30 Ances, B.M. , 578 Andes virus (ANDV)

hantaviruses , 162 phylogenetic clades , 163, 165 TULV , 177

Anthony, I.C. , 579 Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE)

non-neutralizing antibodies , 413 vaccine, pan-serotype protection , 417 viral infection , 406

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) and HPV infection , 28 immune escape , 689 macrophages , 623–624, 734–735

Antiviral treatments DENV infection , 406 Nipah virus

antibody treatment , 137 chloroquine, antimalarial agent , 137 effi cacy , 136 ribavirin , 137 type I interferon , 138 VIKI-PEG4-chol , 138

RSV Infection , 83 Anupriya, S. , 1–12 APOBEC-induced hypermutation , 593 Aptima ® , 29 Arboviral disease

Ae. aegypti , 47–48 Ae. albopictus , 47–48 agriculture, coastal zones , 51 anthropogenic factors , 52 brackish water habitats , 48–49 coastal populations and beach litter , 50 control, coastal areas , 52–53 dengue , 45 global climate change , 49 insecticides and larvicides , 51 monsoonal rainfall , 48 salinity-tolerant mosquito vectors , 46–47 transmission , 51 tropical South and Southeast Asia , 50

Arboviruses. See also West Nile virus (WNV); Zika arbovirus

Aedes aegypti , 46 Flaviviridae , 200

serology , 490 Togaviridae , 200 WNV , 457–458 Zika virus , 477, 480

Arenavirus. See also Human disease; Vaccines, arenavirus

biological properties , 502 clathrin-dependent/clathrin-independent

mechanism , 509 coding strategy and replication , 509–510 genome structure , 502, 507 geographic distribution , 501–502 immune sera, passive transfer , 522–523 Lassa virus, tubuloreticular

structures , 502, 507 LCMV , 502, 506 new world mammarenaviruses , 502,

504–505 nonhuman primates ( see Nonhuman

primates) old world mammarenaviruses , 502, 503 OW cellular receptor , 508 reptarenaviruses from snakes , 502, 506 rodents

guinea pig models , 513 laboratory mice , 511–513

surrogate models , 518–519 TfR1 receptor , 508–509 viral entry , 523–524 viral proteins, role of , 507–508 viral replication

antibiotic pyrazofurin , 525 kinase inhibitors , 526 ribavirin , 524–525 T705, favipiravir , 525 zinc-fi nger-reactive compounds , 525

Arnold, R. , 562 Arthropod-borne viral disease. See Flavivirus ASFV. See African swine fever virus (ASFV) Asikkala virus (ASIV) , 171 Avian infl uenza (AI) , 300

B Baize, S. , 517 Balada, E. , 562 Balaji, S. , 613–662 Barboza, P. , 483 Barking pig syndrome , 125 BBB. See Blood–brain barrier (BBB) BDBV. See Bundibugyo virus (BDBV) Becker, S. , 805 Bhanja virus (BHAV) , 231, 492 Bhosle, S. , 562

Index

817

Bioterrorism natural epidemics, health of nation , 116 RVFV , 285 WNV , 471

Bird, G.H. , 87 Blood–brain barrier (BBB)

astrocytes , 429 multiple MMP , 436 neurological degenerative diseases , 732 neurotoxicity , 733 TLR3 activation , 428

Bluetongue virus (BTV) clinical signs and gross lesions , 350 Culicoides , 348 diagnosis and epidemiology , 350–351 economic effects , 349 etiology and evolution , 349 geographic distribution , 349 history, transmission and host range , 349 immunology , 350 incubation period , 350 morbidity and case-fatality rates , 350 pathogenesis , 349 public health/one health crossover , 351 vaccination, control and eradication , 351

Body mass index (BMI) , 778 Bollinger, L. , 247–303 Borca, M. , 319–336, 361–389 Bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) , 301 Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) virus

BVDV-1 and BVDV-2 , 362 BVDV-2-induced thrombocytopenia , 364 clinical signs and gross lesions , 365–366 cytokines , 364 cytopathic (cp) , 363 defi nition , 362 economic effects , 363 epidemiology of , 367 geographic distribution , 363 hemorrhagic syndrome (HS) , 362 hemostatic disorders, mechanisms , 364 history, transmission and host range , 363 immune system , 364–365 incubation period , 365 infectious organisms , 365 laboratory diagnostic tests , 366 megakaryocyte hyperplasia , 364 morbidity and case-fatality rates , 366 noncytopathic (ncp) , 363 PI/acutely infected animals , 366–367 public health/one health crossover , 368 vaccination, control and eradication , 367

Brackish water , 48–49, 52 Bradfute, S.B. , 797–807 Brady, T. , 713

Brain development , 754 Brain imaging

cART , 746 HIV ( see Human immunodefi ciency

virus (HIV)) MRI , 746–750 MR spectroscopy , 750–751

Brochier-Armanet, C. , 154 Bronchiolitis

epithelial cells , 76 infants , 82 RSV , 74

Brumme, Z.L. , 667–692 BTV. See Bluetongue virus (BTV) Bundibugyo ebolavirus , 793 Bundibugyo virus (BDBV) , 798

EVD outbreaks , 803, 804 ICTV Filoviridae study group , 793 VSV and DNA prime/AdV boost

vaccines , 805 Bunyaviridae

arboviruses , 200 encephalitis virus , 200 glycoproteins , 201 HFRS , 200 human illnesses , 200 NSDV , 270 nucleotides , 202 polyacrylamide gels , 201 RNA genome , 199–200, 202 rodent-borne viruses , 162 RVFV , 278 sandfl y fever , 200 spherical bunyavirion , 201 Uukuniemi virions , 202 viral replication , 202–204 wilt virus , 201

Bunyaviruses. See Bunyaviridae BVD. See Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) virus

C Capsid (CA) protein , 650, 651, 661, 689 Carocci, M. , 403–417 cART. See Combined antiretroviral

therapy (cART) Cavalier-Smith, T. , 158 CD8 + cytotoxic T cells (CTL)

adaptive immune response , 439 antigenic HIV-derived peptides , 598 infl uenza virus infection , 439 MHC-I upregulation , 440 naïve thymocytes , 440 neurons expressing caspase-3 , 439

CD4 + helper T cells , 441

Index

818

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) , 102, 103, 112, 763

Arbovirus , 490 HCV infection , 97 hepatitis C , 105 infl uenza surveillance , 763, 766 surveillance programs , 103

Central nervous system (CNS) BBB , 428–429 fl aviviruses , 430 histologic changes, Nipah virus , 132 HIV-1 infection , 614, 733 leukocyte infi ltration , 436–443 in mammals , 432 microglia , 434 Nipah virus , 133 NK cell infl ux , 442 resident cells , 433–436 respiratory tract , 133 Trojan Horse mechanism , 429 WNV , 472

Cerebrovascular disease (CVD) , 750, 756 Cervarix ® , 33 Cervical screening

guidelines , 30 HPV nucleic acid testing , 29–30 pap cytology , 29

Chaturvedi, A.K. , 24 Chemokines , 517, 725, 733, 737, 800

adhesion protein , 796 infl ammatory protein , 726 macrophages , 728 neutrophils , 329 pro-infl ammatory cytokines , 434

Chikungunya , 478, 479, 494, 495 and dengue , 46 Northeast savannas and plateaus , 480 vaccine , 46 virus pandemic, Singapore , 481 West Nile virus , 486

Chikungunya virus in adults , 492 mosquito vectors , 481 Northeast savannas and plateaus , 480 RT-PCR test , 495 serology , 491

Chiroptera , 162, 172, 177, 178 Chlorocebus aethiops , 134, 792, 385, 804 Choclo virus (CHOV) , 167 Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) , 562 Chronic infection, HCV

CLD , 97 HCC , 98 liver cirrhosis , 98

mortality risk , 98 RNA levels , 98

Chronic liver disease (CLD) , 97, 98, 104 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

(COPD) , 81, 776–777 bacterial coinfections , 776 lung diseases , 776 RSV , 81

Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) classifi cation , 369 congenital infection , 375 control programs , 377–378 defi nition , 368 diagnosis , 376 envelope E2 glycoprotein , 373 etiology and evolution , 368 genetic typing , 376 gross lesions , 375 horizontal and vertical transmission , 369 immunosuppression , 372 incubation period , 373 indirect transmission , 370 infecting virus, virulence , 371 lymph nodes , 371 lymphoid depletion , 372 morbidity and case-fatality rates , 375 multifocal splenic infarcts , 371 multifocal ulcerative colitis , 371, 372 NS3, nonstructural protein , 373 petechial and ecchymotic

hemorrhages , 370 public health/one health crossover , 378 skin hemorrhage(s) , 374–375 transmission rates , 370 vaccination , 377 WBCs , 372 wild boars , 369

Claverie, J.M. , 156, 158 Clifford, D.B. , 579 Clifford, G.M. , 25 Cocaine , 716–717 Coffi n, J.M. , 601 Combined antiretroviral therapy

(cART) , 576, 579, 746, 747, 754 Common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) ,

514–515, 804 Common squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) ,

135, 513–514 Condyloma acuminatum , 16 COPD. See Chronic obstructive pulmonary

disease (COPD) Cornelissen, M. , 562 Crab-eating macaques (Macaca fascicularis) ,

