Index

Abri de Redeyef site. Algeria, 201. 209, 210, 211-212,216

Abri des Hyenes of Djebel Roknia site, Alge-ria, 212-214

Abri du Djebel Fartas site, Algeria, 212-214 Abu Ballas site, Egypt. 254 Abydos subtradition. of Upper Egyptian

Predynastic tradition, 292-297 Acacia, 78.80.87,91. 111,118,121,236,248,

290.298.309 Acacus Mountains

Libya, Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic sites, 248-249

North African Protohistoric rock art of, 226 AI'/zatilla, 55 Acheulean tradition, 1-22

diagnostic material attributes, I economy, 2--4 environment. 1-2 important sites, I

Ambrona, 20-21 Arago,4, II Atapuerca (Gran Dolina; Trinchera Dol-

ina; Atapuerca TD6), 12 Bilzingsleben (Steinrinne), 4, 12-13 Boxgrove,4, 13-14 Gadeb,14 Isimila. IS Kalambo Falls, 15-16 Kapthurin Formation, 16-17 Olduvai Gorge, 17-18 Olorgesailie, 18-19 Terra Amata, 4, 19-20 Torralba, 4. 20-21 Vertesszollos, 4, 21-22

location. I

Acheulean tradition (milt.)

regional subtraditions, I African Acheulean, 5-8 European Acheulean, I. 8-11

relative time period. I religion and expressive culture. 4-5 settlements, 2 sociopolitical organization. 4

Adamawa-Ubangi language-speakers. 52, 62, 67

Adrar Bous site. Niger, 29. 30. 35-36. 225. 226.247,249,255-256

Aetlleria elliptim, 112, I 15 Aethiopoid populations. 221, 227 Afalou-bou-Rhummel site. Algeria. 138, 140-

141 Afalou site. Algeria, 130 Afian subtradition, of Late Paleolithic Egypt

tradition, 119-120 African Acheulean subtradition, 5-8 Afterlife, belief in

of Central African Neolithic people, 50 of Early Dynastic Egyptians, 84 of East African Neolithic people, 100, 102 of Khartoum Neolithic people, 113 of Late Paleolithic Egyptians, 132 of Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene

Maghreb people. 132. 135-136, 138 of Lower Egypt Predynastic people. 153.

ISS of Middle Paleolithic people, 165 of Southern and Eastern Africa Later Stone

Age people, 273 of Upper Egyptian Predynastic people, 292,

300 of West African Neolithic people, 326

Afunfun site, Niger, 313 Agadez site. Niger, 316 Agate beads, Early Dynastic Egypt. 81 Agricultural implements

Central African Iron Age, 62 Early Dynastic Egypt, 81 Early Khartoum, 90, 92 Wilton, 348

Agriculture. see also Cattle, domestication of; Goats, domestication of; Sheep. do­mestication of; Millet. cultivation of; Wheat, cultivation of

Central African Neolithic, 47--48, 54-55. 56 Early Dynastic Egypt, 79-80, 81 Lower Egypt Predynastic, 151, 154. 156 North African Protohis.toric, 222 slash-and-burn

Central African Iron Age, 61, 65-66, 71 Central African Neolithic, 47--48, 49

South Central African Early Iron Age, 262, 263

Upper Egyptian Predynastic, 290, 302 rituals associated with, 295, 303

West Africa Regional Development, 342 Aln Amur site, Egypt, 41 Aln Misteheyia site, Algeria. 141-142, 143, 145 Aln Naga site, Algeria, 216 Air Mountains. 87. 91

Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic sites, 249-250 Akreijit phase, 236 Akreijit site, Mauritania. 257, 332, 335 al-Bakri, 341 Alcelaphines, as food resource, of Wilton peo­

pie, 349 Aleelap/lUs btlselaphlls: see Hartebeest AlcllOmea, 279

355

356 Index

Alcoholic beverages, see al,l'o Beer; Wine of Central African Neolithic people, 49, 50

Algeria Aterian sites, 29-30, 31-34, 36-37, 4~5 Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene Maghreb

sites, 137-144 Neolithic of Capsian sites, 211-219 Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic sites, 248-249, 256 Southern Mediterranean Neolithic sites,

276-277 Amanzi Springs, South Africa, 7 Amatlich Culture, 235 Amatlich (Khatt Lemaiteg) site, Mauritania,

236-237,251 Amazonite, as trade item, of Khartoum Neo­

lithic people, 88, 112-113 Amazonite beads, Khartoum Neolithic, 112, 115 Amazonite ornaments

Early Khartoum, 92 Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic, 249-250

Ambrona site, Spain, 3, 4, 10,20-21 Amenophis (pharaoh of Egypt), 232 Amethyst beads, Early Dynastic Egypt, 81 Ammo/ragu,I' lervia: see Sheep, Barbary Amphibolite, 60 AlIlplillaria, 112, 115 Amud site, 167 Amun, 232 Alladara sellilis, 71-72 Alldropogoll. 261 Anemia

in Upper Egyptian Predynastic people, 290 in West Africa Regional Development peo­

pie, 342 Angola, Tshitolian tradition sites, 282-283,

285-286 Angondje site. Gabon, 71 Aniba site, North Africa, 224 Animals, ,~ee also Names of specific animals,

e,g, Cattle artistic depiction of. 63, 72-73

East African Neolithic, 100 Upper Egyptian Predynastic, 289

burials of, Lower Egypt Predynastic, 153 as deities, in Early Dynastic Egypt, 83 ritual sacrifice of, by North African

Protohistoric people, 229 Antelope, as food resource

of Aterian people, 24, 33, 39, 40 of Central African Neolithic people, 49, 55 of Early Dynastic Egyptians, 78 of Early Khartoum people, 88, 90, 93-94 of Khartoum Neolithic people. 112 of Lower Egypt Predynastic people, 151 of Middle Paleolithic Egypt people, 180, 187 of Nachikufan people, 191 of Neolithic of Capsian people, 199, 203 of Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic people, 249 of Upper Egyptian Predynsatic people, 290 of West African Late Stone Age people, 321 of West African Neolithic people. 327, 328 of Wilton people, 347, 349, 350, 351

AlltilepllOra. 261 Anthrax, in South Central African Early Iron

Age people, 261 AlltilmcarYo/l klaillealllllll, 71 Antler artifacts, Acheulean. 10-11, 13 Arago site, France. 10, II Areika site, North Africa, 224 Armant site. Egypt. 303. 304-306 Artelll;'I'ia. 130 Arthritis, among Upper Egyptian Predynastic

popu lations, 290 Arts

Acheulean, 4-5 Central African Neolithic. 50 C-Group Culture, 225 Early Dynastic Egypt, 84 Early Khartoum. 88-89,92 East African Neolithic. 100 Khartoum Neolithic, 113 Late Paleolithic Egypt, 132 Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene Maghreb.

132. 138, 140 Lower Egypt Predynastic, 153 Middle Paleolithic, 165 Middle Paleolithic Egypt. 180 Nachikufan. 193 Neolithic of Caps ian, 201. 202, 204, 212 North Africa Protohistoric, 223 Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic, 247 Southern and Eastern Africa Later Stone

Age, 273 Upper Egyptian Predynastic, 289 West African Iron Age. 317 West African Neolithic, 326 West African Regional Development, 344-

345 Alpatilaria rubells. 112, 115 Ass, wild

as Aterian tradition fauna, 39 as food resource, of Middle Paleolithic

Egypt people, 180, 184, 185 Astrology, of Eastern Cushitic-speaking peo-

pie, 100 Atapuerca Caves site, Spain, 9, 12 Atelier Commont site, 3 Aterian tradition, 23-45

absolute and relative time periods of, 23 biota, 24 community organization, 24 cultural summary, 24-26 diagnostic material attributes, 23 division of labor, 25 economy, 24-25 environment, 24 geology, 24 housing, 24 important sites, 23

Adrar Bous, 35-36 Bir el AteI' (Oued Djebbana, Djebel Onk),

36-37 Dakhleh Oasis, 37-38 Dar es Soltan, 39-40

Aterian tradition «('O/u,)

important sites «(,011/,)

EI Guettar, 40-41 Kharga Oasis, 41-42 Mugharet el Aliya (High Cave, Tangier,

Caves of Hercules), 42-43 seggedim, 43-44 Zaouia el Kebira, ~5

industrial arts, 25 lithic technology, 178, 180-181 location, 23 population, health, and disease, 24 regional subtraditions, 23

of Central Sahara, 29-31 of Coastal Maghreb, 31-32 of Eastern Sahara, 26-28 of Inland Maghreb, 32-34 of Western Sahara, 34-35

religion and expressive culture, 25-26 settlements, 24 sociopolitical organization, 25 topography, 24 trade, 25

Atilellllrus africallll,I': see Porcupine Athi-Kapiti site, Kenya, 107 Athothis (Djer), king of Early Dynastic Egypt, 79 Atiya, 232 Atlasic Mountains, Neolithic of Capsian sites

in,202-205,208-211 Aures, Algeria, Neolithic of Caps ian sites,

202-205 Auroch, as food resource

of Acheulean hominids, 9, II, 20 of Late Paleolithic Egyptians, 124 of Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene

Maghreb people. 130, 131, 135, 144 Australopithecine species, 239 Azaouad, Mali. Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic

sites, 253-254 Azelik site, Niger, 314

Baboon. as food resource of Acheulean hominids, 2, 19 of West African Late Stone Age people, 321 of West African Neolithic people, 327

Badarian culture/period, of Upper Egyptian Predynastic tradition, 247, 255, 287, 294-295, 307-309

Bale culture, 227 BaLimbe /I site, Central African Republic, 52 Ballana site, Egypt. 127-128 Bambara ground bean, cultivation of, by South

Central African Early Iron Age peo­ple, 263, 270

Bantu-language speakers, 48, 56, 62. 66, 67, 70, 73

Barley cultivation of

by Early Dynastic Egyptians. 80 by Lower Egypt Predynastic people, 151 by Upper Egyptian Predynastic people,

298,302

Barley (cO/u.)

as trade item, of Upper Egyptian Pre dynastic people, 291

Barter by Early Dynastic Egyptians, 81 by Early Khartoum people, 87,91

Basaltic stone pillars, East African Neolithic, 99.100

Basketry Early Khartoum. 88, 90 Khartoum Neolithic, 112 in Zaire, 282

Batalimo site, Central African Republic, 64 Batwa cult, 268 Beads

Central African Neolithic, 49. 55 Early Dynastic Egypt, 81 Early Khartoum, 86, 88, 91, 92, 93 East African Neolithic, 104. 106 Khartoum Neolithic, 110, 112, 113, 115

Beans, cultivation of. by Central African Neo­lithic people. 55

Bear. as food resource. of Acheulean hominids, II. 13

Beaver, as food resource, of Acheulean homi-nids. 13

Becov site, Hungary, 4, 9 Beer, of Early Dynastic Egyptians. 80 Beer Sheva culture. 154 Begho site, Ghana. 341, 343, 344 Belezma. Algeria. Neolithic of Capsian sites,

202-205 Bell beaker cultures, 230 Benin City, Nigeria, 341, 342. 343. 344 Berbers, 226, 257. 344 Berekhat Ram site. Israel, 4. 168 Bilzingsleben (Steinrinne) site, Germany, 2, 9.

10-11, 12-13 Bioko, Equatorial Guinea. 60. 70, 73 Biota

Acheulean, 2 Aterian. 24 Central African Age. 60-61 Central African Neolithic, 47 Early Dynastic Egypt, 78-79 Early Khartoum. 87 East African Neolithic, 98 Khartoum Neolithic, III Late Paleolithic Egypt. I 17, 130 Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene Maghreb,

134,137.141. 143, 144, 145, 146, 148 Lower Egypt Predynastic. 151 Middle Paleolithic, 163 Middle Paleolithic Egypt, 179 Nachikufan, 191 Neolithic of Caps ian, 198, 206. 209, 211,

212-214 North Africa Protohistoric, 221. 224 Oldowan. 239 Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic, 245, 254 Southern and Eastern Africa Later Stone

Age, 272

Biota (COlli.)

Southern and Eastern Africa Middle Stone Age, 274

Tshitolian, 279 West African Iron Age, 314 West African Late Stone Age, 320 West African Neolithic. 324 West African Regional Development. 340 Wilton. 349. 350-351. 352

Birch forests. Pleistocene. 163 Birds, as food resource

of Acheulean hominids, II, 13. 20 of Aterian people, 32 of Central African Neolithic people, 49, 55 of Early Khartoum people, 93 of Late Paleolithic Egyptians. 121 of Middle Paleolithic Egypt people. 187 of Neolithic of Capsian people. 199 of West African Neolithic people, 327 of Wilton people, 351. 352

Bir el AteI' (Oued Djebbana. Djebel Onk) site. Algeria, :n, 36-37

Bir Kiseiba site. Eastern Sahara, 91 Bir Tarfawi site. Egypt, 182. 187-188. 189 Bison

European. 163 as food resource. of Acheulean hominids. 9,

22 Blesbok, as food resource. of Wilton people.

349.350,351 Blue buck. as food resource. of Wilton people.

351 Boar. as food resource

of Acheulean hominids, 20 of Aterian people. 31. 32. 39 of Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene

Maghreb people, 130, 131 Bodo site. Ethiopian Rift Valley, 6 Body paint

use by Late Paleolithic Egyptians. 118 use by Lower Egypt Predynastic people. 152 use by Nachikufan people, 193

Bone, use as percussor. 40 Bone technology

Acheulean. 10-11, 13,21 Aterian, 25, 43 Central African Neolithic, 55 Early Dynastic Egypt. 80 Early Khartoum, 86, 88, 90, 91-92, 93 East African Neolithic, 106 Kerma Culture. 228 Khartoum Neolithic. 110. 112 Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene Maghreb.

129.131,133,138 Lower Egypt Predynastic, 151, 152 Middle Paleolithic, 162, 164-165 Nachikufan, 190. 194 Neolithic of Capsian. 197.207 Upper Egyptian Predynastic, 297. 301 West African Neolithic, 328, 330 Wilton, 348. 351

Bono Manso site, West Africa, 341

Index 357

Bontebok, as food resource, of Wilton people, 350

Boomplas Cave site, South Africa, 348-349 Boop/wlle, 349,350 Bora.l'.I'u.I', 16 Bordesian system, of artifact analysis, 44 Bouar region, Central African Neolithic sites,

51,54 Bou Zabaouine I and II sites: .\·ee Grottes de

Bou Zabaouine I and II Bovids (wild), see a/so Auroch; Buffalo; Cattle

(wild) as food resource

of Acheulean hominids, 8, 18, 19 of Aterian people, 31. 39,40 of Early Khartoum people, 88. 90 of Wilton people, 349, 351

Bow and arrows Nachikufan, 191. 192 Southern and Eastern Africa Later Stone

Age, 272. 273 Wilton, 347, 348, 351

Boxgrovesite. England. 10. 13-14 Boyasi Hill site. Ghana. 327, 335-336 Braciliaria, 248 Bral'hystegia, 261 Brachystegia-i.l'Ober/illia, 191, 279 Brass metallurgy. West Africa Regional Devel-

opment. 342. 343. 344 Bread, of Early Dynastic Egyptians. 80 Broken Hill Site, Zambia, 7 Bromhead's site. Kenya, 103 Bronze metallurgy

Kerma Culture. 228 West Africa Regional Development, 342,

343,344,345 Buda Industry. 21-22 Buffalo

African, as Central African Neolithic food resource, 55

dwarf forest, as food resource. of West Afri­can Late Stone Age people. 321

as food resource of Aterian people. 337 of Central African Neolithic people, 49 of Middle Paleolithic Egypt people, 180, 187 of Nachikufan people, 191

Bull. worshiped as deity, 83 Burial sites, .~ee a/so Cemeteries; Cremation

burials: Human remains; Mortuary practices; Ossuaries

Central African Iron Age. 63, 68. 72, 73 Central African Neolithic. 50. 54, 56 East African Neolithic. 98-99,100, 102.