793, 388, 517–518, 274, 804

Index

819

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) , 575, 576, 581

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV)

gastroenteritis , 213 hemorrhagic syndrome , 232 Hyalomma marginatum rufi pes , 215, 216 mucin-rich protein , 203 nairoviruses , 232

CSFV. See Classical swine fever virus (CSFV)

CTL. See Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) Cuevavirus

LLOV , 794 mononegaviral family

Filoviridae , 791–793, 798 Culex fl avivirus (CxFV) , 480–481 Cuzick, J. , 30 CVD. See Cerebrovascular disease (CVD) Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL)

adapted associations , 675 antigen processing mutations , 671–672 bioinformatic approaches , 679 compensatory mutations , 675 epitope discovery , 679 escape mutations , 671 genome-wide , 677–678 HLA , 669, 675 host immune responses , 670 mutational escape , 669 mutations , 674 phylogenetically informed methods , 677 polymorphisms , 677 population-level analyses , 675–676 recognition , 671 reversion , 673–674 SIV , 670 TCR , 671 timing and mutational

pathways , 672–673

D Dangeti, S.R. , 1–12 Darbro, J.M. , 481 D’Arcy, F. , 562 Date palm, NiV

infrared camera studies , 63 onset, illness , 61 Phoenix sylvestris , 62 Pteropus , 61, 63 respiratory/gastrointestinal tract , 63 sap harvesters , 63

Deactivated macrophages (dM) , 726

Dendritic cells (DCs) antiviral prophylaxis , 80 chemokines , 728 fatal disease , 795 IFN , 79 immune genes , 80 immune system , 724 lymphoid tissue , 79 Opn , 79, 80 PCR array , 80 pDCs , 79 proinfl ammatory cytokine signaling , 80 RSV , 79 Th1 effector cells , 80

Dengue. See also Replication cycle, fl avivirus ADE , 406 antivirals , 417 break bone fever , 406 cell culture susceptibility profi le , 483 characteristics , 404, 405 and chikungunya, temperate regions , 46 disease severity, determinants , 406 family Flaviviridae , 403 fl avivirions , 406–407 genomes , 407, 409 hemorrhagic fever , 45 immunoglobulin M (IgM) , 404 OROV , 211–212 proteins , 407, 410–413 rapid ELISA , 490 transmission , 49 tropical and subtropical regions , 404 vector control , 417 and WNV , 181 YFV , 404 Zika virus , 478

Dengue shock syndrome (DSS) DENV infection , 427 genetic predisposing factors , 443 NK cell responses , 443

DeVuyst, H. , 25 de Wit, E. , 125–141 Diffusion-weighted MRI

anatomical connectivity, brain regions , 752

brain connectivity, HIV/AIDS , 753 brain development, children , 754 scanner , 752 signal , 751

Dixit, D. , 707–717 dM. See Deactivated macrophages (dM) DNA vaccines

CSFV , 377 HE-protein , 267

Index

820

DNA vaccines (cont.) LASV GPC expression , 522 plasmids, electroporation , 522

Dobrava virus (DOBV) Apodemus fl avicollis , 162 genotypes , 166 hantaviruses , 184

Dong, B. , 562, 565 Dorson, M. , 255 DSS. See Dengue shock syndrome (DSS) The Dynamic Continuous-Area Space-Time

system (DYCAST) system , 470

E Ebola virus (EBOV)

AdV-based vaccines , 805 anti-clotting factors , 806 BDBV , 798 EVD pathogenesis , 800 fatal infections , 793 fi lovirus taxonomy , 792, 793 GP 1,2 , 801 host gene expression cluster analysis , 796 ICTV Filoviridae study group , 791–793 IFN-regulated genes , 796 life cycle , 800 MARV VP30 , 803 mononegaviral family Filoviridae , 791 multiple sequence alignment , 803 NP phosphorylation , 804 peripheral blood mononuclear cells , 796 P gene, open reading frames , 797 RESTV , 798 small molecule inhibitors , 806 SUDV , 798 TAFV , 798 VP24 , 798–800 VP30 , 802–804 VP40 , 800, 805–807

Ebola virus disease (EVD) animal models , 804–805 antibody therapy , 806–807 anti-clotting factors , 806 antisense therapies , 806 clinical presentation , 801–802 clinical signs , 794 ELISA , 802 Filoviridae , 798 genome , 799 glycoprotein , 799 human, case numbers , 803–804 infection , 801 maximum clade credibility tree , 798

outbreaks , 803, 805 pathogenesis , 800 pathology/pathogenes , 795 replication , 800 ribonucleoprotein complex , 799 RT-PCR , 802 small molecule inhibitors , 806 thrombocytopenia , 794 vaccines , 805–807

EBOV. See Ebola virus (EBOV) EHDV. See Epizootic hemorrhagic disease

virus (EHDV) Electronic health records (EHRs)

clinical outcomes , 781 ICD-9 coded data , 767 infl uenza and surveillance , 766–769 NIS records , 767–768 traditional approaches , 766

Electronic laboratory reporting (ELR) , 116, 117

ELISA. See Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

Emerging virus. See Nipah virus; West Nile virus (WNV)

Encephalitis. See Flavivirus encephalitis; West Nile virus (WNV)

ENIGMA-HIV alcohol and methamphetamine , 755 brain regions, limbic system , 755 DNA data , 755 meta-analytical approaches , 756 MRI , 754 neuroimaging studies , 755

Envelope (Env) proteins , 651–653 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

(ELISA) , 186, 325, 355, 366–367, 376, 383, 565, 802

antibodies , 569 antigen detection , 350 dengue antigen , 490–491 hantavirus , 168 immunofl uorescent antibody test , 184 RT-PCR , 348 serologic tests , 277 virus neutralization , 569

Epidemics and pandemics , 761, 762, 769, 770, 773

Epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) , 262, 286, 297

Epitope design , 8 Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV)

clinical signs and gross lesions , 353–355 defi nition , 351 diagnosis and epidemiology , 355

Index

821

economic effects , 352 etiology and evolution , 351–352 geographic distribution , 352 history, transmission and host range , 352 incubation period , 353 morbidity and case-fatality rates , 355 pathogenesis and immunology , 352–353 public health/one health crossover , 356 vaccination, control and eradication , 356

Ergunay, K. , 199–240 Erlwein, O. , 562, 568 Eulipotyphla

hantavirus , 216 shrews and moles , 162 Soricidae , 169, 178 Talpidae , 171 whole-genome sequences , 178

European brown hare syndrome (EBHS) defi nition , 378 etiology and evolution , 379 geographic distribution and economic

effects , 379 RHDV ( see Rabbit hemorrhagic disease

virus (RHDV)) EVD. See Ebola virus disease (EVD) Evolution, hantaviruses

amino acid sequence , 178, 180 cell culture , 178 co-divergence , 178 crocidurine , 178 Eulipotyphla , 178 host switching , 178, 180 phylogenetic analysis , 178, 179 Sigmodontinae and Neotominae , 178, 179 Soricidae , 180 whole-genome sequences , 178

F Falagas, M.E. , 773 Falk, K. , 247–303 FCV. See Feline calicivirus (FCV) Feldblyum, T.V. , 761–781 Feline calicivirus (FCV) , 388 Felsenstein, J. , 602 Fernandez, F. , 575–582 Ferret model , 134, 137, 140 FFPE. See Formalin-fi xed

paraffi n-embedded (FFPE) Filoviridae , 798 Filovirus

clinical signs , 794–795 genome and particle structure , 797 genomes ( see Genomes, fi lovirus)

host immune responses , 795–797 ICTV Filoviridae study group , 792–794 immune responses , 795–797 mononegaviral family Filoviridae , 791 MVD and EVD , 794–795

Fischer, N. , 562 Flavivirions

dengue cycle , 406, 407 E glycoprotein , 406 egress , 416–417 positive-sense RNA genome , 406

Flavivirus encephalitis. See also Dengue animal models , 431 BBB , 428–429 centripetal nerve spread , 429–430 CxFV , 480–481 DENV infection , 426–427, 430 Flaviviridae family , 425 IgM antibodies , 490 in vivo model , 430 immunomodulatory therapy , 443–445 JEV peripheral inoculation

models , 426, 430 LC and DC cells , 428 mosquito-borne , 478, 487 non-human primates , 430–431 ophthalmological symptoms , 427 severe neurotropic/viscerotropic

disease , 426 transovarial and phlebotomine sand-fl y

transmission , 482 Trojan Horse scenario , 429 vaccination outcomes , 494 vector-borne , 483 WNV , 426 YFV , 427 Zika virus, phylogenetic tree , 488

Flaxman, A.D. , 96 Fluorescence in situ hybridization

(FISH) assay , 566 Flynn, J.K. , 723–737 Foley, B.T. , 477–496 Forkhead box (FOX) proteins , 709 Formalin-fi xed paraffi n-embedded

(FFPE) , 567 Forterre, P. , 158

G Gagnon, S.J. , 441 Gag proteins

CA , 650 and envelope proteins , 566 MA , 617

Index

822

Gag proteins (cont.)NC , 650 p6 , 651 p10 , 651 SP , 651

Galiano, M. , 772 GALT. See Gut-associated lymphoid

tissue (GALT) Ganjam virus (GANV) , 271, 272, 274 Gardasil ® , 33 Garson, J.A. , 563 Gay, C. , 319–336 GEIS. See Global Emerging Infections

Surveillance and Response System (GEIS)

Genetic variation, HIV geographic-specifi c , 177 insertion and deletion , 593–594 mutation , 592–593 recombination , 594–595 transmission bottleneck , 599

Genomes fi lovirus

EBOV VP30 , 802–804 GP 1,2 , 801 matrix protein VP40 , 805–807 NP , 804–805 ORFs , 797 PTMs , 801–802 viral replication and transcription , 797 VP24 , 798–800 VP35 , 798, 799 VP40 , 800

fl avivirus , 407, 409 HIVs

diversifying selection , 596 host environments , 595 protein-coding (codon) sequences , 595 selection patterns, protein-coding

regions , 596, 597 NCBI/RefSeq database , 150–151 pandoravirus , 152 virophages , 154

Getts, D. , 425–446 Giant viruses

APMV , 148 bacterial genomes , 153 Cafeteria roenbergensis , 149 capsids , 147 cellular organisms , 153–155 electron microcopy , 148 fi lterable agents , 147 gene composition , 154, 155 genome replication , 148 icosahedral capsid , 154

Megavirus chilensis , 153 nucleic acid replication , 153 nucleus , 156–158 phylogenetic analyses , 154 ribosomes , 153 viral genomes , 156 virophages , 154

Giruses , 149 Giunta, B. , 575–582 Global Emerging Infections Surveillance

and Response System (GEIS) , 764

Global warming climate change , 484 human habitation , 425–426 sea levels , 49–50 WNV , 471–472 Zika arbovirus , 484

Glycoprotein (GP 1,2 ), type I transmembrane , 801

Goatpox virus , 336 Gonçalves, M.A. , 26 Gorry, P.R. , 723–737 Groeger, J. , 96 Groom, H.C. , 562 Groseth, A. , 801 Guanarito virus , 505, 508 Guo, W.P. , 223 Gurley, E. , 55–68 Gu, S.H. , 161–187 Gut-associated lymphoid tissue

(GALT) , 589, 731

H HAND. See HIV-associated neurocognitive

disorders (HAND) Hantaviruses

abdominal pain , 233 acute respiratory distress , 216 anthropogenic activities , 177 bats , 172–173 cardiopulmonary features , 180 Chiroptera , 172 dengue virus , 181 divergent symptomatology , 233 febrile illness , 162 geographic distribution

bat-borne , 173–176 eulipotyphla and chiropterans , 177 multiple species , 173 nucleocapsid protein , 177 phylogenetic analyses , 177 SEOV , 177 shrew and moles , 173–176

Index

823

HFRS , 200, 216, 232 HTNV , 180 infectious diseases , 162 mammalian hosts , 216, 223 Murinae and Arvicolinae subfamilies , 180 neotomine and sigmodontine , 162 nephropathia epidemica , 232 nosological approach , 181 Peromyscus maniculatus , 216 phylogenetic analyses , 162 respiratory distress , 233 rodent-borne , 162, 216 TPMV , 224 transmission electron

micrography , 216, 224 WHO , 181

HCT. See Hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) Health information technology (HIT)

bioterrorism , 116 eHealth Collaboration , 115 EHRs , 115 public health data systems , 116 resource constraints , 117

Heartland virus (HRTV) , 231, 235 Hellermann, G. , 73–88 Hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) , 776 Hemorrhagic fever with renal

syndrome (HFRS) acute respiratory distress , 233 ANDV , 162 Apodemus ponticus , 166 DOBV , 162 endothelial permeability , 181 febrile phase , 181–182 hantavirology , 162 intravenous ribavirin , 182 MJNV , 185–187 multivariate analysis , 182 neotomine/sigmodontine , 182–183 nephropathia epidemica , 181 PUUV , 162 renal and cardiopulmonary

dysfunction , 183 renal involvement , 180 rodent-borne hantaviruses , 183 rodent habitats , 182 SANGV , 184–185 SEOV , 162 serological surveys , 183–184 SNV infection , 183, 184 soricid-borne hantaviruses , 183

Hendra virus antibodies , 58 human infection , 57

interstitial pneumonia , 56 morbillivirus , 56 nasal secretions , 57 neurological defi cits , 57 Paramyxoviridae , 129 PCR , 56 Pteropid bats , 58 vaccine , 138 vascular endothelium , 56 zoonotic transmission , 130

Henipaviruses date palm sap , 67 encephalitis , 67 geographic spread , 131 Hendra virus , 56–58 human infection , 68 NiV ( see Nipah virus (NiV)) pandemic transformation , 67 Paramyxoviridae , 129 person-to-person transmission , 67 Pteropus bats , 66 respiratory disease , 67 zoonotic transmission , 130

Henrich, T.J. , 562 Hepatic liquefaction , 281 Hepatitis C mortality

antibodies , 98 vital statistics , 104

Hepatitis C reporting , 102, 103, 114, 117, 118 Hepatitis C surveillance

acute viral hepatitis , 103 ambulatory medical care , 104 case reporting system , 102 chronic HCV infection , 103 chronic hepatitis C , 102 data collection , 118 electronic infrastructure , 117–118 frequency reports , 103 genotype testing , 105 HCV infection ( See Hepatitis C virus

(HCV) infection) healthcare administrative

data , 103 healthcare providers , 102, 118 investigation and management , 106 laboratory fi ndings

and tests , 105 mortality registration , 104 nucleic acid test , 105 public health agency , 106 resource-intensive process , 115 risk behaviors/exposures , 103 vaccine history , 106 vital statistics system , 104

Index

824

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection acute and chronic infection , 114 acute hepatitis , 94 antibody laboratory reports , 114 blood transfusions , 97 chronic blood-borne , 94 fl aviviruses , 403 genotypes , 96 healthcare settings , 97 health information , 114 injection drugs , 101 mucosal trauma , 97 public health programs , 94 ribavirin , 100 security and confi dentiality , 113 seroprevalence , 96 simeprevir , 101 sofosbuvir , 101 virologic response , 100 WHO , 94

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) , 98, 100, 103 Heptad repeats (HRs) , 77, 87, 138 Hernandez, B.Y. , 22 High pathogenicity avian infl uenza

(HPAI) , 772 HIV-associated dementia

(HAD) , 576, 614, 661, 662, 732 HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders

(HAND) APP , 578 Aβ , 577 biomarkers , 577 CSF biomarkers , 578 pathophysiologic mechanisms , 576 protein misfolding , 577 PrP c , 580 and Tau protein , 579 therapeutic target , 581–582

HIV-1-B IN , 654 amino acid composition , 659, 660 blood isolates , 615, 617, 622–649 brain isolates , 615, 616, 618–621 cytoplasmic proteins , 658 envelope proteins , 651–653 glutamate , 661 life cycle, structural and

functional , 614–615 Nef , 658, 659 PR , 654–655 retroviruses , 614 Rev , 655 RT , 654 structural proteins , 615–616

Tat , 656 ubiquitin , 659 unrooted tree , 659, 660 Vif , 657 viral enzymes , 652 Vpr , 657 Vpu , 657–658

HIV-1 infection macrophages

VS , 730 acute stages , 730 cellular receptors , 726–727 cellular tropism , 727 chemokines , 730–731 cytokines , 728, 730–731 GALT , 731 HIV-1 reservoir , 733–734 MDM , 728 monocytes , 733 neurological disorders , 732–733 phagocytosis , 730 progression, AIDS , 731–732

HIV replication CD25 , 711 cDNA , 711 cell purifi cation technologies , 711 histone methylation patterns , 713 infection , 710, 712 LTR mutants , 713–714 reverse transcription , 710–711

HLA. See Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) HLA-peptide binding

class I and class II alleles , 8, 10 patterns , 8–9 peptide vaccines , 11

Hohn, O. , 562 Hokkaido virus (HOKV) , 166, 167, 172, 187 Hong, S. , 562 Honko, A.N. , 501–526 Host diversity, hantaviruses

DOBV , 166 insectivorous bats , 166 mounting evidence , 163 single-stranded RNA , 163 soricine shrews , 166 TULV , 163, 166

Host immune responses, fi lovirus EBOV-and MARV-infected cells , 796 humans/NHPs , 796–797 peripheral blood mononuclear cells , 796 pro-infl ammatory mediators , 795

Host immune system antiviral defense system , 78–79 dendritic cells , 79–80

Index

825

fi lovirus infection , 795–797 infl uenza virus , 769 interferon response , 78 MDA5 , 78 RIG-I , 78 TLRs , 78 WNF , 465

Host restriction factors CCL19 and CCL21 , 716 cocaine , 716–717 description , 714 plethora , 715 PTB , 714 T cell population , 715

HPAI. See High pathogenicity avian infl uenza (HPAI)

Hue, S. , 563 Hughes, E.M. , 93–119 Human disease

endothelia and vascular function , 511 incubation period , 510 LASV and JUNV , 511 neurological signs , 510 OW and NW , 511 sensorineural deafness , 510 transmission , 510

Human immunodefi ciency virus (HIV) African nonhuman primate

species , 587–588 evolution among hosts

genome variation , 595–597 immune response , 597–598

evolution within hosts next-generation sequencing , 602–603 population genetics , 599–602 transmission bottleneck , 598–599

genetic variation , 592–595 genus Lentivirus , 587 relaxed molecular clocks , 592 SIV and HIV gag sequences , 587, 588 subtypes and recombinant forms , 591 viral and immunological mechanisms , 589 zoonoses , 589–591