104. 105. 107. 108 Kerma culture. 223 Khartoum Neolithic. III. 113 Late Paleolithic Egypt, 120 Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene Maghreb,

129,131,132 Lower Egypt Predynastic, 152, 153, 155,

157-158, 159

358 Index

Burial sites «(,OIU.)

Middle Paleolithic, 165, 167, 173 Neolithic of Caps ian, 201, 213, 215 North African Protohistoric, 224, 225 Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic, 247, 25 I South Central African Early Iron Age, 266 Southern and Eastern Africa Later Stone

Age, 273 Upper Egyptian Predynastic, 287-288, 291,

295,297,299,300,301-302 West African Iron Age, 317-318 West African Neolithic, 329 West Africa Regional Development, 343-

344 Wilton, 348, 350

Burkino Faso Iron Age sites, 314 Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic sites, 253-254

Burundi, iron technology development in, 72 Bushbuck, as food resource

of Central African Neolithic people, 55 of Wilton people, 347

Bushpig, as food resource, of Wilton people, 352

Butchery sites Acheulean, 2, 7, 8, 10, 20 Late Paleolithic Egypt. 117, 124 Middle Paleolithic Egypt, 179 Oldowan, 243

Buto-Maadi culture, 157, 159 Buto (Tell el-Farain) site, Egypt, 79, 83, 152,

157 Byblos, Early Dynastic Egyptian trading post.

81

Calabash, cultivation of, by Central African Neolithic people, 55

Camel domestication of, by North African

Protohistoric people, 226 as food resource, of Aterian people, 24,40

Cameroon Central African Iron Age sites, 59, 71 Central African Neolithic sites, 47, 49, 53-

54,55,56 iron production in, 72 West African Neolithic sites, 325

CanariulIl s('itwei/!iitrfitii: see Incense treee Cancer, among Upper Egyptian Predynastic

popUlations, 290 Cmlis aI/reus: .I·ee Jackal Cannibalism, among Middle Paleolithic people,

165 Caps ian subtradition, of Late Pleistocene­

Early Holocene Maghreb tradition, 133-137

Carnelian beads, Khartoum Neolithic, 112 Carthage, 72 Catfish-spine combs, Early Khartoum, 88, 90 Cats, wild

depiction in art. by Upper Egyptian Predynastic people, 289

Cats, wild «('olll.)

as food resource of Late Paleolithic Egyptians, 124 of Middle Paleolithic Egyptians, 180

Cattle burials of. by Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic

people, 255 diseases of, 98 domestication of

by Early Dynastic Egyptians, 80 by Early Khartoum people, 88, 91 by East African Neolithic people, 99, 107 by Khartoum Neolithic people, III, 1/2 by Lower Egypt Predynastic people, 151,

154 by Neolithic of Caps ian people, 199, 207 by North African Protohistoric people,

222,224,228,237-238 in Punt, 232 by Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic people,

247, 248, 258 by Upper Egyptian Predynastic people,

290,298,302 by West African Iron Age people, 316 by West African Neolithic people, 328,

330, 328 evolution of, 98

Cattle (wild) European, 163 as food resource

of Aterian people, 33 of Early Khartoum people, 88 of Late Paleolithic Egyptians, 117, 1/9,

121,123,124 of Middle Paleolithic Egyptians, 180, 184,

185, 186 of Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic people, 249

ritual importance of. in Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic culture, 247, 250, 251,254, 255,259

Cauma site, Angola, 282-283 Cave James site, South Africa, 346 Cave of Hearths site, South Africa, 3,4, 7 Cave sites

Central African Neolithic, SO, 54, 56 Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene Maghreb,

130 Middle Paleolithic, 172 Nachikufan, 191 Neolithic of Capsian, 197, 198-199, 202-

203,205,206 Oldowan, 243-244 Wilton, 348-349, 350-352

Cellis illll!l"grifiJ/ia, 88, 90, 93, 114 Cemeteries

Lower Egypt Predynastic, 153, 155, 159, 160

Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic, 251 Upper Egyptian Predynastic, 289, 291, 295-

296,299,303,304-307,310-311 Wilton, 348

Cellchrlls bi//ol"lls, 248

Central African Iron Age tradition, 59-76 absolute and relative time periods, 59 arts, 63 biota, 60-61 climate, 60 community organization, 61 cultural summary, 60-{)3 diagnostic material attributes, 59 economy, 61-{)2 environment, 60 geology, 60 housing, 61 important sites, 59-{)0 industrial arts, 62 location, 59 ornaments, 62 populations, 61 regional subtraditions, 59

Congo Basin Iron Age, 64-70 West-Central African Iron Age, 70-76

religion and expressive culture, 63 settlements, 61 sociopolitical organization, 62-63 subsistence strategies, 61-62 topography, 60 trade, 62 utensi Is, 62

Central African Neolithic tradition, 46-58 absolute and relative time periods, 46 biota, 47 community organization, 48 diagnostic material attributes, 46 environment. 46-47 expressive culture, 50 geology, 47 health and disease, 48 housing, 48 important sites, 46 as Incipient Neolithic, 48, 55-56 industrial art. 49 location, 46 ornaments, 49 population, 48 regional subtraditions, 46

North-Central African, 51-53 West-Central African, 53-57

religion, 50 settlements, 47-48 sociopolitical organization, 50 subsistence strategies, 48-49 topography, 47 trade, 49-50 utensi Is, 49

Central African Republic Central African Iron Age sites, 51-53, 60, 64 North-Central African Neolithic sites, 51-53

Cep/w/op/Ills 1I1ol1tintia: see Duiker Cereal crops, see a/so Barley; Millet; Wheat;

Rice of Early Dynastic Egypt, 79-80

Ceremonial complex, Upper Egyptian Predynastic, 309-310

Ceremonies Central African Neolithic, 50, 52 Early Dynastic Egypt, 83, 83 Upper Egyptian Predynastic, 292

Ceremony of the Opening of the Mouth, 292 C-Group Culture subtradition, of North African

Protohistoric tradition, 223-225, 226, 234

Chacolithic substradition: see Lower Egyptian Chalcolithic subtradition

Chad Aterian tradition sites, 29-30 Iron Age sites, 314

Chad Basin Daima I sites, 329-331 Gajiganna Neolithic sites, 333-335

Chalcedony ornaments, East African Neolithic, 106

Chalcolithic sites, Egypt, 150-151, 152, 157 Chami Culture, 235 Chamomile, 118-119, 121 Chaperon Route I and II sites, Maghreb, 31 Chariots, rock art depiction of. 343 Chariot warfare, North African Protohistoric,

224-225,226 Chiefdoms

Lower Egypt Predynastic, 155 in Punt, 232 Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic, 251, 257 Upper Egyptian Predynastic, 291 West African Neolithic, 325, 332

Chifubwa Stream Shelter site, 193, 195 Chimpanzee, as food resource

of Central African Neolithic people, 49, 55 of West African Late Stone Age people, 321

Chimpanzee bones, as human burial site inclu-sion, 50

Chivalry, 224-225, 226 Chokoto site, Ghana, 327 Chotts, as Neolithic of Capsian tradition loca­

tion, 208-211 Citmllus (,OIO('Ylltizsi, 248 Clay objects

Early Khartoum, 90, 91-92, 93 Khartoum Neolithic, 112 Lower Egypt Predynastic, 156

Climate Acheulean, 1-2,5,9, 12, 13 Central African Iron Age, 60, 64-65 Central African Neolithic, 46-47 Early Dynastic Egypt, 78 Early Khartoum, 86-87, 93-94 East African Neolithic, 98 Khartoum Neolithic, 110-111 Late Paleolithic Egypt, 118-119, 120, 129-

130 Lower Egypt Predynastic, 150 Middle Paleolithic, 162-163 Neolithic of Capsian, 198 North African Protohistoric, 220, 233 0ldowan, 239 Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic, 245

Climate «('0111.)

Southern and Eastern Africa Later Stone Age, 272

Southern and Eastern Africa Middle Stone Age, 274

Southern Mediterranean Neolithic, 276 Tshitolian, 279 Upper Egyptian Predynastic, 288, 293, 297,

302 West African Iron Age, 314 West African Late Stone Age, 320 West African Neolithic, 324 West African Regional Development, 340 Wilton, 347, 352

Clothing leather

C-Group Culture, 225 Wilton, 348, 350

Wilton, 348, 350 Cobra, as deity, 83 Coffins

Early Dynastic Egypt, 79, 80 Neolithic of Capsian, 215 Upper Egyptian Predynastic, 311

Columnata site, Algeria, 130, 131, 142-143 Combe-Capelle Bas site, France, 170 Combe Grenal site, France, 174-175 Combined Prehistoric Expedition, 41 Combs

catfish-spine, Early Khartoum, 88, 90 Lower Egypt Predynastic, 153 Upper Egyptian Predynastic, 293, 30 I

as grave goods, 301-302 Community organization

Central African Iron Age, 61 Central African Neolithic, 48 Early Dynastic Egypt, 79 Early Khartoum, 87 East African Neolithic, 99 Late Paleolithic Egypt, 117, 131 Lower Egypt Predynastic, 151 Middle Paleolithic Egypt. 179 Nachikufan, 191 Neolithic of Capsian, 198-199 North Africa Protohistoric, 221 Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic, 246 Southern and Eastern Africa Later Stone

Age, 273 Tshitolian, 279 Upper Egyptian Predynastic, 289 West African Iron Age, 315 West African Neolithic, 324 West African Regional Development. 340-

341 Conflict

among Acheulean hominids, 4, 7 among Aterian people, 25 among Central African Neolithic people, 50 among Early Dynastic Egypt people, 83 among East African Neolithic people, 100 among Egypt Predynastic people, 152-153 among Khartoum Neolithic people, 113

Index 359

Conflict «('0111.)

among Late Paleoltihic Egyptians, I 17, 120 among Lower Egypt Predynastic people, 155 among Neanderthals, 176 among Neolithic of Capsian people, 201 among Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic people,

247 among West African Neolithic people, 325-

326 among West African Regional Development

people, 344 Congenital anomalies, among Upper Egyptian

Predynastic populations, 290 Congo Basin Iron Age subtradition, of Central

African Iron Age tradition, 64-70 cultural summary, 64-68 diagnostic material attributes, 64 economy, 65-67 environment, 64-65 location, 64 religion and expressive culture, 68 settlements, 65 sociopolitical organization, 67-68 subsistence strategies, 65-66 time period, 64

Constantinois High Plains (Algeria), as Neo­lithic of Capsian tradition location,

205-208 Copper, as trade item, in Early Dynastic Egypt,

81 Copper metallurgy

Central African Iron Age, 60, 62 Early Dynastic Egypt, 80, 81 Lower Egypt Predynastic, 152, 157 North African Protohistoric, 226 South Central African Early Iron Age, 263,

270-271 Upper Egyptian Predynastic, 287-288, 290,

293 West African Iron Age, 313-314, 316-317 West Africa Regional Development, 343,

345 Copper mining

by Early Dynastic Egyptians, 82 in Sinai, 83 by South Central African Early Iron Age

people, 268, 269 Coprolites, human, from Acheulean tradition

sites, 19 Cornelian beads, Early Dynastic Egypt, 81 Cosmetic grinding utensils, Lower Egypt

Predynastic, 152 Cosmetics, Upper Egyptian Predynastic, 291 COlt/a edllli.l, 71 Cow pea, cultivation of, by South Central Afri-

can Early Iron Age people, 263, 270 Cowrie shells, as trade item, 343 Cranial deformation, artificial, 165, 176 Creation myth, Early Dynastic Egyptian, 83 Cremation burials

Central African Neolithic, 56 East African Neolithic, 99, 105

360 Index

Crocodile as Early Dynastic Egypt species, 78-79 as food resource

of Acheulean hominids, 16 of East African Neolithic people, 98 of Middle Paleolithic Egypt people, 187 of North African Protohistoric people,

237-238 of Upper Egyptian Predynastic people,

290, 293 of West African Neolithic people, 328

Cromagnoid-Mechtoid populations, 199 Cromagnoid populations, Neolithic of Capsian,

206 Cults

ancestor, Central African Neolithic, 56 chthonic, Central African Neolithic, 50, 56

Cushitic-speaking people, 100, 108 Cybollgogoll. 87. 91. III Cyperu.l. 290,347.350 Czech Republic, Acheulean sites. 4, 9

Daboya site. West Africa, 341 Daima sites, Nigeria, 315. 317. 318, 329-331,

336 Dairy foods, Neolithic of Capsian, 199 Dakhleh Oasis site, Egypt. 37-38 Dakhlet el Atrous I site, Mauritania, 257 Dambwa (Shongwe tradition) subtradition, of

South Central African Early Iron Age trad i ti on, 264-266

Damous el Ahmar site, Algeria, 201, 210. 214-215

Dar-es-Soltan sites I and II, Morocco, 31-32, 39-40,230

Date palm, 290 Deer

artistic depiction of. by Upper Egyptian Predynastic people, 289

as food resource, of Acheulean hominids. 9, 11,13,20,22

Deities Lower Egypt Predynastic, 153, 156 Upper Egypt Predynastic, 292, 295, 299,

303 Dekpassanware site, Togo, 340 Democratic Congo

Central African Iron Age sites, 60. 61,62, 70

Pool Malebo (Kinshasa) site, 67 Denis I and 2 sites. Gabon. 55 Dental disorders

among Middle Paleolithic people, 164 among Upper Egyptian Predynastic people,

290 among West African Late Stone Age people,

320 Derby Road site, 3 Dhar Tichitt site, Mauritania, 235, 250-252,

256-257,325-326 Dhraina Culture, 235 Dia site, Mali, 343

Dier el Fakhuri site, Egypt. 123-125 Dietary stress, in West Africa Regional Devel­

opment populations, 342 Dinga Kiitu (formerly Ndinga St. Pierre) site,

Congo Basin, 281, 283-284 Dios('orea: see Yam Dimpyros. 16 Disease

among Middle Paleolithic people, 164 among South Central African Early Iron Age

people. 261. 262 among Tshitolian people. 279-280 among Upper Egyptian Predynastic people.

290 among West Africa Regional Development

people. 342 epizootic. in East Africa, 98

Dishna site. Egypt. 123 Division of labor

Acheulean, 4 Aterian, 25 Early Dynastic Egypt. 81 Early Khartoum. 88 East African Neolithic, 100, 102 Khartoum Neolithic. 113 Lower Egypt Predynastic, 152 Nachikufan, 193 Neolithic of Capsian, 200 North Africa Protohistoric, 222 Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic, 246-247 Tshitolian, 281-282 West African Iron Age, 317 West African Neolithic, 325 West African Regional Development, 343

Djebel Marshal site: ,lee Grotte du Djebel Marhsel site

Djenne site, West Africa, 344 DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) extraction and

analysis, 131 Do Dimi site, Niger, 314 Dogs

burials of, by Lower Egypt Predynastic peo­ple,153

European hunting, 9 as food resource

of Acheulean hominids, II of Lower Egypt Predynastic people, 151 of North African Protohistoric people, 222

Dom palm, 117, 118, 121, 126,293,302 DO/lOX InUlI'll/lls. 158 Donkey, domestication of

by East African Neolithic people, 99 by Lower Egypt Predynastic people, 154

Doupwil site, West Africa, 342 Dra-Mta-EI-Ma-EI-Abiod site, Algeria, 143-

144 Drought, 52 Duck, as food resource, of Late Paleolithic

Egyptians, 124 Dugout boats

Central African Neolithic, 49 West African Late Stone Age, 321

Duiker, as food resource of Central African Neolithic people, 49, 55 of Nachikufan people, 191 of West African Neolithic people, 327 of Wilton tradition people, 347, 349, 350,

352

Early Dynastic Egypt tradition, 77-85 absolute and relative time periods, 77 arts, 84 biota, 78-79 climate, 78 community organization, 79 conflict, 83 control of resources, 82 diagnostic material attributes, 77 division of labor, 81 economy, 79-82 environment, 77-78 expressive cultures, 83-84 geology, 78 health,79 housing, 79 important sites, 77 industrial arts, 80 location, 77 ornaments, 81 popUlation, 79 religion, 83-84 settlements, 79 socioecological crisis of, 78 sociopolitical organization, 82-83 subsistence strategies, 79-80 topography, 78 trade, 81 utensi Is, 80-81

Early Khartoum tradition, 86-94 absolute and relative time periods, 86 cultural summary, 86-89 diagnostic material attributes, 86 economy, 88 environment, 86-87 important sites, 86, 92-94 location, 86 regional subtraditions, 86

of the Central Nile Valley (Khartoum Mesolithic),89-91

Saharao-Sudanese of the Nile Valley, 91-92

settlements, 87-88 social organization, 88-89

East African Microlithic tradition, 95-96 East African Neolithic tradition, 97-109

absolute and relative time periods, 97 arts, 100 biota, 98 climate, 98 community organization, 99 conflict, 100 control of resources, 100 cultural summary, 98-100 diagnostic material attribuates, 97

East African Neolithic tradition (milt.)

division of labor, 100 economy, 99-100 environment, 98 expressive culture, 100 geology, 98 housing, 99 important sites, 97 industrial arts, 99 location, 97 populations, 99 regional subtraditions, 97

Eburran Phase 5, 101-\03 Elmenteitan, 103-105 Elmenteitan Neolithic, 103-105 Savanna Pastoral, 105-109 Savanna Pastoral Neolithic subtradition,

105-109 religion, 100 settlements, 98-99 sociopolitical organization, 100 subsistence strategeis, 99 topography, 98 trade, 99-100

East African Oldowan subtradition, of the Oldowan tradition, 240-241

East Coast Fever, 98 Ebony, as trade item, in Early Dynastic Egypt,

81 EbulTan Phase 5 (Kenya Capsian phase C, D;

Hyrax Hill variant), 101-103 Eburu Station Lava Tube Cave site, Kenya, 101 E('ilillo('lr/oa (,O/O/lltlll, 290, 293, 302 E('ilillo('lr/oa pyralllidali.\·, 87, 90, III Economy, .vel' also Subsistence strategies

Acheulean, 2-4, 8 Aterian, 29-30 Central African Iron Age, 61-62, 70-73 Central African Neolithic, 48-50, 52, 54-56 Early Dynastic Egypt, 79-82 Early Khartoum, 88, 90, 91-92 East African Microlithic, 96 East African Neolithic, 99-100,102, 104,

107-\08 Khartoum Neolithic, 112-113 Late Paleolithic Egypt, 117-118, 119, 120,

123,131-132 Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene Maghreb,

131,134-135,138 Lower Egypt Predynastic, 151-152, 154-

155, 156 Middle Paleolithic, 164-165, 180 Middle Paleolithic Egypt. 180 Nachikufan, 191-193 Neolithic of Capsian, 199-200, 203-204,

207,209-210 North Africa Protohistoric, 222-223 Oldowan, 240 Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic, 246-247, 248,

249-250,251,252,253,254-255 Southern and Eastern Africa Later Stone

Age, 273

Economy (('0111.)

Tshitolian, 280-282 Upper Egyptian Predynastic, 290-291, 294,

298-299,302-303 West African Iron Age, 315-317 West African Late Stone Age, 321 West African Neolithic, 324 West African Regional Development, 342-

343 Wilton, 347-348

Edo, Nigeria, 344 Egypt, .vel' also Early Dynastic Egypt tradition;

Late Paleolithic Egypt tradition; Lower Egypt Predynastic tradition; Middle Paleolithic Egypt tradition; Upper Egyptian Predynastic tradition

Archaic: see Early Dynastic Egypt tradition interaction with C-Group Culture

subtradition, 224 Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic sites, 254-255,

258 trade with North African Protohistoric peo­

pie, 222 unification of Upper and Lower, 82, 291

Ehringsdorf site, Germany, 4 Ekne Wan Ataran site, Niger, 314, 315 Etaeis gllilleellsis: see Oil palm Eland, as food resource

of Nachikufan people, 191 of Wilton people, 351

Elandsfontein site, South Africa, 7, 8 EI Beyed site, Algeria, 256 EI Djouf site, Mauritania, 251 Elephant

artistic depiction of. by Upper Egyptian Predynastic people, 289

European, 9 as food resource

of Acheulean hominids, 10, II, 13, 20 of Aterian people, 29, 32 of Early Dynastic Egyptians, 78 of Nachikufan people, 191, 193 of Upper Egyptian Predynastic people,

290, 293 Elephantiasis, 232 Elephant ivory objects

East African Neolithic, 99, 104 Upper Egyptian Predynastic, 288

EI Geili site, Central Nile Valley, 90 EI Guettar site, Tunisia, 25, 33,40-41 Elk, 163 EI Kharrara site, Egypt, 308 EI Khenzia site, Maghreb, 31 EI Kiffen site, Morocco, 230 EI Kilh site, Egypt, 123 Elmenteitan subtradition, of East African Neo­

lithic tradition, 97, 98, 99, 100, 102, 103-105, 108

EI Mnasra site, Maghreb, 31 EI Omari site, Egypt. 156, 157-158 EI Ouaar site, North Africa, 230 EI Qoz site, Khartoum, Sudan, 115

EI-Tarif site, Egypt, 289 Endogamy

Index 361

among Early Dynastic Egyptians, 82 among Neolithic of Caps ian people, 200

Enkapune ya Muto Rockshelter site, Kenya, 101

Ennead, 83 Environment

Acheulean, 1-2,5-6,9, 12-13, 14, 15-16, 19,20,21

Aterian, 24 of Adrar Bous site, 35 of Bir el Ater site, 36 of the Central Sahara, 29 of the Coastal Sahara, 31 of Dakhleh Oasis site, 38 of Dar es Soltan site, 39 of the Eastern Sahara, 26 of EI Guettar site, 40 of the Inland Maghreb, 33 of Kharga Oasis site, 41 of Mugharet el Alita site, 42 of Seggedim site, 43-44 of the Western Sahara, 34 of Zaouia el Kebira site, 44

Central African Iron Age, 60, 64-65, 70-71 Central African Neolithic, 46-47,51,53-54 Early Dynastic Egypt, 77-78 Early Khartoum, 86-87, 89-90, 91, 92-93 East African Neolithic, 98, 103-104, 107 Esat African Microlithic, 95 Khartoum Neolithic, 110-111 Late Paleolithic Egypt, 116-117, 118-119,

120,121,122,123-124,125,126, 129-130

Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene Maghreb, 133-134,137,140,141,142,143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148

Lower Egypt Predynaastic, 150-151, 154, 156 Middle Paleolithic, 162, 167, 170, 172, 174,

175,176-177 Middle Paleolithic Egypt, 178-179, 181,

184,185,186,187,189 Nachikufan, 190-191 Neolithic of Capsian, 198, 202, 206, 208-

209,212-213,214,216,217,218 North African Protohistoric, 220-221,233 Oldowan, 239, 240, 241 Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic, 245, 248, 249,

250,252,253,254,255,256-257,258 Southern and Eastern Africa Later Stone

Age, 272 Southern and Eastern Africa Middle Stone

Age, 274 Southern Mediterranean Neolithic, 276 Tshitolian, 278-279 Upper Egyptian Predynastic, 288-289, 293,

297-298,302,305,306,309,310-311 West African Iron Age, 314 West African Late Stone Age, 320 West African Neolithic, 324 Wilton, 347

362 Index

Epilevalloisian lithic technology, 23 Epipaleolithic lithic technology, underlying

Aterian assemblages, 39 Equids, set' a/so Horse

as food resource of Aterian people, 337 of Wilton tradition people, 349, 350, 351

Equus ('{/pellsis, 351 Equus l/lallritalli(,lIs: .I'et' Zebra Erg d' Admer site, 248, 249 Eritrea, 233 Es('{/rgotiert's, 131,134,141,146-147,199,

203,206,217,218 Esh Shahenab site, Khartoum, Sudan, III,

114-115 Ethiopia

Acheulean sites, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 14 Sudano-Ethiopian Culture of, 232-235

Europe, first human settlment of, 9-10 European Acheulean subtradition, 8-11 Exogamy

Early Dynastic Egypt, 82 Early Khartoum, 88 East African Neolithic, 100 Neolithic of Capsian, 200 Upper Egyptian Predynastic, 303

Expressive culture Acheulean, 4-5, 10-11 Aterian, 25-26, 30, 33 Central African Iron Age, 68, 73-74 Central African Neolithic, 50 Early Dynastic Egypt, 84 Early Khartoum, 88-89 East African Neolithic, 100, 105, 108 Khartoum Neolithic tradition, 113 Late Paleolithic Egypt, 132 Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene Maghreb,

132 Lower Egypt Predynastic, 153, 155, 157 Middle Paleolithic, 165, 167-168, 170-171,

173 Nachikufan, 193 Neolithic of Caps ian, 201, 204, 207, 210 North Africa Protohistoric, 223 Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic, 247, 248-249,

250,251,253-254,255 Tshitolian, 282 Upper Egyptian Predynastic, 291-292, 295-

296,299-300,303-304 West African Iron Age, 317-318

Faience beads, Early Dynastic Egypt, 81 Falcon, worshipped as deity, 83 Family structure

Early Dynastic Egypt, 82 Early Khartoum, 88 Neolithic of Capsian, 203

Fauna: st'e Biota Fayum (Fayum A, Fayumian) sites, Egypt, 158 Fertility cults

North African Protohistoric, 227 Upper Egyptian Predynastic, 291-292

Fertility rituals, Central African Iron Age, 63, 74

Fetishes, fertility, Upper Egyptian Predynastic, 291-292

FiclIs S)'COI/lOrtls: st't' Sycamore fig Figurines, st't' a/so Statues; Statuettes

as fertility fetishes, Upper Egyptian Predynastic, 291-292

Lower Egypt Predynastic, 156 Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic, 253-254 South Central African Early Iron Age, 264 Upper Egyptian Predynastic, 291-292, 295,

299,303 Fire, use by Acheulean hominids, 21 Fish, as food resource

of Acheulean hominids, 16, 18 of Aterian people, 29, 32, 39 of Central African Iron Age people, 72 of Early Khartoum people, 88, 90, 93 of East African Neolithic people, 98 of Late Paleolithic Egyptians, 121, 124,

125-126 of Middle Paleolithic Egypt people, 180,

184,185,186,187 of North African Protohistoric people, 237-

238 of Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic people, 249 of Upper Egyptian Predynastic people, 290 of West African Neolithic people, 324-325,

328 of Wilton people, 347

Fish hooks, Khartoum Neolithic, 112 Fishing

by Acheulean hominids, 6 by Central African Iron Age people, 61, 62,

65,66,71 by Central African Neolithic people, 49, 55 by Early Khartoum people, 87,90 by East African Microlithic people, 95 by Khartoum Neolithic people, 112, 114 by Late Paleolithic Egyptians, 117, 119 by Lower Egypt Predynastic people, 151 by Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic people, 253 by Upper Egyptian Predynastic people, 290,

294 Flora: st't' Biota Fontana Ranuccio site, Italy, 4 Food

as burial inclusions, in Early Dynastic Egypt, 84

domestic of Central African Iron Age people, 61,

62,66,71 of Central African Neolithic people, 49,

54-55 of Early Dynastic Egypt people, 80 of Early Khartoum people, 88 of Khartoum Neolithic people, III of Late Paleolithic Egyptians, 131 of Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene

Maghreb people, 131, 132 of Lower Egypt Predynastic people, 151

Food (cOlli.)

domestic (COlli.)

of Neolithic of Capsian people, 199, 203 of North African Protohistoric people, 222 of Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic people, 246,

251,252 of South Central African Early Iron Age

people, 263 of Upper Egyptian Predynastic people,

290 of West African Iron Age people, 316 of West African Neolithic people, 330 of West Africa Regional Development

people, 342 wild

of Acheulean hominids, 2 of Central African Iron Age peole, 62, 66,

71-72 of Central African Neolithic people, 49,

55 of Early Dynastic Egyptians, 78, 80 of Early Khartoum people, 88, 91 of East African Neolithic people, 104 of Late Paleolithic Egyptians, 117-118,

121-122,131 of Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene

Maghreb people, 131, 132, 135 of Lower Egypt Predynastic people, 151 of Middle Paleolithic Egypt people, 180 of Nachikufan people, 191 of Neolithic of Capsian people, 199, 203,

207 of North African Protohistoric people,

222,235-236 of Oldowan hominids, 240, 241, 242,

243-244 of Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic people, 246,

248,249-250,251,252,253,254-255

of South Central African Early Iron Age people, 262-263

of Tshitolian people, 281-282 of Upper Egyptian Predynastic people,

290, 293 of West African Iron Age people, 315-316 of West African Late Stone Age people,

321 of West African Neolithic people, 324-

325,330,334,337 of West Africa Regional Development

people, 342 of Wilton people, 347, 350-352

Footprint, of Acheulean hominid, 19 Foraging, ,I'et' a/so Hunting-gathering; Scav­

enging by Aterian people, 30

Fox arctic, 163 artistic depiction of, 20 I, 204, 215 as food resource

of Aterian tradition people, 31 of Neolithic of Capsian people, 199, 203

Fractures among Middle Paleolithic populations, 164 among Neanderthal populations, 176 among Upper Egyptian Predynastic popula-

tions, 290 France

Acheulean sites, 2, 3,4,9, 10, II, 19-20 Middle Paleolithic sites, 174-175

Fulani,247 Funerary rites: .~ee Mortuary rites Furniture, Early Dynastic Egypt, 80

Gabon Central African Iron Age sites, 59, 61, 71, 74 Central African Neolithic sites, 53-56 iron production in, 72

Gadeb site, Ethiopia, 2, 7, 8, 14 Gajiganna Neolithic subtradition, of West Afri-

can Neolithic tradition, 333-335 Gajiganna site, Nigeria, 336-337 Gamble's Cave site, Kenya, 101, 102, 103 Gao site, Mali, 341, 342-343 Garaet region (Algeria), as Neolithic of

Capsian tradition location, 205-208 Garamantes, 226, 259 Gash Group, 233, 234 Gazelle

artistic depiction of, by Upper Egyptian Predynastic people, 289

as Aterian fauna, 32, 39, 40 burials of, by Lower Egypt Predynastic peo­

ple, 153 as food resource

of Acheulean hominids, 18 of Aterian people, 24, 31, 33, 39, 40, 43 of Early Dynastic Egyptians, 78 of Late Paleolithic Egyptians, 117, 121,

123,124 of Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene

Maghreb people, 130, 131, 144, 146 of Lower Egypt Predynastic people, 151 of Middle Paleolithic Egypt people, 180,

184,185,187 of Neolithic of Capsian people, 199, 203 of North African Protohistoric people,

237-238 of Upper Egyptian Predynastic people,

290,293 of West African Neolithic people, 324-325

Geology Acheulean, I Central African Iron Age, 60, 65, 70 Central African Neolithic, 47 Early Dynastic Egypt, 78 Early Khartoum, 87 East African Neolithic, 98 Khartoum Neolithic, II I Late Paleolithic Egypt, 117, 130 Middle Paleolithic Egypt, 179 Nachikufan, 190-191 Neolithic of Capsian, 198 North Africa Protohistoric, 220-221

Geology «('{)/It.)