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles , 8, 9, 11, 674, 676, 686 antibodies

CTL , 682 neutralization escape , 682 neutralizing , 680 and virus , 681

class II-driven immune escape , 680 molecules , 3 supertypes , 11, 678

Human papillomavirus (HPV) anal cancers , 21–24 cervical screening , 29–32 genomes , 16 genotype distribution , 22 HIV , 25–32 ICC , 18–21 infection , 15 OPC , 24–25 prevention , 28–32 risk factors , 23–24 transmission and immune response , 17–18 treatment , 32 vaccination , 32–34 virus structure and molecular

biology , 16–17 women and men , 23

I ICD-9-CM. See International Classifi cation of

Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modifi cation (ICD-9-CM)

ICTV. See International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)

ID-NAT. See Individual Donation NAT (ID-NAT)

IHNV. See Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV)

ILI. See Infl uenza-like illness (ILI) Imjin virus (MJNV)

acute febrile illnesses , 185 PRNT , 186 RT-PCR , 186 serological survey , 185, 186 shrews and rodents , 185 SNV infection , 187 TPMV , 185

Immune activation , 589, 731 Immune escape, HIV-1 infection

adaptation, global populations , 686–687 antiretroviral therapy , 689–691 CTL ( see Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL)) global genetic diversity , 667–668 infection and transmission , 685–686 mutations , 668, 687–688 polymorphisms , 689 replication rate , 668 S173A compensatory mutation , 688 vaccine-induced antiviral

immunity , 691–692 Immune response

adaptation , 597–598 adaptive and humoral , 731 fi lovirus infection , 795–797

Index

826

Immune response (cont.) role , 432 transmission , 17–18 vaccine , 692

Immunity arenavirus disease , 521 microglia , 434 neutralizing antibodies , 299 phleboviruses , 234 RSV , 81 WNV , 467

Immunomodulation Bindarit, CCL2 inhibitor , 444 Ly6C hi monocytes , 445 minocycline administration , 443 NO production, inhibition of , 444 pathogenic macrophage population , 445 Simian immunodefi ciency virus

infection , 443–444 Immunopathogenesis

fl avivirus encephalitis ( see Flavivirus encephalitis)

macrophages ( see Macrophages) Immunopathology vs. virus-induced damage

description , 432–433 leukocyte infi ltration , 436–443 novel development and life-saving

therapies , 431 resident cells , 433–436 virus, role of , 431–432

IN. See Integrase (IN) Incubation period

IHNV , 260 ISA virus , 267–268 NSD , 272 RESTV , 276–277 VHSV , 295

Indel polymorphism , 593 Individual Donation NAT (ID-NAT) , 470 Infectious hematopoietic necrosis

virus (IHNV) antibody production , 259 cephalic swelling, sockeye

salmon , 260, 261 control procedures , 264 defi nition , 250 diagnosis and epidemiology , 262–263 economic effects , 253–254 eradication , 265 fi ngerlings and pre-smolts , 260, 261 fi sh hosts , 257 genogroups , 251 genotypes , 255–256 geographic distribution , 253–254

gill epithelium , 260 Hirame rhabdovirus , 252 human/animal health , 265 incubation period , 260 invertebrate biological reservoirs , 256 and invertebrate vectors , 254–255 M clade , 252–253 monoclonal antibodies , 252 morbidity and mortality rates , 261 necrosis , 258–259 principal fi sh hosts , 254 prognostic factors , 262 salmonids , 256 salmon louse , 256 salmon smolt , 260–261 U and L clades , 252 vaccination , 263 vertical transmission , 257 VHSV , 250–251 virus-neutralizing activity , 259

Infectious kidney swelling , 286 Infectious salmon anemia (ISA) virus

defi nition , 265 diagnosis and epidemiology , 269 etiology and evolution , 265–266 geographic distribution and economic

effects , 266 hemorrhages, skin , 268 hemorrhagic necrosis , 268 human/animal health , 270 incubation period , 267–268 morbidity and mortality rates , 269 natural history, transmission and host

range , 266–267 necropsy , 268 pathogenesis and immunology , 267 prognostic factors , 269 sanitation , 270 vaccination , 270

Infectious VLPs (iVLPs) , 806 Infl uenza

CDC , 763 EHR , 766–769 epidemiology

H2N2 virus , 772 HPAI , 772 temperate climates , 771–772 transmission , 770

GEIS , 764 hospital-based electronic surveillance , 765 ICD-9-CM , 765 ILI , 764 information technologies , 765 NIS , 762

Index

827

pathophysiology , 769–770 patient management , 773–774 risk factors and population

groups , 774–781 surveillance and disease , 761 symptoms , 773–774 syndromic surveillance , 763, 764 US health care system , 762 US national infl uenza surveillance

systems , 762 Infl uenza-like illness (ILI) , 764 Injection drug use (IDU)

acute hepatitis C , 97 HCV , 97 hepatitis C surveillance , 106 HIV , 579 laboratory testing, hepatitis C , 98

Integrase (IN) anti-HIV drugs , 654 retroviral , 564 reverse transcriptase , 614 viral DNA , 654 XMRV , 568

Interferon (IFN) alfacon-1 , 525 fi lovirus , 798, 799 fi lovirus infection , 795, 433 immunoprophylaxis , 85 intranasal inoculation , 135 minocycline , 443 nonstructural proteins , 76 oligoadenylate synthetase , 85 ribavirin , 100 RSV , 78 serum concentrations , 372–373 TLRs , 78 WNV , 468

Interferon alpha , 78, 468 Interferon-gamma-producing gamma-delta T

cells , 464 International Classifi cation of Diseases, Ninth

Revision, Clinical Modifi cation (ICD-9-CM) , 765

International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) , 177, 178, 793

Intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) cell-surface receptors , 77 infl ammatory mediators , 85 RSV , 76

Intravenous immunoglobulins , 468, 469 Intravenous polyvalent (hyper)-

immunoglobulins (IVIG) , 83 Iverson, S.A. , 247–303 iVLPs. See Infectious VLPs (iVLPs)

J Jahanshad, N. , 745–756 Jahrling, P.B. , 791–807, 361–389, 501–526,

247–303, 543–553 Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV)

antiviral function, NO , 438 apoptosis, human medulloblastoma

cells , 432 astrocytes activation , 434 Cox-2 and NOS2 , 435 endemic , 426 endothelial infection , 428 peripheral inoculation models , 430 TRADD , 435 WNV , 458 Zika virus , 478, 483

Jasenosky, L.D. , 805 Jemez Springs virus (JMSV) , 169, 171 JEV. See Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) Jiles, R.B. , 93–119 Johnson, J.C. , 501–526 Joy, J.B. , 587–603 Junín virus (JUNV)

immune sera , 522–523 and LASV , 511 T cells , 512 TfR1 , 508 tufted capuchins , 514 XJC13, attenuated variant , 520

K Kalil, A.C. , 468 Kangueane, P. , 1–12 Karapetyan, Y.E. , 581 Katzourakis, A. , 563 Keele, B.F. , 599 Kent, M. , 255 Kerkhove, M.D. , 779 Kerr, P. , 361–389 Khodabendehloo, M. , 562 Killer cell immunoglobulin-like

receptor (KIR) gene family , 683 HIV-1 control , 683 HLA class I ligands , 683 immune pressures , 684 NK cell , 684

Kim, S. , 562 Kindrachuk, J. , 791–807 King, N.J.C. , 425–446 KIR. See Killer cell immunoglobulin-like

receptor (KIR) Klempa, B. , 184

Index

828

Klevens, R.M. , 93–119 KLFs. See Krupple-like factors (KLFs) Knouf, E.C. , 562 Knox, K. , 563 Korean hemorrhagic fever , 162 Korin, Y.D. , 715 Krupple-like factors (KLFs)

CD4 and CD8 T cells , 708 KLF4 , 709 LKLF , 708–709

Kuhn, J.H. , 199–240, 791–807, 319–336, 345–356, 361–389, 403–417, 501–526, 247–303, 543–553

Kunjin strain of WNV (KUNV) , 426

L Laboratory testing, hepatitis C

antibodies , 98 antigen/antibody tests , 100 blood spot assays , 100 chronic HCV infection , 99 immunodefi ciency , 99 RNA assays , 99 serologic assays , 98, 100

La Crosse virus (LACV) Aedes triseriatus , 204 arboviral encephalitis , 231 human encephalitis , 204 orthobunyaviruses , 204

Lagreid, W. , 345–356 Laguna Negra virus (LANV) , 163, 167 Lanciotti, R.S. , 490 Langat virus (LGTV) , 487, 489 LaPatra, S. , 264 Lassa virus (LASV)

crab-eating macaques , 517–518 DNA plasmid , 522 guinea pig models , 513 and JUNV , 511 MOPV indicated cross-protection , 519 rhesus monkeys , 515–517 STAT1 knockout mice , 512 vaccinia virus vectors , 520 VSV , 521

Lay, M.K. , 77 LDs. See Lipid droplets (LDs) Leukocyte extravasation , 724 Leukocyte infi ltration

description , 436 lymphoid subsets

CD4 + T cells , 441 CD8 + T cells , 439–440 NK cells , 442–443 regulatory T cells (Tregs) , 441–442

myeloid subsets monocytes and macrophages , 436–438 neutrophils , 438–439

Lewis, C.E. , 319–336, 345–356, 361–389, 247–303

LGTV. See Langat virus (LGTV) Liang, R.H. , 587–603 Li, H. , 319–336 Lintas, C. , 562 Lipid droplets (LDs) , 416, 677 Live attenuated/nonpathogenic viruses