Tshitolian, 279 Upper Egyptian Predynastic, 288-289 West African Iron Age, 314 West African Late Stone Age, 320 West African Neolithic, 324

Germany, Acheulean tradition sites, 2,3,4, 9, 10-11,12-13

Gesher Benot Ya'aqov site, Isreal, 4 Ghana

Iron Age sites, 314 Kintampo Neolithic sites, 326-327 Muslim settlements in, 341 West African Neolithic sites, 335-336, 337-

338 West Africa Regional Development sites, 341

Gilf Kbir site, Libya, 255 Giraffe

artistic depiction of, by Upper Egyptian Predynastic people, 289

as food resource of Early Dynastic Egyptians. 78 of Middle Paleolithic Egyptians, 180. 187 of Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic people, 249

Gladiolus, 347, 350 Glass beads, West Africa Regional Develop­

ment, 342, 343 Glass technology, West Africa Regional Devel­

opment, 342-343 Goat

burials of, Lower Egypt Predynastic, 153 domestication of

by Central African Iron Age people, 61, 62 by Central African Neolithic people, 49 by East African Neolithic people, 99, 107 by Khartoum Neolithic people, 112 by Lower Egypt Predynastic people. 151.

154 by Neolithic of Capsian people, 198. 199,

203, 207 by North African Protohistoric people,

222 by Upper Egyptian Predynastic people.

290,298,302 by West African Iron Age people, 316 by West African Neollithic people, 327, 328

wi Id, as food resource, of West African Neo­lithic people, 325

Goddesses Early Dynastic Egyptian, 83 of fertility, Egyptian, 227, 295, 303

Gods, Early Dynastic Egyptian, 77, 83 Gogo Falls sites, Kenya, 104, 107 Gokomere subtradition, of South Cenh'al Afri-

can Early Iron Age tradition, 264-265 Gold ornaments, Early Dynastic Egypt, 81 Golobban, 290 Gori lIa. as food resource

of Central African Neolithic people, 49, 55 of West African Late Stone Age people, 321

Gourds, cultivation of, by Central African Neo­lithic people, 55

Gourma-Rharous, Mali, 343 Granaries, Early Dynastic Egypt, 80

Index 363

Gran Dolina Cave site, Atapuerca, Spain, 9, 10, 12

Grass utensils Early Khartoum, 90, 91-92 Khartoum Neolithic, 112

Grave robbing, 292, 295, 300, 307 Grewia, 254 Grinding stones

Central African Iron Age, 63, 70 Central African Neolithic, 49, 55, 56 East African Neolithic, 99, 103, 104, 105,

106 Late Paleolithic Egypt, 119 Middle Paleolithic Egypt, 182 Nachikufan, 190, 192 Neolithic of Caps ian, 197,205,207,208 North African Protohistoric, 226 Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic, 256, 257 West African Neolithic, 335, 337 Wilton. 349

Grotte Capeletti site, Algeria, 131, 215-217 Grotte du Djebel Marshal site, North Africa,

201,216,217-218 Grottes de Bou Zabaouine I and II sites, Alge­

ria, 201, 206, 210, 218-219 Growth arrest, in West Africa Regional Devel­

opment popUlations, 342 Grysbok, as food resource, of Wilton people,

347,349,350 Gybayalanguage,51

Habar Oukdour site, Mauritania, 251 Halfan site, Egypt, 127 Hare

arctic, 163 as food resource

of Late Paleolithic Egyptians, 124 of Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene

Maghreb people, 131, 135 of Middle Paleolithic Egypt people, 180 of Neolithic of Capsian people, 199, 203 of Wilton people, 349, 351, 352

Harpoons bone

Early Khartoum, 86, 90, 88. 91, 92, 93 Khartoum Neolithic, 110, 112

ivory Early Khartoum, 88, 90, 92 Khartoum Neolithic, 112

Harris lines, in West Africa Regional Develop­ment popUlations, 342

Hartebeest, as food resource of Late Paleolithic Egyptians, 117,119, 120,

121,123,124 of Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene

Maghreb people, 130, 131, 138, 146 of Lower Egypt Predynastic people, 151 of Middle Paleolithic Egyptians, 184 of Nachikufan people, 191 of Wilton people, 349, 350, 351

364 Index

Hatshepsut, Queen of Egypt, 231, 232 Haua Fteah site, Libya, 137, 144 Hearth sites

Acheulean, 21, 22 Aterian, 29, 31, 33,44 Early Khartoum, 91 East African Neolithic, 98 Middle Paleolithic, 164

Heliopolis site, Egypt, 155 Hemamiah site, Egypt, 293, 294, 298-299,

307-309 Herding, see al,1'O Cattle; Goats; Sheep

by East African Neolithic people, 99, 102, 104 by Khartoum Neolithic people, III, 112

Hierakonpolis site, Egypt, 79, 83, 289, 294, 298-299,303,309-310

Hierakonpolis subtradition, of Upper Egyptian Predynastic tradition, 297-301

Hieroglyphyics, Egyptian, 79, 292 Hippopotamus

as Aterian species, 29 European, 9, 163 as food resource

of Acheulean hominids, 7, 16, 19 of Early Khartoum people, 88, 90, 93 of East African Neolithic people, 98 of Khartoum Neolithic people, 112 of Late Paleolithic Egyptians, 117, 119,

121 of Middle Paleolithic Egyptians 180, 184 of North African Protohistoric people,

237-238 of Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic people, 249 of Upper Egyptian Predynastic people,

290,293 of West African Neolithic people, 324-

325 Hippopotamus ivory objects, Upper Egyptian

Predynastic, 288, 290, 297 Hippopotamus tusks

as trade item, of West Africa Regional De­velopment people, 343

use in Upper Egyptian Predynastic fertility cults, 292

Hog, giant forest, as food resource of Central African Neolithic people, 55 of West African Late Stone Age people, 321

Hoggar Mountains, 87, 91 Holocene, climate of, 78, 98, 101 "Homo antecessor," 12 HOlllo ere('tus, Acheulean, 2, 3-4, 8, 13, 17,22 Homo ergaster. Acheulean, 2 Homo habitis

Acheulean, 8 Oldowan, 239

HOlllo heidelbergensis, Acheulean, 2, 3-4, II, 14,22

Homo lIeallderthalellsis, 164; see also Neanderthals

HOlllo sapiens Acheulean, 2, 8, II, 13, 14, 17, 22 archaic, comparison with Aterian people, 25

Homo sapiells (cO/lt,)

Aterian, 25, 39, 43 of Late Paleolithic Egypt, 117 Levantine Mousterian, 167 Middle Paleolithic, 163-164, 177 Middle Paleolithic Egypt, 179-180 Southern and Eastern Africa Middle Stone

Age, 274, 275 Hookworm infestations, among South Central

African Early Iron Age populations, 261

Horizon Collignon site, North Africa, 137-138 Horse

artistic depiction of, 223 domestication of, by North African

Protohistoric people, 226 as food resource

of Acheulean hominids, II, 13, 19, 22 of Aterian people, 24, 31

Horus (Egyptian god), 77, 83, 84 Followers of, 84

Housing, see al,1'O Cave sites; Rock shelters Acheulean, 2, 9, 13, 19 Aterian, 24, 44 Central African Iron Age, 61, 71 Central African Neolithic, 48, 54 Early Dynastic Egypt, 79 Early Khartoum, 87, 90, 91, 93 East African Neolithic, 99 Khartoum Neolithic, 112 Late Paleolithic Egypt, 117 Lower Egypt Predynastic. 151, 154, 158,

159 Middle Paleolithic, 163 Middle Paleolithic Egypt, 179 Nachikufan tradition, 191 Neolithic of Capsian, 199 North African Protohistoric, 224. 233, 235 Oldowan, 243 in Punt, 231 Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic, 246, 258 Southern and Eastern Africa Later Stone

Age, 273 Southern and Eastern Africa Middle Stone

Age, 274-275 Tshitolian, 279 Upper Egyptian Predynastic, 288, 289,293,

297,308,309 West African Iron Age, 315 West African Neolithic, 324, 335, 336 West African Regional Development, 341-

342 Human behavior, transition from "archaic" to

"modern," 25 Human remains

of Acheulean hominids, 7 of Aterian people, 26, 33 of Central African Neolithic people, 54 of Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene

Maghreb people, 137, 138, 146 of Neolithic of Capsian people, 209, 213 of West African Late Stone Age people, 320

Human sacrifice among North African Protohistoric people,

223,229 among West Africa Regional Development

people, 344 Hungary, Acheulean sites, 4, 9, 10,21-22 Hunting

by Acheulean hominids, 2, 8, 10, 13, 18, 20, 21 by Aterian people, 30 by Central African Iron Age people, 61 , 62, 71 by Late Paleolithic Egyptians, 117-118, 120,

121-122,124 by Middle Paleolithic people, 164 by Nachikufan people, 191, 192-193 by Neolithic of Caps ian people, 198-199 by North African Protohistoric people, 226 by Oldowan hominids, 240, 241, 242, 244 by Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic people, 253,

256 by South Central African Early Iron Age

people, 262-263, 266,268-269 by Southern and Eastern Africa Middle

Stone Age people, 275 by Tshitolian people, 280 by Upper Egyptian Predynastic people, 290,

294 by West African Late Stone Age people, 321 by West African Neolithic people, 328, 329,

332 by West African Regional Development peo­

pIe, 342 by Wilton people, 347

Hunting-gathering by Acheulean hominids, 2, 8 by Aterian people, 24-25, 34 by Central African Neolithic people, 54 by Early Dynastic Egyptians, 80 by Early Khartoum people, 87, 90, 91 by East African Microlithic people, 96 by Khartoum Neolithic people, 112, 114 by Lower Egypt Predynsatic people, 151 by Nachikufan people, 191, 193 by Neolithic of Capsian people, 199 by North African Protohistoric people, 222 by pygmies, 48, 61 by Tshitolian people, 281-282

Hyena artistic depiction of, by Upper Egyptian

Predynastic people, 289 as Early Dynastic Egypt species, 78-79 European, 9 as food resource

of Aterian hominids, 31,40,43 of Early Dynastic Egyptians, 80

Hy/o(,/lOerus meinertzhageni: see Hog, giant forest

Hyparrhenia, 87,91, III, 191,261 Hypervitaminosis A, among Acheulean tradi-

tion populations, 2 Hypoxis" 347,350 Hyrax, as food resource, of Wilton people, 351 Hyrax Hill site, Kenya, 101-102

Iberia, first human settlement of, 9 Iberomaurusian subtradition, of Late Pleisto­

cene-Early Holocene Maghreb tradi­tion, 137-140

Ibex artistic depiction of, by Upper Egyptian

Predynastic people, 289 as food resource

of Acheulean hominids, II, 20 of Early Dynastic Egyptians, 78

Idelesien culture, 230 Ifesite, Nigeria, 341, 342-343, 344--345 Igbo people, 345 Igbo--Ukwu site, Nigeria, 343, 345 Impala, as food resource, of Wilton people, 349 important sites, 110, 114-115 Incense tree

as grave inclusion, of Central African Iron Age people, 73

utilization of by Central African Iron Age people, 61,

63,66,71 by Central African Neolithic people, 55, 56 by West African Late Stone Age people, 321

Industrial arts Acheulean, 2-3 Aterian, 25 Central African Iron Age, 62 Central African Neolithic, 49 Early Khartoum, 88 East African Neolithic, 99 Khartoum Neolithic tradition, 112 Late Paleolithic Egypt, 118, 131 Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene Maghreb,

131 Lower Egypt Predynastic, 151 Nachikufan tradition, 191-193 Neolithic of Caps ian, 200 North Africa Protohistoric, 222 Oldowan, 240 Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic, 246 Southern and Eastern Africa Later Stone

Age, 273 Southern and Eastern Africa Middle Stone

Age, 275 Tshitolian, 280--281 Upper Egyptian Predynastic, 290 West African Iron Age, 316 West African Late Stone Age, 321 West African Neolithic, 325 West African Regional Development, 342-

343 Wilton, 347-348

Infant mortality, among Upper Egyptian Predynastic popUlations, 290

Iraq, Middle Paleolithic sites, 175-176 Iron metallurgy

Central African Iron Age, 59, 62, 63, 66, 71, 72

Nachikufan, 194 North-Central African Neolithic, 51 South Central African Early Iron Age, 266

Iron metallurgy «(,OIll,)

West African Iron Age, 313, 314-315, 316-317

West Africa Regional Development, 340, 342

Isernia site, Italy, 3, 10 Isimila site, Tanzania, 3, 7, 6, 15 Islam, influence on West African religious be­

liefs, 344 Israel

Acheulean sites, 4 Middle Paleolithic sites, 176-177 Negev region, Bronze Age Egyptian settle­

ments in, 291 Italy

Acheulean sites, 3, 4, 9, 10 first human settlement of, 9

Ivory, as trade item, of Upper Egyptian Predynastic people, 291

Ivory technology Aterian, 25, 39 Central African Neolithic, 55 Early Dynastic Egypt, 77, 84, 80, 81 Early Khartoum, 88, 90, 92 East African Neolithic, 106 Khartoum Neolithic, 112 Lower Egypt Predynastic, 152 Neolithic of Capsian, 200 Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic, 250 Upper Egyptian Predynastic, 288, 290, 293,

297,301 Iwelen site, Central Sahara, 225-226 Iwo Eleru site, West Africa, 320, 321

Jackal as food resource

of Neolithic of Capsian people, 199, 203 of Wilton people, 351

as Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene Maghreb species, 130

Jasper beads, Early Dynastic Egypt, 81 Jebel Mokram Group, 233, 234 Jebel Sahaba site, Nile Valley, I 17 Jebel Uweinat site, Libya, 44, 255 Jenne-jeno site, Mali, 315, 317, 318, 342, 343 Jewelry, see a/,HI Beads

Early Dynastic Egypt, 81, 84 __ Lower Egypt Predynastic, 152 Jos Plateau sites, Nigeria, 6 Jubilee Shelter site, South Africa, 347, 349-

350 Julbemerdia, 261 JUlliperu,\', 14

Ka,84 Kadero site, Nile Valley. III, 113 Kafue Hook, Zambia, 266 Kalambo Falls site, Zambia, 2, 4, 15-16.263.

264,267.268 Kalambo subtradition, of South Central Afri­

can Early Iron Age tradition. 266-268

Kamabai site, Siena Leone, 314 Kamangoza site, South Africa, 266

Index 365

Kansanshi subtradition. of South Central Afri­can Early Iron Age tradition, 268-269

Kapthurin Formation site, Kenya, 3, 8,16-17 Kapwirmbe subtradition. of South Central Af­

rican Early Iron Age tradition, 269-

271 Kariandusi site, East Africa, 3, 4, 7 Karkarichinkat site, Mali, 257-258 Karlich site, Germany, 3, 9 Kaya Kaya site, Gabon, 74 Kebara site, Israel, 166-167 KefZoura D site, Algeria, 141, 143, 145-146 Kenya

Acheulean sites, 2, 3. 6, 7, 8,16-17,18-19 East African Microlithic sites, 95-96

Kerma Culture subtradition, of North African Protohistoric tradition, 222, 223, 224. 228-229,233-234

Kharga Oasis site, Egypt, 7. 26,41-42,189 Khartoum Hospital site, Khartoum, Sudan, 90,

92-94 Khartoum Mesolithic subtradition: ,\'ee Early

Khartoum tradition, regional subtraditions, of the Central Nile Val­ley

Khartoum Neolithic tradition, 110--115 absolute and relative time periods, 110 art, 113 biota. III climate, 110--111 community organizaiton. 112 conflict, 113 control of resources. 113 cultural summary, 110--113 diagnostic material attributes, 110 division of labor, 113 economy, 112-113 environment, 110--111 expressive culture, I \3 geology, III housing, 112 important sites, 110 industrial arts, 112 location, 110 ornaments, 112 populations, 112 regional subtraditions, 110 religion, 113 settlements, I 11-112 sociopolitical rganization, 113 subsistence strategies, 112 topography, II I trade, I 12-113 utensils, 112

Khasekhem (Egyptian king), 83 Khatt Lemaiteg: see Amatlich (Khatt

Lemaiteg) site Khoisan people, 221, 224, 225, 226, 227, 232 Khormusan sites, 180, 184

366 Index

Kibangian climatic period, 46-47, 53, 54, 60 Kings

of Early Dynastic Egypt, 79, 80 animal representation of, 83 ceremonies associated with, 84 gold monopoly of, 82 power insignia of, 81 tombs of, 77

Upper Egyptian Predynastic, 295 Kinshasa, Democtratic Congo, 62 Kintampo Neolithic subtradition, of West Afri­

can Neolithic tradition, 316, 317, 326-327

Klipspringer, as food resource, of Wilton peo-ple, 349, 351

Kobadi Culture, 235, 328-329 Kobadi site, Mauritania, 237-238 Kolima Sud site, Niger Basin, 328-329 Kombewa method, of stone-knapping, 4, 7-8 Kom Ombo site, Nile Valley, 119, 120, 123 Konduga site, Nigeria, 319-320 Kongo people, 50 Konso-Gardula site, Ethiopia, 6 Koobi Fora site, Kenya, 242-243 Koumbi Saleh, Mauritania, 341 Kpone West site, Ghana, 316 K6 Rockshelter site, Ghana, 337-338 Kruger cave site, 347 Kubbaniyan subtradition, of Late Paleolithic

Egypt tradition, 120-122 Kudu, as food resource

of Middle Paleolithic Egypt people, 180 of Wilton people, 350, 351-352

Labels ivory, of Early Dynastic Egypt, 77 wooden, of Early Dynastic Egypt, 77

La Chaise site, France, 9 La Chapelle-aux-Saints site, France, 170 La Cone de Saint Brelade site, France, 4 La Ferrassie site, 170 Lagomorphs, see also Hares: Rabbits

as Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene Maghreb species, 130

Lake Chad, 86, 88 Lake Qarun, 78 Lake Turkana, 95 Languages

Adamawa-Ubangi, 52, 62, 67 Bantu,48,56,62,66,67, 70, 73 of Early Dynastic Egypt, 82 Gbaya,51 proto-Bantu, 55 protolanguage, Neolithic of Capsian, 197,

200,201,207,210,212,215 Sudanic,67 Ubangi,67

Lapis lazuli as trade item, of Early Dynastic Egypt peo­

ple,81 use by Upper Egyptian Predynastic people,

290

Lapis lazuli beads, Early Dynastic Egypt, 81 La Polledrara site, France, 10 Latamne site, Syria, 3 Late Paleolithic Egypt tradition, 116-128

absolute and relative time period, 116 biota, 117 climate, I 16 community organization, 117 conflict, 117 cultural summary, 116-118 diagnostic material attributes, 116 economy, 117-118 environment, 116 geology, 117 housing, 117 important sites, 116, 123-128 industrial arts, 118 location, 116 regional subtraditions, 116

Afian, 118-119 Fakhurian, 119-120 Kubbaniyan, 120-122 Sebilian, 122-123

settlements, 117 subsistence strategies, 117-118 topography, 117 trade, 118

Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene Maghreb tra-dition, 129-149

absolute and relative time periods, 129 arts, 132 biota, 130 Capsian subtradition of, 133-137 climate, 129-130 community organization, 131 cultural summary, 129-132 diagnostic material attributes, 129 economy, 131-132 environment, 129-130 expressive culture, 132 geology, 130 health, 131 Iberomaurusian subtradition of,137-140 important sites, 129 industrial arts, 131 location, 129 ornaments, 132 populations, 131 regional subtraditions, 129 religion, 132 settlements, 130-131 sociopolitical organization, 132 subsistence strategies, 131 topography, 130 trade, 132 utensils, 131-132

Leakey, Louis, 103 Leakey, Mary, 17 Leather clothi ng

C-Group Culture, 225 Wilton, 348, 350

Leatherwork, Kerma Culture, 228

Lebanon, trade with Early Dynastic Egypt, 81, 82

Leishmaniasis, 261 Le Lazaret site, France, 2, 9 Lentils, as food resource, of Upper Egyptian

Predynastic people, 290 Leopard

as Early Dynastic Egypt species, 78-79 European, 9 as food resource, of Wilton people, 351-352

Leopard's Hill Cave site, Zambia, 194-195 Levallois lithic technology

Acheulean, 8, II, 16 Aterian, 25, 38, 41-42, 45 Late Paleolithic Egypt, 116, I 18, 122, 123,

125 Middle Paleolithic Egypt, 177, 178, 182,

183, 186 Levalloiso-Mousterian site, Morocco, 42-43 Le Vallonet site, France, 9 Levantine Mousterian subtradition, of Middle

Paleolithic tradition, 166-168 Libreville-Sablieres site, Gabon, 72, 73 Libya

Aterian tradition sites, 29-30 Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic sites, 248-249

Libyco-Berbers, 257 Limes, as pigment source, 199 Lilli i{'()/ariaflallllllala, 114 Lion

as Early Dynastic Egypt species, 78-79 European, 9 as food resource, of Acheulean hominids, 9,

II Lion Hill Cave site, Kenya, 101 Lip plugs, 112 Lithic technology

Acheulean, 1,3-4,6-8, II, 13-14, 15, 16-18,19

African subtradition, 5, 6-8 Buda Industry, 21-22 Clactonian, I European subtradition, 8-9, 10

Aterian, 23, 24, 25, 35, 37, 38, 41-42, 44,45 from Adrar Bous site, 36 from Bir el Ater site, 37 of the Central Sahara, 29-30 of the Coastal Maghreb, 31 from Dakhleh Oasis, 38 from Dar es Sol tan site, 39 of the Eastern Sahara, 26-28 from EI Guettar site, 40 of the Inland Maghreb, 33 from Kharga Oasis site, 41-42 from Mugharet el Aliya site, 43 raw materials of, 24 from Seggedim site, 44 of the Western Sahara, 34-35 from Zaouia el Kebira site, 45

Central African [ron Age, 59, 66, 70, 72-73

Early Dynastic Egypt, 80

Lithic technology «('O/u.)

East African Microlithic, 96 East African Neolithic, 97, 98-99

Eburran Phase 5, 101, 102 Elmenteitan subtradition, 103 Savanna Pastoral subtradition, 105-106,

107,108 Guinea Neolithic: see Lithic technology,

West African Late Stone Age Khartoum Neolithic, 110, III, 112-113,

114,115 Late Paleolithic Egypt, 116, 118, 119-121,

122,124 Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene Maghreb,

129,131-132,133,134,135,137, 138,140,141,142,143,147,148

Lower Egypt Predynastic, 154, 155-156 Middle Paleolithic, 161-162, 164, 174, 175-

176. 177 Levantine subtradition, 166-167 Western European Mousterian

subtradition, 168-169 Zagros Mousterian subtradition, 171-172

Nachikufan, 190, 191-193, 194, 195-196 Neolithic Hoe Culture: see Lithic technol­

ogy, West African Late Stone Age Neolithic of Capsian, 197,200,202-203,

205-206,207.208,209-210,214-215

North African Protohistoric, 222, 226, 230 Oldowan, 239,240,241, 242.243 Para-Tumbian: see Lithic technology, West

African Late Stone Age Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic, 245, 248, 249,

250.251,252,253,254-256,256, 257-258

Sangoan: see Lithic technology, West Afri­can Late Stone Age

South Central African Early Iron Age, 266 Southern and Eastern Africa Later Stone

Age, 272, 273 Southern and Eastern Africa Middle Stone

Age, 274 Southern Mediterranean Neolithic, 276-277 Tshitolian, 278, 280-281, 282-286 Tumbian: see Lithic technology, West Afri-

can Late Stone Age Upper Egyptian Predynastic, 287, 290-291,

299 Abydos subtradtion, 293 Nagada subtradition, 301, 303

West African Late Stone Age, 319, 320, 321 West African Neolithic, 323, 327, 328, 331,

333,336 Wilton, 346, 347, 348-349, 350, 351

Livingstone, David, 267 Lixus,229 Lobeja-Kabala site, Zaire, 284-285 LoitaiMara Plains site, Kenya, 107 Lower Egyptian Chacolithic subtradition, of

Lower Egypt Pre dynastic tradition, 154-155

Lower Egyptian Neolithic subtradition, of Lower Egypt Predynastic tradition, 155-156

Lower Egypt Predynastic, 153 Lower Egypt Predynastic tradition, 150-160

absolute and relative time periods, 150 arts, 153 biota, 151 climate, 150 community organization, 151 conflict, 152-153 cultural summary, 150-153 diagnostic material attributes, 150 division of labor, 152 economy, 151-152 environment, 150-151 expressive culture, 153 geology, 151 housing, 151 important sites, 150. 157-160 industrial arts, 151 ornaments, 152 popu lations, 151 regional subtraditions, 150

Lower Egyptian Chalcolithic (Buto/Maadi Culture). 154-155

Lower Egyptian Neolithic, 155-156 religion. 153 settlements, 151 sociopolitical organization, 152-153 subsistence strategies. 151 trade, 152 utensils, 152

Maadi site, Egypt, 152, 154, 155. 159 Ma Aryan Barukh site. 3 Mamm sylvalla: see Ape. Barbary Maceheads

Khartoum Neolithic, 112, 113, 115 Upper Egyptian Predynastic, 287, 293,

301 Macina site, West Africa, 344 Ma'den Ijffen site, Mauritania, 343 Maghreb, Aterian sites, 23. 24, 31-34 Maghrebinian subtradition, of North African

Protohistoric tradition, 229-231 Mahal Telinos site. Ethiopia, 233, 234 Mahasna site, Egypt, 285 Makhadma site, Nile Valley, 119 Malachite

as trade item, in Early Dynastic Egypt, 81 use as cosmetic

by Lower Egyptian Predynastic people, 152

by Upper Egyptian Predynastic people, 291

Malachite beads, Early Dynastic Egypt, 81 Malaria

among South Central African Early Iron Age populations, 261, 262

among Tshitolian populations, 279-280 Malawi, Mwanganda Village site, 3, 7, 8

Index 367

Mali Iron Age sites, 314 Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic sites, 257-258 West African Late Stone Age sites, 321 West African Neolithic sites, 325 West Aflican Regional Development sites, 341

Maluba site, Congo, 63, 68 Mammoth, woolly, 9. 163 Mampurugu site, Ghana, 316 Manetho.79 Manioc, as food resource, of Central African

Iron Age people, 61, 66 MallisliTUs, 290, 302 Marula, 347, 349 Masai, 98, 99, 101-102, 104 Masai Gorge site, Kenya, 101 Mastabas, 77, 81, 84 Matmar site, Egypt, 295 Matrilineal lineages, Upper Egyptian

Predynastic, 303 Mauran site, 170 Mauritania

Aterian tradition sites, 34-35 North African Protohistoric sites, 235-238 Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic sites, 250-252,

256--257 West African Neolithic sites, 331-333 West Africa Regional Development sites, 343 West Saharan Culture sites, 235-236

Mbalambala site, Angola, 285-286 Mbiala Cave site, Congo, 63, 73 Mdaga site, Lake Chad, 315 Mechta el Arbi populations, 179-180 Mechtoid populations, 117, 197,203 Medical practitioners, in Early Dynastic Egypt,

79 Mediterranean classical civilizations, contact

with West Africa Regional Develop­ment people, 343

Medjez 11 site, Algeria, 141, 146-147

Megaliths Central African Neolithic, 50, 56 Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic, 254, 255 Tazuna,51-52 West Africa Regional Development, 339,

343 Melka Kunture site, Ethiopia, 3, 7 Melkhoutboom Cave site, South Africa, 347,

348, 350-351 Memphis, Egypt, 82 Meride-Benisalame site, Egypt, 153, 158, 159-

160 Meroe,72 Mesopotamia, trade with Early Dynastic Egypt,

81 Messak Mountains, rock art of, 227 Metallurgy, see also Specific types of metal­

lurgy Early Dynastic Egypt, 80 North African Protohistoric, 222

Mice, as food resource, of Middle Paleolithic Egyptians, 187

368 Index

Midden mounds Central African Iron Age, 59, 61, 72 Early Khartoum, 86, 87, 90 Khartoum Neolithic, 110, 112 Late Paleolithic Egypt, 119 West African Neolithic, 328

Middle Awash sites, Ethiopia, 3,4, &-7 Middle Niger Basin subtradition, of West Afri­

can Neolithic, 327-329 Middle Paleolithic Egypt tradition, 178-189

absolute and relative time periods, 178 arts, 180 biota, 179 climate, 178-179, 181, 184 community organization, 179 cultural summary, 178-180 diagnostic material attributes, 178 economy, 180 environment, 178-179, 181, 184, 185, 186,

187,189 geology, 179 housing, 179 important sites, 178, 185-189 location, 178 populations, 179-180 regional subtraditions, 178

Eastern Saharan Middle Paleolithic, 180-183

Nilotic Middle Paleolithic, 183-185 settlements, 179, 181-182, 184 sociopolitical organization, 180 topography, 179

Middle Paleolithic tradition, 161-177 absolute and relative time periods, 161 arts, 165 biota, 163 climate, 162-163 cultural summary, 162-163 diagnostic material attributes, 161-162 economy, 164-165 environment, 162-163 expressive culture, 165 housing, 163 important sites, 162, 174-177 location, 161 ornaments, 164-165 populations, 163-164 regional subtraditions, 162

Levantine Mousterian, 166-168 Western European Mousterian, 168-

171 Zagros Mousterian, 171-173

regional subtraditions, 166-177 religion, 165 settlements, 163-164 sociopolitical organization, 165 subsistence strategies, 164 trade, 165 urensils, 164 utensils, 164

M ililli.l', 261 Military rituals, in Early Dynastic Egypt, 84

Millet cultivation of

by Early Dynastic Egyptians, 80 by North African Protohistoric people,

235-236 by Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic perople,

251,257 by West African Iron Age people, 316 by West African Neolithic people, 324-

324,330,337 by West Africa Regional Development

people, 342 wi Id, as food resource

of Central African Neolithic people, 49, 55 of Early Khartoum people, 91 of East African Neolithic people, 99 of Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic people, 253

Mineral pigments, .1'('1' also Malachite; Ocher use by Nachikufan people, 190

Minshat Abu Omar site, Egypt, 155, 160 Miolllbo, 261-262,268 Mollusks

as food resource of Aterian tradition people, 337 of Central African Neolithic people, 49, 55 of Early Khartoum people, 88, 90, 93 of Khartoum Neolithic people, 112

Pleistocene populations, oxygen isotope fluctuations in, 162-163

Monkey, as food resource of Central African Neolithic people, 49 of West African Late Stone Age people, 321 of Wilton people, 351-352

Monodville site, Mauritania, 335 Moose, European, 163 Mopti, 344 Morocco

Acheulean sites, 7 Aterian sites, 31-34, 39-40, 42-43 bell beaker culture, 230 Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene Maghreb

sites, 147-148 Southern Mediterranean Neolithic sites,

27&-277 Mortality rate, in Upper Egyptian Predynastic

people, 290 Mortuary cults, Upper Egyptian Predynastic, 295 Mortuary practices

Central African Iron Age, 63, 68 Central African Neolithic, 50, 56 Early Dynastic Egypt, 82, 84 East African Neolithic, 100, 102 Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene Maghreb,

132, 135-136, 138 Neolithic of Capsian, 197, 20 I, 200 Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic, 253-254 Upper Egyptian Predynastic, 287-288, 292,

297,299,300,301-302,303-304, 305-306, 311

West African Iron Age, 317-318 West African Neolithic, 330 West Africa Regional Development, 343-344

Moulares-Abri site, Tunisia, 209 Mousterian lithic technology

Aterian tradition, 25,45 Middle Paleolithic Egypt, 178, 180-181,

182,183,188 overlying Aterian lithic technology assem­

blages, 39, 40 Mugharet el Aliya (High Cave, Tangier, Caves

of Hercules), Morocco, 31, 32, 42-43 Mulungushi site, Zambia, 270 Mummification, in Early Dynastic Egypt, 84 Munda site, Congo, 66 Mural paintings, Early Dynastic Egypt, 81 Murder, ritualistic, ,I'e!' al.l'o Human sacrifice

in Early Dynastic Egypt, 84 MIt.m: .1'1'(' Plantain Muslim settlements, ,H!e al.l'o Islam

in Ghana, 341 Mussels, as food resource

of Central African Neolithic people, 49, 55 of Wilton people, 352

Mwanganda Village site, Malawi, 3, 7, 8 Mwela Rocks site, Zambia, 191-192, 195-196