Candid#1 , 519 chimeric virus ML-29 , 519 MOPV , 519 TCRV , 519–520 XJC13 variant , 520

Liver enzyme concentrations , 795, 515 LKLF. See Lung Kruppel-like factor (LKLF) LLOV. See Lloviu virus (LLOV) Lloviu cuevavirus , 793 Lloviu virus (LLOV) , 793, 794 Loiacono, C.M. , 319–336, 345–356, 361–389,

247–303 Lombardi, V.C. , 562, 569 López-García, P. , 158 Lorenzen, N. , 264 Lo, S.C. , 569 Louie, J.K. , 777 Lowen, A. , 771 LSDV. See Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) Luby, S. , 55–68 Luczkowiak, J. , 562 Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) , 336 Lung Kruppel-like factor (LKLF) , 708–709 Ly, K.N. , 93–119 Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)

DNA plasmid vaccine , 522 OW cellular receptor , 508 phosphorothioate DNA

oligonucleotides , 524 prototype virus , 502 T lymphocyte response , 512

Lymphoid subsets CD4 + T cells , 441 CD8 + T cells , 439–440 NK cells , 442–443

Lymphoid subsets regulatory T cells (Tregs) , 441–442

M Machalek, D.A. , 27 Machupo virus (MACV)

crab-eating macaques , 517–518 immune sera, passive transfer , 523

Index

829

in rhesus monkeys , 516 STAT1 knockout mice , 512 TfR1 , 508

Macrophages and antiretroviral therapy , 734–735 dM , 726 in HIV-1 disease progression , 723–724 HIV-1 infection , 726–730 IL-4 and IL-13 cytokines , 726 in immune system , 724–725 M1 and M2 macrophages , 725–726 and monocytes

CCL2 neutralisation , 437 CD115 + CD11b + populations , 436 circulatory , 436–437 IFN-g-dependent NOS2 , 437–438 indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO)

induction , 438 NO , 437

restriction factors , 735–736 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

brain atrophy, HIV/AIDS , 747–748 CVD , 750 diffusion-weighted , 751–754 ENIGMA-HIV , 754–756 HIV virus , 747 radiofrequency pulses , 746

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class IIa polymorphisms , 334

Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) acute lesions , 332–333 AlHV-1 and OvHV-2 , 330 clinical signs , 331–332 defi nition , 327 diagnosis , 334–335 economic effects , 327–329 epidemiology , 335 etiology and evolution , 327 incubation period , 330–331 morbidity and case-fatality rates , 334 nasal shedding , 330 pathogenesis and immunology , 330 vaccination and control measures , 335

Manning, G. , 802 Maporal virus (MAPV) , 167 Marburg marburgvirus , 793 Marburg virus (MARV) , 544

and EBOV , 806 human hepatocytes , 796 ICTV Filoviridae study group , 792, 793 IFN signaling pathways , 800 MARV NP , 805, 806 mononegaviral family Filoviridae , 791 multiple sequence alignment , 803

and RAVV VP30 , 804 STAT phosphorylation , 796 VP30 , 803 VP40 , 800

Marburg virus disease (MVD) , 544 clinical signs , 794 description , 792 pathology/pathogenesis , 795 thrombocytopenia , 794

Marr, L.C. , 770–771 Martinez-Fierro, M.L. , 562 Martinez, M.J. , 802 MARV. See Marburg virus (MARV) Mathura, V.S. , 1–12 McCloskey, R.M. , 587–603 McCormack, J.G. , 56 McCormick, A.L. , 562 MCF. See Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) McKee, K.T. Jr. , 515 Megavirus chilensis , 149, 152, 153 Menezes, L.J. , 15–34 Mengeling, W.L. , 377 Meningitis. see West Nile virus (WNV) Meyers, T.R. , 247–303 MGC. See Multinucleated giant cells (MGC) MHC. See Major histocompatibility complex

(MHC) class IIa polymorphisms Miller, M. , 345–356 Minagar, A. , 575–582 Minipool nucleic-acid amplifi cation testing

(MP-NAT) , 470 Modrof, J. , 802 Mohapatra, S. , 73–88 Mohd, H.K. , 96 Molecular biology, Zika arbovirus

African and Asian lineages , 490 antibody enhancement, viral infection , 493 fl avivirus exposure, prevalence of , 495 fl avivirus vaccination outcomes , 494 genetic sequences , 489, 490 life-cycle observations , 489 multiple virus infections , 493–494 phylogenetic analyses , 489 RT-PCR , 495 serology , 490–492 viral molecular pathogenesis , 486–489

Moles, hantaviruses Eulipotyphla , 171 NVAV , 171 PUUV , 172 SWSV , 172 talpid reservoirs , 171

Monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) , 728 Monocytes. See macrophages

Index

830

Mononegavirales , 792, 275 Morano, J.P. , 15–34 Moreira, D. , 154, 158 Mosquito. See Aedes mosquitoes Mosquito vectors. See Arboviral disease MP-NAT. See Minipool nucleic-acid

amplifi cation testing (MP-NAT) Muju virus (MUJV) , 166, 172, 177 Multifocal cutaneous ecchymosis , 323 Multinucleated giant cells (MGC) , 733 Mundra, L. , 15–34 Munoz-Erazo, L. , 425–446 Munster, V.J. , 125–141 Murine leukemia virus (MLV) , 561, 562, 566,

568, 569, 654, 658 Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV)

neurotropic fl avivirus , 426 neutrophil infi ltration and NOS2

expression , 439 MVD. See Marburg virus disease (MVD) MVEV. See Murray Valley encephalitis virus

(MVEV) Myeloid subsets

monocytes and macrophages , 436–438 neutrophils , 438–439

Myeloma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5) , 78, 415

Myocardial necrosis , 347

N Nairobi sheep disease (NSD)

in Africa , 271 clinical signs , 272 defi nition , 270 etiology and evolution , 270 GANV , 271, 273–274 geographic distribution and economic

effects , 271 incubation period , 272 infestation , 272–273 morbidity and fatality rates , 272 pathogenesis and immunology , 271–272 prognostic factors , 272 transmission and host range , 271 vaccination, control and eradication , 273 virus isolation and serology , 273

Nairoviruses CCHFV , 213 human infection , 215 Hyalomma marginatum rufi pes , 215, 216 incubation period , 232 NSDV , 213 prehemorrhagic phase , 232

tick-borne viruses , 213 Nationwide Inpatient Sample

(NIS) , 762, 767, 768, 775 Natural killer (NK) cells , 440, 682–683

genetic predisposing factors, DSS , 443 inhibitory and activating receptors , 442 MHC-I expression , 442

Natural reservoirs. See Pteropus genus, fruit bats

Nef. See Negative regulatory factor (Nef) Negative regulatory factor

(Nef) , 614, 658, 659 Neurogenic infl ammatory response , 81 Neuroimaging , 467, 746, 750, 755, 756 Neurological and neuromuscular disorders

(NNMD) , 777 Neurological disorders

brains of animals , 375 MGC , 733 Tat , 733

Neutrophils , 429, 438–439 Newcastle disease virus vectors , 140 New world mammarenaviruses , 502, 504–505 Next-generation sequencing

automated bioinformatic tools , 602 HIV clinical analysis , 602 maximum likelihood/Bayesian

inference , 603 molecular clocks , 603 receptor tropism genotypic assays , 603 Roche 454 platform , 603

Nfon, C.K. , 796, 797 Nguyen, T. , 587–603 Niewold, P. , 425–446 Nipah virus (NiV). See also Antiviral

treatments, Nipah virus; Pathogenesis, Nipah virus; Pteropus genus, fruit bats; Vaccine development, Nipah virus

animal models African green monkey model , 134 cats , 135 ferret model , 134 IFNAR-KO mice , 135 squirrel monkeys and guinea pigs , 135 Syrian hamster model , 133–134

bat-bitten fruit , 66 domestic animal infections , 64 emergence

Bangladesh, 2001–present , 127–128 India , 2001, 2007, 127 Malaysia and Singapore , 1998–1999,

125–126 encephalitis , 58, 59

Index

831

febrile illness , 60 health care workers , 60 human infections , 61 nucleotide sequence , 59 outbreak intervention strategies

in Bangladesh , 135–136 in Malaysia , 135

outbreak investigations , 65 paramyxovirus , 58 person-to-person transmission , 64, 65 Pteropus bats , 66 renal tubular epithelial cells , 59 respiratory secretions , 59, 65 RNA , 65 secretions/excretions , 60 syncytial cells , 59

Nipah virus transmission cycle in Malaysia , 125, 126

NIS. See Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) NK cells. See Natural killer (NK) cells NNMD. See Neurological and neuromuscular

disorders (NNMD) NNRTIs. See Nucleoside reverse transcriptase

inhibitors (NNRTIs) Nonfatal disease/asymptomatic infection , 795 Nonhuman primates

common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) , 514–515

common squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) , 513–514

crab-eating macaques (Macaca fascicularis) , 517–518

rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) , 515–517

tufted capuchins (Cebus apella) , 514 Nova virus (NVAV) , 171, 172, 178, 179 NP. See Nucleocapsid protein (NP) NSD. See Nairobi sheep disease (NSD) Nucleocapsid (NC) protein , 650, 651, 661 Nucleocapsid protein (NP) , 804–805 Nucleocytoplasmic large DNA virus