Nabta Playa site, Egypt, 91, 247, 258-259 Nachikufan tradition, 190-196

absolute and relative time periods, 190 arts, 193 biota, 191 community organization, 191 cultural summary, 190-193 diagnostic material attributes, 190 division of labor, 193 economy, 191-193 environment, 190-191 expressive culture, 193 geology, 190-191 housing, 191 important sites, 190 industrial arts, 191-193 location, 190 ornaments, 193 populations, 191 regional subtraditions, 190 religious beliefs, 193 settlements, 191 subsistence strategies, 191 topography, 190 trade, 193

Nachikufu Cave site, Zambia, 192, 193-194, 267

Nagada region, 298-299 Nagada subtradition, of Upper Egyptian

Predynastic tradition, 287, 289, 292-293,294,295,298-299,301-304, 310-311

Naga-ed-Der site, Egypt, 289, 291, 292, 294, 295-296

Namoratunga site, Kenya, 99,100 Naqada people, 152 Narmer (Egyptian king), 83, 84, 291 Narmer Palette, 291

Nazlet Khater lithic technology, Aterian tradi­tion, 41-42

Ndalane site, Senegal, 343 Neanderthals

burial sites, 173 comparison with Aterian tradition people,

25 as Homo Ileallderthalen.l'i.\', 164

Levantine Mousterian, 167 Middle Paleolithic, 163-164, 173, 176 of Middle Paleolithic Egypt, 179-180 in North Africa, 42-43 physical anthropology of, 14

Negroid populations Neolithic of Caps ian, 199,209,210,212 North African Protohistoric, 221 Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic, 248-249

Nekhbet (Egyptian goddess), 83 Nemencha, Algeria, Neolithic of Capsian sites,

202-205 "Neolithic Culture North-East of Zarmaganda,"

226 Neolithic of Capsian tradition, 197-219, 252

absolute and relative time periods, 197 arts, 201 biota, 198 climate, 198 community organization, 198-199 conflict, 20 I control of resources. 200 cultural summary, 198-201 diagnostic material attributes, 197 division of labor, 200 economy, 199-200 environment, 198 expressive culture, 20 I geology, 198 housing, 199 important sites, 197, 211-219 industrial arts, 200 location, 197 ornaments, 200 populations, 199 regional subtraditions, 197

Atlasic Mountains of Belezma, Aures, Nemencha, and Tebessa Territories, 202-205

Constantinois High Plains with Garaet and Sebkhra Lowlands, 205-208

Saharian Atlasic Slopes and Chotts Envi­ronments in Eastern Algeria and Western Tunisia, 208-211

religious beliefs, 201 settlements, 198-199 sociopolitical organizaiton, 200-201 subsistence strategies, 199 topography, 198 trade, 200 utensils. 200

Nerita albicilla, 158 Ngamuriak site, Kenya, 99, 104 Ngorongoro Crater site, Kenya, 108

Niger Aterian tradition sites, 29-30, 35-36, 43-44 iron production in, 72 Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic sites, 255-256 West African Iron Age sites, 313

Nigeria Acheulean sites, 6 iron production in, 72 West African Late Stone Age sites, 319-320,

321 West African Neolithic sites, 325, 329-331,

336-337 West Africa Regional Development sites, 341

Nile River, White and Blue tributaries of, III Nile River Valley

Early Dynastic Egypt tradition of, 77-85 Early Khartoum tradition of, 86-94 environment of, 77-78 geology of, 78 Khartoum Neolithic tradition of, 110-115 Late Paleolithic Egypt tradition of, 116-128 Lower Egypt Predynastic tradition of, 150-

160 Middle Paleolithic Egypt tradition of, 178-189 North African Protohistoric tradition of,

223-225 topography of, 78

Nilometers, 83 Nilotic-speaking people, 108 Njoro River Cave site, Kenya, 100, 104 Nkang site. Cameroon, 71 Nok sites, Nigeria, 315 Nok terra-cotta figurines, 315, 317, 345 Nomes, 79, 82, 83, 291, 303 North Africa Protohistoric tradition, 220-238

absolute and relative time periods, 220 arts, 223 biota, 221, 224 climate, 220, 235 community organization, 221 control of resources. 222-223 cultural summary. 220-223 division of labor, 222 economy, 222-223, 235-236 environment, 220-221. 235 expressive culture, 223, 235 geology, 220-221 housing, 224 important sites, 220, 236-238 industrial arts, 222 location, 220 ornaments, 222 populations, 221 regional subtraditions, 220

Central Saharan, 225-228 C-Group Culture. 223-225 Kerma (Middle and Classical Kerma),

228-229 Maghrebinian, 229-231 Punt, 231-232 Sudano-Ehtiopian Cultures, 232-235 West Saharan Cultures, 235-236

Index 369

North Africa Protohistoric tradition «('ont.)

religion, 223, 236 settlements, 221, 235 sociopolitical organization, 223 subsistence strategies, 222 topography, 220 trade, 222, 224 utensi Is, 222

Nouakschott Culture, 235 Nsongezi site, Uganda, 7 Nubia, 81, 225, 226, 233 Nubian I and 2 techniques, of lithic technol­

ogy, 38

Oak, as pigment source, 199 Oakhurst tradition, 349, 351 Oba, 343 Obobogo site, Cameroon, 54, 55 Obsidian, as trade item, of East African Neo­

lithic people, 99-100, 108 Obsidian objects

Acheulean, 14 East African Neolithic, 108

as grave goods, 105 Obsidian quarry sites, East African Neolithic,

99 Ocher

black, 170 red

use by Acheulean hominids, 4, 10-11 use by Aterian people, 25, 26, 40 use by Central African Neolithic people,

50 use by East African Neolithic people, 105,

108 use by Late Paleolithic Egyptians, 116,

118 use by Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene

Maghreb, 132, 135-136, 140 use by Middle Paleolithic Egyptians,

180 use by Middle Paleolithic people, 165 use by Nachikufan people, 193, 195 use by Neolithic of Caps ian people, 201,

204,207,214-215 use by Southern and Eastern Africa Later

Stone Age people, 273 use by Wilton people, 348, 350

Ogowe River, Gabon, 60, 63, 71,72 Oil palm, utilization of

by Central African Iron Age people, 49,61, 63,66,71,73

by Central African Neolithic people, 55 ritual deposition of, 63 by West African Iron Age people, 316 by West African Late Stone Age people,

321 by West African Neolithic people, 325, 327,

338 by West Africa Regional Development peo­

pie, 342

370 Index

Oldowan tradition, 239-244 absolute and relative time periods, 239 cultural summary, 239-240 important sites, 239, 242-244 location, 239 regional subtraditions, 239

East African Oldowan, 240-241 South African Oldowan, 241-242

Olduvai Gorge sites, Tanzania, 3, 17-18, 108, 240,243

BK site, 2, 8,17, 18 climate, I EF-HR site, 3 environment, 5-6

Olorgesailie sites, Kenya, 2, 3, 6, 7,18-19 01 Tepesi Rockshleter site, Kenya, 101 Omo site, East Africa, 240 Ona Culture, 233, 234 Onyx beads, Early Dynastic Egypt, 81 Oribi, as food resource, of Wilton people, 349 Ornaments

Aterian, 37 Central African Iron Age, 59, 62 Central African Neolithic, 49 Early Dynastic Egypt, 81 Early Khartoum, 88, 92 East African Neolithic, 104, 106 Khartoum Neolithic, 112 Late Paleolithic Egypt, 132 Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene Maghreb,

132 Lower Egypt Predynastic, 152 Middle Paleolithic, 164-165 Nachikufan, 193 Neolithic of Capsian, 197, 200, 20 I, 206,

208,214-215 North Africa Protohistoric, 222 Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic, 246, 251, 254,

255 Southern and Eastern Africa Later Stone

Age, 273 Upper Egyptian Predynastic tradition, 291 West African Iron Age, 316-317 West African Neolithic, 325 West African Regional Development, 343 Wilton, 348

Oryx, artistic depiction of, by Upper Egyptian Predynastic people, 289

Osiris (Egyptian god), 83 Ossuaries

Central African Iron Age, 63, 73 Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene Maghreb,

138,140 Osteitis, among Acheulean tradition popula­

tions,2 Osteomyelitis, among Upper Egyptian

Predynastic populations, 290 Osteoporosis, among Upper Egyptian

Predynastic populations, 290 Ostrea tlilipa, 71-72 Ostrich, as food resource, of Neolithic of

Capsian people, 199

Ostrich eggshell objects Early Khartoum, 86, 88, 91, 92 Khartoum Neolithic, 110 Late Paleolithic Egypt, 118 Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene Maghreb,

129, 133 Neolithic of Capsian, 200, 203, 205, 206,

208,210,212,214,219 North African Protolithic, 230 Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic, 251, 254, 255 Wilton, 348, 349-350, 351

Ouchtata bladelets, 120-121 Oued Djebbana, Algeria, as Bir el Ater loca-

tion, 36-37 Oued Gorea site, Maghreb, 31 Olltils ecailft!e,\', 99, 190,192 Ox, wild, as food resource, of Acheulean homi­

nids,20

Paint, see a/so Body paint hematite, 184

Palaces, of Early Dynastic Egyptian kings, 79 Palettes

Early Dynastic Egyptian, 77, 84 Upper Egyptian Predynastic, 287, 291, 293,

297,301 Wilton, 348

Panda o/eo,m, 71 Palli('wll, 248, 261, 290, 293, 302 Pan troglodytes: see Chimpanzee Paper, of papyrus, 80 Pappea ('apellsis, 349

Papyrus, 78, 80 Parahu (chief of Punt), 232 Parillari, 2, 16 Pastoralism, see a/so Cattle; Goats; Herding;

Sheep of East African Neolithic people, 105, 107 of Neolithic of Capsian people, 198-199,

200-201,202-204 of Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic people, 254,

256 of Upper Egyptian Predynastic people, 294 of West African Neolithic people, 324-325,

334 of West Africa Regional Development peo­

pie, 342 Pastoral Neolithic: see East African Neolithic

tradition Pavements, potsherd, West Africa Regional De­

velopment, 341-342 Pea, cultivation of, by Lower Egypt

Predynastic people, 151 Pech de I' Aze I site, France, 170 Pe('tull('tl/us-dellta/iulII, 204

Peninj site, Tanzania, 3 Penllisetum: see Millet Petits tran('hets, 192

Petroglyphs Central African Iron Age, 59, 63, 73-74 Upper Egyptian Predynastic, 289

Phallic art, Central African Iron Age, 74

Pharaohs, 232 Phoenicians, North African colonies of, 229 Physical anthropology

of Acheulean hominids, 7,14, 19 of Aterian people, 24 of Central African Neolithic people, 54 of Upper Egyptian Predynastic people, 289-

290 Pictograms, Neolithic of Capsian, 200, 204,

215 Pig, domestication of

by Lower Egypt Predynastic people, 151, 154

by Upper Egyptian Predynastic people, 290, 298,302

Pig (wild) as Aterian species, 29 European, 163 as food resource

of Acheulean hominids, 9, II, 13 of Central African Neolithic people, 49,

55 of Upper Egyptian Predynsatic people,

290 Pine forests, Pleistocene, 163 Pinus: see Pine Pistachio, 130 Pits

Central African Iron Age, 63, 73 Central African Neolithic, 48, 54

ritual use of, 56 Late Paleolithic Egypt, 117, 120

Plague among Early Dynastic Egyptian popUlations,

79 among South Central African Early Iron Age

populations, 261 Plantain, as food resource

of Central African Iron Age people, 61,66 of Central African Neolithic people, 48, 49,

54-55 Plants, medicinal

use by Central African Neolithic people, 55 use by Neolithic of Capsian people, 199

Pleistocene Epoch, climatic cycles of, 162-163 Podocarplls, 14, 279 Pointe marocaine, 31,33,37,43 Poillle pselido-sa/lOrielllle, 31,33,37,43 Political organization: see Sociopolitical orga-

nization Pollen analysis

of Acheulean tradition siites, II, 19, 20 of Aterian sites, 29, 44

Pontnewydd Cave site, Wales, 4, 9 Pool Malebo (Kinshasa) site, Democratic

Congo, 67 Populations

Acheulean, 2 Central African Iron Age, 61 Central African Neolithic, 48, 54 Early Dynastic Egypt, 79 Early Khartoum, 88,91

Populations «'(}lit.)

East African Neolithic. 99 Khartoum Neolithic, 112 Late Paleolithic Egypt, 117, 131 Lower Egypt Predynastic. 151 Middle Paleolithic, 163-164 Nachikufan. 191 Neolithic of Capsian, 199 North African Protohistoric, 221, 237 South Central African Early Iron Age, 262 Southern and Eastern Africa Middle Stone

Age, 275 Tshitolian, 279 Upper Egyptian Predynastic, 289-290, 298,

310 West African Iron Age, 315 West African Neolithic, 324 West African Regional Development, 342

Porcupi ne, as food resource of Central African Neolithic people, 55 of Middle Paleolithic Egyptians, 180 of Neolithic of Capsian people, 199 of Wilton people, 349, 351

Porcupine Cave site, Kenya, 100 Postholes

Aterian, 31 Central African Neolithic, 54

Potall1o(,/lOerus por('I/,\': see Pig, bush Potsherd pavements, West Africa Regional De­

velopment, 341-342 Pottery

Bambata, 349 Batalino-Maluba style, 64, 66, 68 Bondongo style, 67 Central African Iron Age, 58, 62, 64, 66, 68,

70, 72, 73 Central African Neolithic, 46, 49, 50, 52, 55,

56 of the Congo Basin, 66-67 Early Dynastic Egypt, 80, 81 Early Khartoum, 86, 90, 91 East African Neolithic, 99,100,101,103,

104, 105, 106-107, 108 Imbongo style, 64, 67 Inner Basin Co-Tradition of, 67 Khartoum Neolithic, 110, 112, 114-115 Lower Egypt Predynastic, 150, 152, 153,

154-155, 156, 157 Neolithic of Capsian, 197, 200, 20 I, 202,

203,207,208,209,216,219 North African Protohistoric, 222, 226, 228,

230,233-234,236,237 Northwestern Basin Tradition, 67 Palestinian, 291, 298 Pikunda-Munda style, 64, 66 "Remnant Ware," 103 rouletting decorative technique, 62, 64 Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic, 245, 246, 248,

249,250,252,253-254,255,256 Salasum Tradition, 10\ South Central African Early Iron Age, 263 Tihama Complex, 234

Pottery «'(}Iu.) Upper Egyptian Predynastic, 290, 291, 292,

293,294.307-308,309,310,311 as grave goods, 300, 31 I Hierakonpolis subtradition, 297, 298-

299 Nagada subtradition, 301. 302-303

West African Iron Age, 316, 317 West African Late Stone Age, 319-320 West African Neolithic, 323, 327. 328, 330,

331,332,333,334,335,337 West Africa Regional Development, 341-

342 Western Basin Tradition, 67 Wilton, 349

Pre-Aksumite Cultures, 233-234 Prezletice site, Czech Republic, 4, 9

Priests of Early Dynastic Egypt, 82, 83-84 North African Protohistoric, 222, 223, 228-

229 Primates, non-human, see also Baboon; Chim­

panzee: Gorilla; Monkey as food resource, of West African Neolithic

people, 325 Principe island, Gulf of Guinea, 60, 70 Protea, 352 Protolanguage, Neolithic of Capsian, 197, 200,

201,207.210,212,215 Proto-Leva lois method, of stone-knapping, 4,

7-8,14 Proto-MeditelTanean popUlations, 206 Ptah (Egyptian god). 83 Punt, 222, 231-232 Pygmies, 48, 56, 61,63,67-68,231-232 Pyramids. 300 Python, as food resource, of Central African

Neolithic people, 49, 55

Qafzeh site, 166-167 Quagga, as food resource, of Wilton people,

351 Queneitra site, 168 Quinquil site, Mauritania, 335

Rabbits, as food resource of Acheulean hominids, 20 of Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene

Maghreb people, 131, 135 of Wilton people, 349

Ramadiya, 131 Ramses III (pharaoh of Egypt), 232 Ra-neb (king of Egypt), 84 Rao, Senegal, 343 Rats, as food resource, of West African Late

Stone Age people, 321 Redeyef site: see Abri de Redeyef site, Algeria Reedbuck, as food resource

of Nachikufan people, 191 of Wilton people, 349, 351

Reed rat, as food resource, of Early Khartoum people, 93

Regourdou site, France, 170 Reindeer

Index 371

as food resource, of Acheulean hominids, 9, II

as Middle Paleolithic species, 163 Religion

Aterian 25-26 Central African Neolithic, 50, 52, 56 Early Dynastic Egypt, 83-84 East African Neolithic, 100, 105, 108 Khartoum Neolithic tradition, 113 Late Paleolithic Egypt, 132 Middle Paleolithic, 165 Nachikufan, 193

Relilai site, Algeria, 145 Reptiles, as food resource

of Acheulean hominids, II, 18 of Nachikufan people, 191 of Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic people, 249 of West African Neolithic people, 325

Resources, control of among Aterian people, 25 among Early Dynastic Egyptians, 82 among Early Khartoum people, 88 among East African Neolithic people, 100 among Khartoum Neolithic people, 113 among Neolit~ic of Caps ian people, 200 among North African Protohistoric people,

222-223 among Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic people,

247 among Upper Egyptian Predynastic people,

291 among West African Neolithic people, 325

Rhafas site, Morocco, 33 Rhebuck, as food resource, of Wilton people,

352 Rhinoceros

artistic depiction of, by Upper Egyptian Predynastic people, 289

as food resource of Acheulean hominids, II, 13, 20, 22 of Aterian people, 24, 31, 32, 39,40 of Early Dynastic Egyptians, 78 of Middle Paleolithic Egypt people, 180 of Nachikufan people, 191

wooly, 9, 163 RhYIl('helytrulIl, 261 Rice, cultivation of

by West African Iron Age people, 316 by West African Neolithic people, 330 by West Africa Regional Development peo­

pie, 342 Rickets, among Middle Paleolithic populations,

164 Rift Valley, Kenya, 97, 98, 99-100,101-103,

104 Rift Valley Fever, 98 Rinderpest, 98 River blindness, among South Central African

Early Iron Age populations, 261 Roc de Marsal site, 170

372 Index

Rock art, .l'ee aim Petroglyphs Central African Iron Age, 63 Early Khartoum, 92 Nachikufan, 190, 193, 194, 195 Neolithic of Capsian, 206 North African Protohistoric, 222, 223, 225,

226-227,230,236 Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic, 247. 248-249,

250,251,252,255,259 South Central African Early Iron Age. 264 West African Neolithic, 326, 332, 335 West Africa Regional Development, 343 I Wilton, 351

Rock salt, 199 Rock shelters

Acheulean, I Central African Neolithic, 50, 54 Early Khartoum, 87 East African Microlithic, 95 East African Neolithic, 98, 101, 104 Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene Maghreb,

129,130 Middle Paleolithic. 172 Nachikufan, 191 Neolithic of Caps ian, 197, 198-199,202-

203,205,206,209,211-219 Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic, 248 West African Late Stone Age, 320 Wilton, 346, 349-350, 352-353

Rodents, as food resource of Acheulean hominids. II, 20 of Nachikufan people, 191 of West African Neolithic people. 327

Roman artifacts, from Aterian site, Morocco, 42

Rose Cottage Cave site, South Africa, 351-352 Rouletting technique, of pottery decoration. 62 Ruanda, iron production in. 72 Rulers, .l'ee al.l'o Chiefdoms; Kings

North African Protohistoric, 222-223, 229 of Punt, 222 Upper Egyptian Predynastic, 295 West Africa Regional Development, 343-

344

Sacca rum .lpOIztallelllll: ,~ee Sugarcane Sacrifice, .l'ee al.l'o Human sacrifice

of animals of cattle, by Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic

people, 247. 250 by North African Protohistoric people,

229 Safiet Bou Rhenan site, Algeria, 216 Sahara Desert

Aterian tradition in of the Central Sahara, 29-31 of the Eastern Sahara, 26-28

Neolithic of Capsian tradition in, 252-253 North African Protohistoric tradition in,

220-238 Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic subtradition. of

Early Khartoum tradition, 91-92

Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic tradition, 245-259 absolute and relative time periods, 245 arts, 247 biota, 245 climate. 245 community organization, 246 conflict, 247 control of resources, 247 cultural summary, 245-247 diagnostic material attributes, 245 diision of labor, 246-247 economy, 246-247. 248, 249-250,251,252,

253,254-255 environment, 245, 248. 249, 250, 252, 253,

254,255,256-257,258 expressive culture, 247, 248-249, 250, 251,

253-254,255 geology, 245 housing, 246 important sites, 245. 255-59 industrial arts, 246 location, 245 ornaments, 246 popUlations, 246 regional subtraditions, 245

Acacus Mountains and Tassili n' Ajjer, 248-249

Air and Tenere (Tenerian), 249-250 Mauritania, 250-252 Northern Sahara (Neolithic of Caps ian),

252 Tilemsi/AzaouakiBurkino Faso, 253-254 Western Desert Egypt ("Middle" and

"Late" Neolithic), 254-255 religion. 247, 248-249. 250, 251,252.253-

254,255 settlements. 246. 248. 249. 250-251. 252.

253, 254 sociopolitical organization, 247, 248. 250,

251,252,253.254-255 subsistence strategies, 246 topography. 245

. trade, 246 utensils, 246

Salvadora per.l'iea, 254 San, of the Kalahari, 350 Sao Tome island, Gulf of Guinea, 60, 70 Sarcl'iolepi.l'. 261 Sassaby, as food resource, of Nachikufan peo­

pie, 191 Savanna Pastoral Neolithic subtradition, of

East African Neolithic tradition, 97, 98-99, 102, 105-109

Scavenging by Acheulean hominids, 2, 6, 8, 10, 21 by Middle Paleolithic Egypt people, 182 by OIdowan hominids. 240, 241, 242, 244

Schistosomiasis, among South Central African Early Iron Age population, 261

Scilizachyrill//l, 261 Schoningen site, Germany, 2, 4, 10 Sderoearya birrea: .l'ee Marula

Scott's cave site, South Africa, 347 Sculptures, .l'ee al.l'o Figures; Statues; Statuettes

Neolithic of Capsian, 20 I, 207, 217-218 Seals, cylinder ("Mesopotamian style), Early

Dynastic Egypt tradition, 77 Sebilian subtradition, of Late Paleolithic Egypt

tradition, 122-123 Sebkhra region, Algeria, as Neolithic of

Capsian tradition location, 205-208 Seggedim site, Niger, 29, 43-44 Sehonghong site, South Africa, 347 Semitil.l'll,I' //lorio, 71-72 Senegal

Iron Age sites, 314 West African Late Stone Age sites, 321 West African Neolithic sites, 325 West Africa Regional Development sites, 343

Serekh.l'. 84 Servants, ritual murder of, 84 Setaria, 261 Seth (Egyptian god), 83 Settlements, ,~ee al.l'o Villages

Acheulean, 2, 9-10 Aterian, 29 Central African Iron Age, 61, 65, 70 Central African Neolithic, 47-48, 51, 54 Early Dynastic Egypt, 79 Early Khartoum, 87-88, 90, 91 East African Neolithic, 98-99, 101-102,

104,107 Esat African Microlithic, 95 Khartoum Neolithic, 111-112 Late Paleolithic Egypt, 117, 119.120, 130-

131 Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene Maghreb,

134,137-138 Lower Egypt Predynastic, 151, 154, 156 Middle Paleolithic, 163-164, 167, 170, 172-

173 Nachikufan, 191 Neolithic of Capsian, 198-199, 202-203,

206-207,209 North Africa Protohistoric. 221 Oldowan, 239, 240, 241-242 Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic, 246, 248, 249,

250-251,252,253,254 Southern and Eastern Africa Later Stone

Age, 272-273 Southern and Eastern Africa Middle Stone

Age, 274-275 Southern Mediterranean Neolithic, 276 Tshitolian, 279-280 Upper Egyptian Predynastic. 289-290, 293-

294,298,302 West African Iron Age, 314-315 West African Late Stone Age, 320-321 West African Neolithic. 324 West African Regional Development, 340-

342 Sexual dimorphism, of Acheulean hominids, 2,

4 Shamans, Wilton, 350

Shanidar Cave site, Iraq, 175-176 Shaqadud site, Nile Valley, III Sheep

artistic depiction of, by Upper Egyptian Predynastic people, 289

Barbary domestication of, 138, 248 as Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene

Maghreb food resource, 131, 138, 144, 146, 148

burials of, by Lower Egypt Predynastic peo­ple, 153

domestication of by Central African Iron Age people, 61,

62 by Central African Neolithic people, 49 by East African Neolithic people, 99,107 by Khartoum Neolithic people, 112 by Lower Egypt Predynastic people, 151,

154 by Neolithic of Capsian people, 198, 199,

203, 207 by North African Protohistoric people,

222 by Upper Egyptian Predynastic people,

290,298,302 by West African Iron Age people, 316 by West African Neollithic people, 327,

328 wild, as food resource, of West African Neo­

lithic people, 325 Shell beads

Early Dynastic Egypt, 81 Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic, 251, 255 West African Iron Age, 316-317 West African Neolithic, 337-338

Shellfish, .1'1'1' also Mollusks as food resource

of Acheulean hominids, 20 of Aterian people, 20 of Central African Iron Age people, 62,

71-72 of Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene

Maghreb people, 144 of Wilton tradition people, 347

Shell fish hooks, Khartoum Neolithic, 112 Shell middens

Central African Iron Age, 62, 70, 71 Late Paleolithic Egypt, 117 West African Late Stone Age, 321

Shell ornaments, Central African Neolithic, 49, 55

Shells, as trade item among Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene

Maghreb people, 132 among Neolithic of Capsian people, 200, 204

Shum Laka site, Cameroon, 55, 321 Sickle-cell anemia

among South Central African Early Iron Age popu lations, 261

among West Africa Regional Development populations, 342

Sidi Adberrahman site, Morocco, 7 Sidi Arch site, Tunisia, 209 Sidi Zin site, Tunisia, 3,4,7 Sierra Leone, West African Iron Age sites, 314 Sima de los Huesos, Spain, Acheulean tradition

hominid fossil, 2 Sinai, copper mining in, 81, 82, 83 Skhul site, 167 Skin cloaks, Wilton tradition, 348 Slavery

among Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic people, 247

of pygmies, 231-232 Slaves, ritual murder of, 84 Sleeping sickness: .1'1'1' Trypanosomiasis Smithfield tradition, 346 Snails, as food resource

of Khartoum Neolithic people, 114 of Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene

Maghreb people, 130, 131, 135, 138, 144,148

of Neolithic of Capsian people, 199,203, 207,213

of West African Late Stone Age people, 321 of West African Neolithic people, 325

Snail shell beads, Nachikufan, 193, 194 Snakes

as Central African Neolithic food resource, 55

as food resource of Central African Neolithic people, 49 of Neolithic of Caps ian people, 199 of Wilton people, 352

venomous, in Early Dynastic Egypt, 78-79 Soap, oil-palm, 49 Social classes: .VI'I' Sociopolitical organization Sociological crisis, of Early Dynastic Egypt, 78 Sociopolitical organization

Acheulean, 4, 7 Aterian, 25, 30, 32, 33, 35 Central African Iron Age, 73 Central African Neolithic, 50, 52, 56 Early Dynastic Egypt, 82-83 Early Khartoum, 88-89 East African Microlithic, 96 East African Neolithic, 100, 102, 104-105,

108 Khaltoum Neolithic tradition, 113 Late Paleolithic Egypt, 132 Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene Maghreb,

132 Lower Egypt Predynastic, 152-153, 155,

156 Middle Paleolithic, 165 Middle Paleolithic Egypt, 180 Neolithic of Capsian, 200-20 I, 204, 207,

210 North Africa Protohistoric, 223 Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic, 247, 248, 250,

251,252,253,254-255 Southern Mediterranean Neolithic, 277 Tshitolian, 282

Index 373

Sociopolitical organization «('(Int.)

Upper Egyptian Predynastic, 291, 294-295, 299,303

West African Iron Age, 317 West African Neolithic, 325-326 West African Regional Development, 339,

44 So Dimi site, Niger, 316 Soldiers, North African Protohistoric, merce­

nary service of, 224 Solei hac site, France, 9 Sorghum, cultivation of

by South Central African Early Iron Age people, 263, 270

by West African Iron Age people, 316 by West Africa Regional Development peo­

pIe, 342 Sorghum (wild), as food resource

of Early Khartoum people, 87, 88, 90, 91 of East African Neolithic people, 99 of Khartoum Neolithic people, III

South Africa Acheulean sites, 3, 4, 7, 8 Oldowan tradition sites, 243-244 Wilton tradition sites, 346-353

South African Oldowan subtradition, of the Oldowan tradition, 241-242

South Central African Early Iron Age tradition, in Zambia, 260-271

absolute and relative time periods, 260 arts, 264 biota, 261-262 climate, 260-261 community organization, 262 conflict, 264 cultural summary, 260-264 diagnostic material attributes, 260 division of labor, 263 economy, 262-263 environment, 260-261, 265, 267, 268, 270 expressive culture, 264, 266, 268, 269, 271 geology, 261 health and disease, 262 housing, 262, 263 industrial arts, 263 location, 260 ornaments, 263 populations, 262 regional subtraditions, 260

Dambwa (Shongwe Tradition), 263, 264-266

Kalambo, 263, 266-268 Kansanshi,264,268-269 Kapwirmbwe, 269-271

religion, 264, 266, 268, 269, 271 settlements, 262, 265-266, 267, 268, 270 sociopolitical organization, 263-264, 266,

267-268,269,271 subsistence strategies, 262-263 topography, 261 trade, 263 utensils, 263

374 Index

Southern and Eastern Africa Later Stone Age tradition, 272-273

Southern and Eastern Africa Middle Stone Age tradition, 274-275

Southern Mediterranean Neolithic tradition, 276--277

Spain Acheulean sites, 3, 9, 10, 12, 20-21 first human settlement of, 9

Spondylitis, among Early Dynastic Egyptian people, 79

SporobO/U,", 261 Springbok, as food resource, of Wilton people,

351 Spruce forests, Pleistocene, 163 Stanska Skala site, Czech Republic, 9 Station Meteo site, Morocco, 33 Statues, Early Dynastic Egyptian, 84 Statuettes

Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene Maghreb, 138,140

North African Protohistoric, 223-224, 225 West Africa Regional Development, 344-

345 Steenbok, as food resource, of Wilton tradition

people, 347. 349 Steinrinne site, Germany: see Bilzingsleben

site, Germany Steppe, of Western and Central Europe, 163 Sterkfontein site, South Africa, 3.7,243-244 Stipa, 130 Stone artifacts: see Lithic technology Stone beads, West African Iron Age, 316-317 Stone jars, Early Dynastic Egyptian, 77 Storehouses, Early Dynastic Egypt, 81 Strathalan cave site, Soth Africa, 347 Stryc/zllos, 347 Subsistence strategies, see also Fishing; For­

aging; Hunting; Hunting-gathering; Scavenging

Acheulean, 2, 18 Aterian. 29, 33 Central African Iron Age, 61--62 Central African Neolithic, 48-49, 54-55 Early Dynastic Egypt, 79-80 Early Khartoum, 88, 90 East African Neolithic, 99 Khartoum Neolithic, 112 Late Paleolithic Egypt, 117-118, 119, 120,

131 Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene Maghreb,

131 Lower Egypt Predynastic, 151, 154 Middle Paleolithic, 164 Middle Paleolithic Egypt, 180 Nachikufan, 191 Neolithic of Capsian, 199 North Africa Protohistoric, 222 Oldowan, 240 Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic, 246 South Central African Early Iron Age, 262-

263

Subsistence strategies (COlli.)