(NCLDV) , 148–149, 152, 158 Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors

(NNRTIs) , 690 Nucleus, giant viruses

APMV , 157 cytoplasmic ribosomes , 157 cytosol compartmentalization , 158 DNA viruses , 156 eukaryotic nucleus , 156, 157 NCLDV , 158 poxviruses , 157 viral replication , 156

O Oakes, B. , 563 O’Doherty, U. , 712 Ogata, H. , 147–158 Old world mammarenaviruses , 502, 503 Oligoadenylate synthetase , 85 OPC. See Oropharyngeal

cancers (OPC) Oral polio vaccine (OPV) , 590 Orbivirus genus

AHSV ( see African horse sickness virus (AHSV))

BTV ( see Bluetongue virus (BTV)) EHDV ( see Epizootic hemorrhagic disease

virus (EHDV)) Oregon sockeye virus , 250 Oropharyngeal cancers (OPC) , 24–25 Oropouche virus (OROV)

Bradypus tridactylus , 211 Culicoides paraensis , 212 febrile disease , 211–212

Orthobunyaviruses Aedes triseriatus , 204, 211 Culicoides , 204, 212 dengue viruses , 211 febrile syndrome , 212 LACV , 204 metagenomic analysis , 212 neuroinvasive disease , 211, 212 OROV , 211 SBV , 212, 213 serogroup viruses , 231 treehole mosquitos , 204, 211

Osteopontin (Opn) , 79, 80 O’Toole, D. , 319–336

P Palefsky, J.M. , 27, 28 Palese, P. , 771 Pandoravirus dulcis , 149 Pandoraviruses

Acanthamoeba cultures , 152 Megavirus chilensis , 149, 152 P. dulcis , 149 phagocytic vacuolar membrane , 152 phylogenetic analyses , 152 P. salinus , 149 spliceosomal introns , 152 virion morphology , 149

Parashar, U.D. , 59 Pathogenesis, Nipah virus

animal models , 133–135

Index

832

Pathogenesis, Nipah virus (cont.) in humans

clinical disease, patients , 132 magnetic resonance imaging , 131 postmortem autopsies , 132 virus-induced respiratory disease , 131

in pigs , 132–133 Pathology, RSV infection

bronchiolitis , 81–82 cardiac and pulmonary , 82 comorbid conditions , 83 healthy adults , 82 hospitalizations , 82 immune dysregulation , 83 immunosuppressive medications , 82 infants , 82 pneumonia , 81–82 upper respiratory tract , 82

Pediatric Randomized Early vs. Deferred Initiation in Cambodia and Thailand (PREDICT) study , 754

Perelson, A.S. , 601 Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) , 301 Philippe, N. , 149 Phleboviruses

amplifying hosts , 229 arthropod vectors , 224 BHAV , 231 central nervous system , 234 convalescence , 233–234 Culicoides , 224 febrile disease , 229, 233 HRTV , 231, 235 Lutzomyia sandfl ies , 229 Naples and Sicilian viruses , 224, 228 necrotic hepatitis , 234 non-structural protein , 224 Phlebotomus paptasi , 224, 228 post-infectious asthenic syndrome , 234 Psychodidae , 228 RVFV , 230, 278 sandfl y-borne viruses , 228, 229, 233 SFTSV , 231, 235 TOSV , 228–229, 234 UUKV , 230

Phosphorylation EBOV VP30, posttranslational , 802–804 GP 1,2 expression , 801 matrix protein VP40 , 805–807 NP , 804–805 prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms , 792 PTMs , 801–802 STAT , 25 TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK-1)/

IKKε-mediated , 798

tyrosine protein kinase 2 (Tyk2) , 800 Phylogenetically informed methods , 677 Pick, A. , 200 Plaque-reduction neutralization tests

(PRNT) , 168, 186 Plasmacytoid (pDCs) , 79, 80 Plasmodesmata , 239 Pneumonia

bronchointerstitial , 133 focal alveolitis , 56 hospitalizations , 82 immunosuppressive medications , 82 NiV , 59 RSV , 73 vaccine , 88

Polinski, M.P. , 255 Polymorphism

Gag , 689 HLA alleles , 677 HLA-associated viral , 675 indel , 593 NK cell , 684

Polypeptide (p6) , 651 Polypyrimidine tract-binding protein

(PTB) , 714, 715 Poon, A.F.Y. , 587–603 Population genetics, HIV

ancestral process , 600 coalescent , 600 effective population size , 600–601 generation time , 601 mutation rate , 599 serial coalescent , 601–602 Wright–Fisher model , 600

Postinfection sieve effect , 691 Posttranslational modifi cation of proteins (PTMs)

cellular events , 801 EBOV VP40 , 805 kinase-mediated

phosphorylation , 801–802 PREDICT study. See Pediatric Randomized

Early vs. Deferred Initiation in Cambodia and Thailand (PREDICT) study

Prenatal infection , 373, 754, 755 Primate lentiviruses

HIV retrovirus , 587 SIV and HIV gag sequences , 587–588 viral and immunological

mechanisms , 588 Prion disease

CJD , 576 features , 576 HAND ( see HIV-associated neurocognitive

disorders (HAND))

Index

833

Prophylaxis, RSV 2-5AS , 85 cellular models , 84–85 HR peptides , 87 IFN , 85 immunoprophylaxis , 85 microarray analysis , 84 palivizumab , 83 PCR assay , 83 peptidic drugs , 87–88 PKC-α , 85 plasmids , 84 ribavirin , 83 siRNAs , 86 vaccine , 84

Prospect Hill virus (PHV) , 166–168, 179, 184, 216

Prostate cancer , 563, 564, 567 and CFS , 569 and XMRV , 567

Protease (PR) , 654–655 Proteins

dengue virus nonstructural proteins , 410, 412–413 structural proteins , 410, 411

peptidases , 407 viral and cellular proteases , 407

Pteropus date palm sap , 63 henipavirus , 66 infrared camera studies , 63 NiV , 61, 129–130

Pteropus genus, fruit bats fl ying foxes , 129, 130 and Hendra virus, genetic relationship , 129 henipaviruses

geographic spread , 131 zoonotic transmission , 130

infection , 130–131 PTMs. See Posttranslational modifi cation of

proteins (PTMs) Puumala virus (PUUV)

antisera , 168 hantavirus , 232 HFRS , 162 nephropathia epidemica , 232

Q Quiescent CD4 T cells

FOX , 709 HIV replication , 710–714 human , 707

KLFs , 708–709 Tob , 710 transcription factors , 708

R Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV)

clinical signs , 382 defi nition , 378 diagnosis , 383 economic effects , 379 epidemiology , 383–384 etiology and evolution , 379 European rabbit, host , 380 geographic distribution , 379 gross lesions , 382 incubation period , 381–382 infectious orally, nasally and

conjunctively , 380 morbidity and case-fatality rates , 382–383 pathogenesis and immunology , 381 public health/one health

crossover , 384–385 rabbit populations , 380 vaccination , 384

Radoshitzky, S.R. , 501–526 Rama, M. , 613–662 Ramasamy, R. , 45–53 Raoult, D. , 148, 154, 158 Ravn virus (RAVV)

ICTV Filoviridae study group , 792, 793 multiple sequence alignment , 804

RAVV. See Ravn virus (RAVV) Recombinant immunoblot assay

(RIBA) , 100, 118 Regulator of virion (Rev) , 655 Regulatory T cells (Tregs) , 441–442 Relative binding measure (RBM) , 3 Relaxed molecular clocks , 592 Replication cycle, fl avivirus

cell entry , 410, 413 cis -acting RNA elements , 416 encapsidation , 416–417 intracellular membrane rearrangement , 415 NS5 , 415 translation , 414 viral genome circularization , 416 viral (+)ssRNA genome , 414 virus-induced autophagy , 415

Reptarenaviruses , 502, 506 Resident cells, CNS

astrocytes , 433–434 in eye , 435–436

Index

834

Resident cells, CNS (cont.) microglia , 434–435 neurons , 433

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bone marrow stromal cells , 81 bronchiolitis , 74 cell-surface receptors , 77 epithelial cells , 76 glycoproteins , 76–77 human tract disease , 73 immune response , 74 morbidity and mortality , 74–75 nucleocapsid , 76 Paramyxoviridae , 76 peptide inhibitors , 77 plasma membrane , 77 pneumonia , 73 ribavirin , 137 southern hemisphere , 74 vaccination , 74 WHO survey , 75

Reston ebolavirus , 793 Reston virus (RESTV) , 544

clinical signs , 276–277 EBOV-and MARV-infected cells , 796 economic effects , 275 etiology and evolution , 275 geographic distribution , 275 GP 1,2 , 801 in human food chain , 278 incubation period , 276–277 infection , 274 morbidity and fatality rates , 277 nonpathogenic in humans , 793 pathogenesis and immunology , 276 prognostic factors , 277 SHFV , 275–276 vaccination, control and

eradication , 277–278 RESTV. See Reston virus (RESTV) Retinoic acid-inducible gene-I