Southern and Eastern Africa Middle Stone Age, 275

Tshitolian, 280 Upper Egyptian Predynastic tradition, 290,

294,298,302 West African Iron Age, 315-316 West African Late Stone Age, 321 West African Neolithic, 324-325 West African Regional Development, 342 Wilton, 347

Sudan, Sudano-Ethiopian Culture of, 232-235

Sudanic languages, 67 Sudano-Ethiopian Cultures subtradition, of

North African Protohistoric tradition, 232-235

Sugarcane, 290 Sus s(T(!f'a: ,\'(!e Boar Swartkrans Cave site, South Africa, 4, 7 Sycamore fig, 290, 298, 309 Symbolic capacity, see a/so Expressive culture

of Acheulean hominids, 10-11

Tabalbalat lithic technology. Aterian, 24, 34, 41-42

Tabalbalat-Tachengit method. of stone-knapping, 4. 7-8

Table du laatcha site. Tunisia. 209 Tabun Cave site, Israel, 166-167, 176-177 Taforalt site. Morocco, 130. 131. 133, 137,

138,147-148 Tamanrasset Abris site, Nile Valley, 230 Tamar Hat site, Algeria, 130, 131, 137, 138,

148-149 Tanzania

Acheulean sites, 3, 7, 6, 15 East African Microlithic sites, 95-96 Olduvai Gorge site, 17-18

Taruga site, Nigeria, 316 Tassili n' Ajjer, Algeria, Saharo-Sudanese Neo-

lithic sites, 248-249 Tassili n' Ajjer people, 221, 226, 227 Tattoos, vulva motif of, 74 Taxation, in Early Dynastic Egypt, 83, 84 Tayacian lithic technology, I, 10, II, 19 Tazuna Culture, 51-53 Tebessa, Algeria, Neolithic of Capsian sites,

202-205 Teeth, see a/so Dental disorders

of Acheulean tradition hominids, 22 Tegdaoust site, West Africa, 344 Teke land, Congo, 62,63, 72, 73 Temara (Grotte des Contrabandiers) site.

Maghreb,31 Temples

North African Protohistoric, 229 of Queen Hatshepsut, 231, 232

Tenere, Niger, Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic sites, 249-250

Tenerian Neolithic, 255-256 Ternifine site, Algeria, 3, 7

Terra Amata site, France, 2, 3, 9, 10, 19-20 Terra -cotta objects

Nok figurines, 314, 317, 345 West African Neolithic, 326, 328, 330, 336 West Africa Regional Development, 344-

345 Territorialism, among Acheulean hominids, 7 Textiles, see also Clothing

West Africa Regional Development, 343 This site, Egypt, 295 Tibesti Mountains, 87, 88, 91, 92,112 Tichitt-Walata Neolithic subtradition, of

West African Neolithic tradition, 331-333

Tilemsi Valley, Mali, Saharo-Sudanese Neo­lithic sites, 253-254

Timber, as trade item, in Early Dynastic Egypt, 81,82

Timbuktu, Mali, 343 Ti-n-Akof site, Burkino Faso, 253 Tin Farad people, 226 Tintan Culture, 235 Ti-n-Torha East site, Libya, 248 Tit Mellil site, Maghreb, 31 Togo, Dekpassanware site, 340 Toilets, Central African Neolithic, 54 Tombs

of Early Dynastic Egyptian kings, 77, 79, 80, 81,84

Libyco--Berber, 250 Topography

Central African Age, 60 Central African Neolithic, 47 Early Dynastic Egypt, 78 Early Khartoum, 87 East African Neolithic, 98 Khartoum Neolithic, III Late Paleolithic Egypt, 117, 130 Lower Egypt Predynastic, 150-151 Middle Paleolithic Egypt, 179 Nachikufan, 190 Neolithic of Capsian, 198 North Africa Protohistoric, 220 Oldowan, 239 Tshitolian, 278-279 West African Iron Age, 314 West African Late Stone Age, 320 West African Neolithic, 324 West African Regional Development, 340

Torralba site, Spain, 3, 10, 20-21 Tortoise, as food resource

of Neolithic of Capsian people, 203 of West African Neolithic people, 325,

328 of Wilton people, 352

Tortoise bone objects, Neolithic of Capsian, 213,215

Tortoiseshell objects Neolithic of Capsian, 200, 203 West African Iron Age, 317 Wilton, 348

Town, Egyptian hieroglyph for, 79

Toys, Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic, 254 Trade

Aterian, 25 Central African Iron Age, 61, 62,72-73 Central African Neolithic, 49-50, 55-56 Early Dynastic Egypt, 81 Early Khartoum, 88 East African Neolithic, 99-100 Late Paleolithic Egypt, I 18, 132 Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene Maghreb,

132 Lower Egypt Predynastic, 152, 154, 158,

159 Middle Paleolithic, 165 Nachikufan, 19 L 193, 196 Neolithic of Capsian, 200 North Africa Protohistoric, 222, 224 Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic, 246 Upper Egyptian Predynastic, 291 West African Iron Age, 317 West African Neolithic, 325, 329 West African Regional Development, 339

Tragelaphlls s{'riptll.l: .I'ee Bushbuck Trapping, by Wilton people, 347 Trichina worm infestations, among South Cen­

tral African Early Iron Age popula­tions, 261

Trista{'hya, 261 TrociuJllallilla. I 14 Trypanosomiasis, 98, 253, 279-280 Tsetse fly, 253, 261, 263. 267. 268 Tshitolian tradition, 278-286

absolute and relative time periods. 278 biota, 279 climate, 279 community organization, 279 cultural summary, 278-282 diagnostic material attributes, 278 division of labor, 281-282 economy, 280-282 environment, 278-279 expressive culture. 282 geology, 279 health and disease, 279-280 housing, 279 important sites, 278, 282-286 industrial arts, 280-281 location, 278 populations, 279 regional subtraditions, 278 religion, 282 settlements, 279-280 sociopolitical organizaiton, 282 subsistence strategies. 280 topography, 278-279

Tsitskiamma sites. Southern Africa, 346 Tuaregs, 226, 253 Tu bers, as food resource

of Late Paleolithic Egyptians, 121, 125-126

of Lower Egypt Predynastic people, 151 of Wilton people. 357, 350

Tumuli C-Group Culture subtradition, 225 Libyco-Berber, 247 North African Protohistoric, 225, 226, 229 Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic, 247 West African Neolithic, 329 West Aflica Regional Development, 343, 344K

Tundra, of Western and Central Europe, 163 Tunisia

Aterian sites, 31-34, 40-41 Southern Mediterranean Neolithic tradition,

276-277 Turkana Basin, climate, I, 5 Turkana site, Kenya, 100 Turquoise, as trade item, in Early Dynastic

Egypt, 81 Turtle, see al.\'{) Tortoise

as food resource of Acheulean hominids, 16, 18,20 of Early Khartoum people, 88, 90, 93 of East African Neolithic people, 98 of Khartoum Neolithic people, 112 of Middle Paleolithic Egyptians, 180, 187

Tuthmosis II (pharoah of Egypt), 232 TlIyere.l. 59,62, 70, 72 TYlIlpallotolllls fUS/'OIII.I'. 71-72 Typha, 248

Uadji (king of Egypt), 84 Uan Muhuggiag site, Libya, 248, 259 Uapa/'O kirkillalla, 191 Ubangian Neolithic, 66 Ubangi language, 67 Ubeidiya site, 3 Uganda, Nsongezi site, 7 Urn Direiwa site, Nile Valley, III Umm Dabadib site, Egypt, 41 Uniondale site, South Africa, 347 Upper Egyptian Predynastic tradition, 287-312

absolute and relative time periods, 287 climate, 288, 293, 297, 302 community organization, 289 control of resources, 291 cultural summary, 288-292 diagnostic material attributes, 287-288 econoluy,290-291,294, 298-299, 302-303 environment, 288-289, 293, 297-298, 302,

305,306,309,310-311 expressive culture, 291-292, 295-296, 299-

300,303-304 geology, 288-289 health and disease, 289-290 housing, 289 industrial arts, 290 location, 287 ornaments, 291 populations, 289-290 regional subtraditions, 288

Abydos, 292-297 Hierakonoplis, 297-30 I important sites, 288, 304-312 Nagada,301-304

Index 375

Upper Egyptian Predynastic tradition ({,Ollt.)

religion, 291-292, 295-296,299-300,303-304

settlements, 289-290, 293-294, 298, 302 sociopolitical organization, 291, 294-295,

299,303 subsistence strategies, 290, 294, 298, 302 trade, 291 utensils, 290-291

Utensils Acheulean, 3-4 Central African Iron Age, 62 Central African Neolithic, 49, 55 Early Dynastic Egypt, 80-81 Early Khartoum, 88 Khartoum Neolithic, 112 Late Paleolithic Egypt, 131-132 Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene Maghreb,

131-132 Lower Egypt Predynastic, 152 Middle Paleolithic, 164 Neolithic of Capsian, 200 North Africa Protohistoric, 222 Oldowan, 240 Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic, 246 Upper Egyptian Predynastic, 290-291 West African Iron Age, 316 West African Late Stone Age, 321 West African Neolithic, 325 West African Regional Development, 3343

Utica, 229

Vaalribbok, as food resource, of Wilton people, 349

Venosa Notarchirico site, 10 Vertesszollos site, Hungary, 10,21-22 Vi{'ia sativa. 290 Villages

Central African Iron Age, 61,65,71 Central African Neolithic, 54 Early Dynastic Egypt, 79 Early Khartoum, 88-89 East African Neolithic, 99 Khartoum Neolithic, III Lower Egypt Predynastic, 158, 159-160 North African Protohistoric, 224 pre-Aksumite, 233 South Central African Early Iron Age, 267 Upper Egyptian Predynastic, 289, 293, 294,

297,301,302 West African Neolithic, 331, 334

Vineyards, Early Dynastic Egypt, 82 Vulture, worshipped as deity, 83 Vulva motif, of petroglyphs, 74 Vulva motif, of rock engravings, 63

Wadi Digla site, Egypt, 155, 159 Wadi es-Sebua site, Egypt, 224 Wadi Haifa site, Egypt, 180 Wadi Hof site, Egypt, 156, 157 Wadi Kubbaniya site, Egypt, 117,123,125-

126

376 Index

Wadi Saoura. 34 Wales, Pontnewydd Cave site. 9 Wall painting, North African Protohistoric, 223 Warfare, by Early Dynastic Egyptian people.

82, 83 Warthog. as food resource

of Middle Paleolithic Egypt people, 187 of Nachikufan people, 191 of North African Protohistoric people, 237-

238 of Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic people, 249 of West African Neolithic people, 324-325,

328 of Wilton people, 349, 351

Waterfowl, as food resource, of Late Paleolithic Egyptians, 117, 12 I

Water lily, 118-119 Water mongoose, as food resource, of Early

Khartoum people, 93 Wat.l'llllia, 347,350 Weaving, West Africa Regional Development,

343 West African Iron Age tradition, 313-318

absolute and relative time periods, 313 cultural summary, 314-3 I 8 diagnostic material attributes, 313 economy, 315-317 environment, 314 expressive culture. 317-3 I 8 important sites, 314 location, 313 regional subtraditiol1s. 313-314 religion. 317-3 I 8 settlements, 314-315 sociopolitical organization, 317

West African Late Stone Age tradition, 319-322 West African Neolithic tradition, 323-338

absolute and relative time periods, 323 cultural summary, 324-326 diagnostic material attributes, 323 important sites, 324, 335-338 location, 323 regional subtraditions, 323

Central Ghana (Kintampo Neolithic), 326-327

Middle Niger Basin, 327-329 Southeastern Mauritania (Tichitt-Walata

Neolithic),331-333 Southern Chad Basin (Daima I), 329-331 Western Chad Basin (Gajiganna Neo­

lithic), 333-335 West African Regional Development tradition,

339-345 absolute and relative time periods, 339 arts, 344-345 biota, 340 climate, 340 community organization, 340-341 conflict, 344 cultural summary, 340-345 diagnostic material attributes, 339

West African Regional Development tradition, (COIIt. )

divsion of labor, 343 economy, 342-343 health and disease, 342 housing, 341-342 industrial arts. 342-343 location, 339 ornaments, 343 populations, 342 regional subtraditions, 339-340 religious beliefs, 344 settlements, 340-342 sociopolitical organization, 339, 343-345 subsistence strategies, 342 topography, 340 trade, 339, utensi Is, 343

West-Central African Iron Age subtradition. of Central African Iron Age tradition, 70-76

diagnostic material attrbutes, 70 environment, 70-71 industrial arts. 72-73 location, 70 religion and expressive culture, 73-74 settlements, 71 sociopolitical organization, 73 time period, 70

Western European Mousterian subtradition, of Middle Paleolithic tradition, 168-171

West Saharan Cultures subtradition, of North African Protohistoric tradition, 235-236

Wheat cultivation of

by Early Dynastic Egyptians, 80 by Lower Egypt Predynastic people, 151 by Upper Egyptian Predynastic people,

298,302 as trade item, of Upper Egyptian Predynastic

people. 291 Wickerwork, Kerma Culture. 228 Wildebeest, as food resource

of Aterian people, 337 of Nachikufan people, 191 of Wilton people, 349, 350, 351

Wildebeest-derived Malignant Catarrhal Fever, 98

Willow forests, Pleistocene, 163 Wilton Rock Shelter site, South Africa, 352-

353 Wilton tradition, 346-353

absolute and relative time periods, 346 cultural summary, 347-348 diagnostic material attributes, 346 economy, 347-348 environment, 347 important sites. 347, 348-353 industrial arts. 347-349 location, 346

Wilton tradition, 346-353 regional subtraditions, 346, 347 subsistence strategies, 347

Winde Koroji site, Niger Basin, 328, 329 Wine, of Early Dynastic Egyptians, 80 Wolf

European, 9 as food resource, of Acheulean hominids, I I

Wood technology Early Dynastic Egypt, 77, 80, 84 Early Khartoum, 90 Khartoum Neolithic, I 12 Middle Paleolithic, 164 Tshitolian, 280

Xylopia. 16

Yagala, Sierra Leone, 314 Yam

cultivation of by Central African Neolithic people, 54-

55 by West African Iron Age people, 316 by West African Neolithic people, 325, 327 by West Africa Regional Development

people, 342 as food resource

of Central African Iron Age people, 61, 62,66,71

of Central African Neolithic people, 48, 49

Yellow fever. among South Central African Early Iron Age popUlations, 261

Yew. 199 Yoruba, 343, 344

Zaire, Tshitolian tradition sites, 284-285 Zakiab site, Nile Valley, III Zambesi Valley, Dambwa subtradition sites,

264-266 Zambia

Broken Hill site, 7 Kalambo Falls site, 4 Nachikufan sites, 192. 193-196 South Central African Early Iron Age tradi­

tion in, 260-271 Zaouia eI Kebira site, Algeria, 44-45 "Zarmaganda, Neolithic Culture North-East of

," 226 Zebra. as food resource

of Aterian hominids, 32, 33, 37, 40, 43 of Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene

Maghreb people, 130. 131, 135, 138 of Nachikufan people, 191 of Neolithic of Caps ian people, 199 of Wilton people, 349

Zeolite beads, Khartoum Neolithic, I 12 Zhoukoudian site, 4 Zimbabwe, Wilton tradition in, 346 Ziziphu.l, 254, 298, 309 Zouhra site, Mahgreb, 31

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