(RIG-I) , 78–80, 415, 508 Retrovirus , 563, 564, 569, 592, 614, 651 Reverse transcriptase (RT) , 654

cocaine treatment , 716 enzymatic activity , 652 polymorphisms , 690

Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) , 348, 355, 495, 548

CxFV , 480–481 genetic identifi cation , 262 hantavirus RNA , 168–169

MJNV , 186 nucleic acid , 376

Rezai, S.D. , 562 RHDV. See Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus

(RHDV) Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)

clinical signs , 515 disease phenotypes , 516 gross and microscopic lesions , 517 JUNV infection , 515–516 MACV, causative agent , 516 pathology and histological studies , 515

Ribavirin Nipah virus , 137 WNV , 469

Rift Valley fever (RVF) abortion storms , 278, 279, 282 bovine intestine , 281, 282 clinical signs , 282 diagnosis and epidemiology , 283–284 economic effects , 279 etiology and evolution , 278–279 geographic distribution , 279 hepatic liquefaction , 281 incubation period , 282 infection, animal populations , 284 morbidity and mortality rates , 283 prognostic factors , 283 public health , 285 transmission and host range , 280–281 vaccines , 284 wild and domestic ruminants , 281

Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) abortion storms , 278 arthropod vectors , 230 hepatocellular lysis , 285 infected mosquitoes , 230 mosquito-borne phlebovirus , 230 phlebovirus , 230 proinfl ammatory cytokine response , 282 reverse genetics system , 284 ruminant hosts , 280

Rinderpest virus (RPV) , 302 Rio Mamore virus (RIOMV) , 163, 167 Risatti, G. , 319–336, 361–389 Rising sea levels , 49–50, 52 Risk factors, infl uenza

BMI , 778 COPD , 776–777 demographic infl uenza , 779–781 diabetes , 777 HCT , 776 heart disease , 776

Index

835

hospitalizations, NIS , 775 lung diseases , 776 NNMD , 777 obesity and infection , 778 pregnancy , 778–779

Roberts, H. , 93–119 Roberts, T.K. , 580 Robinson, M. , 563, 567 Rodentia, hantaviruses

arvicoline rodents , 166 CHOV , 167 Cricetidae families , 166 enzootic cycle , 167 MAPV , 167 Muridae families , 166 pathogenicity , 167 SNV infection , 168

Rodrigo, A.G. , 602 Rowbotham, T. , 148 RT-PCR. See Reverse transcription polymerase

chain reaction (RT-PCR) Rubins, K.H. , 796, 797 Rucker, R. , 250 RVF. See Rift Valley fever (RVF)

S Sabiá virus (SABV) , 505, 508, 511 Sadek, R.F. , 794 Saint Louis encephalitis (SLE)

virus , 458, 459, 472 Sakharkar, M.K. , 1–12 Saksida, S. , 262 Sakuma, T. , 562, 563 Salinity adaptation , 52 Sangassou virus (SANGV) , 163, 184–185 Sato, E. , 563 Satterfi eld, B.C. , 562 Schlaberg, R. , 562 Schmallenberg virus (SBV)

Culicoides , 212 febrile syndrome , 212 orthobunyavirus , 204, 212 reassortant virus , 213

Schutzer, S.E. , 562 Seewis virus (SWSV) , 169, 171, 172, 179 Segal, D.M. , 761–781 Selvey, L.A. , 58 Seoul virus (SEOV) , 162, 177, 184, 185 Sequence variation, protein. See HIV-1-B Serial coalescent , 601–602 Serology

dengue, rapid ELISA , 490 and epidemiological surveys , 492

IFA and HI tests , 491, 492 IgM antibodies , 490 prevalence rates , 492 researches , 491

Serrano, B. , 34 Severe fever with thrombocytopenia virus

(SFTSV) , 231, 235 Severe splenic congestion , 323 Sfanos, K.S. , 562, 563 Shahid, A. , 667–692 Shapshak, P. , 457–472, 477–496, 561–570,

613–662 Sheepox virus , 336 SHFV. See Simian hemorrhagic fever

virus (SHFV) Shin, C.H. , 562 Short peptide vaccine

class 2 HLA-peptide , 3, 7 class I HLA-peptide , 3–6 HLA-peptide binding , 8–11 structural basis , 3, 8 viral vaccines , 2

Shrews, hantaviruses antisera , 168 enzyme immunoassay , 168 HFRS , 168 JMSV , 171 MJNV , 168 RNA Stabilization Reagent , 169 RT-PCR , 168–169 Soricidae , 169–170 SWSV , 169 TPMV , 168

Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) phosphorylation

IFN-induced nuclear accumulation , 798–799

MARV and EBOV , 796 Siliciano, R.F. , 712 Simian hemorrhagic fever virus

(SHFV) , 793, 385, 386, 388, 275 clinical signs and gross lesions , 387 defi nition , 385 diagnosis and epidemiology , 387 economic effects , 385 etiology and evolution , 385 geographic distribution , 385 history, transmission and

host range , 386 incubation period , 387 morbidity and case-fatality rates , 387 pathogenesis and immunology , 386–387 public health/one health crossover , 388

Index

836

Simian immunodefi ciency virus (SIV) , 443–444, 580, 587–588, 670, 736

Sin Nombre virus (SNV) acute respiratory distress , 216 epizootiology , 168 Peromyscus maniculatus , 162

Sinnott, J.T. , 477–496, 561–570 Sitfast , 336 SIV. See Simian immunodefi ciency

virus (SIV) SLEV. See St Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) Small interfering RNA (siRNA)

epithelial cells , 78 oligonucleotide , 86 RNA interference , 86 RSV , 86

Smithburn, K.C. , 200 Smith, D.B. , 579 Snakehead rhabdovirus (SHRV) , 287 Sneha, P. , 613–662 Somboonwit, C. , 457–472, 477–496, 561–570 Song, J.-W. , 161–187 Sowmya, G. , 1–12 Spacer peptide (SP) , 651 Spring viremia of carp virus

(SVCV) , 302–303 Stargate , 153 STAT. See Signal transducers and activators of

transcription (STAT) phosphorylation

Steinbrink, F. , 579 Stevenson, H.L. , 711 St Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) , 426 Strive, T. , 361–389 Stürzel, C.M. , 563 Sudan ebolavirus , 793 Sudan virus (SUDV) , 793, 544, 552

and EBOV , 793 vaccines , 551

Surveillance Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus , 46 HCV ( see Hepatitis C virus (HCV)) hepatitis C ( see Hepatitis C surveillance) infectious diseases , 763 infl uenza ( see Infl uenza) RVF infection , 284

Sustained virologic response (SVR) boceprevir , 101 pegylated interferon , 101 ribavirin , 101 telaprevir , 101

SVCV. See Spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV)

Swiggard, W.J. , 712

Switzer, W.M. , 562 Syncytium

autopsy fi ndings , 56 giant cell pneumonia , 59 ribavirin , 137 RSV ( see Respiratory syncytial virus

(RSV)) vascular endothelium , 56

Syndromic surveillance methods , 763 Syrian hamster model

antiviral treatments and vaccines, effi cacy , 133

inoculation and inoculum dose , 133 model virus transmission , 134 open reading frames, nonstructural

proteins , 133

T Taï Forest (TAFV) , 544, 548, 551 Taï Forest ebolavirus , 793 Taï Forest virus (TAFV) , 793 Takemura, M. , 147–158 TaqMan genotyping assay , 566 TBE. See Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE)

fl aviviruses TBEV. See Tick-borne encephalitis virus

(TBEV) T-cell epitope. See HLA-peptide binding T-cell receptor (TCR)

CTL populations , 671 HLA complex , 669

TCR. See T-cell receptor (TCR) Teshale, E. , 93–119 Thompson, P.M. , 745–756 Thottapalayam virus (TPMV)

crocidurine , 178 hantaviruses , 168 oligonucleotide primers , 168

Thrombocytopenia , 794 Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE)

fl aviviruses , 483, 486, 487 Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV)

CD4 + T cells , 441 CD8 + T cells , 439 neurotropic fl avivirus , 426 raised TNF levels , 435

TNFR-1 associated death domain (TRADD) , 435

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) cytokines , 716 dendritic cells , 78 host immune system , 78 RSV , 80

Index

837

viral detection system , 78 WNV infection , 428

Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) Frankliniella occidentalis , 235 movement proteins (MPs) , 239 pepper plant infection , 235, 238 thrips , 235 tospoviruses , 235

Toscana virus (TOSV) , 228–229, 234 Tospovirus

bunyaviruses , 235 necrotic ringspots , 235, 238 pepper plant infection , 235, 238 plasmodesmata , 237, 239 rhabdovirions , 235 thrips , 235, 238 TSWV , 235

TOT. See Transovarial transmission (TOT) TRADD. See TNFR-1 associated death

domain (TRADD) Trans-activating protein (Tat) , 733 Trans-activator of transcription (Tat) , 656 Transcription-and replication-competent

virus-like particle systems (trVLPs) , 806

Transducer of ERBB2, 1 (Tob) , 710 Transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) , 508–509 Transmission bottleneck

description , 598 genetic sequence variation , 599 HIV within hosts, evolution of , 599 mucosal surfaces , 598–599

Transmission, Nipah virus. See Nipah virus Transovarial transmission

(TOT) , 480–481 Trojan Horse , 429 trVLPs. See Transcription-and replication-

competent virus-like particle systems (trVLPs)

Tufted capuchins (Cebus apella) , 514 Tuke, P.W. , 563 Tula virus (TULV) , 163, 166, 174,

177, 179

U Uncorrelated relaxed clock , 592 Urbanization, Zika virus , 484 Urisman, A. , 562, 568, 569 Uukuniemi virus (UUKV)

acute febrile disease , 230–231 Ixodes ricinus , 230 phlebovirus , 201 vertebrate hosts , 230

V Vaccine development, Nipah virus

canarypox virus vector (ALVAC) , 139 DNA vaccination with pCAGGS

vector , 140 effi cacy of , 138, 139 glycoprotein F/G , 138 Newcastle disease virus vectors , 140 recombinant measles virus , 140 soluble Nipah virus glycoprotein G

(sG NiV ) , 140 Venezuelan equine encephalitis

virus , 140 VSV , 139–140

Vaccines, arenavirus DNA vaccines , 522 inactivated and virion-like particle

vaccines , 521–522 live attenuated/nonpathogenic

viruses , 519–520 recombinant vaccine virus vectors

GPC vaccines , 521 guinea pigs, lethal LASV

infection , 520 JUNV infection , 520 rVEE-based vaccine , 521 VSV , 521

Valmas, C. , 800 Van Campen, H. , 361–389 Van Kerkhove, M.D. , 777 Van Kuppeveld, F.J. , 562 van Vreden, C. , 425–446 Vatakis, D.N. , 707–717 Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus

(VEEV) , 140, 388–389 Verhaegh, G.W. , 562 Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus

(VSV) , 139–140 Vif. See Virion infectivity factor (Vif) Viral enzymes , 464, 652 Viral hemorrhagic fever (VHFs)

AI , 300 BEF , 301 PPRV , 301–302 RPV , 302 SVCV , 302–303

Viral hemorrhagic fevers AHSV ( see African horse sickness virus

(AHSV)) ASFV ( see African swine fever virus

(ASFV)) BTV ( see Bluetongue virus (BTV)) BVD ( see Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD)

virus)

Index

838

Viral hemorrhagic fevers (cont.) CSFV ( see Classical swine fever virus

(CSFV)) EBHS ( see European brown hare

syndrome (EBHS)) EHDV ( see Epizootic hemorrhagic disease

virus (EHDV)) FCV , 388 goatpox virus , 336 LSDV , 336 MCF ( see Malignant catarrhal

fever (MCF)) RHDV ( see Rabbit hemorrhagic disease

virus (RHDV)) sheeppox virus , 336 SHFV ( see Simian hemorrhagic fever virus

(SHFV)) VEEV , 388–389

Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) antibodies , 294 BEFV , 301 captive Pacifi c cod , 296–297 clinical signs , 294–295 defi nition , 285 diagnosis , 297 disease and mortality , 295 DNA probes , 287 and EPC , 286 epizootiology , 298 eradication , 299 European freshwater and marine

strains , 288 geographic distribution and economic

effects , 288–290 human/animal health , 300 immunohistochemical staining , 291, 292 incubation period , 295 infection procedures , 294 infectious kidney swelling , 286 juvenile Pacifi c herring,

histopathology , 291, 293 marine strains , 291 PPRV , 301–302 quantitative RT-PCR , 297 replication , 291 RPV , 302 and SHRV , 287 SVCV , 302–303 transmission , 290 vaccination , 298

Viral molecular pathogenesis LGTVs , 487, 489 NS5 gene , 487

ORFs , 486–487 phylogenetic tree of , 487, 488 Spondweni virus group , 487 TBE fl aviviruses , 487

Viral protein r (Vpr) , 657 Viral proteins

GPC , 508 L protein , 507–508 NP , 507 phosphorylation ( See Phosphorylation) Z protein , 508

Viral protein u (Vpu) , 657–658 Viral replications

bunyavirions , 204 CCHFV , 203 fi lovirus nucleocapsid , 797 gill epithelium , 260 glycoproteins , 202, 203 immunoprophylaxis , 85 interferon-gamma , 464 intraepithelial lesions , 17 Megavirus chilensis , 152 nonstructural protein , 203 nucleocapsid protein , 202 orthobunyaviruses , 202 ribavirin , 524 RNA polymerase , 202, 203 virion endocytosis , 204

Virion factory , 152 Virion infectivity factor (Vif) , 657 Virion-like particles (VLPs)

antibody responses , 521–522 iVLPs , 806 trVLPs , 806 VP30-AA , 802

Virological synapses (VS) , 730 VLPs. See Virion-like particles (VLPs) VP24 minor matrix protein

IFN signaling pathways , 799, 800 iVLPs , 806 PTMs, role of , 805 Tyr residues to Phe, site-directed

mutagenesis , 805–806 viral transcription/replication to virion

assembly , 798 VP35, nucleocapsid complex , 798, 799 VP40, peripheral membrane protein , 800 Vpr. See Viral protein r (Vpr) Vpu. See Viral protein u (Vpu) VS. See Virological synapses (VS) VSV. See Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus

(VSV) vu Dinh, L. , 425–446

Index

839

W Wada, J. , 199–240 Wahl-Jensen, V. , 796 Walker, D.H. , 513 Watson, S. , 250 Waugh, E.M. , 562 West Nile fever (WNF) , 465 West Nile neuroinvasive disease (WNND)

acute fl accid paralysis , 465–466 elderly and immunocompromised

population , 465 meningitis and encephalitis , 465

West Nile virus (WNV) arboviruses , 458 astrocytes , 433–434 astrocytes infection , 429 asymptomatic human infection , 431 Bagaza virus , 487 banked blood, screening of , 470 and bioterrorism , 471 birds

hosts amplifi cation and asymptomatic , 463

migration , 459 mode of infection transmission , 471 and mosquitoes, enzootic

cycle , 461, 462 WNV, origin , 460

blood-screening , 462 breeding sites and barrier methods , 470 CDC report, disease cases and

deaths , 462, 463 climate change , 460 clinical criteria , 466 dead-end hosts , 461 DYCAST system , 470 epidemiology , 460, 461 Flaviviridae family, classifi cation , 458 global warming , 471–472 indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO)

induction , 438 invasive neurological infections , 486 laboratory criteria , 466–468 lineage II, encephalitis , 426 lineages of , 458 microarray analysis , 435–436 mild self-limited febrile illness , 459 mosquito repellants , 470 multiple MMP , 436 neurotropic fl avivirus , 426 NOS2 mRNA , 435 origin and migration of , 459, 460 pathogenesis , 463–464 prognosis of , 469 pro-infl ammatory cytokines , 433

public and health care providers , 458 public health education programs , 470 regulatory T cells (Tregs) , 441–442 SW/WN03 genotype , 459 toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) , 428 transmission , 462 transovarial transmission,

mosquitoes , 462 treatment

interferon alpha , 468 intravenous immunoglobulins , 469 ribavirin , 469

tropics/reduced virulence , 460 vaccines , 470–471 viral serological survey studies , 478 WNF , 465 WN02 genotype , 458–459 WNND , 465–466

White, D. , 319–336, 345–356, 361–389, 247–303

Whitehouse, C.A. , 199–240 White, W.R. , 247–303 Wiersma, S.T. , 96 Wills, T. , 477–496 WNF. See West Nile fever (WNF) WNND. See West Nile neuroinvasive disease

(WNND) WNV. See West Nile virus (WNV) Woese, C. , 156

X Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related

virus (XMRV) antiretroviral inhibitors , 564 cerebrospinal fl uid , 570 CFS , 562, 568 detection , 562 ELISA , 565 FFPE , 567 FISH , 566 HPC-1 , 564 integration site sequences , 567 laboratory contamination , 562, 563 MLV , 566 molecular biology , 564–565 murine leukemia viruses , 569 PCR , 568 plasmids , 569 prevalence , 561 and prostate cancers , 567 RT-PCR kits , 568 TaqMan genotyping assay , 566

XMRV. See Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV)

Index

840

Y Yanagihara, R. , 161–187 Yang, J. , 563 Yang, P.L. , 403–417 Yang, W. , 770–771 Yellow fever virus (YFV)

Aedes aegypti mosquito lines , 481 complement-fi xing antibodies , 494 immune response , 389 nonhuman primates , 389 occupational infection, Zika virus , 479 tick eggs and adults , 480 TOT , 481

YFV. See Yellow fever virus (YFV)

Z Zack, J.A. , 710, 711, 713 Zaire ebolavirus , 793 Zampieri, C.A. , 801 Zika arbovirus. See also Molecular biology,

Zika arbovirus Aedes mosquitoes , 479–481 astrocytes and virions , 486 cell culture susceptibility profi le , 483

chronology and geography , 479, 480 differential diagnosis , 486 ecology , 483 EEEV , 482 global warming , 484 invasive neurological infections , 486 isolation , 478 monkeys , 482 mosquito-borne fl avivirus , 478 occupational infection , 479 public health offi cials and

clinicians , 479 social change and urbanization , 484–485 in Southeast Asia , 479 strains , 478 symptoms , 485–486 types , 478 vector-borne fl aviviruses , 483 viral serological survey studies , 478 WNV, SLE and JEV , 482

Zoonoses, HIV HIV-1 infection , 589–590 HIV-2 infection , 590 oral polio vaccine (OPV) hypothesis , 590 SIV from nonhuman primates , 589

Index